Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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( Second Revision )
0.1 This Indian Standard (Second Revision) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 11 July 1977, after the draft finalized by the
Structural Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Structural and Metals Division Council and Civil Engineering Division
Council.
0.2 This standaxd has been prepared with a view to establishing uniform
practice for design, fabrication, testing and inspection of overhead steel
transmission line towers. This part covers requirements in regard to
material, loads and permissible stresses. Provisions for fabrication, gal-
vanizing, inspection and packing will be covered in Part II whereas
testing of these towers will be covered in Part III of this standard.
0.3 This standard was first published in 1967 and was revised in 1973.
he following important modifications have been made in this revision:
a) Clause 7 relating to types of towers has been modified keeping in
view the practices being followed in the country and abroad.
b) Clause 8 relating to the 'broken wire conditions' have been
further elaborated both for single circuit and double circuit towers.
c) A table giving the values of allowable unit stresses for different
.!:... ratios of compression members, as stipulated in 10.1, has been
r
added.
d) Appendix A giving typical calculation of tower loading has been
revised. Method of calculation of wind loads on tower body has
been improved upon.
e) Numerical values of loads and stresses and formulae for calculat-
ing permissible stresses, etc, have been given both in SI and
metric units. It is proposed to change over to SI units completely
in the near future.
0.4 As transmission line towers are comparatively light structures and alII SCOPE . ' . t be adopted
that the maximum wind pressure is the chief criterion for their design, tl' h' t ndard stipulates the various deSIgn conf,lderatl~ns dOtransmission
Sectional Committee felt that concurrence of earthquake and maximu11.1 T IS~ a of self-supporting steel lattice towers or ~v~~ ea t sses
wind pressure is unlikely to take place. Specific provisions of earthqual in the d~lgnvers loads combination of loads and permIssl Ie s re ...
forces have, therefore, not been specified in the standard. However, i1ines an co ,. .' f alvanizing inspection, packmg and
particular regions where earthquakes are experienced frequently, eart!, 1.1.1 Details r~g.ardlI:g fabnca lOn, ~eing cover~d in Part II and Pal't III
q uake ~orces may be c.onsidered in the ~esign of steel transmission lintesting of transmIssl~n Ime towers are -
towers m accordance wIth IS : 1893-1970 . • of the code. ,, 'd 't h been assumed that the
. , ,.. '£ I t' g the provlSlons of th,s co e, I as
8.5 In regard to desIgn of foundatlOn for transmISSlOn hne towers refereno NOTE - WhIle, ormu a: h bolts
may be made to IS: 4091-1967t· structural connectiOnsare roug . d ers and special towers for river
0.6 Any details of design or other items not covered in this code ( includin! 1.2 This code does not cover
Part II and Part III) shall generally be in accordance with IS: 800-1962l crossing or other long spans. e .
TtU~~
w~l~~e covered by separate code,
0.7 The code envisages for the present, fabrication of transmission linl RIAL
towers by. means of bolted connections o.nly. The provisions of this codl2. MATE " rms shall be of structural steel
relate mamly to structural steel conformmg to IS: 226-1975§ and Gra<k2 1 The tower members mcludmg cross a k
t to mutual agreement
Fe41O-0 ofIS: 1977-197511, While steel conforming to IS : 961-1975~ mal ~nforming to IS: 226-1975*. Hov.:ever" s~ ~rconforming to Grade Fe
also be used in the transmission line towers, the permissible stresses ana tetween the purchaser and the fabnc~t~, s ee ndary members, that is,
other design details have not been specified for this steel for the present 410-0 of IS: 1977-1975t may be use or se~o I stresses.
As the production of structural steel sections conforming to IS: 961-1975\ members carrying no computed stresses or nomma 6639 1972t
and, their use in transmission line towers increase, these provisions will bl ~ N t _ Bolts and nuts shall conform to IS: 6 1 4, d
covered in the standard in due course. Meanwhile the use of steel conform 2.2 Bolt~ an: 1 U S erties shall conform to property class 4' an c ass
ing to IS: 961-1975~r in transmission line towers may be generally i The mec~;n1~~7tfOPbolts and nuts respectively.
accordance with the relevant provisions of this code as well a ofIS: 13~ - or f, IS' 2016-1967\1. Heavy washers
IS: 800-1962t. 2.3 Washers- Washers shall con~ormSt~in . washers shall conform to
0.8 This standard keeps in view the manufacturing, design and trad. ~hall conform to IS: 6610-1972 I' P g
practices followed in the country in this field. Assistance has also been ~S: 3063-1972**. h 11 be galvanized in
derived from the following: 'Z.4 Galvanizing - Bolts and other fa.st~nersf:h a embers of the tower
i) Report on economic design of transmission lines. Central Boar. accordance with IS: 5358-1969tt gal~antz~ng ~ash~: shall be galvanized
ofIrrigation and Power, New Delhi, 1971. shall conform to IS: 4759-1968t t an spnng
,J) Guide for design of steel transmission line towers. America in accordance with IS: 1573-1970§§. . h conform to n
Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 1971. , 25 Other material used in the constructlOn of thhe towters. sls~herever they
. . .. h' • . S d d pecification for t e ma ena
0.9 For the purpose of decIdmg whether a partIcular reqUIrement of t H appropriate Indian tan ar s
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, express exist. ,.
ing the result of a test, shall be rounded off in accordance with .S 'fi ' £ t tural steel (standard quality) (fifth revlsl~l~).
IS : 2-1960**. The number of significant places retained in the rounded SPec~ficat~on ;,r s :u~tural steel ( ordinary quality) (second revIsIOn).
S
off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard. !SPec~ficat~on<,orh ru gon bolts for steel structures.
---______ • pecl catiOn ,or exa (fi t 'sion )
.Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures ( second revision). §Technical supply conditions for threade~ :asteners rs revi '
tCode of practice for design and construction offoundations for transmission line towerf IISpecification for plain washers (first revISion).
and poles. I , , £ h shers for steel structures.
SpeCIficatiOnor eavy wa 1 t d screws (first revision).
:Code of practice for use of structural steel in general building construction (Tlvim/). ..Specification for spring washers for bo ts, nu san
§Specificationfor structural steel ( standard quality) (fifth revision ). d' I anized coatings on fasteners.
ttSpecification for hot- lp ga v I t I and other allied products.
IISpecificationfor structural steel ( ordinary quality) (second revision). "d' tings on structura s ee " )
1~Spec,ficatiOnfor hot- Ip coa " on and steel (first revIsion
~Specification for structural steel ( high tensile) (second revision). §§Specificationfor electroplated coatings for ZlDCon lr
··Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised).
3. WIND 2
3.1 Wind PRESSURES
Pressure Map of Ind' 0 h b' 32 2 The wind pressure values given in Fig. I and Tables I and are based
., la - n t e aSIS of measur d ., . lik lb' d d' cr f
maXImum wIlld velocities for different t fl' . .e maximum wIlld pressure e y to e expenence over 1l1erent parts 0
t
of short duration as in squall the co t~arhs 0 b le cdo.u~~rYd ~ncludIllg wm<J,tO~ecountry within a height of about 30 m above mean retarding surface,
. ,un 1y as een IVlOe Into three zon .' h h' h f h I b th I I Th
o ow, medIUm and heavy wind ressures. The m . . ~ irrespectIve of t e eig tot e P ace a ove e ~ean sea. eve. e
f I covered by different wind zo:Cs is iven in F'O'
areas
• g J",. .
fP
of IndIa ShOWIngaltitude of the c~untry traversed may, therefore, be Ignored m so. far as
the maximum wmd pressure on towers, conductors, and ground WIres are
3.2 WInd Pressure Loads concerned.
T 3b~·1 The wind pressures on towers and .conductors shall be as given in 3.2.3 For the purpose of computing the ~ind load on b~ndle ~onductors
a es I and 2 and shall be assumed as actmg horizontally. /( more than one cond~ctor per phase), wmd pressure gIven m Tab.le 2
. ~.2.1.1In t~1ecase of towers the wind pressures shall be calculated 0 shall be assumed as actmg on full projected area of each conductor m a
n
1 5 tImes the projected area of the memhers on the windward face. In h bundle.
caseassumed
be of conductors
as t' and ground
h f 11w'rI ~s th e preSSUles ." gJven m Table 2 shall
t e 3.2.4 For the purpose of computatmg ..' the wmd pressure on msulator
ac mg on t e u projected area. . strings, the effective projected area of the string shall be assumed as 50
TABLE 1 WIND PRESSURES ON TOWERS percent of the projected area of the cylinder with a diameter equal to that
(Clrl1lses3.2.l alld 3.2.2) of the insulators skirt. The pressure shall be calculated as for tower members.
5.3 Vertical Loads - The vertical load due to conductors and ground .-.'
wires shall be based on appropriate weight span. A provision of 1500 N
(150 kgf) may be made for the weight of a lineman with tools. These
I
...,
L
. ...e
JOOHPllIl
loads are in addition to the vertical loads due to insulators and fittings
and dead weight of the structures. An additional erection load of 3 500 N f·.J, I~
(350 kgf) shall also be considered for the design of conductor's cross arm
only. The stringing procedure shall ensure that the above vertical loads
are not exceeded.
NOTE - The weight span is the horizontal distance between the lowest points of the
conductor, on the two spans adjacent to the tower. The lowest point is defined as the
point at which the tangent to the sag curve or to the sag curve produced, is horizontal.
5.4 Ice Loadings - If the transmission line is subjected to snow load, ice
loading for conductors and ground wires shall be assumed corresponding
to radial thickness of ice of 12 mm. The corresponding wind pressure
shall be assumed as 392 N/m2 (40 kgf/m3) on the projected area of
conductors and ground wire at the minimum temperature.
5.4.1 No ice loading shall be assumed for tower body.
6.1 In accordance with Rule 76( 1)( a) of the Indian Electricity Rules
1956, the factor of safety in the design of structural members of steel
transmission line towers, may be assumed as 2'0 under normal conditions
and 1'5 under broken-wire conditions.
'.1 The selection of the most suitable types of tower for transmission lines
lepends on the actual terrain of the line and, therefore, it is not possible
o include specific rules in this standard. Experience has, however, shown
he following types of towers are generally suitable for most of the lines:
N°1E - The a,:gles of line deviation specified are for the normal span. The span
ar, .owever, be Increased up to an optimum limit by reducing the angle of line
dm
eVlatlOn.
8. BROKENaWIRE CONDITIONS
[1- ( :O},
towers with tension I ground-wire broken
str!ngs ( 15° to I on. the same span E!::- " Cc
30 ) I whIchever combi- .J F. ~ r
I nation is more
stringent for a
Jparticular member
*Specificationfor structural steel (standard quality) (fifth revision ).
IS : 802 ( Part I ) • 1977
b) F,
a
=
r
I 960 000
(~L
20 000 000
( ~L r or Fa = [ 2 600 -
( K! Y]k
<-12 .
gf/cm2
XL
where --
KL
> Co where -r- ~ 120
r
b) Fa = . ( ~L
1 960 000 N/mm2
r
20 000 000 kgf/cm2
Fa = allowable unit stress in compression, or Fa = ( KrL )2
F y = minimum guaranteed yield stress of the material, KL
K = restraint factor, w here - r > 120 ( b )
L = length of the compression member (see Appendix B), h - 'dth-thickness ratio exceeds 11mformulae t
92.3 Where t e Wi , b'
E = modulus of elasticity of steel that is 2 00 000 N /mml • d bstituting for Fy the value Fer given y.
(!!-) =
208 when Fy is in N/mm2
where t 11m < t < yFy
1 000
y
I 2
y
t 11m V F
or
(
-
b) b
< -< -"-F-=-
when Fy is in kgf cm
y 2
t 11m t V y
or(+)llm=.~6~y5 whenF isinkgf/cm 57800 hre l!.-> 310 whcnFyisinN/mm2
where vb) Fer = (J!.-.t)2 wet V Fy
b = distance from edge of fillet to the extreme fibre, and
9.2.2.1 For
t = thickness of material.
+)
in 9.2.3 will reduce to the following:
a) Fa = [ 255 -
( K; Y]
1'22'5 N/mm2 a) Fer = 459 - 15'7( N/mml
9.3 Stress ~n Bolts - The estimated stresses in the bolts multi Ii d of Fig. 4)
e) Member unrestrained against rotation at both
the appropnate factor of safety shall not exceed the value given in ~a~le~ ends of the unsupported panel for values
TABLE 3 PERMISSIBLE STRESS IN BOLTS of !::.. from 120 to 200 ( curve 4 of Fig. 4 )
r -
f) Members partially restrained against rotation L
(2)
at one end of the unsupported panel for values 28'6 + 0'762 ~r
. .... ) . . . . , .:
10.1.4 Table 4 gives for ready reference, the values of aHo.wable wi
2
stresses in N /mm (kgf/ cm') for L ratios of compression members of th
r 255
-- -- -_. -6-1- -s4 49
types as stipulated in 10.1 for steel conforming to IS: 226-1975*. (2600) 254 87
(890) 76
(780) (69 0 __(620) __(550)
68 ) (500)
I 255
(2 590 -- 60 54 48
10.2 Tension M••••ber - The ,]end"ne" "tio of a memb" ,any;" (2600) 254 86 7~g). (6~b) (610) (550) (490)
axial tension only, shall not exceed 375. (2 590 (880) ( - -- 53 48
_ TABLE 4 ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES IN Njmm2 (kgffcm2 ) FOR MEASURED StENDERNESS RATIOS (Ljr) FOR STEEL WITH YIELD STRESS Fy = 255 NjmmJ (2600 kgfjcm2)
(Clause 10.1.4)
J
I
'~ I
Curve 6,
: measured Llr 120 136 153 I 169 185 201 218 234 250
! (KLfr",,46'2+
,
--- -
0'615 Llr)
Curve 5,
measured Llr
--- --- --- --- -- ---
-,-
.I-
--- -- ---
-' -- -- -- --61 -- --49
0 I (2600)
255 254
(2590)
252
(2570)
247
I (2520)
242 •.
(2470r
234
(2390)
225 215
(23QO) . (2 190)
203
(2070)
188
(1 920),
173
(l 770)
156
(l 590)'
137
(1400)
116
(1 180)
100
(1 020)
87
(890)
76
(780)
68
(690) (620)
54
(550) (500)
------ --' --- -- -- --- --
I 255 254 251 247 241 233 224 . 214 201 187 171 154 134 114 99 86 75 67 60 54 48
(2600) (2 590) (2 560) (2520) (2460y' (2 '380): (2290) (2180) (1 910) (1 75~) (1570) " (1 370) (1 160) ~, (880) (770) (680) (610) (550) (490)
~
2 255
(2 600)
254
(2590)
II 251
(2560)
246
(2510)
240
(2450)'
232 223 213
(2370) , (2280) - (2 170)
200
(2 ~40)
185
(1 890)
169
(I 730)
152
(1550)
131.
(I 340)'
113
(1 150) ~
971' 85
(870)
74
(760)
67
(680)·
59
(600)
53
(540)
48
(490)
--- ---' --- 66 59
--'
3 255 254 251 246 240 • 232 . 222 212 199 184 168 151 129 111 96 R3 73 53 47
(2600) (2590) (2 560) (2510}' (2 160) (2030) (1 720) (1 540) (1 320) (1 130) (980) (850) (750) (670) (600) (540) (480)
(24S0Y (2370r (2270) (1 880)
---- --
4 255 253 250 245 ' 239 / 231 221 210 197 182 166 149 127 109 94 J. 82-7-2-65'
(840) (740) (660)
58
(590)
52
(530)
47
(480)
(2600) (2580) (2550) (2 500) (2440) (2360) (2260) (2 140) (2 dl0) (1860) (1 700) (1 520) (1 300) (1110)' ~_
5 255 253
--- ---
196
--- ---
164
---
147 125 108 93
-8-I-------:n- ~
-5-7-152 47
250 245 238 230 220 209 lRI
(2600) (2580) (1 280) (1 100) (950) (830) (730) (650) (580) (530) (480)
E
(2 550) (2500) (2430) . (2 350) (2250) (2 130)' (1 850) (I 680) (1 500)
6 255
--- --- 123 106 92
------SO--7-1- ~
57 51 47
(2600)
253
(2580)
249
(2540)
244
(2490(
237
(2420)'
229, 220
(2 340r~ (2240)
208
(2 120)
194
(1 G(0)
179 163 145
(1830) " (1 660) . (1480) (1 280)- (1 080) (940) (820) (730) (650)
(580) (520) I (480)
7 -- ---
121 105
~-
91
---;;g---m 63 -5-6-150 46
255 253 249 243 , 237 228 , 219 207 h13 178 162 143
(2600) (2580) (2330)" (2230) (l 970) (1 820)', (1650) (1460) (l 240) (1 070) (930) (810) (720) (640) (570) (510) (470)
(2 540) (2480)" (2 420) (2110) ----
8 254 252 248 243 236 227 217 206 191 176 160 141 120 I 103 89 - 78 69- 1 6-2- 56 50 45
9
(2590)
254
(2 570)
252
(2530)
248
(2480)
242
(2410r
235 .
(2320)
226
(2210)
216
(2 100)
204
(1 1950) (1800) , (1630)
190 174 158
(l440)
139 \
(1 220)- I (l 050) ~_
118 I 101. I 88
----
(800)
I
77 I 68
(710) (630)
61
(570) ~
55 49
(460)
45
- (2590) (2570) (2530) (2470) (2400) . (2310) (2200) (" 080) (11940) , (I 780) (I 610) (1420) (1 200y , (1 030)· (900)' (790) (700) (620) (560) (500) (460)
23
'1 J
~. .l
·2. NET SECTIONAL AREA
1 Th t sectional area shall be the least area which is to' be obtained
,2. d d et~eg from the gross sectional. area, the area of all holes cut by any
)y , ehtue .1'Inagonal or zigzag I' me across t I1e mem bId
er. "th
n etermmmg e
1
,tra1 g , 0f the holes to be dedncted from ·gross sectional area, the full
1
. f the first hole shall be counte d , p Ius a r.!ractlOna
,ota ar '1 part x, 0f each
~~~e~ding hole cut by the line of holes under consideration. The value
)f x shall be determined from the formula,
pz '
x = I - 4 gd
where
p,= longitudinal spacing (stagger), that is the distance
between two successive holes in the line of holes under
consideration;
'I ,bl';; transv6rse' sihc~J;ig (gaukc' ),"that is the distance between
.'.~the S'ame tWo consecutive holeS as for P; and
I d ,= qliameter of holes.
For holes in opposite legs of angles, the value of g should be the sum
f the gauges from the back of the angle less the thickness of the angle,
13.1 In t~e case, of single angles in tension tonnected by one leg only, the
net effectlVe sectIon of the angle shall be. taken as
A + Bk
where
A = net sectional area of the connected leg,
B = area of the outstanding leg = (l - t) t,
l = length of the outstanding leg~
t = thicklJess of the leg, and
k=- I .
I + O'35~ A
13.2 In the ca f ' f
)nly on I s~ 0 pall' 0 angles back to back in tension connected by
Uea sha~l begtOk each angle to the same side of gusset, the net effective
e a en as
~+ Bk
'25
IS : 802 ( Part I ) - 1977
APPENDIX A
where (Clause 0.3)
A = net sectional area of the connected leg, WER LOADINGS FOR A TYPICAL
B = area of the outstanding leg, and '~LCULATION
( ~ 132 k
°v
FTDOOUBLECIRCUIT LINE
1
k = B' A-I. BASIC DATA Tangent tower with suspension
1 + 0'2'11 a) Type of tower
0
string ( 00 to 2 )
335 m
13.2.1 The angles shall be connectecl together along their lengths b) Normal span 2
1910 N/mm2 (195 kgf/m )
accordance with the requirements of28.4 and 29.2 ofIS: 800-1962*. c) Wind press(u~r be taken on It
1) Tower 0 f one
times the exposed area 0
2
face) d d wire 440 N /m2 ( 45 kgf/m )
2) Conductors an groufnll pro-
14.1 Minimum Diameter of Bolts - The diameter of bolts shall n (To be taken on u
be less than 12 mm. jected area) UCTOR
14.2 Preferred Sizes or Bolts - Bolts used for the erection of tranA_2. CHARACTERI~TICS ~F ~_~~~* 30/3'00 mm Al + 7/3'00 mm
mission line towers shall be of diameters 12, 16 and 20 mm. a) Size conformmg to IS . 39 St ACSR
14.3 The length of bolts shall be such that the threaded portion does n( . . f the 21 mm
b) Overall d 1 a met e r 0
lie in the plane of contact of members. conductor 261'2 mm2
) Area of the complete conductor n9 500 N ( 9 127 kgf)
14.4 Gross Area of Bolt - For purposes of calculating the shear stro ~) Ultimate tensile strengtl;1 9 570 N/km ( 976 kgf/km)
the gross area of bolts shall be taken as the nominal area of the bolt. e) Weight ... 37 250 N ( 3 800 kgf) (say)
f) Maximum workmg tenslOn
14.5 The bolt area for bearing shall be taken as d X t where d is th S OF GROUND WIRE
diameter of bolt, and t the thickness of the thinner of the parts joined. A-3. ·CHARACTERISTIC. t 7/3'15 mm galvanized strande~
a) Size con fo l' m 1 n g 0 steel wire of 110 kgf/mm
14.6 The net area of a bolt in tension shall be taken as the area at the roo IS: 2141-l968t quality
of the thread.
9'45 mm
b) Diameter . 54'5 mm!
14.7 Holes for Bolting - The diameter of the hole drilled or punch~ c) Area ofcomp~ete ground wue 56000 N (5710 kgf)
shall not be more than the nominal diameter of the bolt plus 1'5 mm. d) Ultimate tensl1e strength 4200 N/km ( 428 kgf/km)
e) Weight . . 24 500 N (2 500 kgf) (say)
f) Maximum workmg tensIOn. ' thod of calculation
A-4. TOWER LOADING - Table 5 glveS typIcal me
15.1 The angle between any two members common to a joint of a trusse/ of tower loading, , se of normal
frame shall preferably be greater than 200 and never less than 150, due tl A-4.1 Figures 5, 6 an d 7 m 'd' h I ding' on tower m ca
Icate t e oa ~ d t r conditions respec-
uncertainty of stress distribution between two closely spaced members. conditions, broken-wire conditions and broken-Wcan uc 0 'nd loads acting as
'1 "V W W W W W Wand 7' are WI - 6)
tlve y. YI g, 1, ~' 3'. 4' 5'. 6 d lculation in Table .
shown at the respectIve pomts ( see wmd loa ca d
-------- , . d ted cored aluminium con uc-
• Specification for hard drawn stranded alumml\~m an s
tors for overhead power transmission purposes ( revls~d).
t Specification for galvanized stay strand (first revISIon).
TABLE 5 TOWER LOADINGS
( Clause A-4 )
SL DESCRIPTION IN 51 UNITS IN METRIC UNITS
No. ,..---- -J,.._. .....•
,..-------------"'------------.
Normal Condition Broken Wire Condition Normal Condition Broken Wire Condition
(I)
a) Transverse loads
1) Wind load on wire 335* X 0'00945. 0-6tx 1392 = 835 N 335* X 0-00945 X 45 0-6t X 142'2
X 440 = 1392 N =142'2 kgf =85'3 kgf
2) Due to deviation 2 X 24500 0-5 X 854 = 427 N i 2 X 2 500 X Sin 10 0'5x87'1 = 43'6 kgf
X Sin-1° = 854 N , . = 87-1 kgf
a) Transverse load
I) Wind load on con- 335 X 0-021 0-6 X 3100 = 1860 N 335 X 0-021 X 45 0'6 X 316':>
ductor X 440 = 3 100 N = 316'5 kgf = 190'0 kg[
2) Wind load on in-
sula tor sprip.g.
Diameter of insulator
skirt = 254 mm.
L~~gth ::;f insulatot'
string with arching
horns = 2000 mm. 1910 X 0'254 1910 X 0'254 195 X 0'254 195 X 0'254
=485 N = 485 N = 49'5 kgf = 49'5 kgf
Net effective project-
ed area
0'5 X 2000 X 254
1000xI000
= 0-254 m"
3) Due to deviation 2 X Sin 10 0-5 X Sin 10 2 X Sin lOx 3 800, 0'5 X Sin lOx 3 I)
X 37250 = I 305 N X 37250 =325 N = 133'0 kgf = 33'3
iii) Torsio7Wl Shear per Face at the 18625 X 4-0 = 26610 N 1900 X 4'0=2 714 k f
Top Conductor Position 2 X 1'4 2 X 1'4 g
r Distance between e 1
I conductor point of suspen- \}-
I sion and the centre line of
~ the structure =4'0 metres
I (say) I
I Width of the tower at con- I
L ductor level = 1'4 m (say) J
iv) Wind Loads on Towers - The details in regard to the method of calculating equivalent wind loads at ground and conductor
points due to wind load on tower are given in Table 6.
v) Dead Weight if Structure - Dead weight of the structure up to the point where stresses are being computed = Ws
*Vv'ind span = Normal span _ 335 m.
tIt is assumed that spans are equal.
:::Weight span = 1'5 X Normal span = 1'5 X 335 m.
( Clause A-4.1 )
ALT!-
TUDES
EXPOSED AREA
OF THE MEMBERS
I C.G. OF THE
GEOMETRICAL
AREA
M MENT
AREA TRANSFERRED (m2) WIND ON POINTS
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
GROUND WIRE W~
I 1
.
LEVEL 0'444 0'444 1270 130
PART I 4'50 1'40 1"43 2'0
W, 0'956
TOP CONDUCTOR ~ - . 1'867 5350 545
LEVEL 0'911
4'50 2'07 1'98 4'1
PART II
W2 ~ 1'159
MlDDLE CONDUCTOR
LEVEL
----- - 1'055
- - 2'214 6340 646
;Qm 2'03
GROUND W& --I---
rLl"\
4'23 12120 1238
LEVEL 2'2
PAR' VII 6'00 4'55 2'9 3'2
2'35 2'35 6740 687
CONCRETE 'tV,
-
LEVEL ! of TOW'R
*Wind on tower body is ata rate of 1910N/m2( 19 kgf/m2).
~
NOTE - Overhanging flanges on the transverse face ~fthe tower shall not be considered for working out the wind load on tower.
...., l><"'
:;- O'll
~
"5' 3 M
~
..,
";.
~ 6>
0
<D
--
;:l A 6
~1 <D <.n
:acr 0
<.n
"n0
~
5:
"..,
<1> "" ""6 -
cO -
6>
-
"",j>.
-..:.
<.n
0. ""en "" <D 0'>
'-'" <D
0'
..• I
~
..•
0
~
;:l
OQ
0
""~
,j>.
"" ""
cO ""~
<.n
""
0'>
,j>.
<.T'
""""
-
,j>.
-
cO
0'>
:;-
<1>
~
5'
0. 0'>
-.J
-
""
-
0
<D
<D
0'>
-.J
<.n
0'> <.n
0"
\lJ
,j>.
0 ""0 ~ 0
0
00
0
""
,j>.
0 0
""
<.n
0.
0
;:l
5'
~
";t
0'>
00
-
""""00
---
<.n
<D
00
-.J
-.J
,j>.
0'>
,j>.
<.n
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-.J 0 0'> <.n
W ___ 2246
(2291
W ___ 1262
(129)
21t.G g
W 127.91 g 18025
g (19001
""
tv, 4890\4"99i· T
4890 (499j-T
w,
"',
4890 (499)
--.~ 2
(W9)1
6900
489 (r99i
L---
T
w, w, (7001
(700)
~
____ ~
4890t499j'T
,- 489014991
"'1
l
489014991 2
w, w,
w,
,
w, w,
T
T T
T
w, wi
""T ,-
"', T
T
"'.
~~.:t:E
W6
"'6 W6
2
W6 "'.
"T
T "T
1
EXTENSION
EXTENSION
w,
w,
7--~-~ .
,
w, W,
1
NOTE I -
T
Loads are given in N( kgf).
T
NOTE _ Loads are given in N( kgf). NOTIl.- Loads are given in N( kgf). NOTE 2 - Loadings have been shown
for top conductor broken. For middle
and/or bottom conductor broken condi-
tions, broken wire loads computed in
Table 5 may be substituted at middle
and/or bottom conductor points, loadings
at other points remaining unchanged.
STAGGERED BRACING
APPENDIX B MEMBER USING
-2. LEG
( Clause 10.1.2 )
EXAMPLES OF DETERMINATION OF SLENDERNESS RATI~
x
\~ v
y /'" >;/"~Y
v / I
x LEG
I
::iter
W
w::i':
era
zl-
WLL
oa
r- L, * x
1r-
--j11--10mm
X
I
1\'1 Method of Loadingf'Rigidity
Method of Loading/Rigidity y of Joints
of Joints y-- \ "
I L L
-nr
yv~ y Tension syst,em strut __ or -" - from 0 to
Tension system with L . com presSiOn stru t rx>. ryy
compression strut -- from 0 to 120 I concentric loading 120
( eccentricity in rvv x
x 'v ( curve 3 in Fig. 4) ( curve 1 in Fig. 4 )
critical axis)
* MEASURED * MEASURED
LENGTH LENGTH
I
I
'~
1-'-----
,
II
I
--u': I
I
I
I
,
I
I
Multiple bolt connection
partial restraint at both
ends (see 10.1.1 )
--
L
Tv\,
from 120 [0250
(curve 6 in Fig. 4 )
Multiple bolt connection,
partial restraint at ends
( see 10.1.1 )
~
Txx
or -.!:.-
ryy
from 120 to 250
( curve 6 in Fig. 4 )
IS : 802 (Part I ) _ 1977
IS : 802 ( Part I ) • 1977
B-5. K-BRACING TWO ANGLE MEMBER
B-6, L' DETERMINATIO N ~ DIAGONAL BRACING
Method of Loading/Rigidity
if Joints
Tension-compression system
with compression strut:
Multiple bolt connection L L
partial restraint at 0'5 -ryy or -"xx frolli
ends and intermediate Method ol Loadillgl Rigidity
to 250 (curve ~ 4 .1oillts
( SIt 10.1.1 ) Fig, 4)
Ttflsioll-comprt'ssion sJ'stem
(member carr)'ing eqllat
and opjJositestressfS ) :
V
Eccentricity in critical 75 -L* f rom
axis
0'5-I. or O'
'vv 'xx
Method of Loading/Rigidity
Method of Loading! Rigidity of Panel
of Joints
Tension ~stem with Tension ~stem with
compression strut: "mpresion strut:
Eccentricity 10 critical L L
axis 0'5 - or -- frum01 Concentric loading
Tvy 'xx
120 ( curve 3 in Fig.!
Bracing Requi"ment:
Bracing Requiremtllts : Single bolt connection,
Single bolt connection, L L no restraint at ends and
no restraint at ends for 0-5 - or - from 120 intermediate
TVY 'xx
intermediate 200 (curve 4-in Fig.l
ON AL ENGINEERING
.TO
IS:
800-1962 Use of structural steel in general building construction ( rcvi,sed) 1 b 'ld'
Use of cold formed light gauge steel structural members m genera UI mg
801-1975
construction " r t rs . Part I
802 ( Part I ) -1977 Use of structural steel in over~~ad transmlSSlOn- me owe .
Loads and permissible stresses ( second reVlswn ) 'd d 'I
. 1 'ld tic lindrlcal wel e 01
803-1976 Design fabrication and erection of vertlca ml s ee Y
storage tanks (second revision)
805-1968 Use of steel in gravity water tanks
806-1968 Use of steel tubes in general building construction (revised) .
, ' d t f g ( structural portion)
807-1963 Code of practice for deSIgn, manufacture, erectIOn an es In
of cranes and hoists
3177-1965 Code of practice for design of overhead travelling cranes and gantry cranes
other than steel work cranes
4000-1967 Assembly of structural joints using high tensile friction grip fasteners
4014 (Part I) -1967 Steel tubular scaffoldings: Part I Definitions and materials ,
4014 (Part II )-1967 Steel tubular scaffoldings: Part II Safety regulations for scaffoldmg
4137-1967 Heavy duty electric overhead travelling cranes including special service
machines for use in steel works
6533-1971 Desi n and co st Uc.tiOD--oLot ••••l ••h: .·_
\)vt .\fte\ .
\tT?b~~~.
7205-1974 Safety code for erection of structural steel work
8147-1976 Code ofpractice for use of aluminium alloysin structures
IS:
804-1967 Rectangular pressed steel tanks (first revision)
7215-1974 Tolerances for fabrication of steel structures
8081-1976 Slotted sections