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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objetives
1.2 Structure and Contents
1.3 Reference Documents
1.3.1 Standards and Recommendations
1.3.2 Other References
1.4 Conventions
1.4.1 Terminology and Typography
1.4.2 Axes
1.4.3 Notation and Signs
1.4.4 Units
2. Bridge Description
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification Criteria for Bridges
2.2.1 Type of Use
2.2.2 Geometry
2.2.3 Structural Form
2.2.4 Type of Slab
2.2.5 Cross Section
2.2.6 Slab Position
2.2.7 Erection of the Steel Structure
2.2.8 Slab Construction
2.3 Structural Elements
2.3.1 Superestructure
2.3.2 Substructure
2.4 Other Components
2.4.1 Bearings
2.4.2 Road and Expansion Joints
2.4.3 Water Evacuation
3. History of Steel and Composite Bridges
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History of Bridge Construction
3.3 Record Spans
4. Basis for Conceptual Design
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Project Elaboration
4.2.1 Preliminary Studies
4.2.2 Possible Solutions
4.2.3 Chosen Solution
4.2.4 Tender
4.2.5 Execution
4.3 Input Data for a Bridge Project
4.3.1 Requirements for Use
4.3.2 Specifics for the Bridge
4.3.3 Specifics for the Site
4.4 Design Requirements
4.4.1 Reliability
4.4.2 Robustness
4.4.3 Durability
4.4.4 Aesthetics
4.4.5 Economy
4.5 Choice of Materials and Their Properties
4.5.1 Steel Grade and Quality
4.5.2 Weldability
4.5.3 Thermomecanically Used in Bridge Construction
4.5.4 Corrosion Protection of Steel
5. Structural Forms for Bridges
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Load Transfer
5.3 Longitudinal Strutural Form
5.3.1 Influence of Span
5.3.2 Plate Girder of Box Girder Beam Bridges
5.3.3 Truss Beam Bridges
5.3.4 Longitudinal Structural Form of Beam Bridges
5.3.5 Curvature in Plan
5.4 Tranverse Structural Form
5.4.1 Plan Bracing
5.4.2 Transverse Structural Form of Beam Bridges
5.5 Types of Cross Section
5.5.1 Open Cross Sections
5.5.2 Closed Cross Sections
5.6 Cross Bracing
5.6.1 Functions of the Cross Bracing
5.6.2 Types of Cross Bracing
5.7 Plan Bracing
5.7.1 Functions of the Plan Bracing
5.7.2 Types of Plan Bracing
6. Construction Details
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Detailing of Bridges
6.3 Plate Girders
6.3.1 Weld Details
6.3.2 Stiffeners
6.4 Cross Bracing
6.4.1 Frame Cross Bracing
6.4.2 Truss Cross Bracing
6.4.3 Diaphragm Cross Bracing
6.5 Plan Bracing
6.6 Truss Beams
6.7 Orthotropic Deck
6.8 Other Components
7. Fabrication and Erection of the Steel Structure
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fabrication in the Workshop
7.2.1 Receiving and Preparing the Plates
7.2.2 Fabrication of the Structural Elements
7.2.3 Welds
7.2.4 Corrosion protection
7.3 Transportation
7.4 Site Assembly
7.5 Erection of the Steel Structure
7.5.1 Specifics of the Steel Erection
7.5.2 Erection by Crane from the Ground
7.5.3 Cantilever Erection
7.5.4 Erection by Launching
7.5.5 Placement of the Complete Bridge or of Large Bridge Elements
7.6 Tolerances
8. Slabs of Composite Bridges
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Slab Design
8.2.1 Functions of the Slab
8.2.2 Typical Dimensions
8.3 Construction Details
8.3.1 Waterproofing and Surfacing
8.3.2 Edge Beams and Parapets
8.3.3 Slab to the Steel Connection
8.4 Construction of the Concrete Slab
8.4.1 Slab Cast In-situ
8.4.2 Slab Launched in Stages
8.4.3 Precast Elements
8.4.4 Influence of the Slab Construction Method on the Bridge Design
8.4.5 Influence of the Slab Construction Method on the Pier Loads
8.5 Crackings of the Slab
8.5.1 Causes of Cracking
8.5.2 Effects of Concrete Hydration
8.5.3 Influence of the Concreting Sequence
8.6 Longitudinal Prestressing
8.6.1 Choise of Prestressing Method
8.6.2 Simplified Method of Calculating Prestress Losses
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (BEAM BRIDGES)
9. Basis of Design
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Bridge Life Cycle and Documentation
9.3 Project Elaboration
9.3.1 Client’s Requirements
9.3.2 Basis of Design
9.3.3 Conceptual Design
9.3.4 Structural Analysis
9.3.5 Structural Design
9.4 Actions
9.5 Verification of the Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
9.5.1 Principles
9.5.2 Load Cases
9.5.3 Serviceability Limits
9.6 Verification of the Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
9.6.1 Principles
9.6.2 Load Cases
9.6.3 Design Resistance
10. Loads and Actions
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Permanent Loads and Long Term Effects
10.2.1 Self-weight of the Structure
10.2.2 Self-weight of the Non-structural Elements
10.2.3 Creep, Shrinkage and Prestress
10.2.4 Support Settlements
10.2.5 Ground and Water Actions
10.3 Traffic Loads
10.3.1 Road Bridges
10.3.2 Other Types of Bridge
10.4 Climatic Actions
10.4.1 Wind
10.4.2 Temperature
10.4.3 Snow
10.5 Actions During Construction
10.6 Accidental Actions
10.6.1 Seismic Actions
10.6.2 Impact
10.7 Frictional and Restraint Forces from Bearing
10.7.1 Sliding or Roller Bearings
10.7.2 Deformable Bearings
11. Internal Moments and Forces in Beam Bridges
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Modelling of Beam Bridges
11.2.1 Structural Model
11.2.2 Bending Moments
11.2.3 Shear Force
11.2.4 Torsional Moments
11.3 Torsion
11.3.1 Reminder
11.3.2 Uniform Torsion
11.3.3 Non-uniform Torsion
11.3.4 Combined Torsion
11.4 Straight Bridges with a Closed Cross Section
11.4.1 Torsional Behaviour
11.4.2 Transverse Influence Line
11.4.3 Effect of Plan Bracing
11.4.4 Calculation of the Internal Moments and Forces
11.5 Straight Bridges with an Open Cross Section
11.5.1 Torsional Behaviour
11.5.2 Transverse Influence Line
11.5.3 Effect of Plan Bracing
11.5.4 Calculation of the Internal Moments and Forces
11.6 Skew Bridges
11.6.1 Effect of the Skew
11.6.2 Closed Cross Section
11.6.3 Open Cross Section
11.7 Curved Bridges
11.7.1 Effect of Curvature
11.7.2 Differential Equations
11.7.3 Closed Cross Section
11.7.4 Closed Cross Section – Simplified Method
11.7.5 Open Cross Section
12. Steel beams
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Bending Resistace
12.2.1 Introduction
12.2.2 Vertical Buckling of the Compression Flange into the Web
12.2.3 Rotational Buckling on the Compression Flange
12.2.4 Lateral Torsional Buckling of the Beam
12.2.5 Local Buckling of the Web
12.2.6 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
12.2.7 Numerical Example: Bending Resistance
12.3 Shear Resistance
12.3.1 Introduction
12.3.2 Contribution of Elastic (Pre-buckling) Behaviour
12.3.3 Contribution of Post- buckling Behaviour
12.3.4 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
12.3.5 Numerical Example: Shear Resistance
12.4 Resistance to Combined Forces
12.4.1 Condition for Interaction
12.4.2 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
12.4.3 Numerical Example: Resistance of a Beam to a Combined Forces
12.5 Resistance to Concentrated Loads
12.5.1 Resistance to Moving Concentrated Loads
12.5.2 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
12.6 Stiffeners
12.6.1 Intermediate Transverse Stiffeners
12.6.2 Intermediate Support Stiffeners
12.6.3 End Support Stiffeners
12.6.4 Longitudinal Stiffeners
12.7 Fatigue
12.7.1 Fatigue Resistance
12.7.2 Verification
12.7.3 Web Breathing
12.8 Box Girder Beams
12.8.1 Difference between Box Girder and Plate Girder Beams
12.8.2 Box Girders without Longitudinal Stiffeners
12.8.3 Box Girders with Longitudinal Stiffeners
12.8.4 Transverse Stiffeners
13. Composite Beams
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Action Effects Specific to Composite Beam
13.2.1 Introduction
13.2.2 Shrinkage
13.2.3 Temperature
13.3 Calculation of Internal Moments and Forces
13.3.1 Principles
13.3.2 Resisting Cross Section
13.3.3 Influence of Cracking
13.3.4 Effective Slab Width
13.4 Cross Section Resistance and Verification of Structural Safety (ULS)
13.4.1 Section Classification and Resistance Models
13.4.2 Elastic Resistance
13.4.3 Plastic Resistance
13.4.4 Verification of Structural Safety in Bending (ULS)
13.4.5 Verification of Structural Safety in Shear and Under Combined Forces (ULS)
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE