A SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT (2018)

REPORT ON
HARMONICS AND ITS EFFECTS
SUBMITTED BY:

NAME

(Mobile no.)

Course (branch)

University

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The internship opportunity I had with ONGC (Oil And Natural Gas Corporation)
was a great chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I
consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to
be a part of it. I am also grateful for having chance to meet so many wonderful
people and professionals who led me though this training period.

Bearing in mind previous I am using this opportunity to express my deepest

gratitude and special thanks to our mentor Mr. Diwas Joshi, EE(E) who in spite of
being extra ordinary busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep
me on the correct path and allowing me to carry out my project at their esteemed
organization and extending during the training.

It is my radiant sentiment to place on my record my best regards, deepest sense

of gratitude to all who made this training possible for their careful and precious
guidance which were extremely valuable for my study both theoretically and
practically.

I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will

strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will
continue to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired career
objectives. Hope to continue cooperation with all of you in the future.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTERS PAGE No.

 ABSTRACT 4
 ONGC Today 5

1. INTRODUCTION TO HARMONICS 8
2. NON-LINEAR LOAD 9
3. HARMONICS IN POWER SYSTEM 10
4. GENERATION OF HARMONICS 11
5. CURRENT HARMONICS 12
6. VOLTAGE HARMONICS 13
7. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION 14
8. HARMONICS IN THREE-PHASE SYSTEM 15
9. HARMONICS PHASE SEQUENCE 16
10. TRIPLEN HARMONICS 17
11. TRIPLEN HARMONICS IN TRANSFORMERS 18
12. HARMONICS IN INDUCTION MACHINES 20
13. METERING AND FLOW OF HARMONICS 23
14. PROBLEMS CAUSED BY HARMONICS 25
15. MITIGATION OF HARMONICS 26
16. HARMONICS ANALYSIS and GRAPHS BASED ON 29
READINGS CONDUCTED
17. CONCLUSION 34
18. REFERENCE 35

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 ABSTRACT
The increased use of power electronics controlled equipment, such as variable speed drives,
automated production lines, personal computers and non-linear electronic devices in power
system has given rise to a type of voltage and current waveform distortion called
“harmonics”.

Harmonics can be defined as the undesirable components of distorted periodic waveform

whose frequencies are the integer multiples (non-integer multiple in case of inter-
harmonics, and the frequency less than fundamental frequency in case of sub-harmonics) of
the fundamental frequency. Presence of these harmonics results in increased losses,
equipment heating and loss-of-life, and interference with protection, control and
communication circuits as well as customer loads. The research has been underway since
very beginning for control of power system harmonics and to supply consumers with
reliable and clean fundamental frequency sinusoidal electric power that does not represent
a damaging threat to their equipment.

This paper, therefore, reviews the progress made in power system harmonics research and
development since its inception. Attempts are also made to highlight the current and future
issues involved in the development of quality and reliable electric power technology for
future application.

4
 ONGC TODAY
Maharatna ONGC is the largest crude oil and natural gas Company in India, contributing
around 70 per cent to Indian domestic production. Crude oil is the raw material used by
downstream companies like IOCL, BPCL, and HPCL to produce petroleum products like
Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, Naphtha, and Cooking Gas-LPG.

These largest natural gas company ranks 11th among global energy majors (Platts). It is the
only public sector Indian company to feature in Fortune’s ‘Most Admired Energy
Companies’ list. ONGC ranks 18th in ‘Oil and Gas operations’ and 183rd overall in Forbes
Global 2000. Acclaimed for its Corporate Governance practices, Transparency International
has ranked ONGC 26th among the biggest publicly traded global giants. It is most valued
and largest E&P Company in the world, and one of the highest profit-making and dividend-
paying enterprises.

ONGC has a unique distinction of being a company with in-house service capabilities in all
areas of Exploration and Production of oil & gas and related oil-field services. Winner of the
Best Employer award, this public sector enterprise has a dedicated team of over 33,500
professionals who toil round the clock in challenging locations.

ONGC Videsh is a wholly owned subsidiary of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
(ONGC), the National Oil Company of India, and is India’s largest international oil and gas
Company. ONGC Videsh has participation in 41 projects in 20 countries namely Azerbaijan,
Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Iraq, Israel, Iran, Kazakhstan, Libya, Mozambique, Myanmar,
Namibia, Russia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Vietnam and
New Zealand. ONGC Videsh maintains a balanced portfolio of 15 producing, 4
discovered/under development, 18 exploratory and 4 pipeline projects. The Company
currently operates/ jointly operates 21 projects.

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GLOBAL RANKING
 ONGC received Dun & Bradstreet Award 2018 in the 'Oil and Gas Exploration'
category.

 ONGC received 4 PSE Excellence Awards from Indian Chamber of Commerce in 2016.

 This Top Energy Company in India, ranked 11th globally as per Platts Top 250 Global
Energy Rankings, 2017

 Ranked 464 in the Newsweek Green Rankings World's Greenest Companies 2016

 Ranked 14th among global Oil and Gas Operations industry in Forbes Global 2000
list, 2017 of the World's biggest companies for 2017; Ranked 443 in the overall list,
2017 - based on Sales (US$ 19.89 billion), 288 on Profits, 470 in Assets and 300
Market Value.

 Ranked 26 in 'Transparency in Corporate Reporting' among the world's 124 largest

listed companies published by Transparency International, 2014(Up from 39 in 2012)

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ONGC Represents India's Energy Security through its Pioneering Efforts
ONGC is the only fully–integrated oil and gas company in India, operating along the entire
hydrocarbon value chain. It has single-handedly scripted India's hydrocarbon saga. Some
key pointers:

 ONGC has discovered 6 out of the 7 oil and gas producing basins in India:

 This largest energy company in India has established 8.70 billion tonnes of in-place
hydrocarbon reserves. It has to its credit more than 570 discoveries of oil and gas
with Ultimate Reserves of 3.02 Billion Metric tonnes (BMT) of Oil Plus Oil Equivalent
Gas (O+OEG) from domestic acreages.

 It has cumulatively produced 998 Million Metric Tonnes (MMT) of crude and 645
Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) of Natural Gas.

 ONGC has won 115 out of a total 254 Blocks (more than 50%) in the 8 rounds of
bidding, under the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) of the Indian
Government.

 ONGC's wholly-owned subsidiary ONGC Videsh Ltd. (OVL) is the biggest Indian
multinational, with 41 Oil & Gas projects in 20 countries.

 ONGC produces over 1.26 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, contributing
around 70% of India's domestic production. Of this, over 75% of crude oil produced
is Light & Sweet.

 The Company holds the largest share of hydrocarbon acreages in India (61% in PEL
Areas & 81% in ML Areas).

 ONGC possesses about one tenth of the total Indian refining capacity.

 This E&P Company has a well-integrated Hydrocarbon Value Chain structure with
interests in LNG and product transportation business as well.

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1. INTRODUCTION TO HARMONICS
Harmonic are the integer multiple of the fundamental frequency and it can be voltage and
current in an electric power system are a result of non-linear electric loads. Harmonic
frequencies in the power grid are a frequent cause of power quality problems. Harmonics in
power systems result in increased heating in the equipment and conductors, misfiring in
variable speed drives, and torque pulsations in motors. Reduction of harmonics is
considered desirable.

In definition, harmonics are said to be integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.

Integer means any ‘n’ number say 1, 3, 5, 7……and so on. Let us consider harmonics current
of order 3. ‘Three’ is an integer. This integer would be multiplied with the fundamental
frequency. So, the harmonics current of order three would have a frequency of 150 hertz (3
X 50 hertz = 150 hertz). Similarly, if we have harmonics of order 5, 7, and 9 then the
harmonic frequency would be of 250 hertz, 350 hertz, and 450 hertz respectively.

All these harmonics frequencies are summed up together including fundamental frequency
or the base frequency and we get total harmonic distortion.

ODD AND EVEN ORDER HARMONICS

 Harmonics that are odd integer multiple of fundamental frequency are called as odd
harmonics.
 Harmonics that are even integer multiple of fundamental frequency are called even
harmonics.

Say we have fundamental frequency f. Then,

Odd harmonics have frequency of 3f, 5f, 7f…etc.

Even harmonics have frequency of 2f, 4f, 6f...etc.

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2. NON-LINEAR LOAD
A load is considered non-linear if its impedance changes with the applied voltage. The
changing impedance means that the current drawn by the non-linear load will not be
sinusoidal even when it is connected to a sinusoidal voltage. These non-sinusoidal currents
contain harmonic currents that interact with the impedance of the power distribution
system to create voltage distortion that can affect both the distribution system equipment
and the loads connected to it.

In the past, non-linear loads were primarily found in heavy industrial applications such as
arc furnaces, large variable frequency drives (VFD), heavy rectifiers for electrolytic refining,
etc. The harmonics they generated were typically localized and often addressed by
knowledgeable experts.

Harmonic problems are now common in not only industrial applications but in commercial
buildings as well. This is due primarily to new power conversion technologies, such as the
Switch-mode Power Supply (SMPS), which can be found in virtually every power electronic
device (computers, servers, monitors, printers, photocopiers, telecom systems,
broadcasting equipment, banking machines, etc.).

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3. CURRENT HARMONICS
Current harmonics are caused by non-linear loads. When a non-linear load, such as a
rectifier is connected to the system, it draws a current that is not necessarily sinusoidal. The
current waveform can become quite Complex, depending on the type of load and its
interaction with other components of the system. Regardless of how complex the current
waveform becomes, as described through Fourier series analysis, it is possible to
deconstruct it into a series of simple sinusoids, which start at the power system
fundamental frequency and occur at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.

Power is supplied by a three phase system, where each phase is 120 degrees apart. This is
done for two reasons: Firstly it is because generators/motors that use three phases are
more efficient due to the constant torque the phases supply, and secondly it is because
after power is supplied to a load, the three phases can theoretically be added onto a neutral
wire and cancels each other out. This saves the utility from creating return wiring to the
power plant. However, if the 3 phases contain 3rd order harmonics, the currents will not
fully add to zero. As seen in the figure, the 3rd harmonic will add constructively with the 3rd
harmonics within the other phases. This leads to an oscillating current in the neutral wire,
which can be dangerous since it is designed (i.e. small-size conductors) to carry minimal
current. To avoid 3rd harmonics adding together Delta connections are used, and the
current is cycled around the connection instead of combining into the neutral of a Wye
connection.

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4. VOLTAGE HARMONICS
Voltage harmonics are mostly caused by current harmonics. The voltage provided by the
voltage source will be distorted by current harmonics due to source impedance. If the
source impedance of the voltage source is small, current harmonics will cause only small
voltage harmonics. It is typically the case that voltage harmonics are indeed small compared
to current harmonics. For that reason, the voltage waveform can usually be approximated
by the fundamental frequency of voltage. If this approximation is used, current harmonics
produce no effect on the real power transferred to the load. An intuitive way to see this
comes from sketching the voltage wave at fundamental frequency and overlaying a current
harmonic with no phase shift (in order to more easily observe the following phenomenon).
What can be observed is that for every period of voltage, there is equal area above the
horizontal axis and below the current harmonic wave as there is below the axis and above
the current harmonic wave. This means that the average real power contributed by current
harmonics is equal to zero. However, if higher harmonics of voltage are considered, then
current harmonics do make a contribution to the real power transferred to the load.

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5. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
Total harmonic distortion (THD) is an important aspect in power systems and it should be
kept as low as possible. Lower THD in power systems means higher power factor, lower
peak currents, and higher efficiency. Low THD is such an important feature in power
systems that international standards such as IEC 61000-3-2 set limits on the harmonic
currents of various classes of power equipment.

The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is an indicator of the distortion of a signal. It is widely
used in Electrical Engineering and Harmonic management in particular.
For a signal y, the THD is defined as:

THD is the ratio of the r.m.s. value of all the harmonic components of the signal y, to the
fundamental Y1.
H is generally taken equal to 50, but can be limited in most cases to 25.
Note that THD can exceed 1 and is generally expressed as a percentage.

For current harmonics the equation is:

For voltage harmonics, the equation is:

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6. HARMONICS IN POWER SYSTEM
A well designed power plant generates sinusoidal alternating current electrical power, thus
a utility delivers sinusoidal power or fundamental power to consumers. The loads at
consumer end are nonlinear in nature and cause distortion in the wave shape and generate
other components at frequencies that are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency.
The combined wave shape of all the frequencies are not a sinusoidal wave shape and make
an irregular shape but of repetitive nature. The repetitive deviation of either the voltage or
current waveform from a pure sinusoid is usually referred as harmonic distortion. The
combined wave shape is a complex wave shape and can be decomposed by Fourier
transform method.

The distortion components can be submultiples of the fundamental frequencies in a power

system and cause distortion in the sinusoidal wave shape and are called harmonic distortion
but generally the integer multiples are referred as harmonic components and are harmonic
distortion. The harmonic components may be different in current and voltage waveforms.

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7. GENERATION OF HARMONICS
Harmonics are generated by any load, which draws current not proportional to the voltage
applied. Most loads are somewhat nonlinear, but some generate more and higher level
harmonics than others. These include the following and many more types of loads

 Static power converters using SCRs to control the drives

 Arc furnaces, Arc welding sets and ovens
 Ballast in high power discharge, mercury vapor lamps, high pressure sodium vapor
lamps and metal halide lightening etc.
 Switching or phase controlled AC to DC power supplies, battery chargers and UPS for
computer and computer controlled machines.
 Transformers opening near saturation
 Solid state frequency converters for induction heating and cycloconverters
 Induction furnaces and electrolysis plants.

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8. HARMONICS IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM
In three-phase system, harmonics may be produced in the same way as in the single-phase
systems. In the three phase systems following need to be considered

 All the third harmonics are equal in all phases of the circuit and they are in time
phase.
 All harmonics, which are not multiples of three, have a phase displacement of 120
degree so that they can be dealt in the usual manner.
 The 5, 11th and 17 harmonics have a negative phase sequence of R, Y, and B.
 The 7, 13 and 19 harmonics have a positive phase rotation of R, Y, and B.
 In case of three phase transformers, the production of harmonics will be affected by
the method of connection and the type of construction employed.
 When primary is connected in delta, in each phase the third harmonics current will
be in phase and so produce circulating current round the mesh with the result that
there will be no third harmonic current in the line current.
 When the primary is connected in 4wire star, the third harmonic current will flow
through line and return through neutral wire. And in case of 3wire star connection,
third harmonics current is not returning therefore the line voltages will contain third
harmonic components

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9. HARMONICS PHASE SEQUENCE
Power engineers have traditionally used symmetrical components to help describe 3-phase
system behavior. The 3-phase system is transformed into three single-phase systems that
are much simpler to analyze. The method of symmetrical components can be employed for
analysis of the system’s response to harmonic currents provided care is taken not to violate
the fundamental assumptions of the method.

The method allows any unbalanced set of phase currents (or voltages) to be transformed
into three balanced sets.

The positive sequence set contains three sinusoids displaced 120 from each other, with the
normal A-B-C phase rotation (e.g., 0, −120, 120). The sinusoids of the negative-sequence set
are also displaced 120, but have opposite phase rotation (A-C-B, e.g., 0, 120, −120). The
sinusoids of the zero sequence are in phase with each other (e.g., 0, 0, and 0).

In a perfect balanced 3-phase system, the harmonic phase sequence can be determined by
multiplying the harmonic number ‘h’ with the normal positive sequence phase rotation.

For example: for the second harmonic, h = 2, produces 2 × (0, −120, 120) or (0, 120, −120)
which is the negative sequence. For the third harmonic, h = 3, produces 3 × (0, −120, 120) or
(0, 0, 0°) which is the zero sequence. Phase sequence for all other harmonic orders can be
determined in the same fashion.

Since a distorted waveform in power systems contains only odd harmonic components,
only odd harmonic phase sequence rotations are summarized below;

 Harmonics of order (h = 1, 7, 13...) are purely positive sequences.

 Harmonics of order (h = 5, 11, 17…) are purely negative sequences.
 Triplens (h = 3, 9, 15…) are purely zero sequence.

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10. TRIPLEN HARMONICS
Triplen harmonics are the odd multiples of the third harmonic (h = 3, 9, 15, 21,..). They
deserve special consideration because the system response is often considerably different
for triplens than for the rest of the harmonics.

Triplens become an important issue for grounded-wye systems with current flowing on the
neutral.

Two typical problems are overloading the neutral and telephone interference. One also
hears occasionally of devices that misoperate because the line-to-neutral voltage is badly
distorted by the triplen harmonic voltage drop in the neutral conductor.

For the system with perfectly balanced single-phase loads illustrated in Figure 1, an
assumption is made that fundamental and third harmonic components are present.
Summing the currents at node N, the fundamental current components in the neutral are
found to be zero, but the third harmonic components are three times the phase currents
because they naturally coincide in phase and time.

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11. TRIPLEN HARMONICS IN TRANSFORMER
Transformer winding connections have a significant impact on the flow of triplen harmonic
currents from single-phase nonlinear loads. Two cases are shown in Figure below. In the
wye-delta transformer (top), the triplen harmonic currents are shown entering the wye
side.

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The delta winding provides ampere-turn balance so that they can flow, but they remain
trapped in the delta and do not show up in the line currents on the delta side. When the
cur- rents are balanced, the triplen harmonic currents behave exactly as zero-sequence
currents, which is precisely what they are.

This type of transformer connection is the most common employed in utility distribution
substations with the delta winding connected to the transmission feed.

Using grounded-wye windings on both sides of the transformer (bottom) allows balanced
triplens to flow from the low voltage system to the high voltage system unimpeded.

They will be present in equal proportion on both sides. Many loads in the United States are
served in this fashion.

Some important implications of this related to power quality analysis are:

#1 – Transformers, particularly the neutral connections, are susceptible to overheating

when serving single phase loads on the wye side that have high third harmonic content.

#2 – Measuring the current on the delta side of a transformer will not show the triplens
and, therefore, not give a true idea of the heating the transformer is being subjected to.

The flow of triplen harmonic currents can be interrupted by the appropriate isolation
transformer connection.

#3 – Removing the neutral connection in one or both wye windings, blocks the flow of
triplen harmonic current. There is no place for ampere-turn balance. Likewise, a delta
winding blocks the flow from the line.

These rules about triplen harmonic current flow in transformers apply only to balanced
loading conditions. When the phases are not balanced, currents of normal triplen harmonic
frequencies may very well show up where they are not expected.

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12. HARMONICS IN INDUCTION MACHINES
In attempting to understand the performance of an induction machine, we consider that
the air-gap flux wave is purely sinusoidal. It is from that assumption the analysis of induced
emf, sinusoidal currents, the expressions for generated torque etc. proceed. In practice,
there are deviations from this idealistic picture.

Time Harmonics
The first non-ideality is the presence of harmonics in the input supply given to the three
phase machine. The source may contain 3rd, 5th, and 7th . . . harmonics. Note that due to
the symmetry of the waveform (f(t) = −f(t + T/2), where T is the period of the supply sine
waveform, even ordered harmonics cannot exist. Let the R phase supply voltage be given by
the expression

vR = V1m sin (w1t + φ1) + V3m sin(3w1t + φ3)φ+V5m sin(5w1t + φ5) + V7m sin(7w1t + φ7)

Being a balanced three phase supply, we know that the waveforms of vY and vB are 120
and 240 degree shifted from vR respectively. It is further well known that if a waveform is
shifted by φ degrees, its harmonics are shifted by nφ degrees, where n is the order of the
harmonic.
Thus the expressions for vY and vB would be

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If we consider the third harmonic components of the three phase waveforms, and if vx3 (t)

is the third harmonic of phase x, we can see that

vR3 = V3m sin (3w1t + φ3)

vY 3 = V3m sin (3w1t + φ3)
vB3 = V3m sin (3w1t + φ3)

Therefore, all the three third harmonics are in phase. In a STAR connected system with
isolated neutral, these voltages cannot cause any current flow since all three terminals are
equal in potential. If the neutral point is connected to some point, then then current can
flow through the neutral connection. Such a connection is however rare in induction
machines. The machine is therefore an open circuit to third harmonics. In fact, one can see
that any harmonic whose order is a multiple of three, i.e., the triplen harmonics, as they are
called, will face an identical situation. Since the machine is an open circuit to triplen
harmonics in the excitation voltage, these do not have effect on the machine. Let us now
consider the fifth harmonic.

From the equations above, one can see that

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From eqns. we see that the fifth harmonic of the excitation forms a negative sequence
system — B phase lags R by 120° and Y phase lags R by 120°

The MMF caused by a negative sequence excitation causes backward revolving flux pattern
(compared to the direction of the fundamental). The torque which it generates wills act as
an opposing torque to that generated by the fundamental.

Looking at the seventh harmonic, we can see that

From eqns. it is evident that the seventh harmonic components of the excitation form a
positive sequence system. The torque produced by these currents will therefore be additive
with respect to the fundamental component’s torque.
The actual effect of these harmonics on the induction machine would depend on the
reactance of the machine since at high frequencies; it is the reactance component that
dominates the inductance. Excitation voltage waveforms with considerable harmonic
content may result when induction machines are controlled through inverters. Apart from
the effects on torque, these harmonics cause considerable heating in the machine and are
hence a cause for concern. These harmonics are called time harmonics since they are
generated by a source that varies non-sinusoidally in time.

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13. METERING AND FLOW OF HARMONICS
The Diagram of metering point and load is shown below

The simple and common power system connections can be used to understand the flow of
harmonic power in the system due to nonlinear loads. Vg is the generator of the utility,
which generates fundamental power. The Zs is the source impedance and Zl is the
distribution network impedance, which a load sees from the load end. The Zl causes drop in
the voltage due to load current. Meter M2 measures power drawn by then on linear load.
The voltage distortion at the point marked A and B depends on the impedances Zs and Zl.
The linear load is connected in the system and power drawn by the linear load is measured
by meter M1.

The fundamental power is generated by the generator and transmitted to the load via Zs
and Zl. the harmonic current causes distortion in the voltage at the points A and B. The
distortion in the voltage will depend on the impedances. And the magnitude of harmonics
currents. The nonlinear load draws a current with a complex waveform. The complex

23
current wave shape will cause drop across the Zl and Zs. Consider the Zs and Zl as linear
impedances, the drop will be same as complex current wave shape. The voltage at point B is
Vg minus the complex voltage drop across the two impedances. Thus the harmonic power
has negative sign as compared to the fundamental power. The total power is the sum of
fundamental power and harmonic power thus the total power measured by the meter M2
is fundamental power consumed minus the harmonic power generated. The harmonic
power is flowing from the load to the utility and meters will measure less total power. The
complex current waveform will distort the voltage at the point A but the magnitude of
distortion will be less as compared to the point B. The linear load will draw current
proportional to the voltage. Thus it will draw some complex current due to the drop in the
voltage due to complex current waveform. The complex current is in phase with the voltage
applied thus the total power measured by the meter M1 is the fundamental power
consumed by the load plus complex or harmonic power fed due to voltage at the point B.
Thus the harmonic energy is flowing from the utility to the consumer and the power
metered is more than the power actually consumed in the load.

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14. PROBLEMS CAUSED BY HARMONICS
Harmonic currents cause problems both on the supply system and within the installation.

The effects and the solutions are very different and need to be addressed separately; the
measures that are appropriate to controlling the effects of harmonics within the installation
may not necessarily reduce the distortion caused on the supply and vice versa.

Problems caused by harmonic currents:

 overloading of neutrals
 overheating of transformers
 nuisance tripping of circuit breakers
 over-stressing of power factor correction capacitors
 skin effect

Problems caused by harmonic voltages:

 voltage distortion
 induction motors
 zero-crossing noise

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15. MITIGATION OF HARMONICS
When a harmonics problem occurs, the basic options for controlling harmonics are:

1. Reduce the harmonic currents produced by the load.

2. Add filters to siphon the harmonic currents off the system, block the currents from
entering the system, or supply the harmonic currents locally.

3. Modify the frequency response of the system by filters, inductors, or capacitors.

15.1 Reducing harmonic currents in loads

There is often little that can be done with existing load equipment to significantly reduce
the amount of harmonic current it is producing unless it is being misoperated. While an
overexcited transformer can be brought back into normal operation by lowering the applied
voltage to the correct range, arcing devices and most electronic power converters are
locked into their designed characteristics.

PWM drives that charge the dc bus capacitor directly from the line without any intentional
impedance are one exception to this. Adding a line reactor or transformer in series will
significantly reduce harmonics, as well as provide transient protection benefits.

Transformer connections can be employed to reduce harmonic currents in three-phase

systems. Phase-shifting half of the 6-pulse power converters in a plant load by 30° can
approximate the benefits of 12- pulse loads by dramatically reducing the fifth and seventh
harmonics. Delta-connected transformers can block the flow of zero-sequence harmonics
(typically triplens) from the line. Zigzag and grounding transformers can shunt the triplens
off the line.

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15.2 Filtering
The shunt filter works by short-circuiting harmonic currents as close to the source of
distortion as practical. This keeps the currents out of the supply system. This is the most
common type of filtering applied because of economics and because it also tends to correct
the load power factor as well as remove the harmonic current.

Another approach is to apply a series filter that blocks the harmonic currents. This is a
parallel-tuned circuit that offers a high impedance to the harmonic current. It is not often
used because it is difficult to insulate and the load voltage is much distorted. One common
application is in the neutral of a grounded-wye capacitor to block the flow of triplen
harmonics while still retaining a good ground at fundamental frequency.

Active filters work by electronically supplying the harmonic component of the current into a
nonlinear load.

15.3 Modifying the system frequency response

There are a number of methods to modify adverse system responses to harmonics:

1. Add a shunt filter: Not only does this shunt a troublesome harmonic current off the
system, but it completely changes the system response, most often, but not always, for the
better.

2. Add a reactor to detune the system: Harmful resonances generally occur between the
system inductance and shunt power factor correction capacitors. The reactor must be
added between the capacitor and the supply system source. One method is to simply put a
reactor in series with the capacitor to move the system resonance without actually tuning
the capacitor to create a filter. Another is to add reactance in the line.

27
3. Change the capacitor size: This is often one of the least expensive options for both
utilities and industrial customers.

4. Move a capacitor to a point on the system with a different short-circuit impedance or

higher losses. This is also an option for utilities when a new bank causes telephone
interference—moving the bank to another branch of the feeder may very well resolve the
problem. This is frequently not an option for industrial users because the capacitor cannot
be moved far enough to make a difference.

5. Remove the capacitor and simply accept the higher losses, lower voltage, and power
factor penalty. If technically feasible, this is occasionally the best economic choice.

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16. HARMONICS ANALYSIS
For analysing the harmonis in our three-phase power system we have used POWER
ANALYSER instrument (KRYKARD ALM 36) which is one of an installation at
ONGC(Dehradun).

The POWER ANALYSER is a multifunctional portable instrument for the measurement and
analysis of three-phase power system.

POWER ANALYSER has wide range of functions, such as:

True rms Voltage True rms Current Power

Power Factor Energy Harmonic Analysis

This instrument can show Harmonic Distortion Analysis uupto 63 rd both on line and on
recorded data.

29
 power fector power factor

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.5

0
1
0
Time: Time:

6:06:00 PM 6:06:00 PM
6:36:00 PM 6:36:00 PM
7:06:00 PM 7:06:00 PM
7:36:00 PM 7:36:00 PM
8:06:00 PM 8:06:00 PM
8:36:00 PM 8:36:00 PM
9:06:00 PM 9:06:00 PM
9:36:00 PM 9:36:00 PM
10:06:00 PM 10:06:00 PM
10:36:00 PM 10:36:00 PM

DPF
11:06:00 PM 11:06:00 PM
11:36:00 PM 11:36:00 PM

DPF

time
time
12:06:00 AM 12:06:00 AM

PF
12:36:00 AM 12:36:00 AM
1:06:00 AM PF 1:06:00 AM
1:36:00 AM 1:36:00 AM
2:06:00 AM 2:06:00 AM
2:36:00 AM 2:36:00 AM
3:06:00 AM 3:06:00 AM
3:36:00 AM 3:36:00 AM
4:06:00 AM 4:06:00 AM
4:36:00 AM 4:36:00 AM
5:06:00 AM 5:06:00 AM
5:36:00 AM 5:36:00 AM
GRAPH BASED ON THE READINGS CONDUCTED

6:06:00 AM 6:06:00 AM
GRAPH 2: Variation in Power Factor & Displacement Power Factor (Cosҩ) Of B Phase
GRAPH 1: Variation in Power Factor & Displacement Power Factor (Cosҩ) Of R Phase

6:36:00 AM 6:36:00 AM

30
7:06:00 AM 7:06:00 AM
 power factor power fector

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0
1

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0
1
With Time
Time: Time:

6:06:00 PM 6:06:00 PM
6:36:00 PM 6:36:00 PM
7:06:00 PM 7:06:00 PM
7:36:00 PM 7:36:00 PM
8:06:00 PM 8:06:00 PM
8:36:00 PM 8:36:00 PM
9:06:00 PM 9:06:00 PM
9:36:00 PM 9:36:00 PM
10:06:00 PM 10:06:00 PM
10:36:00 PM 10:36:00 PM

DPF
DPF
11:06:00 PM 11:06:00 PM
11:36:00 PM 11:36:00 PM

time
12:06:00 AM
time
12:06:00 AM

PF
PF
12:36:00 AM 12:36:00 AM
1:06:00 AM 1:06:00 AM
1:36:00 AM 1:36:00 AM
2:06:00 AM
2:06:00 AM
2:36:00 AM
2:36:00 AM
3:06:00 AM
3:06:00 AM
3:36:00 AM
3:36:00 AM
4:06:00 AM
4:06:00 AM
4:36:00 AM
4:36:00 AM
5:06:00 AM
5:06:00 AM
5:36:00 AM
5:36:00 AM
6:06:00 AM
6:06:00 AM
GRAPH 3: Variation in Power Factor & Displacement Power Factor (Cosҩ) Of Y Phase

6:36:00 AM
6:36:00 AM
GRAPH 4: Variation of Total Power Factor and Total Displacement Power Factor (Cosҩ)

31
7:06:00 AM
7:06:00 AM
 % Harmonics content
%THDf

10
20
40
50
60
70
80
90

30

0
100

7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5
27.5
32.5
37.5
42.5
47.5
Time:

H1
6:06:00 PM

H3
6:36:00 PM

R PHASE
7:06:00 PM

H5
7:36:00 PM
8:06:00 PM
8:36:00 PM

H7

R PHASE(THDf)
9:06:00 PM
9:36:00 PM

H9
10:06:00 PM
10:36:00 PM
11:06:00 PM
H11
11:36:00 PM

TIME
Y PHASE

12:06:00 AM

Y PHASE(THDf)
12:36:00 AM
H13

1:06:00 AM
1:36:00 AM
H15

2:06:00 AM
2:36:00 AM GRAPH 6: Total Harmonics Distortion (%THDf) In R, Y and B Phases
3:06:00 AM
H17

3:36:00 AM

B PHASE(THDf)
4:06:00 AM
H19

4:36:00 AM
5:06:00 AM
B PHASE

5:36:00 AM
6:06:00 AM
GRAPH 5: % Harmonics Content of Various Frequencies on Fundamental Frequency

6:36:00 AM

32
7:06:00 AM
 GRAPH 7: Variation of Distorted Energy with Time

9000
8000
Energy Distortion

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0

TIME

Ed1 (varh) varh Ed2 (varh) varh Ed3 (varh) varh EdT (varh) varh

GRAPH 8: Graphs of Different Harmonics for Phase “R”

HARMONICS FOR PHASE "R"

100
90
80
70
60
%f

50
40
30
20
10
0

TIME
A1 H1 % f A1 H3 % f A1 H5 % f A1 H7 % f A1 H9 % f

33
17. CONCLUSION
Harmonic effects in power system are inspected in this study. This effect will further in‐
crease depending on the use of more devices which are produced by semiconductor
technology. Furthermore, impact of iron-steel plants and large industrial areas on power
quality disturbances cannot be ignored.

With increase in use of non-linear loads, the issues of power supply harmonics are more
noticeable than ever. Controlling and monitoring industrial system designs and their effects
on utility distribution systems are potential problems for the industrial consumer, who is
responsible for complying with the IEEE 519, recommended practices and procedures.
Industrial facilities should include a system evaluation, including a harmonic distortion
analysis, while planning facility construction or expansion. Vendors of non-linear loads, such
as variable frequency drives, can provide services and recommend equipments that will
reduce harmonics in order to comply with IEEE 519 guidelines. Generally, at any point of
common coupling (PCC), the measured value of total harmonic voltage distortion should
not exceed 5% and that of any individual harmonic voltage distortion should not exceeding
3% of the fundamental value of the line voltage. Normally, in typical applications, the
harmonics are measured up to 25th order, but in critical applications, those are measured
up to 50th or 100th order. Out of many harmonic mitigation methods available for both,
individual application (e.g., per drive basis) and for “global mitigation” (i.e., a common
harmonic mitigation solution for a group of nonlinear equipment), a few popular were
described in this document. A particular type of harmonic mitigation solution can be used
depending upon the application and desired level of attenuation to meet the limits given in
IEEE 51

34
REFERENCE
1. IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Power Systems, ANSI/IEEE Std. 519-1992.
2. Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis, ANSI/IEEE Std. 399-1990.
3. J. Arillaga, et al, “Power System Harmonics” ISBN 0-471-90640-9
4. Research paper via other websites.
5. Wikipedia.

35