AIM

To design and simulate basic logic gates and to design an appropriate logic gate
combination for a given truth table.
 APPARATUS
 A project board
 Two N4007 diodes
 Two LED
 A 9v battery with a connector
 Two BPJ-BC547 transistors
 Two 100, three 560 resistors
 Connecting wires

THEORY

The three basic logic gates and their combinations are the building block of the digital
circuit.

1. OR gate
The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its
inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2. AND Gate
The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives high output only if all inputs are high.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3. NOT Gate

The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its
output. It is also known as an inverter.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 PROCEDURE
DESIGN OF BASIC LOGIC GATES

1. DESIGN OF AND GATE

COMPONENTS: Two p-n junction diode, A LED, A 100 resistors

CONSTRUCTION: An AND gate can be realized by connecting the diodes as shown in

the figure. A resistance of 100 is connected in series with the LED to prevent its
malfunction.

PROJECT BOARD CIRCUIT:

DESIGN OF OR GATE

COMPONENTS: Two p-n junction diode, a LED, a 100 resistors

CONSTRUCTION: An OR gate can be realized by connecting the diodes as shown in

the figure. Here also there is a need for a 100 resistor in series with LED

PROJECT BOARD CIRCUIT:

DESIGN OF NOT GATE

COMPONENTS: A transistor, two LEDs, three 560 resistors.

CONSTRUCTION: not gate circuit can be realized by connecting an NPN transistor as

shown in the figure. The base of the transistor is connected to the input through resistance
of 560 and emitter is connected to the negative terminal. The collector is connected to the
positive terminal and the output voltage at collector is with respect to negative.

PROJECT BOARD CIRCUIT:

Logic gate combination for given truth table

1. Write product term for each input (minterm), Combination where Boolean function
has output

2. While writing minterms, complement the variable whose value is 0 otherwise write
it in the direct form (without complement).

3. Add all the minterms to obtain the Boolean function.

4. Draw the circuit using basic LOGIC Gates.

So we, choose the given Truth Table.

A B
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Y=A.B Y’
0 1
0 1
0 1
1 0
The Boolean Function F(x,y) is obtained as:

F(x,y) = X’.Y’+X.Y’+X’Y

= Y’+X’Y <Distributive law>

= (X’+Y’)(Y+Y’) <Distributive law>

= X’+Y’ <law of complements>

= (XY)’ <DeMorgan’s theorem>

So, our expression reduces to that of a NAND Gate logic (Not of AND).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUITS PREPARED

AND gate

OR gate
NOT gate

NAND gate
 OBSERVATIONS
1. Stimulation of AND gate

The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit:

a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not glow, hence Y=0.

b) If Switch one switch is open and the other is closed (A=1, B=0 or A=0, B=1) then
LED will not glow, hence Y=0.

c) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED wi ll glow,

Hence Y=1.

2. Stimulation of OR gate

The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit:

a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not glow, hence Y=0.

b) If Switch one switch is open and the other is closed (A=1, B=0 or A=0, B=1) then
LED will glow, hence Y=0.

c) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED wi ll glow,

Hence Y=1.

3. Stimulation of NOT gate

a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the LED will glow, hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the LED will not glow, hence Y=0.

4. Stimulation of NAND gate

a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then LED will glow, hence Y=1.

b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) LED will glow, hence Y=1.

c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) LED will glow, hence Y=1.

d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) LED will not glow, hence Y=0
 RESULT
Basic logic gates were designed and simulated and logic circuit was prepared for the
given truth table.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Wikipedia
 Electronic devices and circuits by J B Gupta
 Conceptual physics by G C Agarwal
 Encarta