Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Project Report
On
“FINGERPRINT BASED VOTING MACHINE”
Place:
Date:
ii
Studynama.com - #1 destination for free notes, eBooks, papers & projects.
Choose your course below and start downloading!
BBA/BBM, B.COM., MCA NOTES, EBOOKS, PROJECTS & REPORTS PDF DOWNLOAD
1. Introduction 1-2
6. IC ULN-2003 26-27
6.1 Features 26
6.2 Description 26
6.3 Pin Connection 27
iii
Studynama’s Engineering Community is one of India’s Largest Community of BE & BTECH Students. About 79,182
Indian Engineering students are members of this community and share FREE study material, notes, eBooks, major
and minor projects, exam papers etc. to enable each other to do well in their semester exams.
Advanced Java Antenna & wave Electrical Machine-1 pdf Automobile engineering lecture
Surveying 1 - eBook
Programming eBook propagation eBook download notes
Web Technology - Network analysis & Electrical machines-II Engineering materials & SOM - strength of
eBook synthesis notes eBook metallurgy lecture notes materials - eBook
13. Applications 53
Conclusion
References
iv
1. INTRODUCTION
In India all earlier elections be it state elections or centre elections a voter used to cast his/her
vote to his/her favorite candidate by putting the stamp against his/her name and then folding the
ballot paper as per a prescribed method before putting it in the Ballot box. This is a long, time-
consuming process and very much prone to errors.
This situation continued till election scene was completely changed by electronic voting
machine. No more ballot paper, ballot boxes, stamping, etc. all this condensed into a simple box
called ballot unit of the electronic voting machine.
EVM is capable of saving considerable printing stationery and transport of large volumes of
electoral material. It is easy to transport, store, and maintain. It completely rules out the chance
of invalid votes. Its use results in reduction of polling time, resulting in fewer problems in
electoral preparations, law and order, candidates' expenditure, etc. and easy and accurate
counting without any mischief at the counting centre. It is also eco friendly.
Our Voting Machine consists mainly of two units - (a) Control Unit (CU) and (b) Ballot Unit
(BU) with cable for connecting it with Control unit. It consists of one LCD, a fingerprint module,
a votecast panel, a candidate panel, a buzzer and a couple of switches etc.
This project is based on C language programming. The software platform used in this project are
Hi-Tech C Compiler and HyperTerminal.
The Balloting Unit of EVM is a small Box-like device, on top of which each candidate and
his/her election symbol is listed like a big ballot paper. Against each candidate's name, a button
is provided. The voter polls his vote by pressing the button against the name of his desired
candidate.
v
These utilize fingerprint recognition technology to allow access to only those whose fingerprints
you choose. It contains all the necessary electronics to allow you to store, delete, and verify
fingerprints with just the touch of a button. Stored fingerprints are retained even in the event of
complete power failure or battery drain. These eliminates the need for keeping track of keys or
remembering a combination password, or PIN. It can only be opened when an authorized user is
present, since there are no keys or combinations to be copied or stolen, or locks that can be
picked.
The main aim in designing this product is to provide the concept of the personal identity for each
individual. This is extended to a special case of electronic voting machine concept. The summary
of the design can be briefly explained diagrammatically as follows.
As a pre-poll procedure the finger prints of all the voters are collected and stored in a database
initially at time of distributing cards. At the time of voting, the option of the voter is taken along
with the finger print. The finger print taken by the scanner is sent to the pc through an in-built
A/D converter. The processed image is transferred to hard disk. The option entered by
the voter is transferred to chip through DEMUX and is stored in the
memory.
If the transferred image is matched with any of the records in the data base, then the interrupt is
given by the HARD DISK to pc. Then the option is considered in the count.
vi
Studynama’s MBA Community is one of India’s Largest Community of MBA & PGDM Students. About 29,882 Indian
Management students are members of this community and share FREE study material, notes, eBooks, projects, case
studies exam papers etc. to enable each other to do well in their semester exams.
MBA/PGDM first Enterprise resource Security analysis & Business environment MBA Operations
year notes planning (ERP) pdf portfolio Mgmt. Notes Notes
And 12,998 more free downloads for MBA & PGDM Students.
2.1 Features
Peripheral Features:
vii
2.2 Block Diagram
viii
2.3 Pin Diagram :
2.4 MCLR:
PIC16F7X devices have a noise filter in the MCLR Reset path. The filter will detect and ignore
small pulses. It should be noted that a WDT Reset does not drive MCLR pin low. The behavior
of the ESD protection on the MCLR pin has been altered from previous devices of this family.
Voltages applied to the pin that exceed its specification can result in both MCLR Resets and
excessive current beyond the device specification during the ESD event. For this reason,
Microchip recommends that the MCLR pin no longer be tied directly to VDD.
ix
Studynama’s Law Community is one of India’s Largest Community of Law Students. About
29,982 Indian Law students are members of this community and share FREE study material,
cases, projects, exam papers etc. to enable each other to do well in their semester exams.
Links to Popular Study Material for LAW (LLB & BA.LLB) students:
• Family law pdf lecture notes & eBook download for LLB students
• Jurisprudence Law lecture notes pdf & eBook download for LLB students
• Company Law lecture notes pdf & eBook download for LLB students
• Law of Evidence lecture notes pdf & eBook download for LLB students
• Contract Law lecture notes pdf & eBook download for LLB students
• Criminal law pdf lecture notes & eBook download for LLB students
• Taxation Law lecture notes pdf & eBook download for LLB students
• Law of torts pdf eBook & lecture notes for LLB students
• Constitutional law pdf lecture notes & eBook download
• Labour law lecture notes pdf & eBook download for LLB students
• Administrative law lecture notes pdf & eBook download for LLB students
• Constitutional Law - I q&a notes pdf & eBook download for LLB
And 1998 more free downloads for Law & LLB Students.
x
xi
3. INTRODUCTION TO 16X2 LCD DISPLAY
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. The most commonly used LCDs found in the market
today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80
characters.
3.1 Description
The HD44780U dot-matrix liquid crystal display controller and driver LSI displays
alphanumerics, Japanese kana characters, and symbols. It can be configured to drive a dot-matrix
liquid crystal display under the control of a 4- or 8-bit microprocessor. Since all the functions
such as display RAM, character generator, and liquid crystal driver, required for driving a dot-
matrix liquid crystal display are internally provided on one chip, a minimal system can be
interfaced with this controller/driver. A single HD44780U can display up to one 8-character line
or two 8-character lines. The HD44780U has pin function compatibility with the HD44780S
which allows the user to easily replace an LCD-II with an HD44780U. The HD44780U character
generator ROM is extended to generate 208 5 ´ 8 dot character fonts and 32 5 ´ 10 dot character
fonts for a total of 240 different character fonts. The low power supply (2.7V to 5.5V) of the
HD44780U is suitable for any portable battery-driven product requiring low power dissipation.
xii
0 = Write to LCD module
Pin no. 10 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module
0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 11 RS
1 = Data input
Pin no. 12 VEE Contrast adjust
Pin no. 13 VSS Power supply (GND)
Pin no. 14 VCC Power supply (+5V)
Pin no. 15 EN2 Enable signal for row 2 and 3 (2ndcontroller)
Pin no. 16 NC Not Connected
Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit character codes. Its
extended capacity is 80 X 8 bits, or 80 characters. The area in display data RAM (DDRAM) that
is not used for display can be used as general data RAM. So whatever you send on the DDRAM
is actually displayed on the LCD.
xiii
3.5 Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register (DR)
There are two 8-bit registers controller Instruction and Data register. Instruction register
corresponds to the register where you send commands to LCD e.g. LCD shift command, LCD
clear, LCD address etc. and Data register is used for storing data which is to be displayed on
LCD. When send the enable signal of the LCD is asserted, the data on the pins is latched in to the
data register and data is then moved automatically to the DDRAM and hence is displayed on the
LCD.
xiv
4. BASIC COMPONENTS
Electronic components are classed into either being Passive devices or Active devices.
A Passive Device is one that contributes no power gain (amplification) to a circuit or system. It
has not control action and does not require any input other than a signal to perform its function.
In other words, “A component with no brain!”. Examples are Resistors, Capacitors and
Inductors.
Active Devices are components that are capable of controlling voltagesor currents and can create
a switching action in the circuit. In otherwords, “Devices with smarts!” Examples are Diodes,
Transistors and Integrated circuits. Most active components are semiconductors.
4.1 Resistors:
This is the most common component in electronics. It is used mainly to control current and
voltage within the circuit. You can identify a simple resistor by its simple cigar shape with a wire
lead coming out of each end. It uses a system of color coded bands to identify the value of the
component (measured in Ohms). A surface mount resistor is in fact mere millimeters in size but
performs the same function as its bigger brother, the simple resistor. A potentiometer is a
variable resistor. It lets you vary the resistance with a dial or sliding control in order to alter
current or voltage on the fly. This is opposed to the “fixed” simple
resistors.
xv
Variable Resistors
Variable resistors are also common components. They have a dial or a knob that allows you to
change the resistance. This is very useful for many situations. Volume controls are variable
resistors. When you change the volume you are changing the resistance which changes the
current. Making the resistance higher will let less current flow so the volume goes down. Making
the resistance lower will let more current flow so the volume goes up. The value of a variable
resistor is given as its highest resistance value. For example, a 500 ohm variable resistor can
have a resistance of anywhere between 0 ohms and 500 ohms. A variable resistor may also be
called a potentiometer (pot for short).
4.2 Condensors/Capacitors:
Capacitors, or "caps", vary in size and shape - from a small surface mount model up to a huge
electric motor cap, the size of paint can. It stores electrical energy in the form of electrostatic
charge. The size of a capacitor generally determines how much charge it can store. A small
surface mount or ceramic cap will only hold a minuscule charge. A cylindrical electrolytic cap
will store a much larger charge. Some of the large electrolytic caps
can store enough charge to kill a person. Another type, called
Tantalum Capacitors, store a larger charge in a smaller package.
xvi
4.3 Diodes:
Diodes are basically a one-way valve for electrical current. They let it flow in one direction
(from positive to negative) and not in the other direction. This is used to perform rectification or
conversion of AC current to DC by clipping off the negative portion of a AC waveform. The
diode terminals are cathode and anode and the arrow inside the diode symbol points towards the
cathode, indicating current flow in that direction when the diode is forward
biased and conducting current. Most diodes are similar in appearance to a
resistor and will have a painted line on one end showing the direction or
flow (white side is negative). If the negative side is on the negative end
of the circuit, current will flow. If the negative is on the positive side of
the circuit, no current will flow.
LEDs are simply diodes that emit light of one form or another. They
are used as indicator devices. Example: LED lit equals machine
on. The general purpose silicon diode emits excess energy in the form of
heat when conducting current. If a different semiconductor material
such as gallium, arsenide phosphide is used, the excess energy can be
released at a lower wavelength visible to human eye. This is the
composition of LED. They come in several sizes and colors. Some even emit Infrared Light
which cannot be seen by the human eye.
xvii
Fig 4.3(a) LED
4.4 Switch:
This is a mechanical part which when pressed makes the current to flow
through it. If the switch is released, the current stops flowing through it. This helps to control a
circuit.
4.5 PCB:
PCB stands for printed circuit board which are used for wiring up of the components of a circuit.
PCBs are made of paper phenolic FR2 grade (low cost, for low frequency and low power circuit
assembly) and glass epoxy FR4 grade (for high frequency, high power circuits) copper clad
laminates (available in 1.6mm, 2.4mm and 3.6mm thickness). Single sided PCBs have copper
foil only on one side while double-sided PCBs have copper foil on both side of the laminate.
Thickness of copper foil is 35 micrometer minimum on cheaper PCBs and 70 micrometer on
slightly costlier PCBs. Tracks (conductive paths) are made by masking (covering) the track part
of copper with etch-resist enamel paint (you can even use nail polish) and later dipping the
laminate in ferric chloride solutions to dissolve all copper except under the masked part. Holes in
PCBs are drilled after etching is over. The tracks on two sides of a PCB are joined using printed
through hole (PTH) technique, which is equivalent to using slotted copper rivets for joining
tracks on both sides. On cheaper PCBs, PTH are not provided, only Pads (i.e. circular copper
land with centre hole) are provided and you have to join the tracks on both sides by soldering a
copper wire to the pads with a copper wire. In single sided PCB components are mounted on the
side which has no track (called component side). In a double-sided PCB the component side is
xviii
defined (marked before hand) or it will show component outline (also called silk screen) Green
masking is the process of applying a layer of green colour insulation varnish on all parts of tracks
except near the holes, to protect the tracks from exposure to atmosphere and thus prolong its life
and reliability.
4.6 Batteries:
Symbol of batteries shows positive (+) terminal by a longer line than the negative (-) terminal.
For low power circuit dry batteries are used.
4.7 Relays:
All relays contain a sensing unit, the electric coil, which is powered by AC or DC current. When
the applied current or voltage exceeds a threshold value, the coil activates the armature, which
operates either to close the open contacts or to open the closed contacts. When a power is
supplied to the coil, it generates a magnetic force that actuates the switch mechanism. The
magnetic force is, in effect, relaying the action from one circuit to another. The first circuit is
xix
called the control circuit; the second is called the load circuit. A relay is usually an
electromechanical device that is actuated by an electrical current.
The current flowing in one circuit causes the opening or closing of another circuit.
Types of Relays
1. Electromechanical Relay
2. Solid State Relay.
Electromechanical relays have moving parts, whereas solid state relays have no moving parts.
Advantages of Electromechanical relays include lower cost, no heat sink is required, multiple
poles are available, and they can switch AC or DC with equal ease.
xx
1.Electromechanical Relays
General Purpose Relay: The general-purpose relay is rated by the amount of current its switch
contacts can handle. Most versions of the general-purpose relay have one to eight poles and can
be single or double throw. These are found in computers, copy machines, and other consumer
electronic equipment and appliances.
Power Relay: The power relay is capable of handling larger power loads – 10-50 amperes or
more.They are usually single-pole or double-pole units.
Contactor: A special type of high power relay, it’s used mainly to control high voltages and
currents in industrial electrical applications. Because of these high power requirements,
contactors always have double-make contacts.
Time-Delay Relay: The contacts might not open or close until some time interval after the coil
has been energized. This is called delay-on-operate. Delay-on-release means that the contacts
will remain in their actuated position until some interval after the power has been removed from
the coil.
A third delay is called interval timing. Contacts revert to their alternate position at a specific
interval of time after the coil has been energized.
xxi
The timing of these actions may be a fixed parameter of the relay, or adjusted by a knob on the
relay itself, or remotely adjusted through an external circuit.
These active semiconductor devices use light instead of magnetism to actuate a switch. The light
comes from an LED, or light emitting diode. When control power is applied to the device’s
output, the light is turned on and shines across an open space.On the load side of this space, a
part of the device senses the presence of the light, and triggers a solid state switch that either
opens or closes the circuit under control. Often, solid state relays are used where the circuit under
control must be protected from the introduction of electrical noises.
Advantages of Solid State Relays include low EMI/RFI, long life, no moving parts, no contact
bounce, and fast response. The drawback to using a solid state relay is that it can only
accomplish single pole switching.
xxii
5. LINE SENSOR COMMAND ACCESS FINGERPRINT
MODULE
5.1 Introduction
Line Sensor Command Access Fingerprint Module API References Programmer’s Guide
introduces you to Line Sensor Command Access Fingerprint Unit (LCAFU), product from
BeyondLSI. LCAFU, which contains Line Sensor Command Access Fingerprint Module
(BL215M_DL Series) inside, performs fingerprint authentication functions and management of
fingerprint data (template). LCAFU stores up to 10/30/50 template fingers depend on type of
LCAFU (BL215M001_DL / BL215M003_DL/ BL215M005_DL). In this manual, we provide
information about the usage of Line Sensor Command Access Fingerprint Module API for
writing an application program using LCAFU. The following tables summarize the commands
supported in Line Sensor Command Access Fingerprint Module API into the following
categories: open / close, registration / matching commands, template management commands,
setting commands and miscellaneous functions.
xxiii
5.1.3 Template Management Functions
xxiv
5.1.5 Miscellaneous Functions
Command Access Fingerprint Module API is a programming API that provides developers a
common interface for writing C/C++ applications which use LCAFU for fingerprint
authentication. Developers need not to be concerned with the intricacies of operating LCAFU at
lower level. Two kinds of Command Access Fingerprint Module APIs , which basically Win32
API, are provided for developer. The first one is provided if you want to make applications with
C language (BLModuleAPI.h, BLModuleAPI.lib and BLModuleAPI.dll). The other one is
provided if you want to make applications which use API class for C++ then Command Access
xxv
Fingerprint Module API Class (CBLModuleAPI.h, CBLModuleAPI.lib and CBLModuleAPI.dll)
can be used.
Description on functions
The BLM_OpenModule function establishes the communication with LCAFU. Call this function
if application want to make transactions with LCAFU.
Syntax:
int BLM_OpenModule(const char *comPortIn, int* versionNumOut, int* userMaxOut)
Parameter Input:
comPortIn :communication port string (“COM1”, “COM2”, …) where LCAFU is connected
The BLM_CloseModule function closes the communication with LCAFU. Use this function if
application wants to end transactions with LCAFU.
Syntax:
int BLM_CloseModule()
xxvi
5.3.3 Power Off
The BLM_PowerOff function gives instruction to LCAFU for doing power OFF. Use this
function to power OFF the LCAFU. Use Power ON button on LCAFU to activate the LCAFU
again.
Syntax:
int BLM_PowerOff()
5.3.4 Verify
The BLM_Verify function gives instruction to LCAFU for verifying an input finger on sensor
with specified templates stored in LCAFU’s database. Use mask table to specify templates for
verification. If owner handle window is not equal to NULL then windows message
WM_WAIT_FINGER is sent to this window handle after received fingerprint input ready signal
from LCAFU.
Syntax:
int BLM_Verify(unsigned char * maskIn, int* resultCodeOut, int* templateNumOut)
Parameter Input:
maskIn : (note *: do not care)
5.3.5 Identify
The BLM_Identify function gives instruction to LCAFU for identifying an input finger on sensor
among all templates stored in LCAFU’s database. If owner handle window is not equal to NULL
then windows message WM_WAIT_FINGER is sent to this window handle after received
fingerprint input ready signal from LCAFU.
Syntax:
int BLM_Identify(int* resultCodeOut, int* templateNumOut)
5.3.6 Register
xxvii
The BLM_Register function gives instruction to LCAFU for registering an input finger on sensor
and save the template at specified location in LCAFU’s database. Use input template number (0-
max template number) to specify location of template on LCAFU. Template with good quality
image will be registered on LCAFU if the location for template is empty. LCAFU overwrites old
template if the input finger has been registered previously at other location. If owner handle
window is not equal to NULL then windows message WM_WAIT_FINGER is sent to this
window handle after received fingerprint input ready signal from LCAFU.
Syntax:
int BLM_Register(int templateNumIn, int* resultCodeOut, int* templateNumOut)
Parameter Input:
templateNumIn :template number to store registered fingerprint (0 to 9/29/49)
The BLM_GetallTemplateStatus function gives instruction to LCAFU for sending status of all
templates.
Syntax:
int BLM_GetAllTemplateStatus(int* statusCodeArrayOut)
Parameter Output:
statusCodeArrayOut :status code of template number from 0 to 9/29/49
(array of int with size 10/30/50)
0: empty
1: valid
2: on pending
The BLM_GetTemplateStatus function gives instruction to LCAFU for sending status of the
template. Use input variable template number to specify which template status will be sent by
LCAFU.
xxviii
Syntax:
int BLM_GetTemplateStatus(int templateNumIn, int* statusCodeOut)
Parameter Input:
templateNumIn :template number to get status 0 to 9/29/49
The BLM_ClearTemplate function gives instruction to LCAFU for deleting template. Use input
variable template number to specify which template will be cleared. Only valid/pending template
will be deleted by LCAFU.
Syntax:
int BLM_ClearTemplate(int templateNumIn, int* statusCodeOut)
Parameter Input:
templateNumIn :template number to clear (0 to 9/29/49)
Syntax:
int BLM_SetPIN(unsigned char *PINIn)
xxix
6. IC ULN- 2003
6.1 Features
6.2 Description
xxx
The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003 andULN2004A are high voltage, high current
darlington
arrays each containing seven open collector darlington pairs with common emitters. Each
channel rated at 500mA and can withstand peak currents of600mA. Suppression diodes are
included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify
board layout. The four versions interface to all common logic families
These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads including solenoids, relays
DC motors, LED displays filament lamps, thermal print heads and high power buffers. The
ULN2001A/2002A/2003A and 2004A are supplied in 16 pin plastic DIP packages with a copper
leadframe to reduce thermal resistance. They are available also in small outline package (SO-16)
as ULN2001D/2002D/2003D/2004D.
xxxi
7. IC MAX-232
xxxii
7.1 Features
7.2 Description
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply
TIA/EIA-232-Fvoltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-
Finputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical
hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels
into TIA/EIA-232-F levels.
xxxiii
7.4 Function Tables
xxxiv
xxxv
7.6 Application Information
xxxvi
8. INTERFACING THE SERIAL / RS232 PORT
8.1 Introduction
The Serial Port is harder to interface than the Parallel Port. In most cases, any device you
connect
to the serial port will need the serial transmission converted back to parallel so that it can be
used. This can be done using a UART. On the software side of things, there are many more
registers that you have to attend to than on a Standard Parallel Port. (SPP) So what are the
advantages of using serial data transfer rather than parallel?
1. Serial Cables can be longer than Parallel cables. The serial port transmits a '1' as -3 to -25 volts
and a '0' as +3 to +25 volts where as a parallel port transmits a '0' as 0v and a '1' as 5v. Therefore
the serial port can have a maximum swing of 50V compared to the parallel port which has a
maximum swing of 5 Volts. Therefore cable loss is not going to be as much of a problem for
serial cables than they are for parallel.
2. You don't need as many wires than parallel transmission. If your device needs to be mounted a
far distance away from the computer then 3 core cable (Null Modem Configuration) is going to
be a lot cheaper that running 19 or 25 core cable. However you must take into account the cost of
the interfacing at each end.
3. Infra Red devices have proven quite popular recently. You may of seen many electronic
diaries and palmtop computers which have infra red capabilities build in. However could you
imagine transmitting 8 bits of data at the one time across the room and being able to (from the
devices point of view) decipher which bits are which? Therefore serial transmission is used
where one bit is sent at a time. IrDA-1 (The first infra red specifications) was capable of 115.2k
baud and was interfaced into a UART.
4. Microcontroller's have also proven to be quite popular recently. Many of these have in built
SCI (Serial Communications Interfaces) which can be used to talk to the outside world. Serial
Communication reduces the pin count of these MPU's. Only two pins are commonly used,
Transmit Data (TXD) and Receive Data (RXD) compared with at least 8 pins if you use a 8 bit
Parallel method (You may also require a Strobe).
xxxvii
8.2 Hardware Properties
Devices which use serial cables for their communication are split into two categories. These are
DCE (Data Communications Equipment) and DTE (Data Terminal Equipment.) Data
Communications Equipment are devices such as your modem, TA adapter, plotter etc while Data
Terminal Equipment is your Computer or Terminal. The electrical specifications of the serial
port is contained in the EIA (Electronics Industry Association) RS232C standard. It states many
parameters such as –
Above is no where near a complete list of the EIA standard. Line Capacitance, Maximum Baud
Rates etc are also included. For more information please consult the EIA RS232-E standard. It is
interesting to note however, that the RS232C standard specifies a maximum baud rate of 20,000
BPS!,which is rather slow by today's standards. Revised standards, EIA-232D & EIA-232E were
released, in 1987 & 1991 respectively. Serial Ports come in two "sizes", There are the D-Type 25
pin connector and the D-Type 9 pin connector both of which are male on the back of the PC, thus
you will require a female connector on your device. Below is a table of pin connections for the 9
pin and 25 pin D-Type connectors.
xxxviii
8.3 Serial Pinouts (D25 and D9 Connectors)
xxxix
8.4 Pin Functions
xl
9. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS
The use of miniaturization and sub miniaturization in electronic equipment design has been
responsible for the introduction of a new technique in inters component wiring and assembly that
is popularly known as printed circuit.
The printed circuit boards (PCBs) consist of an insulating substrate material with metallic
circuitry photo chemically formed upon that substrate. Thus PCB provides sufficient mechanical
support and necessary electrical connections for an electronic circuit.
Types of PCB’s: -
2) Double sided PCB:- In this, copper tracks are provided on both sides of the substrate. To
achieve the connections between the boards, hole plating is done, which increase the
manufacturing complexity
3) Multilayered PCB: - In this, two or more pieces of dielectric substrate material with
circuitry formed upon them are stacked up and bonded together. Electrically connections
are established from one side to the other and to the layer circuitry by drilled holes, which
are subsequently plated through copper.
4) Flexible PCB: - Flexible circuit is basically a highly flexible variant of the conventional
rigid printed circuit board theme.
xli
PCB Manufacturing Process: -
There are a number of different processes, which are used to manufacture a PCB, which is ready
for component assembly, from a copper clad base material. These processes are as follows
Preprocessing: - This consists of initial preparation of a copper clad laminate ready for
subsequent processing. Next is to drill tooling holes. Passing a board through rollers
performs cleaning operation.
Photolithography: - This process for PCBs involves the exposure of a photo resist
material to light through a mask. This is used for defining copper track and land patterns.
Etching: - The etching process is performed by exposing the surface of the board to an
etchant solution which dissolves away the exposed copper areas .The different solutions
used are: FeCl, CuCl, etc.
Drilling: - Drilling is used to create the component lead holes and through holes in a PCB
.The drilling can be done before or after the track areas have been defined.
Solder Masking: - It is the process of applying organic coatings selectively to those areas
where no solder wettings is needed .The solder mask is applied by screen-printing.
Metal Plating: - The plating is done to ensure protection of the copper tracks and
establish connection between different layers of multiplayer boards. PCBs are stacked
before being taken for final assembly of components .The PCB should retain its solder
ability.
Bare-Board Testing: - Each board needs to ensure that the required connections exist, that
there are no short circuits and holes are properly placed .The testing usually consists of
visual inspection and continuity testing
xlii
10. POWER SUPPLY
Power supply can be defined as electronic equipment, which is a stable source of D.C. power for electronic
circuits.
Power supply can be classified into two major categories: -
xliii
10.2 Regulated Power Supply: -
These power supplies are regulated over the change in source voltage or load current i.e. its output remain
stable.
xliv
Circuit of regulated power supply with half wave rectifier
IN OUT
COM
T1
10TO1
C1 C2
D1 D2 D3 D4 0.1uF
1000uF
Here diode D1, D2, D3 and D4 forms half wave rectifier. Capacitor C1 is filtering capacitor. IC-
7809 is used for voltage regulation. Capacitor C2 is used for bypassing, if any ripples are present
then it eliminates those ripples.
xlv
11. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Fingerprint Based Voting Machine consist of two units: ballot unit (BU) and control unit
(CU) and a fingerprint module for the verification of the user.
Firstly the database of the voters is being stored in the fingerprint sensor for creating a database
which authenticates the voter at the time of voting.
xlvi
11.1(b) GENERAL WORKING:
1. When the power of Ballot unit is turned on, the ballot unit awaits a “MATCH FOUND”
from control unit.
2. After getting “MATCH FOUND”, ballot becomes ready to accept a new vote from its
candidate panel.
3. Once the voter presses the button corresponding to the candidate of her/his choice, a four-
bit code is generated and sent to the control unit.
4. The ballot unit waits for the “VOTE SIGNAL” to become low from control unit, which
indicate that control unit has counted that for respective candidate.
5. After “VOTE SIGNAL” goes low, the ballot unit shows the number of votes of each
candidate on the LCD screen.At this time, the buzzer also generates a beep sound. This
indicates to the voter that her/his vote has been processed.
6. The machine returns to the step 1 and starts all over again for next voting.
The control unit comprises of the fingerprint module where the fingerprint is being sensed and if
a match is found then a signal is being generated on the LCD screen for the casting of vote
Working steps:
xlvii
12. PROJECT METHODOLOGY
12.1 Components:
1. Microcontroller Section
Microcontroller IC (PIC16F7X) 1
Crystal Oscillator (3.57 MHz) 1
Ceramic Capacitor (0.1uF) 14
Ceramic Capacitor (22pF) 2
Electrolytic Capacitor (2200uF) 2
Electrolytic Capacitor (1000uF) 2
2. Candidate Panel
Push-to-On Switches 3
Resistors (10Kohm) 1
4. LCD PANEL
LCD (16X2 characters) 1
Resistors (10Kohm) 1
5. Power supply
LED 1
Resistor (1Kohm) 1
Diodes-1N4007 4
6. IC’s
xlviii
ULN -2003 1
MAX-232 1
7. Relay 1
8. Buzzer 1
Softwares used:
1. Hi-Tech C Compiler
2. HyperTerminal
Equipments used:
Step 1: Block diagram and layout of the proposed system is designed and finalized.
Step 2: All the components and software platform to be used are selected which are also
mentioned above.
Step 3: All the hardware components are soldered on their respective printed circuit boards with
the help of soldering iron, solder and flux according to the hardware schematic
Step 4: The logic flow of the whole system is decided and accordingly flow-charts are being
created
Step 5: According to the flow-charts drawn, code/program of the proposed system is developed
using C language with the help of software platform (Keil u vision3).
Step 6: The hex code of the program being created by the software platform is burnt into the
flash code memory of our microcontroller IC.
Step 7: Testing is done at various levels to finalize the appropriate program for the most proper
working of the system
xlix
12.3 Circuit Diagram
l
12.4 Circuit Description
li
The above circuit shows that firstly coming to the power supply section , the 230V A.C. coming
is being converted to 12 V supply using a step down transformer. Then the 12 V A.C. is
converted to unregulated 12 v D.C. by using a bridge rectifier and filter capacitors. The
unregulated D.C. voltage is being converted into regulated supply by using a 7812 voltage
regulator.12 v supply is being required by the IC which is used for interfacing microcontroller
with the relay.
A 5 V A.C. is being obtained by the 7805 voltage regulator required for the working of the
microcontroller which turns on the power LED.
IC PIC16F73 is being used which have reset at pin1 which is an active low signal ie
MCLR.Clock frequency is being provided at pin 9 and pin 10 which has an inbuilt crystal
oscillator.
An LCD is being interfaced at the port B of the microcontroller . Here we are using a 4- bit LCD
and thus 4 data pins are being connected and two control pins with the port B.
For the connection of the fingerprint module and thus the serial communication a DB-9
connector needs to be inter faced with the PIC and for that we require a MAX232 IC which is
used for conversion of logics as the PIC is based on TTL logic. So pin no. 17 and 18 are used for
transmission and for receiving of data.
For providing indication signals a buzzer is being connected with the relay and foe the
interfacing of the relay with the PIC we require IC ULN2003 which has 8 darlington pairs which
reduces the current thereby maintaining the gain which is connected at the port C. At port A
three switches are connected which are used for casting a vote.
lii
12.5 Pcb Layout
liii
12.6 Coding
void main()
{
char txt[5];
PORTC.bit3=0;
count1=0;
count2=0;
count3=0;
Lcd_Initialize(&PORTB);
Lcd_Command(Lcd_CLEAR);
Lcd_Command(Lcd_CURSOR_OFF);
Lcd_Output(1, 1, "FINGRPRINTVOTING");
Lcd_Output(2, 1, "Init............");
delay_ms(2000);
Usart_Initialize(9600);
while(1)
{
Lcd_Command(Lcd_CLEAR);
Lcd_Output(1, 1, "Swipe Finger");
shorttostr(count1,txt);
Lcd_Output(2, 1,txt);
liv
shorttostr(count2,txt);
Lcd_Output(2, 6,txt);
shorttostr(count3,txt);
Lcd_Output(2, 11,txt);
if(Usart_Data_Ready())
{
i=Usart_read();
while(!Usart_Data_Ready())
{
}
j=Usart_Read();
while(!Usart_Data_Ready())
{
}
k=Usart_Read();
while(!Usart_Data_Ready())
{
}
l=Usart_Read();
lv
if(i>7)
{
Lcd_Command(Lcd_CLEAR);
Lcd_Output(1,1,"NoMatch");
PORTC.bit3=1;
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.bit3=0;
delay_ms(500);
PORTC.bit3=1;
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.bit3=0;
delay_ms(2000);
}
else
{
Lcd_Command(Lcd_CLEAR);
Lcd_Output(1,1,"Welcome!");
Lcd_Output(2,1,"Cast Vote....");
PORTC.bit3=1;
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.bit3=0;
if(PORTA.bit0==1)
{
while(PORTA.bit0==1)
{
}
count1=count1+1;
}
lvi
if(PORTA.bit1==1)
{
while(PORTA.bit1==1)
{
}
count2=count2+1;
}
if(PORTA.bit2==1)
{
while(PORTA.bit2==1)
{
}
count3=count3+1;
}
delay_ms(100);
}
}
lvii
12.7 Software description
Here firstly the counter and the PORTC bit 3 is initialized as 0.the LCD is being initialized at
port b and displays FINGERPRINT VOTING.
An infinite loop is made and displays the message swipe finger. The fingerprint sensor takes the
data in the form of 4 bits which are entered into the integer.when the portc bit is high then buzzer
blows . if a match is found then buzzer blows one time and if the match is not found then it
blows two times.
At port A switches are connected so. So the counter of the candidate increases according to the
bit corresponding to that switch becomes high.
lviii
13. APPLICATIONS
Fast track voting which could be used in small scale elections, like resident welfare
association, “panchayat” level election and other society level elections.
It could also be used to conduct opinion polls during annual share holders meeting.
It could also be used to conduct general assembly elections where number of candidates
are less than or equal to eight in the current situation.
lix
14. FUTURE SCOPE
It could be interfaced with printer to get the hard copy of the result almost instantly from
the machine itself.
It could also be interfaced with the personal computer and result could be stored in the
central server and its backup could be taken on the other backend servers.
Again, once the result is on the server it could be relayed on the network to various
offices of the election conducting authority. Thus our project could make the result
available any corner of the world in a matter of seconds
lx
CONCLUSION
Fingerprint Based Voting Machine is designed to make the procedure of voting easier and more
convenient as it is a modified system.it has proved to be very advantageous in providing security
EVM is capable of saving considerable printing stationery and transport of large volumes of
electoral material. It is easy to transport, store, and maintain. It completely rules out the chance
of invalid votes.
In total, the complete system (including all the hardware components and software routines) is
working as per the initial specifications and requirements of our project. So certain aspects of the
system can be modified as operational experience is gained with it. As the users work with the
system, they develop various new ideas for the development and enhancement of the project.
lxi
REFERENCES
Tutorial on microcontroller:
Tutorial on LCD:
lxii
Studynama’s BDS Community is one of India’s Largest Community of Dental Students. About
19,232 Indian Dental Course students are members of this community and share FREE study
material, cases, projects, exam papers etc. to enable each other to do well in their semester exams.
• Lecture Notes • Lecture Notes • Lecture Notes • Lecture Notes • Lecture Notes
• Project Reports • Project Reports • Project Reports • Project Reports • Project Reports
• Solved Papers • Solved Papers • Solved Papers • Solved Papers • Solved Papers
View More » View More » View More » View More » View More »
Please note none of the content or study material in this document or content in this file is prepared or
owned by Studynama.com. This content is shared by our student partners and we do not hold any
copyright on this content.
Please let us know if the content in this file infringes any of your copyright by writing to us at:
info@studynama.com and we will take appropriate action.