A.

Summary of Book
1. The Main Book
These excint echinoderms are included, along with existing forms in many classifications
of echinoderms but have been omitted in the classification below. Phylum echinodermata
has been divided into two subphyta : Subphylum – Pelmatozoa and Subphylum –
Eleuthrozoa.
a. Subphylum – Pelmatozoa, it includes both extinct as well as living echinoderms
usually attached by a stalk i.e., sedentary. Entire structure pentamerous. Mouth and
anus on the oral surface. Tube fect are absent and the tubular ciliated appendages when
present are without pinnules. Main nervous system is aboral. Subphylum pelmatozoa
is differentiated into 5 classes and 4 orders: Class Heterostelea, Class Blastoidea,
Class Cytoidea, Class Edrioasteroidea, and Class Crinoidea. Order (i) Articulata,
Order (ii) Inadunata, Order (iii) Flexibilia, Order (iv) Camerata
b. Subphylum – Eleuthrozoa, mostly living echinoderms. Stem or stalk absent, usually
free living forms. Body structure usually pentamerous. Oral surface bearing the mouth
is downward or lying on the tube. Anus usually on the aboral surface. Ambulacral
grooves usually not for food gathering and the tube feet with suckers are chiefly
locomotory organs. Main nervous system is oral. Subphylum – Eleuthrozoa is divided
into 4 classes :
1. Class Asteroidea, body flattened and star- shaped with a central disc and five
radiating arms which are not sharply marked off from the disc. Class Asteroidea
divided into five order . Order (i) Phanerozonia, Order (ii) Spinulosa, Order (iii)
Forcipulata, Order (iv) Platyasterida, and Order (v) Hemizonida
2. Class Ophiuroidea,body flattened with a pentamerous or rounded central
disc.Development includes a free swimming Pluteus larva. Class Ophiuroidea divided
into two order. Order (i) Ophiurae, Order (ii) Euryalae.
3. Class Echinoidea, body spherical disc like, oval or heart shaped. The body is lying
enclosed in a shell formed of by closely fitting calcareous plates. Class Echinoidea is
divided in three subclasses : Subclass (A) Bothriocidaroida, Subclass (B) Regularia,
and Subclass (C) Irragularia
4. Class Holothuroidea, body bilaterally symmetrical. Usually elongated in the oral-
aboral axis having mouth at near one end anus at or near the other end. Class
Holothuroidea is divided in four order : Order (i) Aspidochirota, Order (ii)
Dendrochirota, Order (iii) Elasipoda, Order (iv) Malpadonia and Order (v) Synaptida
or Apoda .
Classification divided into five : Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea
and Crinoidea.
- Asteroidea : (Gr, aster is star + eidos is form). Characteristic of asteroidean
body is flattened, pentagonal or star-shaped. Oral and aboral surfaces are distinct,
the oral surface direct downwards and aboral surface upwards. Five to fifty long or
short rays or arms radiating symmetrically from a central disc. Mouth is centrally
placed at the oral surface . Anus is small and located on the aboral surface.

Figure 1. Asteroidea
- Ophiuroidea : (Gr ophis is serpent + oura is tail). Characteristics body is
flattened with pentamerous or rounded central disc. Oral and aboral surface are
distinct. Arm usually five rarely six or seven are long, slender, smooth and spiny.
Ambulacral grooves are absent. Anus and intestine are absent. Development
includes a free swimming pluteus larva.
 Figure 2. Ophiuroidea
- Echinoidea : ( Gr echinos is hedgehog + eidos is form). Characteristics body is
enclosed in an endoskeletal shell or test of closely fitted calcareous plates covered
with movable spines. Podia or tube feet come out from the pores of ambulacral
plates and are locomotory in function. Mouth is centrally placed on the oral surface
and Anus is located at the aboral pole. Development includes a free swimming
echinopluteus larva.

Figure 3. Echinoidea

- Holothuroidea : (Gr holothurion is water polyp + eidos is form).

Characteristics is body bilaterally symmetrical, usually elongated in the oral-abroal
axis having mouth at or near end and anus at or near the other end. Body surface is
coarse. Endoskeleton reduced to microscopic spicules or plates embedded in the
body wall. Mouth surrounded by a set of tentacles attched to water vascular system
.
 Figure 4. Holothuroidea

- Crinoidea : ( Gr crinon is lily + eidos is form) . Characteristics is

living members are without stalk and free moving but extinc form attached by a
stalk. Body consist of an aboral cup, the calyx and oral or roof, the tegmen and
strongly pentamerous in structures. Oral surface is directed upwards. Mouth
usually central, anus usually on the oral surface.

Figure 5. Crinoidea