PGDISM-03

Assignment-1

1. What do you mean by Hazards? Give brief description of general factors responsible for
Industrial Hazards.

A hazard is an agent which has the potential to cause harm to a vulnerable target. The terms
"hazard" and "risk" are often used interchangeably. However, in terms of risk assessment, these
are two very distinct terms. A hazard is any agent that can cause harm or damage to humans,
property, or the environment
Factors responsible for industrial hazards are:
The hazards encountered are fire, explosion, toxic release and environmental damage.
Fire: This is the most frequent of the hazards however the consequences are generally less.
The effect of fire on people usually takes the form of skin burns and is usually dependant on
the exposure time and the intensity of the heat. Fire can also produce toxic fumes like
Acrolein, Carbon monoxide and Cyanides
Explosion: Explosions are usually heard from far away as a ‘bang’. This is the result of a
shock wave. This overpressure can kill people but usually the indirect effects of collapsing
buildings, flying glass and debris causes far more loss of life and severe injuries.
Toxic/Chemical release: Sudden releases of toxic vapours have the potential to cause death
and severe injuries several miles from the release point. They are carried by water and air.
Their release into public sewage systems, rivers, canals and other water courses, either
directly or through contaminated water used in fire fighting can result in serious threat to
public.
Environmental Damage: As well as having the potential for causing injury, loss of life and
damage to property, the hazards of fire, explosion and toxic releases may pose a severe threat
to the environment. Release of other substances, not directly toxic to humans can cause major
pollution problems

2. Discuss the types of interactions occurs in industrial environment? Classify and explains the
types of hazards associated with industrial environment

Types of hazards interactions in industries-

1. Chemicals
Chemicals at the workplace can range from cleaning products to chemical production. When
chemicals are not used, stored or handled properly, they can cause injury, illness, fire or even
explosions at the extreme. Ways that chemicals can harm workers can include contact with the skin,
inhalation or ingestion; the impact can take place immediately or overtime over prolonged exposure.
2. Ergonomic
Ergonomic hazards are present in work environments from offices to construction sites; this includes
injuries or strains from repetitive strains, strains from lifting/pushing/pulling, standing, shiftwork or
slips and falls.
3. Physical
Physical hazards are substances or activities that threaten your physical safety such as conditions that
can cause injury, illness and death. The most common physical hazards are temperature, air quality,
mould, noise or radiation. These hazards are particularly relevant for workers who work in industrial
environments, such as in oil and gas, mining, construction and more.
4. Psychosocial
Psychosocial hazards are stress, violence or bullying in the workplace environment. This can involve
how workers interact with other workers and/or emotional responses workers have that negatively
impact a worker’s productivity or effectiveness.
5. Workplace
Workplace hazards include confined spaces or ventilation, temperature, or heights and particularly
apply to work environments in oil and gas, mining, construction or other industrial environments

Types of Industrial Hazards

1. Chemical hazards
2. Mechanical hazard
2. Physical hazards
3. Biological hazards

CHEMICAL HAZARD- Some chemicals have the potential to cause fires and explosions and
other serious accidents. Chemical exposure may cause or contribute to many serious health
effects such as heart diseases, central nervous system damage, kidney and lung damage,
sterility, cancer, burns, and rashes. Chemicals may be found in solid, liquid, aerosol, or gas
and vapor form.

MECHANICAL HAZARDS A mechanical hazard is any hazard involving a

machine or process. Motor vehicles, aircrafts and air bags pose mechanical
hazards. Compressed gases or liquids can also be considered a mechanical
hazard.

Physical Hazard- A physical hazard is an agent, factor or circumstance that can cause harm
with or without contact. They can be classified as type of occupational hazard or
environmental hazard. Physical hazards include ergonomic hazards, radiation, heat and cold
stress, vibration hazards, and noise hazards.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD- Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, refer to biological

substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans. This
can include samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can
affect human health. It can also include substances harmful to other animals.

3. Specify the significances of personal protective equipment for industrial worker. Identify and
explain in brief the personal protective equipments required for noise, hazardous chemicals
and biological agents and mechanical hazards

Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments
or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by
protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate
matter. The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards
when engineering controls and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these
risks to acceptable levels. Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the
working environment.

PPE for noise- Industrial noise is often overlooked as an occupational hazard, as it is not visible to the
eye. PPE for hearing protection consists of earplugs and earmuffs. Workers who are regularly exposed
to noise levels above the NIOSH recommendation should be furnished hearing protection by the
employers, as they are a low-cost intervention.
PPE for hazardous chemicals and biological agents- Chemical agents can come into contact with the
skin through direct contact with contaminated surfaces, deposition of aerosols, immersion or splashes.
Any form of PPE that acts as a barrier between the skin and the agent of exposure can be considered
skin protection. Because much work is done with the hands, gloves are an essential item in providing
skin protection. Other than gloves, any other article of clothing or protection worn for a purpose serve
to protect the skin. Lab coats are worn to protect against potential splashes of chemicals. Face shields
serve to protect one's face from potential impact hazards, chemical splashes or possible infectious
fluid.

PPE for mechanical hazards- Goggles are tight-fitting eye protection that completely cover the
eyes, eye sockets and the facial area immediately surrounding the eyes and provide protection
from impact, dust and splashes. Face shields are transparent sheets of plastic extend from the
eyebrows to below the chin and across the entire width of the employee’s head. Wearing a
safety helmet or hard hat is one of the easiest ways to protect an employee’s head from
injury. Hard hats can protect employees from impact and penetration hazards as well as from
electrical shock and burn hazards. Safety shoes have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant
soles that protect the feet against hot work surfaces common in roofing, paving and hot metal
industries.

Assignment-2

Q1------Enlist the industrial hazards? Give brief description of fire hazards and their prevention and
control.

Various types of industrial hazards

Physical --noise,vibration, heat, cold,pressure, radiation, fibres

Chemical – flammable/explosive materials, toxics, sensitising agents
Biological – dust , pathogens
Psyhological – work place practices & systems, payment systems

Fire hazards and their prevention-

1. Combustible dust- Often overlooked, and highly deadly, combustible dust is a major cause of fire
in food manufacturing, woodworking, chemical manufacturing, metalworking industries. In the
typical incident, a small fire will result from combustible material coming into contact with an
ignition source.
The key ingredient in combustible dust fires and explosions is the presence of the dust itself. While
you probably won’t be able to eliminate dust entirely, you can make sure it doesn’t accumulate to a
dangerous level simply by following a regular housekeeping regimen.

2. Hot Work- Hot work is one of the leading causes of industrial fires across all industries.
Although hot work is commonly equated with welding and torch cutting, there are many other
activities — including brazing, burning, heating, and soldering — that pose a fire hazardHot work is
also a major culprit in combustible dust fires.
Like combustible dust incidents, hot work disasters are preventable by following proper safety
procedures.
 a. Train personnel on the hazards associated with hot work, any site-specific hazards, the proper
policies and procedures, and the use of safety equipment.
b. Ensure that the area is clear of flammable or combustible materials including dusts, liquids,
and gasses.
c. Supervise the work. Especially if you use outside contractors, make sure a safety professional
is on hand to provide supervision.

3. Flammable liquids and gasses- The fires, which often occur at chemical plants, can be disastrous.
There is certainly some danger inherent in any work involving flammable liquids and gasses, but all
available safety precautions should be taken to mitigate these risks.

a. Store flammable liquids properly. Make sure all hazardous materials are stored according to
OSHA-compliant procedures.
b. Control all ignition sources. Except for when you’re intentionally heating the flammable
materials, keep ignition sources as far away from them as possible.
c. Provide personal protective equipment. This is a must across all categories of fire hazards but
especially when liquids and gasses are involved.

4. Equipment and machinery- Faulty equipment and machinery are also major causes of industrial
fires.

Heating and hot work equipment are typically the biggest problems here — in particular, furnaces that
aren’t properly installed, operated, and maintained. In addition, any mechanical equipment can
become a fire hazard because of friction between the moving parts. This risk can be brought down to
practically zero simply by following recommended cleaning and maintenance procedures, including
lubrication.

Q2---- Discuss the types of Hazards interactions occurs in industrial environment? Discuss the
methods of safe transport of hazardous waste.

Types of hazards interactions in industries-

1. Chemicals
Chemicals at the workplace can range from cleaning products to chemical production. When
chemicals are not used, stored or handled properly, they can cause injury, illness, fire or even
explosions at the extreme. Ways that chemicals can harm workers can include contact with the skin,
inhalation or ingestion; the impact can take place immediately or overtime over prolonged exposure.
2. Ergonomic
Ergonomic hazards are present in work environments from offices to construction sites; this includes
injuries or strains from repetitive strains, strains from lifting/pushing/pulling, standing, shiftwork or
slips and falls.
3. Physical
Physical hazards are substances or activities that threaten your physical safety such as conditions that
can cause injury, illness and death. The most common physical hazards are temperature, air quality,
mould, noise or radiation. These hazards are particularly relevant for workers who work in industrial
environments, such as in oil and gas, mining, construction and more.
4. Psychosocial
Psychosocial hazards are stress, violence or bullying in the workplace environment. This can involve
how workers interact with other workers and/or emotional responses workers have that negatively
impact a worker’s productivity or effectiveness.
5. Workplace
Workplace hazards include confined spaces or ventilation, temperature, or heights and particularly
apply to work environments in oil and gas, mining, construction or other industrial environments.
Q3------ What is importance of personal protective equipment for industrial worker? Prepare a list of
personal protective equipment for safety of lungs, head and eyes.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments
or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by
protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate
matter. The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards
when engineering controls and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these
risks to acceptable levels. Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the
working environment.

PPE for lungs- Respirator (filtering device) – uses filters to remove contaminants in the workplace air
, there are two main types:
Non-powered respirators – rely on the wearer’s breathing to draw air through the filter
Powered respirators – use a motor to pass air through the filter to give a supply of clean air to the
wearer
Breathing apparatus (BA) – needs a supply of breathing-quality air from an independent source (e.g.
air cylinder or air compressor)

PPE for head- crash or climbing helmets intended to protect in case of a fall. Safety helmets to protect
against falling objects. Bump caps to protect against striking fixed obstacles, scalping or
entanglement. Caps or hairnets to protect against scalping or entanglement.

PPE for eyes- Goggles are tight-fitting eye protection that completely cover the eyes, eye sockets and
the facial area immediately surrounding the eyes and provide protection from impact, dust and
splashes.