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RPC 2018
https://groups.google.com/d/forum/rpc-2018
Reduction in use of oil and increase in other primary energy sources can be seen
OECD: Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (34 Countries)
The radical changes in the energy mix will require a greater emphasis on
improving policy structures and driving an investment programme that will
ultimately lead to a different energy mix becoming possible. Fortunately
Pakistan is coming into the market at a time when it can benefit from the
maturing Alternative and Renewable Technologies specially wind and solar.
In order to bridge the energy deficit, Pakistan will need to import increasing quantities
of gas and liquid hydrocarbons and diversify its energy supplies to include Coal,
Alternative & Renewable and a greater proportion of Nuclear energy. As such Pakistan
will need to import around 34 MMTOE of primary energy, or 28% of its primary energy
requirement, to meet its demand by the year 2022.
WHY DO
WHY DO WE
WE NEED
NEED TO
TO STUDY
SUTDY IT?
IT?
WHAT
WHAT IS
IS ITS
ITS IMPORTANCE?
IMPORTANCE?
HOW
HOW ARE
ARE THE
THE STAKE
STAKE HOLDERS
HOLDERS AFFECTED?
AFFECTED?
HOW IT AFFECTS THE DYNAMICS OF THE POWER SYSTEM?
Instantaneous power
Average or active power
Reactive power How interlinked with each other?
Apparent power
Complex power
How to define
Need for segregation? them?
RMS value?
VA rating talks about the maximum current and voltage values which the
equipment can handle.
In inductive equipments like, transformers, motors and reactors it relates to the
core and winding losses.
It governs the maximum cost of the equipment and operating temperature.
Therefore, we can say that the apparent power physically exists without a
particular direction and has the only property of magnitude.
It exists physically and has the direction of from the point of connection to the
apparatus connected to it.
Power
Load
System
Thermal
angle
limit [Θ]
[δ]
System
frequency
[f]
Alternating flux create numerous problems in its applications like core losses etc.
but the major problem that it imposes in the power system is that of the Reactive
power.
The problem areas that are linked with the reactive power are reactances,
arcs, surges, resonances, skin effects and so on………………
Reactive power
Active power
“Positive sign indicates the absorption of the
reactive power while negative shows the vice versa”
Load compensation is the management of reactive power to improve the quality of
supply in ac power systems. The term load compensation is used where the reactive
power management is effected for a single load (or group of loads), the compensating
equipment usually being installed on the consumer's own premises near to the load.
The techniques used, and indeed some of the objectives, differ considerably from
those met in the compensation of bulk supply networks (transmission compensation).
In load compensation there are three main objectives:
1. Power-factor correction.
2. Improvement of voltage regulation.
3. Load balancing.
In a transmission line the reactive drop increases along the length of the line
this shows that the reactance is in series and therefore it’s a current
controlled parameter while the flux in the electric motor is governed by the
voltage and is independent of the load current to the extent that it can be
treated as the parallel component.
1. Low energy cost. [ De-regulation has forced a lot]. How?]
2. High reliability of power supply.
3. High quality of energy.
Key Indicator for the power system reactive power steady-state scenario is the
voltage profile.
Some parts of ONTARIO state suffered rolling blackouts for more than the week
before complete restoration of the power.
In CANADA, the GDP was fall 0.7 % in August with the loss of net 18.9 million
work hour.
On August 15,2003: U.S president of the time George W. Bush directed a joint
investigation between US/CANADA for the reason of such a massive loss and to
evaluate the ways to reduce the future outages of such scenarios.
On 26th September 2003: