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UNDERTAKEN AT
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Haridwar
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Introduction
BHEL
Captive Power plants
2. Operation
Operation of Power Plant
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3. Control & Instrumentation
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Instrumentation
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Controls
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4. uAutomation
tPLCs
Industrial
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What are captive power plants?
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Ø Captive Power Plant is a generating unit(s) with aggregate
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capacity not exceeding 166 MW which produces power for
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captive consumption of its owners
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Ø Capacity-23.6 MW.
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Ø It is coal fired.
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Coal from the coal wagons is unloaded with the help of wagon tipplers in the C.H.P. this
coal is taken to the raw coal bunkers with the help of conveyor belts. Coal is then
transported to bowl mills by coal feeders where it is pulverized and ground in the
powered form.
This crushed coal is taken away to the furnace through coal pipes with the help of hot and
cold mixture P.A fan. This fan takes atmospheric air, a part of which is sent to pre heaters
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while a part goes to the mill for temperature control. Atmospheric air from F.D fan in the
air heaters and sent to the furnace as combustion air.
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.
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Water from boiler feed pump passes through economizer and reaches the boiler drum .
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Water from the drum passes through the down comers and goes to the bottom ring
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header. Water from the bottom ring header is divided to all the four sides of the furnace.
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Due to heat density difference the water rises up in the water wall tubes. This steam and
t utaken to the boiler drum where the steam is sent to super heaters
water mixture is again
S The super heaters are located inside the furnace and the steam is super
for super heating.
heated (540 degree Celsius) and finally it goes to the turbine.
Fuel gases from the furnace are extracted from the induced draft fan, which maintains
balance draft in the furnace with F.D fan. These fuel gases heat energy to the various
super heaters and finally through air pre heaters and goes to electrostatic precipitators
where the ash particles are extracted. This ash is mixed with the water to from slurry is
pumped to ash period.
The steam from boiler is conveyed to turbine through the steam pipes and through stop
valve and control valve that automatically regulate the supply of steam to the turbine.
Stop valves and controls valves are located in steam chest and governor driven from main
turbine shaft operates the control valves the amount used.
Steam from controlled valves enter high pressure cylinder of turbines, where it passes
through the ring of blades fixed to the cylinder wall. These act as nozzles and direct the
steam into a second ring of moving blades mounted on the disc secured in the turbine
shaft. The second ring turns the shaft as a result of force of steam. The stationary and
moving blades together.
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THERMAL POWER PLANT
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A Thermal Power Station comprises all of the equipment and a subsystem required to
da steam generating boiler fired with fossil fuels or befouls to
u Some prefer to use the term ENERGY CENTER because
produce electricity by using
tgenerator.
drive an electrical
Sconvert forms of energy, like nuclear energy, gravitational potential energy
such facilities
or heat energy (derived from the combustion of fuel) into electrical energy. However,
POWER PLANT is the most common term in the united state; While POWER STATION
prevails in many Commonwealth countries and especially in the United Kingdom.
Such power stations are most usually constructed on a very large scale and designed for
continuous operation. Typical diagram of a coal fired thermal power
station
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Cooling water pump
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Three-phase transmission line
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Step up transformer
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Electrical Generator
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Low pressure steam
Boiler feed water pump
Surface condenser
Intermediate pressure steam turbine
Steam control valve
High pressure steam turbine
Deaerator Feed water heater
Coal conveyor
Coal hopper
Coal pulverizer
Boiler steam drum
Bottom ash hoper
Super heater
Forced draught fan
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Cooling towers
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Cooling Towers are evaporative coolers used for cooling water or other working medium
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to near the ambivalent web-bulb air temperature. Cooling tower use evaporation of water
.
a
to reject heat from processes such as cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries,
Chemical plants, power plants and building cooling, for example. The tower vary in size
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from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures that can be up to 200
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meters tall and 100 meters in diameter, or rectangular structure that can be over 40 meters
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tall and 80 meters long. Smaller towers are normally factory built, while larger ones are
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constructed on site.
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The primary use of large , industrial cooling tower system is to remove the heat absorbed
in the circulating cooling water systems used in power plants , petroleum refineries,
petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing plants and other industrial
facilities . The absorbed heat is rejected to the atmosphere by the evaporation of some of
the cooling water in mechanical forced-draft or induced draft towers or in natural draft
hyperbolic shaped cooling towers as seen at most nuclear power plants.
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three phase. Where the step-down is 3 phase, the output of this transformer is usually star
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connected with the standard mains voltage being the phase-neutral voltage. Another
.
a
system commonly seen in North America is to have a delta connected secondary with a
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center tap on one of the windings supplying the ground and neutral. This allows for 240
a
V three phase as well as three different single phase voltages( 120 V between two of the
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phases and neutral , 208 V between the third phase ( known as a wild leg) and neutral and
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240 V between any two phase) to be available from the same supply.
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Electrical generator
Energy in the steam after it leaves the boiler is converted into rotational energy as it
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passes through the turbine. The turbine normally consists of several stage with each
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stages consisting of a stationary blade (or nozzle) and a rotating blade. Stationary blades
.
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convert the potential energy of the steam into kinetic energy into forces, caused by
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pressure drop, which results in the rotation of the turbine shaft. The turbine shaft is
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connected to a generator, which produces the electrical energy.
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Boiler feed water pump
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A Boiler feed water pump is a specific type of pump used to pump water into a steam
boiler. The water may be freshly supplied or retuning condensation of the steam produced
by the boiler. These pumps are normally high pressure units that use suction from a
condensate return system and can be of the centrifugal pump type or positive
displacement type.
Steam-powered pumps
Steam locomotives and the steam engines used on ships and stationary applications such
as power plants also required feed water pumps. In this situation, though, the pump was
often powered using a small steam engine that ran using the steam produced by the
boiler. A means had to be provided, of course, to put the initial charge of water into the
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boiler(before steam power was available to operate the steam-powered feed water
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pump).the pump was often a positive displacement pump that had steam valves and
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cylinders at one end and feed water cylinders at the other end; no crankshaft was
required.
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a
y n of surface condenser is to condense the exhaust
In thermal plants, the primary purpose
dto obtain maximum efficiency and also to convert the turbine
uwater so that it may be reused in the steam generator or boiler as
steam from a steam turbine
tpure
exhaust steam into
boiler feedSwater. By condensing the exhaust steam of a turbine at a pressure below
atmospheric pressure, the steam pressure drop between the inlet and exhaust of the
turbine is increased, which increases the amount heat available for conversion to
mechanical power. Most of the heat liberated due to condensation of the exhaust steam is
carried away by the cooling medium (water or air) used by the surface condenser.
Control valves
Control valves are valves used within industrial plants and elsewhere to control operating
conditions such as temperature,pressure,flow,and liquid Level by fully partially opening
or closing in response to signals received from controllers that compares a “set point” to a
“process variable” whose value is provided by sensors that monitor changes in such
conditions. The opening or closing of control valves is done by means of electrical,
hydraulic or pneumatic systems
Deaerator
A Dearator is a device for air removal and used to remove dissolved gases (an alternate
would be the use of water treatment chemicals) from boiler feed water to make it non-
corrosive. A dearator typically includes a vertical domed deaeration section as the
deaeration boiler feed water tank. A Steam generating boiler requires that the circulating
steam, condensate, and feed water should be devoid of dissolved gases, particularly
corrosive ones and dissolved or suspended solids. The gases will give rise to corrosion of
the metal. The solids will deposit on the heating surfaces giving rise to localized heating
and tube ruptures due to overheating. Under some conditions it may give to stress
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corrosion cracking.
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Deaerator level and pressure must be controlled by adjusting control valves- the level by
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regulating condensate flow and the pressure by regulating steam flow. If operated
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properly, most deaerator vendors will guarantee that oxygen in the deaerated water will
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not exceed 7 ppb by weight (0.005 cm3/L)
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MAIN GENERATOR
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Direction of rotation viewed Anti Clockwise
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Phase Connection Double Star
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Number of terminals brought out 9( 6 neutral and 3
phase)
CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION
Temperature
The hotness or coldness of a piece of plastic, wood, metal, or other material
depends upon the molecular activity of the material. Kinetic energy is a
measure of the activity of the atoms which make up the molecules of any
material. Therefore, temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the
material in question.
1. RTD
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surrounded by an insulator and enclosed in a metal sheath.
• A change in temperature will cause an RTD to heat or cool,
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producing aproportional change in resistance. The change in
.
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resistance is measured by a precision device that is calibrated to
give the proper temperature reading.
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2. THERMOCOUPLES
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temperature and can be measured on the voltmeter (in mill volts). For
.
ease of operator use, some voltmeters are set up to read out directly in
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temperature through use of electronic circuitry.
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Pressure Transducers
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Bellows-Type Detectors
The need for a pressure sensing element that was extremely sensitive to
low pressures and provided power for activating recording and indicating
mechanisms resulted in the development of the metallic bellows pressure
sensing element. The metallic bellows is most accurate when measuring
pressures from 0.5 to 75 psig. However, when used in conjunction with a
heavy range spring, some bellows can be used to measure pressures of
over 1000 psig.
Bourdon tube
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The bourdon tube consists of a thin-walled tube that is flattened
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diametrically on opposite sides to produce a cross-sectional area elliptical
.
a
in shape, having two long flat sides and two short round sides. The tube
is bent lengthwise into an arc of a circle of 270 to 300 degrees. Pressure
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applied to the inside of the tube causes distention of the flat sections and
a
tends to restore its original round cross-section.
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This change in cross-section causes the tube to straighten slightly. Since
d
the tube is permanently fastened at one end, the tip of the tube traces a
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curve that is the result of the change in angular position with respect to
the center. Within limits, the movement of the tip of the tube can then be
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used to position a pointer or to develop an equivalent electrical signal to
indicate value of the applied internal pressure.
Level Measurement
Ball Float
The operation of the ball float is simple. The ball floats on top of the
liquid in the tank. If the liquid level changes, the float will follow and
change the position of the pointer attached to the rotating shaft.
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Pressure head method
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The differential pressure (∆P) detector method of liquid level
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measurement uses a ∆P detector connected to the bottom of the tank
being monitored. The higher pressure, caused by the fluid in the tank, is
compared to a lower reference pressure (usually atmospheric). This
comparison takes place in the ∆P detector. Figure illustrates a typical
differential pressure detector attached to an open tank.
Flow meters
Differential Flow Transmitter
Orifice plates
• Flat plates 1/16 to 1/4 in. thick
• Mounted between a pair of flanges
• Installed in a straight run of smooth pipe to avoid disturbance of flow patterns
due to fittings and valves
Venturi tube
• Converging conical inlet, a cylindrical throat, and a diverging recovery cone
• No projections into the fluid, no sharp corners, and no sudden changes in
contour
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generator is replaced by a pipe placed between the poles of a magnet so that the flow of
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the fluid in the pipe is normal to the magnetic field. As the fluid flows through this
magnetic field, an electromotive force is induced in it that will be mutually normal
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(perpendicular) to both the magnetic field and the motion of the fluid. This electromotive
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force may be measured with the aid of electrodes attached to the pipe and connected to a
galvanometer or an equivalent. For a given magnetic field, the induced voltage will be
S
proportional to the average velocity of the fluid. However, the fluid should have some
degree of electrical conductivity.
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Only single sensor i.e. level sensor is used to control thec
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. level
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2. Double Element water levelm
a control
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This uses two sensors level and flow sensors. It is better and precise than single
element control.
This uses a single feedback loop which finds out error from the set point
and finds out controller output
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sensor senses the disturbance and feedforward controller nullifies the
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disturbance
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Ratio Control
Ratio control is used to ensure that two flows are kept at the same ratio
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even if the flows are changing. E.g. Air-Fuel Ratio where the proper
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ratio between air and fuel i.e. pulverized coal has to be
maintained.
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Controller feed is adjusted according to the ratio of wild feed. The implementation is
shown above.
Automation of Processes
The main purpose of automation is to minimize human intervention to
reduce the errors. Large processes like power plant has large scope for
errors.
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Salient features
PLC HARDWARE
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Many PLC configurations are available, even from a single vendor. But,
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.
in each of these there are common components and concepts. The most
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essential components are:
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Power Supply - This can be built into the PLC or be an external unit.
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Common voltage levels required by the PLC (with and without the power
supply) are 24Vdc, 120Vac,
220Vac.
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CPU (Central Processing Unit) - This is a computer where ladder logic is
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stored and processed.
Indicator lights - These indicate the status of the PLC including power
on, program running, and a fault. These are essential when diagnosing
problems.
The configuration of the PLC refers to the packaging of the components.
Rack - A rack is often large (up to 18” by 30” by 10”) and can hold
multiple cards.
When necessary, multiple racks can be connected together. These tend to
be the highest cost, but also the most flexible and easy to maintain.
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pneumatic flow.
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· Lights - logical outputs that can often be powered directly from PLC
output boards.
. c
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· Motor Starters - motors often draw a large amount of current when
started, so they require motor starters, which are basically large relays.
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· Servo Motors - a continuous output from the PLC can command a
variable speed or position. a
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Outputs from PLCs are often relays, but they can also be solid state
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electronics such as transistors for DC outputs or Triacs for AC outputs.
Continuous outputs require special output cards with digital to analog
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converters.
Inputs come from sensors that translate physical phenomena into
electrical signals. Typical examples of sensors are listed below in
relative order of popularity.
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connected to the first input on? How about the second input? How about
the third... It records this data into its memory to be used during the next
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step.
Step 2-EXECUTE PROGRAM-Next the PLC executes your program one
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instruction at a time. Maybe your program said that if the first input was
on then it should turn on the first output. Since it already knows which
inputs are on/off from the previous step it will be able to decide whether
the first output should be turned on based on the state of the first input. It
will store the execution results for use later during the next step.
Step 3-UPDATE OUTPUT STATUS-Finally the PLC updates the status
of the outputs. It updates the outputs based on which inputs were on
during the first step and the results of executing your program during the
second step. Based on the example in step 2 it would now turn on the first
output because the first input was on and your program said to turn on the
first output when this condition is true.
Drawing the ladder logic for flowchart
The flowchart is the most encountered problems in industrial processes
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Ladder Logic is:
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.
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Deadman Switch
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A motor will be controlled by two switches. The Go switch will start the
.
motor and the Stop switch will stop it. If the Stop switch was used to stop
a
the motor, the Go switch must be thrown twice to start the motor. When
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the motor is active a light should be turned on. The Stop switch will be
wired as normally closed.
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SCADA
Features of SCADA
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5. LAN Connectivity-It should have good LAN connectivity as it is
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necessary for connecting to the ERP.
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6. Dynamic Process Graphic-This has brought about revolution in
automation as previously people would not what was going in the
system VISUALLY. But with SCADA software which has large
library of symbols the whole process can be modeled accurately. And
the process can be monitored by sitting in the control room.
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The software used in the SCADA was WONDERWARE INTOUCH.The
previous diagram shows the SCADA Screen of Boiler. The important
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parameters are shown in model itself making it possible to monitor the
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process from the control room itself
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Please note none of the content or study material in this document or content in this file is prepared or
owned by Studynama.com. This content is shared by our student partners and we do not hold any
copyright on this content.
Please let us know if the content in this file infringes any of your copyright by writing to us at:
info@studynama.com and we will take appropriate action.