Gas

Laws and Gas Stoichiometry

Unit 10 Page 1

Learning Target 10.1:

I can convert between different units of pressure and temperature.

Criteria for Success:

I can define pressure and temperature.

I can interpret Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions that describe particle speeds at the same and at different
temperatures.

I can convert between different units of pressure and temperature.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Pressure
A. ____________________________ (P) is defined as the
____________________________ per unit
____________________________ on a surface. It is defined by
the following formula:
!"#$%
Pressure =
!"#$
1. The pressure of a gas is the
____________________________ that the gas exerts
on the ____________________________ of its
container.
2. ____________________________ are used to measure
atmospheric pressure. Don’t be confused if you read, “barometric
pressure” or “barometer” used in a question.
B. There are many ____________________________ for pressure including, atmospheres
(atm), millimeters mercury (mmHg), kilopascals(kPa), torr (torr), and more!
Relationships between Different Units of Pressure (at 0°C)
1atm = 760mmHg = 760torr = 101.3kPa
Temperature
A. ____________________________ is a measure of the average ____________________________
energy of the particles in a sample of matter.
1. Particle diagrams with ____________________________ can be used to illustrate
differing kinetic energies at differing temperatures: the longer the vector,
the greater the kinetic energy.
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 2

2. A ________________________________________________________distribution describes
particle speeds.

Temperature Scales
B. The ____________________________ (°C) scale is the temperature scale in which water
____________________________ at 0° Celsius and ____________________________ at 100° Celsius.
C. The ____________________________ (K) scale is the ____________________________
temperature scale used in the scientific community (There are no negative values
on the Kelvin scale). Water ____________________________ at 273K and
____________________________ at 373K.
1. ____________________________ zero is the theoretical lowest temperature
possible at which all molecular motion stops.
2. To ____________________________ between °C and K use the formula
! = °! + 273

Standard Temperature and Pressure

A. For purposes of comparison, scientists have agreed on standard conditions of
exactly 1atm pressure and 0° Celsius for temperature. These conditions are called
________________________________________________________ (STP).

Essential Question:
How are pressure and temperature defined and what is the method for converting between units of each of these
quantities?

Summary:
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 3

Guided Practice
Scan for Video
Tutorial

1. A sample of gas at constant pressure is graphed at two different temperatures. Which of the
following must be true?

A) T1 is a higher temperature.

B) T2 is a higher temperature.

C) The gas becomes lighter.

D) The gas becomes heavier.

2. The Maxwell-Boltmann distribution above analyzes a sample of a mixture of carbon dioxide,

methane (CH4), sulfur hexafluoride, and hydrogen gases. The analysis was performed at a constant
temperature and pressure. Which answer correctly assigns each curve to its appropriate gas?

A) hydrogen-A; methane-B; carbon dioxide-C; sulfur hexafluoride-D

B) hydrogen-A; carbon dioxide-B; methane-C; sulfur hexafluoride-D

C) sulfur hexafluoride-A; methane-B; carbon dioxide-C; hydrogen-D

D) sulfur hexafluoride-A; carbon dioxide-B; methane-C; hydrogen-D

 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 4

Guided Practice
Scan for Video 3-4. The average atmospheric pressure in Denver, Colorado is 0.830atm.
Tutorial
1. Express this pressure in mmHg.
2. Express this pressure in kPa.

5. Convert 250 Kelvin to degrees Celsius.

6. Convert 17 degrees Celsius to Kelvin.

 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 5

Learning Target 10.2:

I can describe the postulates of kinetic molecular theory.

Criteria for Success:

I can describe the kinetic molecular theory (KMT).

I can explain how the kinetic molecular theory applies to gases.

I can define an ideal gas and a real gas.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
A. The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the idea that particles of matter are
always in ____________________________. For gases, this theory is based on the
following ____________________________ assumptions.
1. Gases consist of ____________________________ numbers of tiny particles that
are ____________________________
____________________________ relative to their size.
Most of the volume of a gas is
____________________________ ____________________________.
2. Gas particles are in ____________________________,
rapid, random ____________________________.
i. Gases, therefore, possess
____________________________ energy which is
the energy of ____________________________.
3. Collisions between gas particles and between
particles and container walls are ____________________________ collisions.
i. An ____________________________ collision is one in which there is NO
net loss of energy.
4. There are no forces of ____________________________ or
____________________________ between gas particles.
5. The average kinetic energy of gas particles depends on
____________________________.
i. Kinetic energy is given by the following equation:
KE= ½ mv2

Ideal VS Real Gases

A. An ____________________________ gas is an imaginary gas that perfectly fits all the
assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory.

B. A ____________________________ gas is a gas that does not behave completely

according to the assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory.
1. The more ____________________________ the gas molecules the greater the
deviation from ideal behavior.
2. At ____________________________ temperatures and ____________________________
pressures real gases begin to deviate significantly from ideal behavior
because they approach the liquid phase.
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 6

The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases and the Nature of Gases

A. ____________________________. Gases do not have a definite ____________________________
or a definite ____________________________. They completely fill their container.

B. ____________________________. During
____________________________, particles that
were very far apart are crowded are
forced closer together.

C. ____________________________. Because the ____________________________ forces between

gases are considered insignificant in ideal gases, gas particles can easily slide
past one another.

D. ____________________________ ____________________________. The gas particles are very far

apart in the gaseous state.

E. ____________________________ and
____________________________.
1. Spontaneous mixing of the
particles of two substances
caused by their random motion
is called
____________________________.
2. ____________________________ is a
process by which gas particles
pass through a tiny opening.

Essential Question:
How do the postulates of the kinetic molecular theory explain the behavior of gases?

Summary:
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 7

Directions: Draw the Lewis structure for each of the gases indicated and include any bond dipoles and net dipoles
as needed. Indicate the geometry of the molecule and whether or not the molecule is polar or nonpolar. Finally,
use your Lewis structure, its geometry, and polarity to determine if it will deviate significantly from ideal behavior.

Polar or Significant deviation from

Gas Lewis Structure Molecular Geometry ideal behavior? Explain
Non-Polar
1. 2. 3.
A. Linear A. Polar Yes or No
B. Bent B. Non-Polar
O 2 C. Trigonal Planar
D. Trigonal Pyramidal
E. Tetrahedral
F. Undefined
4. 5. 6.
A. Linear A. Polar Yes or No
B. Bent B. Non-Polar
H2O C. Trigonal Planar
D. Trigonal Pyramidal
E. Tetrahedral
F. Undefined
7. 8. 9.
A. Linear A. Polar Yes or No
B. Bent B. Non-Polar
NH3 C. Trigonal Planar
D. Trigonal Pyramidal
E. Tetrahedral
F. Undefined
10. 11. 12.
A. Linear A. Polar Yes or No
B. Bent B. Non-Polar
He C. Trigonal Planar
D. Trigonal Pyramidal
E. Tetrahedral
F. Undefined
13. 14. 15.
A. Linear A. Polar Yes or No
B. Bent B. Non-Polar
N 2 C. Trigonal Planar
D. Trigonal Pyramidal
E. Tetrahedral
F. Undefined
16. 17. 18.
A. Linear A. Polar Yes or No
B. Bent B. Non-Polar
HCl C. Trigonal Planar
D. Trigonal Pyramidal
E. Tetrahedral
F. Undefined
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 8

Learning Target 10.3:

I can describe and calculate the relations between volume, pressure, number of moles, and temperature for an
ideal gas as described by the ideal gas law.

Criteria for Success:

I can describe the relationships expressed by the ideal gas law.

I can use the ideal gas law to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or amount of moles of a gas when
the other three quantities are known.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial The Ideal Gas Law
A. The relationships between ____________________________ (P),
____________________________ (V), ____________________________ (T), and number of
____________________________ (n) of gas are indicated by the combined gas law:
!"
= R
!"
Because these variables are related in such a way as to provide a
____________________________, R, it can be used to solve for any of those variables
when the three remaining variables are known.

1. The ideal gas constant, R, has been experimentally determined and is the
____________________________ for all gases. The table below describes the units
required for the different values of R.
Table1: Numerical Values and Units of the Gas Constant, R
Unit of R Numerical Unit Unit Unit Unit
Value of R of P of V of T of n
L•mmHg
62.4 mmHg L K mol
mol•K
L•torr
62.4 torr L K mol
mol•K
L•atm
0.0821 atm L K mol
mol•K
L•kPa
8.314 kPa L K mol
mol•K
i. YOU MUST BE SURE THE GAS CONSTANT CHOSEN MATCHES
THE UNITS IN THE PROBLEM.

2. The variables in the equation can be rearranged and is often expressed as

!" = !"#

and is known as the ____________________________ gas law.

 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 9

Essential Question:
How is the Ideal Gas Law used to describe and calculate the relationship among pressure, volume, temperature,
and the number of moles of a sample of a gas?

Summary:

Guided Practice
Scan for Video 1. What is the pressure in atmospheres exerted by a 0.500mol sample of nitrogen gas in a 10.0L
Tutorial
container at 298K?

2. What is the volume, in liters, of 8.00g of oxygen gas at 20.0°C and 740.24mmHg pressure?

3. What mass of chlorine gas, Cl2, in grams, is contained in a 10.0L tank at 27.0°C and 3.50atm of
pressure?

4. What is the temperature, in Celsius, of 0.909mol of nitrogen gas that occupies a 33.0 liter rigid
container and exerts 685torr pressure?
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 10

Learning Target 10.3:

I can describe and calculate the relations between volume, pressure, number of moles, and temperature for an
ideal gas as described by the ideal gas law.

Criteria for Success:

I can define the standard molar volume of a gas.

I can use standard molar volume of a gas to calculate gas masses and volumes.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Standard Molar Volume
A. The ____________________________ occupied by ____________________________ mole of a gas
at ____________________________ is known as the ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ of a gas. Solving the ideal gas
equation for the volume of 1 mol of gas at STP gives 22.4 L.

1. The following ____________________________ ____________________________ can be

written for the standard molar volume of a gas:

1 !"# !"# 22.4 ! !"#

!"
22.4 ! !"# 1 !"# !"#

2. Even though the number of molecules (and therefore number of moles)

will be the same for a mole of any gas at STP, the
____________________________of this volume is ____________________________ for
different gases.
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 11

Essential Question:
How is standard molar volume related to the ideal gas law? Under what conditions can standard molar volume be
used?

Summary:

Guided Practice
Scan for Video 1. A chemical reaction produces 0.0680mol of oxygen gas. What volume in liters is occupied by
Tutorial
this gas sample at STP?

2. A sample of hydrogen gas occupies 14.1L at STP. How many moles of the gas are present?

3. A chemical reaction produced 98.0mL of sulfur dioxide gas, SO2, at STP. What was the mass in
grams of the gas produced?

4. What is the volume of 77.0g of nitrogen dioxide gas at STP? Answer in units of L.
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 12

Learning Target 10.3:

I can describe and calculate the relations between volume, pressure, number of moles, and temperature for an
ideal gas as described by the ideal gas law.

Criteria for Success:

I can use the ideal gas law to calculate the density or molar mass of a gas when the other variables in the
equation are known.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial The Ideal Gas Law-Density and Molar Mass
A. Recognize that number of ____________________________, n, can also be described
(and is equivalent) to the mass divided by molar mass.

!"## ! !
!"#$% !"## ! = !"#$$#%&"' !" !"#$ ⟹ ! =
!"#$% ! !

B. ____________________________ this into the Ideal Gas Law allows us to solve for:
1. Density
!
! !" ! !"#$%&" !!"#$%&' !"
!
!" = !"# ⟹ !" = !" ⟹ = =!
! !" ! !"

2. Molar Mass
! !"#
!" = !"# ⟹ !" = !" ⟹ !=
! !"
!
!"#$%&" !!"#$%&'
! !"#
OR (if you know density) !=
!

Density Related to Standard Molar Volume

A. Density is the ____________________________ of mass to volume.

B. Density of a gas is generally given in g/L.

Examples
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 13

Essential Question:
How can the ideal gas law formula be rearranged to solve for density or molar mass of a gas?

Summary:

Guided Practice
Scan for Video 1. Calculate the density of nitrogen gas at 125 °C and a pressure of 755 mmHg.
Tutorial

2. A sample of gas has a mass of 0.311 g. Its volume is 0.225 L at a temperature of 55 °C and a
pressure of 886 mmHg. Find its molar mass.
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 14

Learning Target 10.4:

I can describe and calculate the relationships between volume, pressure, number of moles, and temperature for an
ideal gas as described by Avogadro’s law, Boyle's law, Charles's law, Gay-Lussac's law, and the combined gas law.

Criteria for Success:

I can explain the relationships between volume, pressure, number of moles, and temperature using gas
laws.

I can use the gas laws to calculate changes in volume, pressure, number of moles, or temperature.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial The Gas Laws
A. The relationships between ____________________________ (P), ____________________________
(V), ____________________________ (T), and number of ____________________________ (n) of gas
are indicated by the combined gas law:
!"
= R
!"

1. Because R is a ____________________________ the combined gas law can be used to

compare changing conditions for a sample of gas as follows:

!! !! !! !!
=
!! !! !! !!

2. However, we are often focused on ____________________________ or

____________________________ variables while holding the other variables
constant. The following simple gas laws can be derived from the combined
gas law simply by holding ____________________________ of the variables
____________________________.

Boyle’s Law
A. ____________________________ law states that the ____________________________ of a fixed
amount of gas, n, varies ____________________________ with the ____________________________
at constant temperature.
1. Boyle’s law can be used to compare changing conditions as follows:
!! !! = !! !!
2. Boyle’s law can be represented in graphical format as follows:
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 15

Charles’s Law
A. ____________________________ law states that the ____________________________ of a fixed
amount of gas, n, varies ____________________________ with the Kelvin
____________________________ at constant pressure.
1. Charles’s law can be used to compare changing conditions as follows:
!! !!
=
!! !!
2. Charles’s law can be represented in graphical format as follows:

3. Temperature must be in Kelvin to avoid negative volumes.

Gay-Lussac’s Law
A. ____________________________law states that the ____________________________ of a fixed
amount of gas, n, varies directly with the Kelvin ____________________________ at
constant volume.
1. Gay-Lussac’s law can be used to compare changing conditions as follows:
!! !!
=
!! !!
2. Gay-Lussac’s law can be represented in graphical format as follows:

3. Temperature must be in Kelvin to avoid negative volumes.

 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 16

Avogadro’s Law
A. ____________________________ Law states that ____________________________ of a gas varies
directly with the ____________________________ of gas in moles, n, when temperature
and pressure are held constant.
1. Avogadro’s law can be used to compare changing conditions as follows:
!! !!
=
!! !!
2. Avogadro’s law can be represented in graphical format as follows:

Essential Question:
How are the gas laws used to describe and calculate the relationship among pressure, volume, temperature, and
the number of moles of a sample of a gas?

Summary:
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 17

Guided Practice
Scan for Video 1. A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 150.mL when its pressure 0.947atm. What will the
Tutorial
volume of the gas be at a pressure of 0.987atm if the temperature remains constant?

2. A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 752mL at 25.0°C. What volume will the gas occupy
at 50.0°C if the pressure remains constant?

3. The gas in an aerosol can is at a pressure of 3.00atm at 25.0°C. Directions on the can warn the
user not to keep the can in a place where the temperature exceeds 52.0°C. What would the gas
pressure in mmHg in the can be at 52.0°C?

4. A helium-filled balloon has a volume of 50.0L at 25.0°C and 1.08atm. What volume will it have
at 0.855atm and 10.0°C?

5. A cylinder with a movable piston contains 2.00 g of helium, He, at room temperature. More
helium was added to the cylinder and the volume was adjusted so that the gas pressure
remained the same. How many grams of helium were added to the cylinder if the volume was
changed from 2.00 L to 2.70 L? (The temperature was held constant.)
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 18

Learning Target 10.5:

I can describe and calculate the relationship between partial pressures and total pressures for an ideal gas or
mixture of gases as described by Dalton's law of partial pressures.

Criteria for Success:

I can explain Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures.

I can calculate the partial pressure of a gas collected by water displacement.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
A. ____________________________ Law of Partial Pressures states that the total pressure of
a mixture of gases is equal to the ____________________________ of the partial pressures of
the component gases. This law can be represented using the following equation:
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
1. The pressure of each gas in a mixture is called the
____________________________ pressure of that gas.
B. Gases produced in the laboratory are often collected over
____________________________. The gas being collected displaces the water (which is
more dense) in the collection bottle and prevents the collection of
____________________________ gases.
1. Gases collected in this way are not pure but always mixed with
____________________________ vapor. Like other gases, water vapor exerts a
____________________________.
2. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures can be used to determine the
____________________________ pressure of the gas collected by ensuring the
atmospheric pressure (Patm) matches the combined pressure of the gases in
the collection bottle. Using a ____________________________ table for the partial
pressure of water vapor (PH2O) the pressure of the individual gas can be
determined.
Patm = Pgas + PH2O
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 19

Essential Question:
How does Dalton’s law of partial pressures account for the individual pressure of different gases in a system?

Summary:

Guided Practice
Scan for Video Vapor Pressure of Water
Tutorial

1. Oxygen gas from the decomposition of potassium chlorate, KClO3, was collected by water
displacement. The barometric pressure and the temperature during the experiment were
731.0mmHg and 20.0°C, respectively. What was the partial pressure of the oxygen collected?
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 20

Guided Practice
Scan for Video 2. Some hydrogen gas is collected over water at 20.0°C. The levels of water inside and outside the
Tutorial
gas-collection bottle are the same. The partial pressure of hydrogen is 742.5mmHg. What is
the barometric pressure at the time the gas is collected?

3. A certain mass of oxygen was collected over water when potassium chlorate was decomposed
by heating. The volume of the oxygen sample collected was 720.mL at 25.0°C and a barometric
pressure of 755mmHg. What would the volume of the oxygen be at STP? (Hint: First calculate
the partial pressure of the oxygen, and then use the combined gas law).
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 21

Learning Target 10.6:

I can calculate the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases.

Criteria for Success:

I can calculate the mole fraction of a gas.

I can use the mole fraction of a gas to calculate the partial pressure of a gas.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Mixtures of Gases
A. Many gas samples are not pure, but are ____________________________ of gases. Dry
air, for example, is a mixture containing nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide,
and a few other gases in trace amounts.
B. In certain applications, the mixture can be thought of as ___________________________
gas.
1. Even though air is a mixture, we can measure the pressure, volume, and
temperature of air as if it were a pure substance.
2. We can calculate the ____________________________ moles of molecules in an
air sample, knowing P, V, and T, even though they are different
molecules.
C. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures can be combined with the Ideal Gas Law when
you are working with ____________________________ of gases. Again, keep in mind that
even though you are working with a mixture of gases, you can think of the
mixture as ____________________________ gas.

Mole Fraction
A. The ____________________________ pressure of a component in a gaseous mixture can
also be determined by its mole ____________________________ multiplied by the total
pressure.

B. The mole ____________________________ is the number of moles of a component in a

mixture divided by the total number of moles in the mixture.
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 22

Essential Question:
How is the mole fraction of a gas calculated?

Summary:

Guided Practice
Scan for Video
Tutorial
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 23

Lab: Molar Mass of Butane

Learning Target 10.7:

I can describe and calculate the relationship between partial pressures and total pressures for an ideal gas or
mixture of gases as described by Dalton's law of partial pressures.

Criteria for Success:

I can calculate the partial pressure of a gas collected by water displacement.
I can use the ideal gas law to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or amount of moles of a gas when the other
three quantities are known.

Introduction:
Butane is a hydrocarbon and a highly flammable, colorless, odorless, easily liquefied gas. It is typically used as fuel
for cigarette lighters and portable stoves, a propellant in aerosols, a heating fuel, a refrigerant, and in the
manufacture of a wide range of products. Butane is also found in Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).

Since 1987, hydrocarbons have replaced chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as the propellant used in most aerosols.
Butane is one of the commonly used propellants in household and industrial aerosols and therefore can be found in
numerous aerosol products. However, the packaging of many aerosols products will commonly identify the
propellant as ‘hydrocarbon’, not specifically identifying butane.

Concepts:
•Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures •Ideal Gas Law •Molar Mass

Materials:
Chemicals Equipment
Disposable Butane Lighter Balance
Pneumatic Trough or Large Beaker, 600mL
Graduated Cylinder, 100mL
Rubber Stopper, size 5
Pressure Sensor
Temperature Probe
Data Collection Device
Safety Precautions:
Butane is a flammable gas; keep away from all sparks, flames, and heat. Perform the demonstration in a well-
ventilated lab and dispose of the gas in a fume hood or outdoors. Wear chemical splash goggles and a lab apron.

Background:
In this lab, we are going to determine the molar mass of butane, C4H10, experimentally. A simple calculation using a
periodic table would give us the correct answer for the molar mass of butane, however, you are going to conduct an
experiment in the lab to see how close you can come to the accepted value. We know that PV = nRT. The ideal gas
law equation can be rearranged to solve for n, the number of moles:
!"
!=
!"
We are trying to find the molar mass, which is expressed in units of grams per mole (g/mol). We will measure the
mass of the butane released from the pressurized container, and we will measure the volume of the gas that we
collect. You can use the method of water displacement at room conditions and then substitute the measurements of
volume, temperature, and pressure into the ideal gas law equation in order to find n, the number of moles of
butane. Once we know the mass, and the number of moles, we will divide the mass by the number of moles to
calculate the molar mass (g/mol).
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 24
Procedure
Determination of the Molar Mass of Butane
1. Fill a large bin with room temperature water.

2. Measure the temperature as well as the barometric pressure using the sensors set up at the front of the
room. Record this information on your data sheet where indicated.

3. Determine the mass of a butane lighter to the nearest 0.01 g. It’s important that you do not discharge any
of the gas once you have determined this initial mass.

4. Submerge a graduated cylinder in the large bin and fill it completely with water. Invert the graduated
cylinder filled with water. There should be no air bubbles in the graduated cylinder to start. Have a group
member hold the inverted graduated cylinder (filled with water) in the large bin.

5. Connect one end of the tubing to the lighter as indicated by your instructor. Be careful not to discharge any
gas from the lighter. Hold the lighter above the water level so that water does not flow backward into the
lighter.

6. Place the other end of the tubing under opening of the graduated cylinder and fill the cylinder with butane
by holding down the trigger on the butane lighter. Be careful not to let any of the gas escape around the
graduated cylinder.

7. Displace about 90 mL of water from the graduated cylinder. To collect the last 10 mL of butane, adjust the
height of the graduated cylinder so that the 100-mL mark lines up with the level of water in the trough or
beaker. Fill the graduated cylinder to the 100-mL mark with butane. (IMPORTANT: This ensures that the
pressure of gas inside the graduated cylinder will be the same as the atmospheric pressure.)

8. Remove the tubing from the lighter and determine its mass.

Cleanup and Disposal:

Clean all apparatus and your lab station. Return equipment to its proper place. Dispose of all chemicals and waste
as directed by your teacher. Wash your hands thoroughly after all work is finished and before you leave the lab.
 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 25

Data:
Mass
1. Beginning mass of butane container (minitial ) _________________grams
2. Final mass of butane container (mfinal ) _________________grams
3. !!! !!" = Mass of butane collected (line 1 – line 2) _________________grams

Volume
4. Volume of the gas collected _________________mL
5. !!! !!" = Volume of butane, converted to liters (line 4 ÷ 1000) _________________L

Temperature
6. !!! !!" = Temperature of water in °C _________________°C
7. !!! !!" = Temperature of water in K _________________K
(Assume !!! ! = !!! !!" )
K = °C + 273
Pressure
8. Barometric pressure in the room (Ptotal) _________________ mm Hg
9. Vapor pressure of water at the temperature in line 6 (!!! ! ) _________________ mm Hg
The gas collected in the cylinder is a mixture of C4H10 (g) and H2O (g).
Use Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure to calculate the pressure of butane in the mixture.
!!"!#$ = !!! ! + !!! !!"

10. Pressure of dry butane !!! !!" _________________ mm Hg

11. Convert !!! !!" from mm Hg into the different units of pressure indicated using dimensional analysis.
SHOW your conversions below.

!!! !!" = _________________ mm Hg =_________________ torr =_________________ kPa = _________________ atm

 Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry
Unit 10 Page 26

Calculations:
1. Calculate the number of moles of butane collected using the R value based on the pressure units. Show your
work.
PV = nRT
P= ___________
V= ___________
n = !
R= __________
Τ= ____________

n = __________
2. Calculate the experimental molar mass, M, of butane by dividing the mass, !!! !!" (line 3 in your data table), by
n, the number of moles calculated above.

M experimental = _________
3. Calculate the accepted value for the molar mass of butane using a periodic table.
Butane C4H10

M accepted = ____________
4. Calculate the ERROR (the difference between the accepted value and your experimental value).

5. Calculate the percentage error in your result.

% error __________
Additional Questions:
1. How many grams of butane did you collect in this experiment?

2. What volume would the same number of grams of ethane (C2H6) have occupied at the same conditions of
temperature and pressure?

3. What volume would the butane you collected occupy at STP?