SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An autonomous institute affiliated to the University of Mumbai)

DESIGN OF

PRE ENGINEERED WAREHOUSE

By

REBECCA ACHUMI

BHAVANA BANSOD

NUPUR BOBADE

VIJAY PATIL

POOJA THAKUR

MAYUR WAKADE

GUIDE

Mrs. MITTAL LAD

Year 2012-2013
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students have satisfactorily completed the project report on
“DESIGN OF PRE-ENGINEERED WAREHOUSE” is submitted in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Engineering

In

Civil Engineering

Submitted by,

REBECCA ACHUMI

BHAVANA BANSOD

NUPUR BOBADE

VIJAY PATIL

POOJA THAKUR

MAYUR WAKADE

Mrs. Mittal Lad

GUIDE

Prof. Dr.P.Srivastava Dr. P.H Sawant

H.O.D PRINCIPAL

External examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With a deep sense of gratitude, we express our sincere thanks to our respected guide Mrs Mittal
Lad of this institution, for her guidance as well as her keen interest in course of our initial
investigation in finalisation this report and her guidance in the form of going through
manuscript, making useful alteration and offering valuable comments are gratefully
acknowledged.

We would like to show our gratitude towards Mr. Malekar, from Steerling India Pvt.Ltd for
giving us his valuable time from his busy schedule and tremendously providing us with his
help in the project.

We sincerely thank Dr. P.S. Shrivastava, Head of Civil Engineering Department, S.P.C.E. for
extending relevant facilities during this work. We are also thankful to all staff members of the
Civil Department and Structure Department, SPCE for their help.

We would also like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Harsmita Phatak for her constant
guidance and help. We would also like to take this opportunity to thank our dear friend, Rajesh
Gadkar for his support and encouragement throughout this project.
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The project is raised with the objective to design a single storey pre engineered warehouse
according to limit state method. The deigned single storey warehouse is erected by several steel
members and is arranged in a regular geometrical form, where in they can interact between
them throughout structural connections or joint to support loads and maintain the structure
under equilibrium or stability.

The project includes the design of a factory warehouse which is assumed to be in the outskirts
of Mumbai. Through this project we have tried to get understanding of designing the structure
by STAAD PRO software and manual design. We have designed all the members by IS 800-
2007 and IS 875-1987.
 ABBREVIATIONS

IS 800 Indian standard

IL Imposed load

DL Dead load

LR Roof load

BS British standard

SL Snow load

WL Wind load

EL Earthquake load

SLS Serviceability limit state

ULS Ultimate limit state

ISA Indian standard angle

ISLC Indian standard light channel

ISMC Indian standard medium channel

 NOMENCLATURE

BM Bending moment

Z Elastic section modulus

L Actual length of member

𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 Actual stress

𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 Allowable stress

𝑓𝑦 Yield stress

𝑓𝑢 Ultimate stress of the material

𝜎𝑏𝑡 Permissible bending stress in tension

𝐴1 Cross section area of connected leg of angle section

𝐴2 Cross section area of unconnected leg of angle section

k Area reduction factor for angle section when acts in tension

𝜎𝑎𝑡 Permissible axial tensile stress

𝜎𝑎𝑐 Permissible axial compression stress

𝑓𝑐𝑐 Elastic critical stress in compression

𝜏𝑣 Permissible shear stress in weld

𝐿𝑤 Length of weld

𝑀𝑢𝑥 Bending moment about major bending axis

𝑊𝑢𝑥 Loading about Major Bending Axis

𝛾𝑓 Partial factor of safety for loads

𝛾𝑀 Partial factor of safety for ultimate strength

𝛾𝑒 Partial factor of safety for material strength

𝛾𝑃 Partial factor of safety for structural performance

𝛾𝑏 Partial factor of safety for variability of loading

𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximum deflection

𝑍𝑝𝑥 Plastic section modulus about major axis

𝑍𝑝𝑦 Plastic section modulus about minor axis

Ø Reduction factor for moment of resistance

𝑓𝑢 Ultimate stress

𝑃𝑡𝑛 Tensile strength as governed by tearing at net section.

𝐴𝑣𝑔 Minimum gross in shear along the direction of force

𝐴𝑣𝑛 Minimum net area in shear block shear plane force

𝐴𝑡𝑔 Minimum gross area in tension from hole to the toe of the angle perpendicular to the
direction of force

𝐴𝑡𝑛 Minimum net area in tension from hole to the toe of the angle perpendicular to the
direction of force

𝑓𝑐𝑑 Design stress in compression

𝑓𝑐𝑐 Euler bucking stress

α Imperfection factor depending upon section type

𝑉𝑧 Design wind speed at any height

𝑉𝑏 Basic wind speed at any site

𝑘1 Probability factor

𝑘2 Terrain, height and structure size factor

𝑘3 Topography factor

𝑝𝑑 Design wind pressure in N/𝑚 2

𝑝𝑧 Design wind pressure in N/𝑚 2 at height z

𝐶𝑝𝑒 External wind pressure coefficient

𝐶𝑝𝑖 Internal wind pressure coefficient

 LIST OF CONTENT
SR NO TOPICS PAGE NO

PART 1: STUDY OF PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1.2 History of PEB
1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
1.4 Comparison between Conventional buildings and Pre-engineered
buildings
1.5 Applications
1.6 First PEB introduction in India
2 LITERATURE REVIEW

PART 2: DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL SHED

3 INTRODUCTION OF WAREHOUSE

4 LOADING AND BASIC LOAD CASES

5 DESIGN OF PURLIN

6 DESIGN OF CLAD RUNNER

7 DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER

8 DESIGN OF A TYPICAL FRAME

9 DESIGN OF BASE PLATE

10 DESIGN OF PEDESTAL

11 CONCLUSION

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
Construction industry has witnessed immense innovation in technology application
resulting in speed and quality of construction work. We now see huge structure coming into
existence in just few months which otherwise took years to get completed. To-day both in
terms of applying the tools, as well as the material used to construct, the industry is now
applying newer methods and material for fast and vast construction of buildings, whether it
is hi-rise, airport, metro rail, multi-storeyed car parking or mall etc. This is possible due to
revolution brought by the Pre-Engineering Building popularly known as PEB.

Pre-Engineering Buildings origin can be traced back to 1960’s; however its potential has
been felt only during the recent years. This was mainly due to the development in
technology, which helps in computerizing the design and the application of design.
-
Though initially only off the shelf products were available in this configurations aided by
the technological development, but to-day tailor made solutions are now made using this
technology in very short durations. According to a recent survey that about 60% to 70% of
the non residential low rises building in USA are Pre Engineered Buildings.

Although PEB system is extensively used in industrial and many other non residential
constructions worldwide, it is relatively a new concept in India. These concepts were
introduced to the Indian markets lately in the late 1990’s with the opening up of the
economy and a number of multi nationals setting up their projects. To-day the market
potential of PEB’s is 1.2 million tonnes per annum. The current pre engineered steel
buildings manufacturing capacity is .35 million tonnes per annum. The industry is growing
at the compound rate of 25% to 30%.

Indian manufacturers are trying to catch up with international standards and aesthetics but
India is still lagging behind with respect to design of the structure and aesthetic appearance.
However in fabrication and other areas of PEB India is coming up compared to other
developing countries. The Indian codes for building design are stringent and emphasises
safety. The IS standards are upgraded continuously.

To-day PEB are extensively used in WAREHOUSES, FACTORIES, WORKSHOP

OFFICES, GAS STATION, VEHICLE PARKING SHEDS, SHOWROOMS, AIRCRAFT
HANGARS, METRO STATIONS, SCHOOLS, RECREATIONAL, INDOOR STADIUM
ROOFS, OUTDOOR STADIUM CANOPIES.
1.2 HISTORY OF PEB

The origins of the metal building history date back nearly 100 years. Early in the 20th century,
steel products companies began to appear. Their products were generally agricultural – water
troughs, feed bins, grain bins, etc. These were mass-produced and traditionally of a single size.
Therefore, they could be “pre-fabricated” – a ready inventory to be delivered when the
customer needed it.

As time progressed, rudimentary building designs began to emerge, such as the pre-fabricated
garage. Again, this was a limited product offering dimensionally, which allowed the garage to
be carried in an inventory.

During World War II, a need arose for structures such as barracks and maintenance facilities
that could be containerized and shipped – ready to erect. This was a perfect outlet for steel
products companies. Buildings were produced that required no welding. They were bolted-up,
lending themselves to simple, quick construction as the war advances and occupations
unfolded.

By the end of the war, it was clear that the industry would not return to its pre-war product
offerings. Metal buildings were here to stay. The post-war construction boom offered an ideal
opportunity to mass produce buildings for a variety of non-residential industries. Metal
building companies learned that partnerships with local contractors across a region or even the
entire country were an effective way to deliver an erected building structure to the end
customer.

Buildings during this time were still pre-fabricated as the marketplace adapted to the limited,
set sizes that were available. However, structural engineers began to design more and more
standard-size offerings to meet demand and soon pre-fabrication was no longer possible. At
this time, still well before the computer age, the process came to be known as the “pre-
engineered” metal buildings industry.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

1.3.1 ADVANTAGES

1. REDUCED CONSTRUCTION TIME: Buildings are typically delivered in just a few

weeks after approval of drawings. Foundation and anchor bolts are cast parallel with
finished, ready for the site bolting. Our study shows that in India the use of PEB will
 reduce total construction time of the project by at least 50%. This also allows faster
occupancy and earlier realization of revenue.

2. LOWER COST: Due to the systems approach, there is a significant saving in design,
manufacturing and on site erection cost. The secondary members and cladding nest
together reducing transportation cost.

3. FLEXIBILTY OF EXPANSION: Buildings can be easily expanded in length by adding

additional bays. Also expansion in width and height is possible by pre designing for future
expansion.

4. LARGE CLEAR SPANS: Buildings can be supplied to around 80M clear spans.

5. QUALITY CONTROL: As buildings are manufactured completely in the factory under

controlled conditions the quality is assured.

6. LOW MAINTENANCE: Buildings are supplied with high quality paint systems for
cladding and steel to suit ambient conditions at the site, which results in long durability
and low maintenance coats.
7. ENERGY EFFICIENT ROOFING AND WALL SYSTEMS: Buildings can be
supplied with polyurethane insulated panels or fibre glass blankets insulation to achieve
required “U” values.

8. ARCHITECTURAL VERSTALITY: Building can be supplied with various types of

fascias, canopies, and curved eaves and are designed to receive pre cast concrete wall
panels, curtain walls, block walls and other wall systems.

9. SINGLE SOURCE RESPONSIBILTY: As the complete building package is supplied

by a single vendor, compatibility of all the building components and accessories is
assured. This is one of the major benefits of the pre engineered building systems.

1.3.2 DISADVANTAGES

1. EXPENSIVE: Cost of steel and its requirement in PEB is very high so the overall cost of
materials in construction is increased.
2. TRANSPORTATION: Materials used in PEB are pre-fabricated so they have to be
transported from manufacturing factory to the site and as the location of site is generally
not situated near the factory, transportation is difficult as well as expensive.

3. CORROSION: Materials like steel is used in high quantity which gets corroded easily so
preventive measures for it and as well as its maintenance is essential. Faulty design leads
to the corrosion of iron and steel in buildings.

4. MAINTENANCE: As the life of the structure is less, lifetime maintenance is required.

COMPARISON

1.4.1 DESIGN EFFICACY

PEB BUILDING

PEB have evolved after years of process of elimination and with PEB been partially applied
alongside with conventional buildings. With the passage of time gradually the whole PEB
structure came into existence with specialized computer analysis design program and optimizes
material selection. Today from concept to completion the PEB projects are computerized using
standard detail that minimizes the use of project custom details.

With this applications speed and efficiency is arrived since PEB are mainly formed by standard
sections and connections design. Also with more and more standardization there is greater
optimization as the production skill is enhanced and the cost has reduced.

Today design shop detail sketches and erection drawings are supplied free of cost by the
manufacturer and the approval drawing is usually prepared in short time.

PEB designers design and detail PEB buildings are build almost every day of the year
resulting in improving the quality of design every time they work.

Outstanding architectural design can b achieved at low cost using standard architectural details
and interfaces.

There is greater amount of choices available with array of material, shapes and sizes of
components. Designed to fit the system with the standardized and inter changeable parts.
Including pre designed flashing and trims are easy and feasible in no time. Building accessories
are mass produced for economy and are available with the building.

All the project records are safely and orderly kept in tectonic format which makes it easy for
the owner to obtain a copy of his building record at any time.
FUTURE EXPANSION IS VERY EASY AND SIMPLE.

All components have been specified and design specially to act together as a system for
maximum efficiency, precise and peak performance in the field.

Experience with similar buildings in actual field conditions worldwide, has resulted in design
improvements over time, which allow dependable prediction of performance.

Single source of responsibility is there because the entire job is being done by one supplier.

CONVENTIONAL BUILDING

Conventional steel structure is designed from scratch with fewer design aids that are available
to the engineers. Substantial engineering and detailing work is required from the very basic by
the consultant with fewer design aids.

Again there is extensive amount of consultant time is devoted to the alterations that have to be
done while arriving at consensus.

Since each project is a new project engineers need more time to develop the designs and details
of the unique structure.

All this is time consuming exercise and needs patience and tenacity.

Special architectural design and features must be developed for each project which often
requires research and thus resulting in higher cost.

Every project requires different and special design or accessories and special sourcing for each
item e.g. flashing and trims must be uniquely designed and fabricated.

Preservation and recalling of the records and designs is extremely cumbersome .It would be
difficult to obtain project records after a long period of time and sometimes is required to
contact more than one number of parties.

FUTURE EXPANSION IS MOST TEDIOUS AND MORE COSTLY.

Components are custom designed for a specific application on a specific job. Design and
detailing errors are possible when assembling the diverse components into unique buildings.

Each building design is unique, so predication, of how components will perform together is
uncertain. Materials which have performed well in some climates may not do well in other
conditions.

Multiple responsibilities can result in question of who is responsible when the components do
not fit in properly, insufficient material is supplied or parts fail to perform particularly at the
supplier/contractor interface.
1.4.2 STRUCTURE EFFICACY
PEB BUILDING

Right from the foundation work to the progressive work in attending the height and the width
of the building it is easy to construct with simple light weight and referral design aids available
handy.

The low weight flexible frames offer higher resistance to seismic forces and in case of
calamity the damage control is easy and faster.

CONVENTIONAL BUILDING

the foundation requires heavy material in nature like steel, cement, sand ,bricks and mortar is
extensive amount and needs reasonable manpower for logistics and construction of the durable
foundation.

The material used in the foundation work reinforces rigidly with other heavy frames and hence
do not perform well in seismic zones where it requires suppleness to absorb the shocks. These
days with frequent earthquakes all around the world foundation work has come under
microscopic observation meticulous work.

1.4.3 DELIVERY AND LOGISTICS

PEB BUILDING

Once the design is finalised the entire building material is supplied completely with all
accessories including erection from a single “ONE STOP SOURCE” In phase manner as the
building progresses.

With fair amount of standardization in manufacturing based on the clients need PEB
manufactures usually stock a large amount of material that can be flexibly used in many types
of PEB projects .Hence precise ordering is easily possible .Also arrangements can be made
with the manufacturer to take back the unused material after the project is completed .

CONVENTIONAL BUILDING

Since there are many sources of supply it becomes difficult to co ordinate and handles the
supply in time frame.

Change orders are easily accommodated at all stages of the order fulfilment process. Little or
no material is wasted even if a change order is made after fabrication.

1.4.4 ERECTION COST AND TIME

PEB BUILDING
Both costs and time of erection are accurately known based upon extensive previous
experiences with similar buildings .Also the erection process is faster and much easier with
very less requirement of equipment.

CONVENTIONAL BUILDING

Conventional steel buildings are 20% more expensive than PEB in most of the cases, the
erection costs and time are not predicted accurately as it depends on many variables of
materials and human resources.

Erection process is also slow and extensive field labour is required. Sometimes heavy
equipment is also required and thus the co-ordination is difficult task.

1.4.5 COST EFFICIENCY

PEB BUILDING

Price per square meter may be as low as by 30% than the conventional building.

CONVENTIONAL BUILDING

The prices are higher per square meters compared to peb building.

1.4.6 VERSATALITY

PEB BUILDING

COST OF CHARGE ORDER

PEB manufacturers usually stock a large amount of that can be flexibly used in many types of
PEB projects.

Change orders are easily accommodated at all stages of the order fulfilment process .Little or
no material is wasted even if a change order is made after fabrication starts.

CONVENTIONAL BUILDING

Substitution of hot rolled sections infrequently rolled by mills is expensive and time.

Change orders that are made after dispatch of hot rolled sections result in increasing the time
and cost involved in the project.

1.4.7 BUILDING ACCESSORIES

PEB BUILDING

Designed to fit the system with standardized and interchangeable parts. Including pre designed
flashing and trims. Building accessories are mass produces for economy and are available with
the buildings.
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING

Every project requires different and special design for accessories and special sourcing for each
item. Flashing and trims must be uniquely designed and fabricated.

1.4.8 FUTURE EXPANSIONS

PEB BUILDING

All project records are safely and orderly kept in electronic format which make it easy for the
owner to obtain a copy of his building record at any time.

Future expansion is very easy and simple.

CONVENTIONAL BUILDINGS

It would be difficult to obtain project records after a long period of time. It is required to
contact more than one number of parties.

Future expansion is more tedious and costly.

1.4.9 PERFORMANCE
PEB BUILDING

All components have been specified and designed specially to act together as a system for
maximum efficiency, precise fir and peak performance in the field.

Experience with similar buildings, the actual field conditions worldwide, has resulted in design
improvements overtime, which allows dependable prediction of performance.

CONVENTIONAL BUILDING

Components are custom designed for a specific application on a specific job. Design and
detailing errors are possible when assembling the diverse components into unique buildings.

Each building design is unique, so predication, of how components will perform together is
uncertain. Materials which have performed well in some climates may not do well in other
conditions.

1.4.10 SAFETY AND RESPONSIBILITY

PEB BUILDING

Single source of responsibility is there because the entire job is being done by one supplier.

CONVENTIONAL BUILDING
Multiple responsibilities can result in question of who is responsible when the components do
not fit in properly, insufficient material is supplied or parts fail to perform particularly at the
supplier/contractor interface.

1.5 APPLICATIONS

In view of the many advantages of PEBs over other types of buildings & structures, they are
ideally suited for almost all types of medium to large size steel buildings. Whenever and
wherever one or more factors like faster occupancy, large clear spans, excellent aesthetics,
corrosion resistance, better load bearing capacity against high wind/ seismic loads, etc are
important, then PEBs are the most obvious and preferred choice world over. Here are some of
the popular applications of PEBs.

WARE HOUSES

LARGE FACTORIES/ MANUFACTURING PLANTS

ENGINEERING WORKSHOPS

SMALL INDUSTRIAL SHEDS

OFFICES

GAS STATIONS

VEHICLE PARKING SHEDS

SHOW ROOMS

SUPERMARKETS

AIRCRAFT HANGERS

SCHOOLS & COLLEGES

SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

HOSPITALS

LABOUR CAMPS

LOW COST HOUSING.

1.6 FIRST PEB INTRODUCTION IN INDIA

Interarch Building Products Pvt Ltd commenced its operations in 1984 and pioneered the
high-end metal interior products market in India. Today, 25 years later, Interact is a leading
turnkey Pre-engineered Steel Construction Solution provider in India with integrated facilities
for design, manufacture, logistics, supply and project execution capabilities for pre-
engineered steel buildings.

Interarch has been the first mover in India, right from metal ceilings, to blinds, metal roofing
to pre-engineered buildings. The key achievements for Interarch include the building of the
largest greenfield Automobile plant for Tata Motors at Pantnagar, execution of the largest
steel framed office building for Reliance, commissioning of over 900 canopies for Reliance
Petroleum all over India. Interarch proved a pivotal cog in bringing up the largest pre-
engineered building structural system for Delhi International Airport – IGI Terminal 3 and
completed it in a record time. In the sector of PEB, it stand apart in providing end-to-end
scalability to their clients to enhance their project execution capacities,"

Some of the major construction solutions offered by Interarch are their advanced Pre-
Engineered Steel Buildings and structural systems, Interarch Light – Light Building &
Framing Systems, and Tracdek Roof & Wall Systems that are used in industrial, commercial
and residential building construction. Interarch also offers false ceiling systems for
commercial spaces under the Trac brand. All Interarch products speak for their fine quality
and are designed to withstand harsh climatic conditions. Interarch is certified as an ISO
9001:2000 company since 1999 by UL Inc. USA.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

K .K. Mitra- Lloyd Insulations (India) Limited:

Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings use a combination of built-up sections, hot rolled sections,
cold formed elements and profiled steel sheets which provide the basic steel frame work with a
choice of single skin sheeting with added insulation or insulated sandwich panels for roofing
and wall cladding or brick wall. The concept is designed to provide a complete building
envelope system which is air tight, energy efficient, optimum in weight and cost and, above all,
designed to fit user requirement like a well fitted glove.

PEB concept has been very successful and well established in North America, Australia and is
presently expanding in U.K and European countries. PEB construction is 30 to 40% faster than
masonary construction. PEB buildings provides good insulation effect and would be highly
suitable for a tropical country like India. PEB is ideal for construction in remote & hilly areas.

Donald H. pratt (ASCE- American society of civil engineers):

In 1964, pre-engineered metal buildings accounted for 24% of new non-residential, low-rise
construction. By 1981, that figure had jumped to 56%. Behind that rapid growth are some very
attractive advantages to PEB, which are highlighted in this article. Among the key advantages
are competitive initial pricing, cost predictability, rapid construction, efficiency of structural
design, low-maintenance requirements, and expansion flexibility. With the variety of
architectural finishes available, these buildings can be quite attractive for a wide range of end-
use applications, from factories and warehouses, to shopping centers and community buildings.

Syed Firoz, Sarath Chandra Kumar B, S.Kanakambara Rao / International Journal of

Engineering

Research and Applications (IJERA) :

Prefabricated Tubular steel Structure: The Tabular section has more torsional resistance than
other sections including the solid round one. These tubular sheds are entirely prefabricated and
can be transported to site in knock down condition. No welding is required at site. Pre-
engineered buildings are generally low rise buildings; however the maximum eave heights can
go up to 25 to 30 metres. Low rise buildings are ideal for offices, houses, showrooms, shop
fronts etc. The application of pre-engineered concept to low rise buildings is very economical
and speedy. Buildings can be constructed in less than half the normal time especially when
complimented with other engineered sub-systems.

CMAA-Southern California Chapter:

Pre engineered buildings (PEB) steel parts are required to be installed in a specific order due
to structural safety requirements and to the logical sequence of erection. However, shipping ,
transportation, unloading and on-site storage does not take into account the erection order of
the assembly. As a result, considerable time is consumed locating, sorting, and identifying steel
components. Integrating promising information technologies such as radio frequency
identification (RFID), mobile computing devices and wireless technology can be useful in
improving the effectiveness and convenience of information flow in construction projects. Pre-
engineered buildings require repetitive operations and assembly of many structural elements.
Current information and communication technology may be incorporated in the operational
process for efficient assembly at the job site. An information flow diagram for Pre-Engineered
process from shipping the steel materials till erection on the construction site is developed.
Then, a proposed improved steel process is modelled and presented.

BIM-J.P.RAMMANT (NEMETSCHEK SCIA):

This paper concentrates on industrial steel buildings, with a focus on pre-engineered metal
buildings (PEB). The metal building industry dates back to the early 1900s with the production
of small buildings for use of garages, tools sheds and shelters for men and equipment. Later it
moved on to build warehouses, aircraft hangars and utilitarian storage buildings. In the 1960’s
the metal building industry developed further with the boom in agricultural and industrial
buildings, leisure in-door halls (tennis), car sales outlets and shopping centers. To reduce the
costs, the manufacturers adopted the “pre-engineering” concept, where they choose to design,
detail and fabricate a defined group of standard buildings of set widths, heights and loadings.
The majority of pre-engineered buildings are chosen from a specific combination, offered by
the manufacturer, by varying the span, height, bay size, loading systems and foundations with
limited set of choices. From a catalogue of standard parts, the manufacturer quickly
interpolates in between existing designs to work out a new proposal. By this, metal building
systems have evolved through the years into assemblages of structural elements that work
together as an efficient structural system. While there are many variations on the theme, the
basic elements of the metal building system are constant: primary rigid frames, secondary
members (wall grits and roof purlins), cladding and bracing. All major metal building system
manufacturers utilize computer tools to custom design a building system and all building
components, based on the customer’s specifications.
CHAPTER 3

INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL WAREHOUSE

Any structure used by industry to store raw materials or for manufacturing products of the industry is
known as industrial building. Industrial maybe categorised as normal type industrial buildings and
special industrial type buildings. Normal types of industrial buildings are shed type buildings with
simple roof structures on open frame. These buildings are used for workshop, warehouses, etc. These
buildings require large and clear areas unobstructed by the columns. The industrial buildings are
constructed with adequate headroom for the use of overhead travelling crane. Special types of industrial
buildings are steel mill buildings used for manufacture of heavy machines, production of power, etc.
The function of industrial building dictates the degree of sophistication.

4.1 Functions of shed

 Used to store goods, spare components such as electric motors, gear boxes, coupling etc.
 Prevent rain penetration from the roof and the wall that might spoil the component kept inside
the warehouse.
 Safety and reliability under service life.
 Distribution point of material and goods between manufacturer to costumer and all points in
between.
 1) Design of roof truss by (IS 875-2007)

Design of steel roof having effective span and pitch. The building is situated in
Mumbai.

1. Spacing of truss = 8m
2. Plan area = 21.86 x 8 m = 174.88m2
3. Pitch = 100
4. Sloping length = 21.86m

Dead load analysis

1. Weight of roofing = 0.085 kN/m2

2. Weight of fixtures = 0.025 kN/m2

3. Weight of purlin = 34.4 kN

4. Self weight of truss = 0.386 kN/m2

Total dead load = 239.64 kN

Panel load = 6 kN

End panel load = 3 kN

Live load analysis

1. Live load intensity = 0.75 kN/m2

Total live load = 258 kN

Panel load = 6.5 kN

End panel load = 3.25 kN

Wind load analysis

5. Design wind speed (Vb) in m/s :-

1.
Vz = Vb x k1 x k2 x k3
Where ,
Vb = basic wind speed = 44 kN/m2
k1 = risk factor = 1.0
k2 = terrain factor = 1.0
k3 = topography factor = 1.0
2. Design wind pressure (Pd)

Pd = 1.2KN/m2
Wind Pressure coefficient Cpi Cpe±Cpi A*Pd Wind Load
Angle (KN)
Windward Windward Windward Leeward
Leeward Leeward
0o -1.2 -0.4 -0.5 -17 -0.9 209.86 -335.78 -230.85
+0.5 -0.7 +0.1 -125.92 -20.99
90o -0.8 -0.6 -0.5 -1.3 -1.1 209.86 -272.82 -230.85
+0.5 -0.3 -0.1 -62.96 -20.99

h/w=16/43

=0.37

CRANE LOADS

Lifting Capacity= 200 KN

Self weight of crane =200 KN

Weight of crab = 30 KN

Crane Load 1 (when crab is on left side for one bay): Reaction on R.H.S = 125.88 KN

Reaction on L.H.S = 304.125 KN

Crane Load 1 (when crab is on right side for one bay): Reaction on R.H.S = 608.25 KN

Reaction on L.H.S = 251.76 KN

LOAD CASES
1. Dead Load
2. Live Load
3. Crane Load 1
4. Crane Load 2
5. Wind Load left to right
6. Wind Load right to left
7. Wind Load parallel to ridge

LOAD COMBINATIONS

101 1.0 [D + L + CL L.H.S]

102 1.0 [D + L + CL R.H.S]
103 1.0 [D + WL LR]
104 1.0 [D + WL RL]
105 1.0 [D + WL PR]
106 1.0 [D + CL L.H.S ] + 0.5 WL LR]
107 1.0 [D + CL R.H.S ] + 0.5 WL LR]
108 1.0 [D + CL L.H.S ] + 0.5 WL RL]
109 1.0 [D + CL R.H.S ] + 0.5 WL RL]
110 1.0 [D + CL L.H.S ] + 0.5 WL PR]
111 1.0 [D + CL R.H.S ] + 0.5 WL PR]
112 1.0 [D + WL LR ] + 0.5 CL L.H.S ]
113 1.0 [D + WL LR ] + 0.5 CL R.H.S ]
114 1.0 [D + WL RL ] + 0.5 CL L.H.S ]
115 1.0 [D + WL RL ] + 0.5 CL R.H.S ]
116 1.0 [D + WL PR ] + 0.5 CL L.H.S ]
117 1.0 [D + WL PR ] + 0.5 CL R.H.S ]
201 1.35 [D + L + CL L.H.S]
202 1.35 [D + L + CL R.H.S]
203 1.2 [D + WL LR]
204 1.2 [D + WL RL]
205 1.2 [D + WL PR]
206 1.2 [D + CL L.H.S ] + 0.6 WL LR]
207 1.2 [D + CL R.H.S ] + 0.6 WL LR]
208 1.2 [D + CL L.H.S ] + 0.6 WL RL]
209 1.2 [D + CL R.H.S ] + 0.6 WL RL]
210 1.2 [D + CL L.H.S ] + 0.6 WL PR]
211 1.2 [D + CL R.H.S ] + 0.6 WL PR]
212 1.2 [D + WL LR ] + 0.6 CL L.H.S ]
213 1.2 [D + WL LR ] + 0.6 CL R.H.S ]
214 1.2 [D + WL RL ] + 0.6 CL L.H.S ]
215 1.2 [D + WL RL ] + 0.6 CL R.H.S ]
216 1.2 [D + WL PR ] + 0.6 CL L.H.S ]
217 1.2 [D + WL PR ] + 0.6 CL R.H.S ]

Wind load
Gantry Girders
Loads acting on gantry girder

1. Vertical loads
2. Weight of crane girders
3. Weight of trolley or crab car
4. Self weight of girder and rail

Design

Step 1: determination of loads:-

i. Wc =weight of crane ((udl)= 200 KN

Wheel load (W1) =Wc/4 = 200/4 = 50 KN
ii. Maximum wheel load due to trolley and tilted load:-
Wheel load (W2) = Wt (B-g)/2B
B= 20 m
Wt =200+30= 230
g = 1.5 m
W2 = 230(20-1.5)/(2X20) = 106.37 KN
W1 = Wc/4 =200/4 =50 KN
Maximum static wheel load,
 𝑅𝐴 =W= W1+W2= 50+106.37= 156.37

Step 2: Determination of B.M due to vertical B.M

Static wheel load = 156.37 KN

Add impact allowance 25% = 39.1 KN

Therefore W = 156.37 + 39.1 = 195.47 KN

Wheel base b =3 m

Span of girder L = 8m

0.586 l = 0.586 x 8 = 4.69 m

Since (b< 0.586 L) maximum BM will occur when at centre of span is midway between C.G of
loads and one wheel load.

Hence distance of one wheel from centre of span = b/4 = ¾ = 0.75 m

Let, (W1) self weight of girder = 2W/250 = 2X195.47/ 250 = 1.56 KN/m

Assume, (W2) weight of rail = 0.3 KN/m

Total W= W1 +W2 = 1.56 +0.3 = 1.86 KN/m

Maximum BM will occur under wheel load (F) which is nearer to the centre of span.
1 8
Now, 𝑅𝐵 = [ (1.86 X 8 X ) + 195.47 (1.75+ 4.75)]
8 2

𝑅𝐵 = 166.25 KN

𝑅𝐴 = 239.57 KN

Check total = 405.82 KN

Mx @ F = 166.25 X 3.25 – 1.86X 3.252 /2 = 530.49 KNm

Loading and bearing M. Calculation

Data

 c/c distance between columns (span of girder) = 8m

 cone capacity = 200 KN
 self weight of crane girder = 200 KN
 self weight of trolley (crab) = 30 KN
 Minimum hook approach = 1.2 m
 Distance between wheel cranes = 3.5 m
  c/c distance between gantry rails = 20 m
Assuming,
 self weight of rail section = 300 N/m
 yield stress of steel = 250 MPa

Load calculations

i. Vertical loading
Maximum static wheel load due to weight of crane = 200/4 = 50 KN
Maximum static wheel load due to crane load,
𝑊𝑡 (𝐿𝑐−𝐿1) 200+30 (20−1.5)
W1= = = 106.375 KN
2𝐿𝑐 2𝑥20
Total load due to weight of crane and the crane load = 50 +106.375 = 156.375 KN
To allow for impact etc. This load should be multiplied by 25%
Design load = 156.375 x 1.25 = 195.47 KN
Wc = factored design load = 293.2 KN

ii. Lateral surge load

10% (𝑕𝑜𝑜𝑘 +𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ) 0.1 (200+30)
Lateral load = = = 5.75 KN
4 4
Factored actual load = 8.63 KN
Total lateral load = 2 x 8.63 = 17.26 KN
iii. Longitudinal (horizontal) braking load
Horizontal force along rails = 5% of wheel load = 0.05x 195.47 = 9.77 KN
Factored load (Pg) = 14.67 KN

Maximum bending moment

I. Vertical maximum B.M (without considering self weight)

M1 = Wc x L/4 = 293.2 X 8/4 = 586.4 KN m
𝐿 𝐶 8 3
2𝑊𝑐 (2 −4 )2 2𝑋 293.2 (2 −4)2
M2= = = 774.23 KNm
𝐿 8
Therefore, taking greater moment
M = 774.23 KN m
Assume self weight of gantry as 1.6 KN/m
Total dead load = 1600 +300 = 1.9 KN/m
Factored dead load = 1.9 x 1.5 =2.85 KN/m
BM DUE TO DEAD LOAD = W𝑙 2 /8 =2.85 x82 /8 = 22.8 KN m

II. Horizontal BM
 8 3
2𝑋17.26(2 −4)2
Moment due to surge load (My) = = 45.58 KN m
8
III. BM due to drag (assuming the rail height as 0.2 m and depth of girder as 0.6 m)
Reaction due to drag force = Pg X e/L = 14.67(0.3+0.15)/8 = 0.825
M3 = R(L/2-C/4)= 0.825 (8/2-3/4) = 2.68 KN m
Total design BM
M2 =774.23+45.58+2.68 = 823 KN m

Shear force

i. Vertical shear force

Shear force due to wheel load = Wc(2-l/c) = 993.2( 2-3/8) = 476.45 KN
SF due to dead load = Wl/2=2.85 x 8/2 = 11.4 KN
Maximum ultimate shear force (𝑉𝑍 )= 476.45 +11.4 = 487.85

ii. Lateral shear force due to surge load (𝑉𝑦 )= (2-3/8)x 17.26 = 28.05 KN
Reaction due to drag force = 0.825 KN
And maximum ultimate reaction (𝑅𝑍 )= 487.25 +0.825 =488.675 KN

Preliminary selection of girder

Since L/12 = 8000/12= 666.67 mm

We choose depth as 600 mm

Approximate width of beam = L/30 =266.67 mm

Since deflection govern the design choose I , using the deflection limit of L/150

15.6𝑋 195.47𝑋(8000−3000)(2𝑋8000𝑋8000+2𝑋8000𝑋3000−3000𝑋3000)10 3
I=
8000𝑋2𝑋10 5

= 1.59 X103 m𝑚𝑚3

Zp= 1.4xM/𝑓𝑦 = 1.4 x 823 x106 / 250 = 4.61x 106 𝑚𝑚3

Choose ISWB 600 @145.1 Kg/m

A= 18486 𝑚𝑚2

B= 250 mm

𝑡𝑓 =23.6 mm
 𝑡𝑤 = 11.8 mm

𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 1156.26 x 106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐼𝑥𝑦 = 5298 x 104 𝑚𝑚4

𝑍𝑥𝑥 = 3854.2 x 103 𝑚𝑚3

𝑅 = 18 𝑚

ISMC 400 @ 49.4 Kg/m

A= 6293 𝑚𝑚2

h= 400 m

B= 100 mm

𝑡𝑓 = 15.3 mm

𝑡𝑤 = 8.6 mm

𝐶𝑦𝑦 = 24.2 mm

𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 15082.8 𝑚𝑚4

𝐼𝑦𝑦 =504.8 𝑐𝑚4

𝑍𝑥𝑥 =754.1 𝑐𝑚3

1. Elastic properties of combined section

Total area = 18486+ 6293 = 24779 𝑚𝑚2
The distance of NA of built up section from the extreme fibre of tension flange

𝐴𝐼 𝑋 𝑦1+𝐴𝑐 +𝑦2 18486𝑋 300+8.6 +6293 𝑋24.2

𝑦𝑡 = = = 236.37 mm
𝐴𝐼+𝐴𝑐 18486+6293

𝑦𝑏 = 363.63 mm

𝐼𝑋𝑋 = 𝐼𝑋𝑋 of I section + AI x (𝑦𝑡 + 𝑦𝑏 ) + 𝐼𝑌𝑌 of channel + Ac (𝑦𝑡 − 𝑦𝑏 )

=1156.26 x 106 +18486 (236.37 − 308.6)2 + 504.8 x 104 + 6293 (236.37-24.2)

=1541.03 x 106 𝑚𝑚4

Section modulus

1541.03 𝑋 10 6
𝑍𝑡 = = 6519 X 103 𝑚𝑚3
236.37

1541.03 𝑋 10 6
𝑍𝑏 = = 4237.904 X 103 𝑚𝑚3
363.63

𝐼𝑦𝑦 combined = 5298.3 x 104 + 15082.8 x 104 = 203.811 x 106

1541.03 𝑋 10 6
𝑍𝑥𝑡 = = 6519.57 X 103 𝑚𝑚3
236.37

1541.03 𝑋 10 6
𝑧𝑥𝑏 = = 4237.91 X 103 𝑚𝑚3
363.63

𝐼𝑦 for tension flange about y-y axis

24.2 𝑋250 3
𝐼𝑡𝐹 = = 31.51 X 106 𝑚𝑚4
12

For compression flange @ y-y axis

𝐼𝑐𝐹 = 𝐼𝑡𝐹 +𝐼𝑥𝑥 channel

= 31.51 x 106 + 15082.8 x 104

=182.34 x 106 𝑚𝑚4

182.34 𝑋 10 6
𝑍𝑦 (from top flange alone)= = 911.7 X 103 𝑚𝑚3
200

Calculation of plastic modulus

Plastic neutral axis divides the area into two equal area i.e
18486 +6293
= = 12389.5 𝑚𝑚2
2
6293
𝑑𝑝 = = 266.65 mm
2 𝑋11.8

Ignoring fillets, the plastic section modulus below the equal area axis is

∑AῩ = 23.6X 250(566.65-23.6/2) +(566.65-23.6)X 11.8X(566.65-23.6/2)

= 6829.09 X103 𝑚𝑚3

Above the equal area axis

∑AῩ = 6293 X(41.95-23.6)+ 250X 23.6(41.95-8.6-23.6/2)+9.75X11.8X9.75/2

 = 243.743 X 103 𝑚𝑚2

𝑧𝑝𝑥 =7072.83 x 103 𝑚𝑚2 (from top flange only)

𝑍𝑝𝑦 = 23.6x 250x 250/4 +(400 − (2 𝑋15.3)/4)2 X 8.6 +2X 100 X 15.3 X (400/2-15.3/2)

= 2281.35 X 103 𝑚𝑚3

Check for moment capacity

Check for plastic section

(250−11.8)/2
b/t of flange of I beam= = 5.04 <9.4Ԑ
23.6
b/t of flange of channel=(100-8.6)/15.3 = 5.97<9.4Ԑ
d/t of web of I section = (600-2x23.6)/11.8 =46.84< 84

Local moment capacity

1.2 𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑦 1.2𝑋4237.91𝑋10 3 𝑋250

=
1.1 1.1
M𝑑𝑥 = 1155.79 KNm
Hence take 𝑀𝑑𝑥 = 1155.79
For M𝑑𝑦 :-
𝑓𝑦
M𝑑𝑥 = 𝑍 (Top flange)
1.1 𝑝𝑦
=250/1.1 x 2281.35 x103 x 10−6
=518.48 KNm
1.2 𝑍𝑦 𝑓𝑦 1.2 𝑋 911.7 𝑋10 3 𝑋250
𝑀𝑑𝑦 = = =248.62 KNm <𝑀𝑑𝑥
1.1 1.1

Combined local capacity check

823 45.58
+ =0.89<1
1155.79 248.64
𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 choice

Check for buckling resistance

Bending strength 𝑀𝑑 = 𝛽𝑏 𝑍𝑝 𝑓𝑏𝑑

β=1.0
h=600+8.6=608.6mm
KL= 8000mm
Ԑ=200 x 103 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑡𝑓 = 23.6+8.6= 32.3 mm
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 1541.03 x 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 203.81 x 106 𝑚𝑚4
 𝐼𝑦𝑦 203.81 𝑋 10 6
𝑟𝑦𝑦 = = = 90.7 mm
𝐴 18486 +6293

𝐶1𝛱 2 €𝐼𝑦𝑕 1 𝐾𝐿/𝑟𝑦

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 1+
2𝐾𝐿2 20 𝑕/𝑡 𝑓

1.132𝑋𝛱 2 𝑋200𝑋10 3 𝑋203.8𝑋10 6 𝑋608.6 1 8000 /90.7

= 1+
2𝑋8000 2 20 608.6/32.2

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 3129.55 KN-m

𝛽 𝑏 𝑋𝑓𝑦 𝑋𝑍𝑃𝑍 7072.83𝑋250
ℷ𝐿𝑇𝑍 = = = 0.752
𝑀𝑐𝑟 3129.55𝑋10 6

Along the Z-direction

𝜙𝐿𝑇𝑍 𝑥 = 0.5 1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇𝑍 𝛼𝐿𝑇𝑍 − 0.2 𝛼𝐿𝑇𝑍 2
= 0.5 1 + 0.21 0.752 − 0.2 0.7522
= 0.841
Channel will normally be connected by intermittent weld to I-section 𝛼𝐿𝑇 value
Has been taken as 0.21.Its heavy welded 𝛼𝐿𝑇 = 0.49

1
ʋ𝐿𝑇𝑍 = 0.5 <1
𝜙 𝐿𝑇𝑍 + 𝜙 𝐿𝑇𝑍 2 −𝛼 𝐿𝑇𝑍 2

1
=
0.841+ 0.8412 −0.752 2 0.5

=0.81
ʋ𝐿𝑇𝑍 𝑓𝑦 250𝑋0.818
𝑓𝑏𝑑 = = =185.9 N/𝑚𝑚2
ɤ𝑚𝑜 1.1
𝑀𝑑𝑍 = 𝛽𝑏 𝑍𝑝 𝑓𝑏𝑑
=1.0 X7072.83X103 X185.9
= 1314.83 > 823 KNm
Thus the beam is satisfactory under vertical loading. Now it is necessary to check it
under biaxial loading.
For top flange only,
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑑𝑦 = x𝑍
1.1 𝑦𝑡
250
= x2281.35X103
1.1
=518.48 KNm

1.2𝑋911.7𝑋10 3 𝑋250
𝑚𝑑𝑦 =
1.1
 =248.64 KNm < 518.48 KNm

a. Check for biaxial bending

𝑀𝑍 𝑀𝑌
+ not greater than 1.0
𝑀𝑑𝑍 𝑀𝑑𝑦

823 45.58
+ = 0.809 not greater than 1
1314.33 248.64
Therefore beam is safe

 Check for shear capacity for vertical load

𝑉𝑍 = 487.85 KN
𝐴𝑉 𝑋 600𝑋11.8𝑋250
Shear capacity = 𝑓 = = 929.00 KN > 487.85 KN
3 𝑋1.1 𝑦𝑤 3 𝑋 1.1
0.6 X 929 > 487.85
557.4 > 487.85
Maximum shear force is 487.85 which is less than 0.6 times shear capacity.

*Weld design:

Required shear capacity of weld is given by,

𝑉𝐴Ῡ
q=
𝐼𝑍

Ῡ𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 236.37

A = 6293 𝑚𝑚2

𝑉𝑍 = 487.85 KN

𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 1541.03 X 106 𝑚𝑚4

487.85 𝑋 10 3 𝑋6293 𝑋236.37

q=
1541 .03𝑋 10 6

= 470.81 N/mm
This shear is taken by welds. Hence use a minimum weld of 4mm (470.89 N/mm) per weld.

Connecting the channel to top flange of I- beam.

*For lateral shear force

 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑉𝑦 = 28.05 KN

𝐴𝑉 𝑋 250 𝑋 23.6+400 𝑋 8.06)𝑋250

Shear capacity = 𝑉𝑚𝑦 = 𝑓 = = 1225.56> 28.05 KN
3 𝑋1.1 𝑦𝑤 3 𝑋1.1

Hence it is safe for resisting lateral shear.

 Web buckling
𝑏1 = 100 mm
𝑛1 = 600/2 + (2X8.6) = 317.2 mm

Effective length = 0.7 X D = 0.7 X 608.6

KL= 426.02 mm
𝑓𝑤 11.8
ɤ𝑐 = = = 3.401
12 12
𝐾𝐿 2 426 .02
𝑓𝑦 𝑋 ( ) 250𝑋 ( 3.406 )2
𝑟
𝑌𝐿𝑇 = 2
= = 1.98
€𝛱 2𝑋 10 5 𝛱 2
𝜙𝐿𝑇 = = 0.5 1 + 0.49 1.98 − 0.2 1.982 = 2.89

1
Ҳ= = 0.2
2 2
𝜙 𝐿𝑇 + 𝜙 𝐿𝑇 −ℷ𝐿𝑇

250 𝑋 0.2
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 45.45 N/𝑚𝑚2
1.1

𝑃𝑑 = Buckling resistance

= (𝑏1 + 𝑛1 )𝑡 𝑋 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = (100+317.2) X11.8X45.45 = 223.77 KN >𝑊𝑐 = 293.2 KN

Maximum wheel load

Therefore safe

 Web bearing (crippling)

Load this portion at support with 1:2:5 dispersion
Minimum shift bearing
𝑅𝑛
= 𝑓 𝑦𝑤 𝑋 𝑡
1.1
Design of Purlin

Span=8m

Spacing=2.14m

Loads θ=10degree

LL = 0.75 KN/𝑚 2

DL = 0.696 KN/𝑚 2

WL = 1.86 KN/𝑚 2

WDL

L L= 0.75 x 2.14=1.605 KN/m

DL = 0.696 x 2.14=1.489 KN/m

WL = 1.8682.14=3.98 KN/m

Load combination

1.5(DL+LL)

= 1.5(1.489+1.605)

= 4.64 KN/m

Assume b =1(plastic s/c)

A. Load Combination(DL+LL)1.5

W = 1.5(1.489+1.605)

= 4.64 KN/m

Wx = 4.6481010

= 4.569 KN/m

Wy = 4.64 x sin10

= 0.8057 KN/m

Mx = 4.569 x (b)2/10

= 29.24 KN/m

4.569 𝑋 8
SF = = 18.28 KN
2

B=1 (plastic s/c)

Md=Bb[ Zp x250]/1.1
29.24 x 103 =[1 x zp]/1.1 x 250

Zp = 128.66 x 103

Zp/ze = 1.12

Ze = 128.66 x 103 /1.12= 114.88 x 103 𝑚𝑚 3

Try s/c. ISMC-200

A = 282 x 𝑚𝑚 2 Zxx = 181.9 x 103

B = 75 Zyy = 26.3 x 103

Tf = 11.4

Tw = 6.1

Cy = 2.17

Ixx = 1819.3 x 104

Iyy = 140.4 x 104

Zpz = 211.15 x 103 𝑚𝑚 3

 S/c classification

b/Tf = 75/11.4=6.57<9.4
d/Tw = 177.2/6.1=29.04<42

S/c is plastic

 Check for shear capacity

Clause 8.4 of 15800

Av = (200 x 6.1)=1220𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑤 1220 𝑋 250

=
3 𝛾𝑚𝑜 3 𝑋1.1𝑋103

= 160.5 KN > 18.28 KN

Safe

 Check for moment capacity

𝛽𝑏 𝑋 𝑓 𝑦 𝑋 𝑍 𝑝𝑧
Mdz = = 47.98 x 106 KNm
𝛾𝑚𝑜
 Mdz should be less than

1.2 𝑋 181.9 𝑋 10 3
= 49.6 KNm
1.1 𝑋 250

Mdz > 1.2mdz

Safe.

Zpy = y x A=19 x 28.21

=53.59 x 103 𝑚𝑚3

1.2𝑋250 𝑋 53.59 𝑋 10 3
Mdy = =12.18 KN
1.1 𝑋 10 6

1.2𝑋250𝑋 26.3 𝑋 103

Mdy =
1.1 𝑋 106

=7.17 𝑋 106

 Check for biaxial binding

𝑀𝑍 𝑀𝑦 29.24 5.156
+ = + = 1.03 less than or equal to 1
𝑀𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦 48 12.18

Unsafe

Use next s/c ISMC 250

A = 3867 Tvy = 3816.8/104

Zex = 305.3 x 103

Zey = 38.4 x 103

Tf = 12.4

Tw = 6.4

Moment capacity only

Zpx = y x a

= 92.50 x 3867

= 357.703 x 103 𝑚𝑚 3

Zpy = y x a

= 20 x 3867

= 77.34 x 103 𝑚𝑚3

 1.2𝑋305.3 𝑋 10 3 𝑋 250
Mde =
1.1 𝑋 10 6

Mdz <= 83.26km

Safe.

1 𝑋 77.34 𝑋 103 𝑋 250

Mdy =
1.1 𝑋 106

= 17.57.1KN m > 5.156 KN m

1.2𝑋38.4 𝑋 103𝑋 250

Mde = =10.47
1.1 𝑋 106

 Check for biaxial binding

𝑀𝑍 𝑀𝑦 29.24 5.156
+ = + = 0.65 less than or equal to 1
𝑀𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦 81.29 17.57

Safe.

Deflection

W = 4.64 x 1.5 = 3.938 = 24.74 KN

5 𝑋 24.74 𝑋 𝑋 8000
δ= = 21.60mm < L/180 = 44.44mm
384 𝑋 2 𝑋 10 5 𝑋 3816 .84 𝑋 10 4

Safe.

B. Load Combination

1.5(DL+WL)

= 1.5(1.489-3.98)

=-3.73km/m

Wx = 3.73 X 10510

=3.679 KN/m

Wy = (1.489 X sin10)1.5

=0.387 KN/m

3.679 𝑋 82
Mx = = 23.54 KNm > 81.29 KNm
10
 0.387 𝑋 82
My = 10
= 2.4 KN m > 17.57 KNm

S/c is Safe

𝑀𝑍 𝑀𝑦 23.54 2.48
+ = + = 0.43 less than or equal to 1
𝑀𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦 81.29 17.57

Safe.
DESIGN OF CLAD RUNNER

Length of Runner = 8m

LOAD ON GRIT:-

Load of Cladding = 0.085 x 1.5 0.1275 KN/m

Wt. of Grit = ISMC250 0.217 kN/m

Total 0.3445 kN/m

Wind pressure /m run

Ww = 1.2 x 1.2 x 1.5 = 2.16 kN/m

We considered , Dead + Wind load combination as a critical

Factored = 3.75675

Design Bending Moment -

Mz = (Wx) x l²/10 = 24.0432 kN.m

By considering sag rod in another direction, L= 3.0 m

My = (Wy) x l²/10 = 2.20 kN.m

Selection of Section -

ISMC 250

Ixx (cm4)= 3816.8 Zxx (cm3) = 305.3 Area (cm2) 38.67

Iyy (cm4)= 219.1 Zyy (cm3) = 38.4

Zpz=y1xA

=92.00*3867

Zpz= 357700mm4

Zpy=y2xA
 =20*3867

Zpy= 77340mm4

Mdz= 357.7x10^3x250/1.1x10^6

Mdz = 81.29KNm

Mdze = 1.2x305.7x10^3x250/1.1x10^6

Mdze = 8 3.26 KNm greater than Mdz so its safe..

Mdy= 77.37x10^3x250/1.1x10^6

Mdy = 17.81.29KNm

Mdye = 1.2x38.11x10^3x250/1.1x10^6

Mdye = 10.26 KNm

check for biaxial bending

Mz/Mdz +My/Mdy < 1

24.01/81.29 + 2.22/17.57 TRUE

Check for Deflection :-

δx = ( 5x 2.5x8x10^3x8000^3)/(384x2x10^5x3816.18x10^4)

δx = 17.46 mm

δallowable = L/180 =44mm

SAFE
 DESIGN OF BASE PLATE FOR INDUSTRIAL SHED (For Column MB500)

Load H P M NODE
Combination ( kn ) ( kn ) ( kn-m ) NO.
for maximum compressive force
101 1.0 [D + L + CL L.H.S]
28.24 865.44 0 97
for maximum tensile force
104 1.0 [D + WL RL]
79.33 -683.38 0 97

Fck = 30 N/mm^2

Column size : ISMB500

The overall column cross section in plan IS 500 x 180

Base plate dimensions are =600 x 400

Let 'X' be the depth of NA from A

Provide 6 Nos 30dia anchor bolts 0f 4.6grade

Capacity of Bolts

1) Tension = 152.5 kN

2) Shear = 103.8 kN

Actual tension per bolt = 683.384

=113.897 kN

Actual shear per bolt = 79.326 = 13.221 kN

Tension ratio = Cal. Tension =113.897 =0.747

Perm. Tension =152.5

Shear ratio = Cal. Shear =13.221

=0.127
 Perm. Shear=103.8

( As per Cl.10.3.6, of IS 800 - 2007 , pg no 76 )

Combined Shear & Tension ratio = 0.558009 + 0.016129

= 0.574138 ≤ 1.0

Hence OK

Forces on base plate

1) Base pressure = 0.45 x 30 = 14 N/mm^2

2) Max Tension in bolt = 113.897 kN = 113897 N

A) Due to base pressure

w = Base pressure = 3.61 N/mm^2

a= 110mm

b= 50mm

ts= [2.5w(a2-0.3b2)ƴm0/fy]

ts= [2.5x3.61x(1102-0.3x502)x1.1/250]
 ts= 21.220 mm

Thickness of Base Plate Required due to Base pressure =

21.22 mm

B) Due to bolt tension

BM = 113897 x 50 x 3 = 17084550 Nmm

Md = 1.2 x Ze x fy / ɣmo

fy = 250 Mpa

ɣmo = 1.1

17084550 = 1.2 x 66.67 x t^2 x 250

1.1

Ze = b x t ² = 66.67 X t² b = 400

17084550 = 18182.727 t²

t = 17084550

18183

t= 30.653 mm

Thickness of Base Plate Required due to Tension in Bolt =

30.653 mm
Provide 32 mm thk. Base plate

Base plate 600 x 400 x 32 thk

DESIGN OF PEDESTAL

Node - 2215 LOAD CASE :- 104 1.0 [D + WL RL]

Material -

Reinforcement Grade = 415 Mpa

Concrete Grade = 30 Mpa

Load at Top of Pedestal -

Fx (kN) = 22.9 Mx (kN.m)= 0

Fy (kN) = 865.45 Mz (kN.m)= 0

Fz (kN) = 9.6

Column Size = (0.5 x0.75)m

Load at Bottom of Pedestal at 1.4 m depth

Fx (kN) = 22.9 Mx (kN.m)= 13.44

Fy (kN) = 878.575 Mz (kN.m)= 32.06

Fz (kN) = 9.6

Factored Force -

Fx (kN) = 34.35 Mx (kN.m)= 20.16

Fy (kN) = 1317.86 Mz (kN.m)= 48.09

Fz (kN) = 14.40

DESIGN OF COLUMN -
Assume % of steel in pedestal (p) = 0.15 %

p/ fck = 0.005

Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about major axis -

d'/D = 0.1

Pu / fck b D = (1317862.5)/(30x500x750) = 0.117143333

Hence from chart 44 , ( Mu / fck b D2 ) = 0.1

Muz1 = 0.1x30x750x500^2= 562500000 N.m = 562.5 kN.m

Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about minor axis -

d'/D = 0.067

Pu / fck b D = (1317862.5)/(30x500x750) = 0.117143333

Hence from chart 44, ( Mu / fck b D2 ) = 0.1

Mux1 = 0.1x30x500x750^2= 843750000 N.m = 843.75 kN.m

Referring Chart - 63 of SP- 16 Puz /Ag = 16 N/mm2

Puz = 16x500x750= 6000000 N

= 6000 kN

Pu /Puz = 1317.86/6000= 0.220

Muz/ Muz1 = 48.09/562.5= 0.085

Mux / Mux1 = 20.16/843.75= 0.024

Referring Chart - 64 of SP- 16 By taking above value of Pu/Puz and Mux / Mux1

Muz / Muz1 = 0.78 > 0.024

SAFE

Column Link spacing =

B D

Column = 750 500

Core dimension = 666 416

Cover = 50

Link = 8
Ash = 0.18 x S x h x fck / fy x [(Ag / Ak) -1]

S = 1/4 of min. dimension = 125 or 100

Striupps spacing (S) will be smaller of above value = 100

Provide overlapping OR single loops

h is spacing between bar = 100 mm

Ag = 375000 mm2

Ak= 277056 mm2

fck= 30

fy= 415

Ast (req.) = 46.00 mm2

Ast (prov.) = 50.24 mm2

Bibliography
1. IS 800:2007 – Revised code of practice for general construction in steel.
2. IS 875(part 1, 2, 3 and 5):1987 – Code for practice for design of loads(other than
earthquake) for the building and the structure.
3. IS 456-2000 –Revised code of practice for general construction in RCC.
4. Duggal, S.K. :”Design of Steel Structures” , Tata McGraw-Hill Publication Company
limited 2000.
5. N. Subramanian : “Design of Steel Structures “,Oxford Higher Education.
6. Dr. B.C.Punmia , Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain: “Design of Steel Structure”,
Lakshmi Publication.
7. Dr. V.L.Shah and Dr.S.R.Karve. :”Limit State Theory and Design of Reinforced
Concrete”.