G3 Facsimile Protocol & System data

Section 1
ITU G3 Protocol & Framing
 Protocol Monitor

Transmit PBX Receive

Call
Dialing
Ring Detect
Ringing

CED Signal

Monitor Area

DCN Signal
Disconnect
Disconnect

A protocol monitor printout is a report of the protocols that are exchanged between the sending and
the receiving fax machines. This print out can be useful in analysing a problem if two fax machines
have communication problems.

Monitoring area:
Sending -->CED signal detected on remote ~ DCN signal send
Receive -->CED signal send ~ DCN signal detected
 G3 Protocol Sequence

Transmit Receive

CNG Phase B
Phase A
CED
NSF CSI DIS
NSF/CSI/DIS

(NSS)/TSI/DCS
Phase B NSS TSI DCS
TCF
NSF/NSS
CFR -CCITT Country code
-Model code(not in use)
-Company code
CSI/TSI
Train/PIX Phase C -ID code
DIS/DCS
-Modem speed
EOP -Paper size
-Resolution, etc
MCF Phase D
These 3 signals are corresponding
each other between remote and local.
DCN Most of communication caused by
this signal.
Phase E
 G3 Protocol Sequence(Appendix)

G3 14400bps communication with ITU G3

300bps/HDLC frame structure(Binary)

DCS
EOP DCN

NSF/DI CFR TRN CPIX

MCF
CED S

TRN/TCF

ITU G3 Mode protocol

 Phase A - Data Settings
Introduction: For the current CCITT G3 fax machines, automatic calling and receiving are common. Therefor different fax machines with manual calling and receiving needs several timers to
form a circuit loop. Automatically. The system data in Phase A mainly changes the tolerance of the timers.
Line type set up
-PSTN: It transmits the dial pulses, after detecting the dial tone. ( Dial tone detect feature “ON” )Detect the dial tone then send the Dial pulse, ( 3 to 10seconds after off hook)
-PBX: Generally the PBX uses the discontinuous sound of 400 Hz as a dial tone. These are mainly used to Access the PSTN network by dialling a predetermined number or for internal
communication with in a small area.
-Direct Line (leased line): Point to point connection. For direct connection between same makes machine: in some machines this is also called as Leased line mode. The machines does not
wait to detect the ringing signal and enters in to auto receive mode by sensing the incoming signal of 462 Hz or, 1100 Hz, or 2100 Hz, this signal varies from machine to machine. In some cases
it is a proprietary feature of the product.
2) Blind dial: the machine does not detect the dial tone before initiating the dialling operation.
3) Dial type set-up: there are two types in the dial pulse, which transmits to the exchange; ‘Dial pulse method’ and the ‘push phone method’ (tone dial). The setting for each type will be
decided by a contract condition of the exchange, which connects the facsimile. not by the dial type of a telephone As a system data, “10 PPS( For India), -20 PPS ( not in India), -PB (tone dial
exchange)” are prepared for proper dialling of the required fax number.
4) Pause time: specified pause time with one ‘pause’ key inserted. For India value is specified 3 sec (default) in most of our products. The pause time is inserted mainly to get the next dial tone
to dial the next number. For example: pause key is inserted between the EPBX dial number and the external dial number, or between the STD code number and the next phone number. This
value can be set to any other value based on the time taken to get the next dial tone, network. This mainly helps in automatic dialling.
5) DP/PB change capability: Some service will require PB (tone) signal even customer using dial pulse. This function changes the dial type after DP sent out. The change over is done by
using either “*” key or the “#” key.
6) Ring detect time: Timer sets to enter in to Fax receive mode after detected the first ringing. Customer usually use the fax, this timer should be ‘0’.
7) Positive/Negative invert: Analog terminal inverts the signal positive/negative so that responds to calling through the PSTN. However, send terminal will not detect this signal invert when
signal goes through the PBX. Our fax machines are designed so that they always detect the CED signal instead of signal invert.
8) Set-up the send timing of CNG: This is the system data to set-up how many seconds after transmitting the dial pulses should the CNG signal is transmitted, on the automatically calling
facsimile. When remote machine switching the Fax/Tel automatically, long setting of this timing cause a problem. -Remote is not able to detect the CNG before change to fax mode.
9) Sending timing of CED: This is the system data to set-up the timing of transmitting the CED signal on the automatic calling facsimile. This parameter determine the CED send timing after
ring detect. It may happen that it can not be connected to the facsimile correctly if the transmission timing is too slow. If sending machine designed as detect the signal invert, this interval should
be long enough.
10) CED signal frequency: Although the ordinary frequency of the CED signal is 2100 Hz, it applies the 1100 Hz frequency if the transmission fault happens because the echo
suppresser works in the international transmission.
11) CED signal send in manual receive: the CED signal is to inform the calling side that it is the automatic receiving terminal. But Some of personal fax can not start the sending operation
without CED signal even in manual receive mode. This function must be on in such a case.
12) Setting timer between dial pulse to CED signal: This timer is determined as 60sec under telecommunication standard. However, sometimes takes more than 60sec to close the DC
circuit, such as ‘Call back system’ in international communication. How ever the transmission to overseas sometimes is not connected within one minute. In this case you have to add a pause
after the telephone number or set-up the system data to extend the period from transmitting the dial pulses to CED transmission.
13) Interval setting for each sending job: this is the system data to set-up the timing of starting the next transmission after sending the previous one. When the transmission interval is set
to sorter, the throughput becomes better. How ever, some trouble may happen, like the transmission result is not informed when the relay broadcasting transmission is done, or the urgent
receiving documents are not coming quickly. Also if the transmission interval is set to longer, the throughput becomes worse. This system data should be set depending on each customer .s
condition of Use.
14) Number of redial & interval: this is the system data to set-up the number of the redial and its interval when the receiver side is busy or is giving no response. The number of redial
should be ideally set to 2 times and the redial interval set to 50 seconds.
 Phase B - Data Settings
Phase-B: In Phase B, before the transmission of the picture data, the confirmation of transmission ability of the counterpart terminal is done. Therefore, the system data in this
phase is for fixing the transmission ability, and for shifting the timing of transmission and detection of each signal.
1)Setting the Ability Declaration for CCITT G3: This is the system data to limit the use for each ability of the Group 3 facsimile, which is mentioned in T.30. The objected
abilities are as follows:
A)Modem Speed:This system data fixes the modem speed (14.4K, 12K, 9.6K, 7.2K, 4.8K, and 2.4K) which is declared at the receiving time. (Or selected at the sending time.)
Depend on the quality of connection circuit or counterpart's machine, it may become a Transmission error when the superior high speed modem is used. In this case, it is
possible to prevent a transmission error and reduce the wasted fall back time, by limiting the use of this superior high-speed modem.
B)Coding Method:This system data fixes the coding method (MMR, MR, MH) which is declared at the receiving time (or is selected at the sending time). It might have a
transmission error when the high compression coding method (it gets lower in order of MMRà MRà MH) is used. For certain quality of connection circuit of the counterpart's
machine .In this case, it limits the use of this high compression coding method, then a transmission error can be prevented.
C)MSL: (Minimum Sending Time or Minimum Scan line time).This system data fixes the MSL amount which is declared at the receiving time (or is selected at the sending
time). Some of the VAN services can not send the picture data correctly, if the MSL amount doesn't reach the specified amount. In this case, it changes the MSL amount to the
specified amount. Most of the machines have a MSL of 20ms
D)Paper Size:This system data fixes the paper size, which is declared at the receiving time. There are 'Cassette Declaration' and 'User Declaration'. The 'User Declaration' will
be selected if the customer wants to have a priority on receiving with the same percentage of the paper size, when the paper or toner is run out. In this case, however, the
alternative receiving function is necessary.
E)ECM Ability:This system data fixes the ECM ability which is declared at the receiving time (or is selected at the sending time). At the ECM mode transmission, the frame that
has an error in transmission will be resent. Therefore, sometimes at the transmission with the receiving party whose circuit quality is bad, it takes more transmission time for
resent, when it'sCompared with the G3 mode. If the customer wants to have more priority on reducing the transmission time than the resent when an error happens, it can be
changed not to let the ECM ability work.
2)Setting the Transmission Mode:This system data fixes the transmission mode which is declared at the receiving time (or is selected at the sending time). This also can be
used when you don't want to let the proprietary transmission function work, or when it is confirming the specified transmission mode (like fixed at G3 or fixed at G2, etc.).
3)Setting the Unique Transmission Ability Declaration:This is the system data for limiting the use of proprietary transmission ability which is declared or selected at the
time of exchanging the NSF (NSC) / NSS signal. The abilities which will be the objects of the system data are as follows:
a) Confidential transmission capacity b) Relay broadcasting transmission capacity. c)) Display capacity of the ID.
d) Remote service capacity. e) Fast protocol capacity. f) Setting the K parameter. This is the system data to set up the K
parameter which will be valid at the transmission by the compression mode when the super high quality image mode or the MMR coding method is used.
4)Setting the Sending Method of the CSI Signal:This is the system data to fix the sending method of the CSI signal (Automatic / Enforcement /Not Send) which is dealt with
as an option in T.30. AS some of the older type machines worked mistakenly when the CSI signal is sent, this system data was prepared. However, it is not used at
all now.
5)Setting the Timing of Sending the NSF / DIS Signal at the Manual Receiving:When the machine is receiving with the manual-receiving mode, it changes the circuit to the
facsimile side by pressing the manual-receiving button. This system data to set up the period from the manual-receiving button is pressed, to the NSF / DIS signal is sent.
When this time is set longer, it will be no sound during this period; therefore, sometimes the sender's side opens the circuit mistakenly. When this time is set shorter and the
sending side is using the manual sending, the sending operation may not be done before the circuit is open. T.30 regulates this time as 4.5 seconds+-15%.
6) Setting the Interval of Sending the NSF / DIS Signal:After sending the NSF / DIS signal, the receiving machine detects the NSS (NSC) /DCS (DTC) signal which are sent
from the sender's side, for the regulated period. If it cannot detect the valid signal within the regulated period, it sends the NSF / DIS signal again. This system data is to set up
the period for detecting, which means the interval of sending the NSF / DIS signal. Although T30 regulates this time as 3 seconds +- 15%, at the overseas transmission, the
NSF / DIS signal and NSS / DCS signal may collide due to a delay. In this case, change the interval for sending to longer.
 Phase B - Data Settings-Contd
7) Setting the Numbers of Ignoring the NSF / DIS Signal
At the international circuit, it often becomes the condition that the echo suppresser tends to stop, because of the CED signal (2100 Hz +- 15Hz) which is sent by the receiving machine.
50ms. Therefore, set the system data to ignore the NSF / DIS signal for once (that is, to make the silent time), when transmitting overseas where the transmission obstacle tends to be
sion with the circuit condition, which doesn't have the echo. Also, by considering the easiness for use, the facsimile can be set up the numbers of ignoring the NSF / DIS signal for each
8)Setting the Sending Method of the TSI / CIG Signal
This is the system data to fix the sending method of the TSI / CIG signal (Automatic / Enforcement / Not Send) which is dealt with as an option on the T.30. As some of the older type m
ystem data was prepared. However. It is not used at all now.
9) Setting the TX Cable Equaliser
This is the system data to adjust amplitude to the length of non-loaded cable from the subscriber's switchboard to the facsimile terminal. It adjusts to a certain extent automatically whe
ere are cases, which the adjustment amount needs to be fixed for some of the customer's installation environment. In this case, the data will be changed.

10) Setting the ECM Frame Size at the Fallback

At the ECM mode transmission, the T.30 permits the selection from '256 octet' and '64 octet', for the frame size of the sender's side. When a demand for re-sending informed repeatedly
ke the frame size smaller. The ECM frame size can be changed to '64 octet', together with the modem speed at the fallback time. This is the system data for that.

11) Setting: of 'Does a Fallback / Not, by the CTC Signal at the ECM Transmission'
It makes the transmission completed with higher percentage, when it does a fallback by the CTC signal. Therefore, this system data will basically not to be changed.

12) Setting the Numbers of Sending the CTC Signal at the ECM Transmission
It is for setting up the numbers of sending the same frame, before sending the CTC signal (includes fallback information). To make the numbers bigger, it means that it will 'hold out with
riginally selected modem speed causes the picture data error to make the resent condition. Therefore, 'Three times’, which is regulated in the T.30 as, default. Is judged as the best n
his to one only.

13) Setting the Checking Method of the TCF Signal

The sending machine sends the '0' data for 1.5 seconds as the TCF signal. The receiver's side judges whether it can receive the picture data with the selected modem speed, by the nu
he modem. When it's sent to 'Do not the TCF check' means that it ignores the bit, even though this bit caused the error. Then it judges for sending the CFR / FTT signal by the EQM am

14) Setting the Numbers of the FTT Fallback

When the receiving machine detects the bit error at the TCF signal, also when the EQM amount of the modem is over the standard amount, it sends back the FTT signal. The sending m
signal. This system data is to set up the numbers of the FTT signal, before it does a fallback with the same modem speed. The facsimiles, which are made for, use within India; the set

15)Setting the RX Cable Equaliser

This is the system data to adjust amplitude to the length of non-loaded cable from the subscriber's Exchange to the facsimile terminal. It already has been adjusted to a certain Default v
the customers, the adjustment amount should be fixed. In this case, the data will be changed.

16)Setting the EQM amount( done during design stage as a part of EPROM)
EQM (Eye Quality Monitor) amount is the figure, which indicates the distance between an ideal point and an actual receiving data. Even though there is no error in the TCF signal, an e
mount is too big. Therefore, each maker sets up its own permitted quantity of the EQM amount for each modem speed.
 Phase C - Data Settings
Phase C: In phase C, the sending and receiving of the picture data are done. The system data in this phase is mainly for the processing method to proceed a certain
transmission of the picture data.

1)Setting the Level for Sending the picture Signal ( Transmission Level):
Although there is no problem for making a conversation, some obstacles may occur for the facsimile transmission, depend on the quality of the circuit, which is connected to
the facsimile. Especially when the high-speed transmission is done, S/N rate (the figure which indicates the difference between the display signal level and the noise level,
with the unit of dB, decibel) is important. This system data allows for changing the ‘S’ part within the limit of ‘0 to -15 dB’. However, the Regulation for the Terminal
Equipment, Article 14 regulates that 'the sending the electric power for transmission which is up to 4KHz except the Conversation, should be less than (-1S+L) dB, should not
be over "O" dB. Basically the system data has to be set up to the loss line (L part) of the connection circuit.

2) Setting the TAP HOLD: At the transmission by the international circuit, sometimes a big difference occurs between the modem condition which is set up by the TCF
signal, and the modem condition which is set up by the training signal before the picture data. In this case, the receiving machine opens the circuit. ‘TAP HOLD’ is the system
data to fix to the modem condition which is set up by the TCF signal, then ignore the modem condition which could be set up by the training signal before the picture data. By
this, the transmission will be made even though there is a big difference between these two conditions. However, compared with the method, which confirms the two modem
conditions, there is more chance to occur a bit error on the picture data.

3) Setting the G2 Threshold Level: This is the system data to change the threshold amount to judge the black and white for the received display signal.

4) Setting the Synchronous Time for the Block Data at the ECM Mode transmission
At the ECM mode transmission, a flag will be sent for a certain period to synchronise, in front of the block data. This is the system data to change this period. When there
are many resend of the front part of the picture data, it can prevent the picture data error by setting up the sending time of the flag longer .

.5) Setting the Threshold Amount for Length of the Original

There is no regulation regarding the length of the original sent, in the T.30. Therefore, if the original slips, the circuit may be hold forever. To deal with it, each maker
regulates the length of the original as one piece. However, as it is possible that some customers might send the original, which is over the length limit, this system data is
prepared.

6) Setting the Sender Record and the Header Record

The ‘Sender Record’ can be written on the top of the picture data. Some customers would not need this record when they use the receiving copy as an official document, or
when they receive the information on the pre-print paper. Therefore, there is the system data to select Need a Record / Do Not Need a record.
Also, the non-life insurance companies often use the date of receiving the copy as the date of receiving the contract. For that, the ‘Header Record’ is demanded on top of the
received copy instead of the sender record. However, as most of the Group 3 facsimiles are set to add the name of the sender on top of the information display, both record
of the sender and the header record will be Printed.
 Phase D & E - Data Settings
Phase D:In phase D, the confirmation of the picture data condition which are sent or received, will be done.The system data in this phase are
mainly for judging the picture data condition which are sent or received.
1) Setting of ‘Use / Not Use the MPS Signal’ at the Fast Protocol Mode
2) Setting the Method of Sending the EOR Signal:This is the system data to set up the sending of the EOR signal, either admit to send in all
the cases, or admit to send it at the last page (EOR, EOP).

3) Setting the ECM T5 Timer:This is the monitoring timer of the sender’s side for the RNR signal (the signal to let the sender’s side wait for
sending the picture data, as the receiver’s machine is not ready for receiving it continuously) at the ECM mode transmission.

4) Setting the Criteria for Sending the RTN Signal: This is the system data to set up the criteria to choose which one of two, MCF signal or
RTN signal will be sent back, when an error occurs in the picture data received. Two criteria are possible which are the number of the
continuous line, and the area rate. Some makers’ machines may resend the same information or do the fallback, when they receive the RTN
signal. In this case, set up the criteria closer to avoid sending the RTN signal. However in this case, it tends to have an error record on the
received copy.

5) Setting the Error Cognition of the RTN Signal:This is the system data to judge the sent information as a ‘good condition’ (equivalent to the
MCF signal), or to ask for resent the pages as it’s judged as an ‘error’, when the machine receives the RTN signal for the picture data which is
sent

Phase E
It is from sending the DCN signal to opening the circuit in phase E. No system data specially is prepared for this phase.

6. OTHERS
Setting the Method of Discharging the Protocol Monitor
The method of discharging the protocol monitor can be selected from the 'Manual Discharging', (printing Protocol dump list on demand)
'Automatic Discharging When the Abnormal Transmission Occurs' and 'Fully Automatic Discharging'. ( during service mode)
 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase A-Part1)
Phase-A:There are some of timer and customized setup are required to close the loop automatically

1)Line type set up

TX PBX RX -PSTN
Detect the dial tone then send the
13), 14) Off Hook 1), 2) Dial pulse, or 10seconds after off hook
Detect the Dial Tone -PBX
Use blind dial.
3), 4), 5) -Direct Line
Transmit the Dial Pulse 6) Point to point connection. For direct
Detect the Calling connection between same makemachine
8) Timing of CNG Signal Ring Detect
Transmission Calling Tone 2)Blind dial timer
12) Adjust blind timer so that machine
Detect voltage Invert 7) Response
Timer to Detect 9) is able to send the dial pulse or PB (tone)
CED After Dialing Transmit CNG Signal to PBX
CED
Transmit CED Signal 10), 11)
Timing to Transmit

TX PBX TX PBX

Off Hook Off Hook

Detect the Dial Tone 10sec Blind dial timer(4sec)
Dial Tone Ch57-60 Ch57-61

Transmit the Dial Pulse Transmit the Dial Pulse

or PB or PB

PSTN selected PBX selected

 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase A-Part2)

TX PBX RX 3)Dial type set up

-10 PPS (India)
-20 PPS
-PB
13), 14) Off Hook 1), 2)
Detect the Dial Tone 4)Pause time
specified pause time with one ‘pause’
key inserted
India value is specified 3 sec. Another
3), 4), 5) countries is 4sec.
6) 5)DP/PB change capability
Transmit the Dial Pulse
Some service will required PB
Detect the Calling
signal even customer using dial pulse. This
8) Timing of CNG Ring Detect
Signal function change the dial type after DP sent
Transmission Calling Tone out
12)

Detect voltageInvert 7) Response

Timer to Detect 9)
CED After Dialing Transmit CNG Signal

CED
Transmit CED Signal 10), 11)
Timing to Transmit
 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase A-Part3)

6)Ring detect time

TX PBX RX
Timer set to be Fax receive mode
after detected the first ringing.
Customer usually use the fax, this timer
13), 14) Off Hook 1), 2) should be ‘0’.

Detect the Dial Tone 7)Positive/Negative invert

3), 4), 5)
Transmit the Dial Pulse
Detect the Calling
8) Timing of CNG
Signal
Transmission Calling Tone
12)
Detect voltage Invert
Timer to Detect
CED After Dialling Transmit CNG Signal
Transmit CED Signal
Analog terminal invert the signal
positive/nagative so that respond to calling
through the PSTN. However, send terminal
will not detect this signal invert when signal
6)
go through the PBX. Our fax machines are
designed so that they always detect the
Ring Detect CED signal instead of signal invert.
8)Set-up the send timing of CNG
This parameter determine the
Response interval between dial pulse/PB send to CNG
7)
signal send. When remote machine
switching the Fax/Tel automatically, long
setting of this timing cause a problem. -
9) Remote is not able to detect the CNG
CED
before change to fax mode.
10), 11)
Timing to Transmit
 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase A-Part4)

TX PBX RX 9)Sending timing of CED

13), 14) Off Hook 1), 2)
Detect the Dial Tone
3), 4), 5)
Transmit the Dial Pulse
Detect the Calling
8) Timing of CNG
Signal
Transmission Calling Tone
12)
Detect voltage Invert
Timer to Detect
CED After Dialling Transmit CNG Signal
Transmit CED Signal
This parameter determine the CED
send timing after ring detect. If sending
machine designed as detect the signal invert,
this interval should be long enough.
10)CED signal frequency
Normally fax communication using
2100Hz frequency. When echo suppresser
with international communication, change this
frequency to others.
6) 11)CED signal send in manual receive
Some of personal fax can not start the
sending operation without CED signal even in
Ring Detect
manual receive mode. This function must be
on in such a case.
12)Setting timer between dial pulse to
CED signal
7) Response
This timer is determined as 60sec under
9) telecommunication standard. However,
sometimes takes more than 60sec to close
the DC circuit, such as ‘Call back system’ in
CED international communication.
10), 11)
 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase A-Part5

13)Interval setting for each sending job

TX PBX RX
Set-up the interval timer between
independent sending job. Shorter setting
improve the through-put, but following
13), 14) Off Hook 1), 2) problem will be raised:
-No transmission report in relay send
Detect the Dial Tone
-Urgent incoming message can not be
received

3), 4), 5) 14)Number of redial & interval

Transmit the Dial Pulse 6)

Detect the Calling
8) Timing of CNG Ring Detect
Signal
Transmission Calling Tone
12)

Detect voltage Invert 7) Response

Timer to Detect 9)
CED After Dialling Transmit CNG Signal

CED
Transmit CED Signal 10), 11)
 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase B-Part1)
Phase-B: Confirm each terminal communication ability in this phase. Therefore phase B system data changes the timing of
signal detection, send timing.

1)Set-up & Declaration of communication ability for CCITT

Following system data fixes the use for each ability of the G3
Fax which is determined in T.30
a)Modem speed b)Coding Method
c)MSL d)Paper size
e)ECM capability
TX RX
2)Set-up the transmission mode
CED -Disable FX unique mode
-Fix the G2/G3 mode in sending/receiving
5)
NSF/CSI/DIS 1) 2) 3) 4)
3)Set-up the FX unique communication ability
NSS/TSI/DCS 1) ~3),7),8),10) ~12) Limiting the use of FX’s unique transmission ability which is
declared or selected at the time of exchanging the NSF/NSS signal.
TCF 9) 13) 15) 16) -Confidential ntransmission -Display ID
-Relay broadcasting -Remore multi copy
-Remote service -Fast protocol
CFR 14)
-FX’s unique ECM mode

4)Setting CSI /TSI signal

Fix the CSI signal sending method
-Automatic
-Force(TSI only)
-Disable

5)NSF/DIS signal send timing in Manual receive mode

Setup the interval from Manual receive button pressed to NSF/DIS
signal send.
 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase B-Part2)

6)NSF/DIS signal sending interval

TX RX
[Signal collision]
CED Receiving side expecting the NSS/DCS signal to be arrived within
3seconds after sent out the NSF/DIS signal. However, especialy
international communication cause signal delay. Receiving side try to
NSF/CSI/DIS 1) 2) 3) 4)
send the NSF/DIS signal again in case of NSS/DCS signal was not
6) arrived within these 3 second. Oftenly NSF/DIS signal reaching to
NSS/TSI/DCS 1) ~3),7),8),10) ~12)
receiving side even NSF/DIS signal is on the way. This situation is
called ‘signal collision’. To avoid this signal collision, NSF/DIS
TCF 9) 13) 15) 16) sending time is able to expand to 4.5seconds.

CFR 14)
TX RX

NSF/CSI/DIS

NSS/TSI/DCS 3Sec

NSF/CSI/DIS(re-send)

Singnal collision
 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase B-Part3)

7)NSF/DIS signal ignore

RX [Echo suppressor]
TX
At the international circuit, it often becomes the condition that the
CED echo suppresser tends to stop, because of the CED signal (2100 Hz ± 15Hz)
which is sent by the receiving machine. This echo suppresser will rework by
NSF/CSI/DIS Silence of more than 250ms. Therefore, set the system data to ignore the
NSF / DIS signal for once (that is, to make the silent time), when transmitting
NSS/TSI/DCS 7) overseas where the transmission obstacle tends to be occurred by the echo. It
makes it possible to do the facsimile transmission with the circuit condition
which doesn’t have the echo. Also, by considering the easiness for use, Fuji
TCF
Xerox’s facsimile can be set up the numbers of ignoring the NSF / DIS signal
for each shorten dial.
CFR

Tx Rx

Echo Suppresser
Send the CED
Stops

Ignore Once Send the NSF / CSI / DIS

Echo Suppresser
starts working.
The echo
iseliminated Send the NSF / CSI / DIS

Send the NSS / TSI / DCS

 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase B-Part4)

8)Setup the TSI/CIG signal method

This is option signal which is recommended by T.30.
TX RX -Automatic
-Force
CED -Disable
The old generation machine oftenly failed when receive TSI/CIG
NSF/CSI/DIS 1) 2) 3) 4) signal, but currently this setup is not used.

NSS/TSI/DCS 1) ~3),7),8),10) ~12) 9)Setup the TX Cable equalizer

Setup the equalization according to distance between PBX to Fax
TCF 9) 13) 15) 16) terminal.

10)Setup the ECM frame size in ‘fall back’

CFR 14)
There are 2 size of frame allow to send.(T.30) 256 and 64 octet.
System data can be determined the frame size after fall back. When ‘re-send’
request(PPR) was frequently occured, machine is going to change the modem
speed(fall back) and the frame size from 256 to 64 octet.

11)Enable/Disable the fall back by ‘CTC’ signal under ECM mode

Default is enable. No need to changed this parameter. When declared the
CTC signal, current modem speed seems too high to continue the
communication due to bad line condition.

12)Setup the nember of CTC

This parameter define that how many times re-send the same frame.
When this value increased(dafault=3times), machine will continue to
send the same frame as many as number you set.
 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase B-Part5)

13)TCF check enable/disable

Sending side send the all ‘0’ signal while 1.5sec as TCF signal.
Receiving side check these all ‘0’ signal and EQM value so that current modem
TX RX speed whether suitable or not. When set this parameter to be ‘0’, this mean
receiving machine determine the CFR/FTT by EQM value only.
CED

14)Set up the number of FTT fall back

NSF/CSI/DIS 1) 2) 3) 4)
Receiving side return the FTT signal when detected bit error in TCF
signal, or EQM value over the reference value.
NSS/TSI/DCS 1) ~3),7),8),10) ~12) Sending machine monitoring the number of FTT signal, and goes tofall back
sequence when number of FTT signal beyond the count.
TCF 9) 13) 15) 16)
15)RX cable equalizer
CFR 14) Setup the equalization according to distance between PBX to Fax terminal.

16)Setup the EQM Value

EQM (Eye Quality Monitor) amount is the figure which indicates the distance
Ideal Point between an ideal point and an actual receiving data. Even though there is no
error in the TCF signal, an error may occur when it actually receives the picture
The radius of this data, if this EQM amount is too big. Therefore, each maker sets up its own
circle becomes the permitted quantity of the EQM amount for each modem speed.
EQM amount

Actual Point

Eye Quality Monitor

 G3 fall back process
G3 Fall Back 14400 to 2400 process
ITU G3 Mode Protocol

NSF/
DIS DCS DCS DCS DCS DCS DCS
TRN/
TRN/ TRN/ TRN/ TRN/ TRN/ TRN/ PPS-
TCF
TCF TCF TCF TCF TCF CPIX EOP
(14.4K)
(12.0K) (9.6K) (7.2K) (4.8K) (2.4K) (2.4K) MCF
FTT FTT FTT FTT FTT CFR DCN
Communication Condition
Local :wc490(Reduce Transmit Level -7dbm to 12 dbm) / sending blank A4 page
Remote :wc490
Point
Train signal could not be received due to send level too low. It fall back 6 times then succeed to
handshake with 2,400 bps. See DCS FIF is changed automaticaly as following.
DCS FIF
0062F844(14.4K)->006AF844(12.0K)->0066F844(9.6K)->006EF844(7.2K)->004AF844(4.8K)->0042F844(2.4K)
 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase C-Part1)

Phase C: In phase C, the sending and receiving of the picture data are done. The system data in this phase is mainly for
the processing method to proceed a certain transmission of the picture data.

1)Setup the send level

Although there is no problem for making a conversation, some obstacles may occur for the facsimile transmission,
depend on the quality of the circuit which is connected to the facsimile. Especially when the high-speed transmission is
done, S/N rate (the figure which indicates the difference between the display signal level and the noise level, with the unit
of dB, decibel) is important. This system data allows for changing the ‘S’ part within the limit of ‘0 to -15 dB’. Basically the
system data has to be set up to the loss line (L part) of the connection circuit. Also, Fuji Xerox’s facsimile are designed to
set up automatically to ‘- 6dB ( -8dB at the operation time)’, by setting the user’s ID.

Tx Rx

Training Signal before PIX 1),2),3),4)

Picture(PIX / CPIX) 1),3),4),5),6)

 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase C-Part2)

2) Setting the TAP HOLD

At the transmission by the international circuit, sometimes a big difference occurs between the modem condition
which is set up by the TCF signal, and the modem condition which is set up by the training signal before the picture
data. In this case, the receiving machine opens the circuit. ‘TAP HOLD’ is the system data to fix to the modem
condition which is set up by the TCF signal, then ignore the modem condition which could be set up by the training
signal before the picture data. By this, the transmissionwill be made even though there is a big difference between
these two conditions. However, compared with the method which confirms the two modem conditions, there is more
chance to occur a bit error on the picture data.

Tx Rx
Adjust the modem TAP HOLD fixes the
TCF Signal modem set-up in this
to the circuit condition
CFR Signal condition

Training Signal Confirm the circuit

condition and the
PIX / CPIX modem condition

If there is a big difference,

circuit will be cut
 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase C-Part3)

3) Setting the G2 Threshold Level

This is the system data to change the threshold amount to judge the black and white for the received signal

4) Setting the Synchronous Time for the Block Data at the ECM Mode transmission
At the ECM mode transmission, a flag will be sent for a certain period to synchronizee, in front of the block data.
This is the system data to change this period. When there are many resend of the front part of the picture data, it can
prevent the picture data error by setting up the sending time of the flag longer.

5) Setting the Threshold Amount for Length of the Original

There is no regulation regarding the length of the original sent, in the T.30. Therefore, if the original slips, the
circuit may be hold forever. To deal with it, each maker regulates the length of the original as one piece. However, as
it is possible that some customers might send the original which is over the length limit, this system data is prepared.

6) Setting the Sender Record and the Header Record

The ‘Sender Record’ can be written on the top of the picture data. Some customers would not need this record
when they use the receiving copy as an official document, or when they receive the information on the pre-print
paper. Therefore, there is the system data to select Need a Record / Do Not Need a record.
Also, the non-life insurance companies often use the date of receiving the copy as the date of receiving the
contract. For that, the ‘Header Record’ is demanded on top of the received copy instead of the sender record.
However, as most of the Group 3 facsimiles are set to add the name of the sender on top of the information display,
both record of the sender and the header record will be dubbed, if the ‘Header Record’ has a priority. You need to be
careful when you use it.
 Adjust to line characteristic(Phase D)

Phase D: In phase D, the confirmation of the picture data condition which are sent or received, will be done.
The system data in this phase are mainly for judging the picture data condition which are sent or received.
1) Setting of ‘Use / Not Use the MPSX Signal’ at the Fast Protocol Mode

2) Setting the Method of Sending the EOR Signal

This is the system data to set up the sending of the EOR signal, either admit to send in all the cases, or admit to send
it at the last page (EOR, EOP).

3) Setting the ECM T5 Timer

This is the monitoring timer of the sender’s side for the RNR signal (the signal to let the sender’s side wait for sending
the picture data, as the receiver’s machine is not ready for receiving it continuously) at the ECM mode transmission.

Tx Rx
Message Signal After PIX1),2),3)

MCF or RTP / RTN Signal 4),5)

4) Setting the Criteria for Sending the RTN Signal

This is the system data to set up the criteria to choose which one of two, MCF signal or RTN signal will be sent back,
when an error occurs in the picture data received. Two criteria are possible which re the number of the continuous line, and
the area rate. Some makers’ machines may resend the same information or do the fallback, when they receive the RTN
signal. In this case, set up the criteria looser to avoid sending the RTN signal. However in this case, it tends to have an
error record on the received copy.

5) Setting the Error Cognition of the RTN Signal

This is the system data to judge the sent information as a ‘good condition’ (equivalent to the MCF signal), or to ask
for resent the pages as it’s judged as an ‘error’, when the machine receives the RTN signal for the picture data which is
sent.
 Protocol Moniter / G3 Communication Report?

Protocol Monitor:
A protocol monitor printout is a report of the protocols that are exchanged between the sending and the receiving fax machines. This printout can be
useful in analysing a problem if two fax machines have communication problems.
During the fax transmission the protocol sequence information is temporarily stored in the machines memory. If you have a communication problem you
can print the protocol report for that transaction. Please note that the memory only stores the last transaction.
To obtain a copy of this report on most of the fax machines you must first be in Diagnostics. Below is a printout of a typical transaction between two fax
machines: Sample of 7241 fax MC

T30 PROTOCOL REPORT

19-10-1999 20:35:44 Fax ID: 6225832 COMPANY NAME: CHANDRA MOHAN

MODE DATE START TIME DURATION REMOTE ID PAGES RESULT

TX 19-10-1999 20:34:51 00' 40" 6434544 001 GOOD

TIME LOCAL REMOTE FCF FIF

34'52" CNG 08
35'03" NSF 20 0000190780DE80CF98A080
35'03" CSI 40 32 33 38 35 32 32 36 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
35'04" DSI 80 00 EE A8 C4 80 10
35'06" TSI 43 32 33 38 35 32 32 36 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

35'06" DCS 83 00 06 A8 00
35'06" TRN 05
35'06" TCF 06
35'08" TCF 06
35'10" CFR 84
35'10" PIX 09
35'27" PIX 09
35'28" EOP 2F
35'30" MCF 8C
35'31" DCN FB
 Protocol Moniter / G3 Communication Report?

How to Interpret Data:

Let us look at some of the features shown on the printout. Starting at the top you Will see date/time, local ID, local name. These are all self-
explanatory; the Customer enters this information into the machines memory.
Below this is a small table giving: the word "MODE - TX" tells us that this is the printout from the sending machine the remote machine would
have " MODE RX" printed in this location. It also shows the date and start time, duration, Remote ID, number of pages sent, mode e.g. ECM and
the result. In this case the transaction completed at 9600 BPS.
Now we can look at the main body of the printout.
Internally the machine calculates the lapsed in 1 and 1/100 Th of a second, we can see that our total transmission time was 39 and 10/100 of a
second which is reflected in the table as 0'40". With regard to time, many manufacturers give the transmission time of the document only and not
the total transmission time. In our case the total time was 40 seconds but the actual time to transmit the document was 18 seconds, very nearly
half the total time.
Local means your machine; remote means the receiving machine. We haveAlready discussed some of the codes in the SKY 2000 reference book
already sent to you. However, I would like to draw you attention to the PIX, this is the actual document transmission. PIX appears twice, firstly
at the start of the transmission and secondly at the end.
FCF: Facsimile Control codes are complete blocks of information regarding NSF,NSC, NSS, and only used when NSF is requested and followed
by FIF, which Allows additional parameters to be sent.
FIF: Facsimile Information Field, this signal follows FCF by providing additional Informational space to "clarify" non-standard DIS, DCS, DTS,
CSI, TSI, NSC,NFS and NSS.
We need a table to decode this information from the CCITT white book. This table is used for signal assignment for DCS, DTC and DIS.
Now let us look at the FIF information associated with DIS using Data below.
Our code is in HEX and needs to be converted.

HEX BINARY HEX BINARY HEX BINARY HEX BINARY

0 0000 1 0001 2 0010 3 0011
4 0100 5 0101 6 0110 7 0111
8 1000 9 1001 A 1010 B 1011
C 1100 D 1101 E 1110 F 1111
 Protocol Moniter / G3 Communication Report?

Our DIS code of 00 EE A8 C4 80 10 would read in Binary as: DIS :00000000 11101110 10101000 11000100 100000000 00010000
0 = 0000, 0 = 0000
E = 1110, E = 1110
A = 1010, 8 = 1000
C = 1100, 4 = 0100
8 = 1000, 0 = 0000
1 = 0001, 0 = 0000
If we read across the block from left to right in blocks of four, we will see that:
0, 0000 The first eight bits of DIS should read 0's if any 1's appear ignore them, 0, 0000 The first eight bits of DIS should read 0's if any 1's appear ignore
them
E, 1xxx MH AND MR , E, x1xx Vertical resolution 3.85l/ 7.7l/ mm, E, xx10 10 combined with the 2 digits of the next block 11 gives a DSR

E, 11xx Data signal rate (DSR), V.27ter & V.29 AND V17.modem compatible
E xx10 Only Rx is possible with recommendation T.4 (G3), E XX11 TX/ Rx are possible with recommendations t.4 (G3)

A 1xxx Extended field no data in this field, A x010 MSL: Minimum scan line 10 ms(3.85l/mm) : T7.7 = T3.85
8 10xx Unlimited (Paper roll), 8 xx00 Max. Recording width A4(215 mm)

C 1xxx Extended field - data in this field, C x0xx Without T.6 coding (MMR)
C X1XX WITH T6 Coding ( MMR), C xx0x Without G4 capabilities, C xxx0 without ELM (error limiting mode for Russia only)
4 0xxx Frame size =256 octets, 4 x1xx With ECM, 4 x0xx Without ECM, 4 xx0x Without uncompressed mode
4 xxx0 Without handshaking at 2400bps

8 1xxx extended field - data available in this field, 8 xxx0 width of recording paper is valid.
0 0000 width of recording paper is valid., 1 0xxxx no data in this byte, 0 0xxx inch based resolution is unavailable.

Exercise: Try reading the data of the DCS and decode it with respect to the features selected to transmit the current document.
Calculate the time consumed in each Phase.
 Fax Modems -V Series
CCITT V SERIES:Fax Modems
A set of recommended standards for data communication over telephone lines, including transmission speeds of operational modes, issued by the CCITT.
Only the standards most often found in computers are described here. Each standard is assigned a number although not in chronological order, higher
numbers do not always indicate a newer standard. “Bis” indicates a second or revision, and “ter” indicates a third version.
V.21 300 BPS modem using full-duplex transmission over dial-up lines
V.22 600-BPS and 1200 BPS full duplex modems over dial-up lines
V.22Bis 2400 BPS full duplex modems over dial-up lines and two wire leased lines with fallback to 1200 operation
V.23 600/1200 BPS synchronous or asynchronous half-duplex modems used on dial-up lines
V.24 A definition of interface between a modem and a computer system, functionally equivalent to RS-323 standards
V.26 2400 BPS full-duplex modems used over four wire leased lines
V.26 Bis 1200 BPS and 2400 BPS full-duplex modems used on dial-up lines
V.27 4800 BPS full-duplex modems used with four wire leased lines with manual equaliser.
V.27 Bis 2400/4800 BPS full-duplex modems used with four wire leased lines. The main advancement over V27 is the addition of an automatic adaptive
equaliser
V.27 ter 2400/4800 BPS full-duplex modems for use with dial-up lines
V.29 9600 , 7200 BPS modems used over dial-up lines with echo cancelling to remove any telephone line echo. Encodes four data bits for each baud to
give an effective throughput of 9600 bits per second and includes Trellis-code modulation error correcting techniques
V32.bis A proposed standard to extend V.32 to 7200,12000 and 14400bps
V.33 12000 and 14400 BPS modems used over four wire leased circuits with time division multiplexing available for line sharing
V.17 7200, 9600, 12000 and 14400 BPS modems used over dial up lines using trellis code modulation.
V.42 Defines an error detection and correction standard rather than a modem. V.42 uses Link Access Procedure-Modem (LAP-M)and has the primary
Microcom Networking Protocol (MNP) classes 2 through 4 as an alternative
V.42 Bis This standard adds a British Telecom Lempel-Ziv data compression technique to V.42 error correction
 Section 2
MH/MR/MMR Basic Theory
 T4

One of the CCITT recommendations for G3 fax.

In particular, this recommendation covers
√ Page size
√ Resolution
√ Transmission
√ Coding schemes

1. MH : Modified Huffman
2. MR : Modified Read
3. MMR : Modified Modified Read
 MH

MH is the CCITT recommended method of “one dimensional,

redundant data encoding” for G3 fax data.

W5
FAX
W1 W4 W1 W5 W8
B2 B1 B1 B2 B2

1100 11 10011
 MR

MR is the CCITT’s optional “two dimensional, redundant

data encoding” scheme for G3 fax data.
ex) If “k”=2, the 1st scan line is encoded by MH to become the one dimensional
reference line. The 2nd scan line is encoded with respect to the first by
detecting bit pattern changes, defining the correct MR encoding mode, and
progressing across the scan line recognising new change patterns for which the
process is repeated until the line is fully encoded. The 3rd scan line is
referenced with respect to the 2nd and the process is repeated with the next 3
scan lines.

Code ref.line
Line being
encoded
Pattern changes
 MMR

Originally developed for CCITT G4 fax data, MMR

method of data encoding is rapidly gaining acceptance in
G3 fax where essential Error Correction is used.

MMR is a pure 2 dimensional encoding scheme. Because MMR relies on error

free transmission, it’s not necessary to use the “k” parameter of MR to guard
against transmission errors. Therefore MMR is free from the 2 or 4 line
limitations of the “k” parameter.
ex) The initial reference line for MMR is an imaginary “white” line. The actual
1st data line is encoded with respect to the imaginary line by using MR
technique to detect “change bits” and define the correct encoding mode. Each
subsequent data line is imaginary encoded with respect to the preceding line
until the entire image is compressed.

Imaginary “w” line

1st coded line

Pattern changes
 Data Compression Methods
Data compression:
Scanning an A4 page at standard resolution produces 1188 lines each of 1728 elements (black and white dots) 2 million bits of data. If this was sent at 9600 BPS, it would take at least 4 minutes to send at a high cost
to the sender.Fortunately there are methods of reducing that amount of data, these are known as compression schemes. Many features of fax machines mean keeping documents in memory for editing, broadcasting
and mail boxing etc. Data compression is important because it means we can get more documents into the memory.
Noise on telephone lines can cause errors in received data. The extent of the effect on the received image depends on the compression scheme in use and whether error correction was applied. Manufacturers can and
do use propriety compression schemes between two or more of there own products, but the important schemes are those standardised by the CCITT in their recommendations T.4 and T.6. These schemes are
discussed below; all Group 3 machines use them.
Data coding: Group 3 transmissions are divided into three basic methods, all considered standard and apply to all fax machines regardless of the type or manufacturer .
Modified Huffman is the original G3 transmission standard. By using a digital encoding scheme a single line of data could be encoded digitally and transmitted.
Modified Read uses “Two Dimensional Coding” where the fax looks ahead to the next line of data and reads only the differences from the previous line. This reduces the need to re-transmit similar data, thereby
reducing transmission time.
Finally Modified Modified Read employs an even shorter transmission coding scheme, although many of these can be called upon prior to transmission through NSF (Non Standard Facilities) and DIS (Digital
Identification Signal) data blocks. Many machines have the capability of being pre-selected by the Service Engineer wishing to default to any one of the previously mentioned coding.
“Force 4800” is frequently requested via error codes or operator messages whenthe sending machine fails transmission. The reason is poor telephone lines typically preventing handshaking efforts. “Force 4800”
invokes several functions, the DCS facility block, a slower training rate and 4800bps transmission speed in the “Modified Huffman” format. This strips the transmission down to its basic G3 configuration
accomplishing two things:1) Better speed choice for poor telephone lines.2) Standard facilities which “drops” possibly confusing data describing the machines options NSF (Non standard facilities ).
One Dimensional Coding
One-dimensional coding is the Modified Huffman (MH) scheme. To code the text you need to look along each line of the document and identify the length of each run of black and white elements. A standard table
provides a code for each run length (CCITT 1/T.4, 2/T.4). The data is compressed because the number of bits in each code is, on average, less than the number of elements in each run, for example: A run of 36 white
pixels would be coded as = 00010101 (8 bits), and a run of 36 black pixels would be coded as = 000011010100 (12 bits).
The send machine transmits these codes to the receive machine which uses the same table to build up the original line of data from the codes.
Two Dimensional Coding
The standard forms of two-dimensional coding are Modified Read (MR) and Modified Modified Read (MMR). In this scheme the first line (K1) of data is sent, for the subsequent lines all that is sent is the
differences from the previous line. These are coded according to a standard code table (CCITT 3/T.4). This has the potential to provide a drastic reduction in the amount of data sent, unfortunately, if there is an error
in the received data, then the effect is also drastic. Errors received in one line will not be corrected by the next and the error could be copied in all subsequent lines (up to the end of the K lines). This causes the
apparent stretching of characters often seen when sending faxes over poor quality and noisy telephone lines. To remedy this problem the value of K is chosen to be small enough so that errors are not propagated far
enough to make text illegible .
How is the “K” factor calculated
The “K” factor relates to the number of lines transmitted with only the differences from the previous line sent, for example if the “K” is five lines, then the machine sends the first line and then the differences for the
following four lines and then it sends the sixth line in full and then the differences for lines 7, 8, 9, 10 and so on. Remember when we talk about lines, we do not mean a line of text, but a line of pixels.
MR: Here the K factor is set to 2 as standard with an option of 4 in fine resolution so that errors are limited to ½ mm of text (standard resolution: 4 scan lines per mm).
MMR: Here the K factor is set to infinity so the effect of line noise could be disastrous. But the idea is to use MMR only in ECM (Error Correct Mode) so that line errors have already been eliminated.
Performance
MH: The amount of compression is not great but the line noise “hits” only effect the line in which they occur, therefore resistance to noise is good.
MR: Compression is greater than MH but the improvement is limited by the need to restrict the value of K to minimise the effect of errors.
MMR: Compression is much greater than MH and using ECM (Error Correct Mode) eliminates the effects of bad lines.
 Section 3
G3 ECM (Error Correction Mode)
 G3 ECM - document structure

Document Structure in G3 ECM

Frame size 64 or 256 octet

Page

Compressed image data

Block
Frame
Block

•
Max 256 Frame
•
•
 G3 ECM Frame structure

F A C I FCS F

Flag sequence
Used to establish
synchronize of bit and Control field Frame Check Sequence
frame. If it is the last frame, CRC check from end of
Fix format:01111110 frame should be ‘Flag sequence’ to
:11001000 ‘Information Field’.
If not, frame should be
:11000000 Flag sequence
Address field Used to establish
Command :11000000 synchronize of bit and
Response :10000000 frame.
Information field
Fix format:01111110
64 octet or 256 octet (selectable)
 G3 ECM block structure

Transmit Receive

CNG
PIX is sent by block unit.(64 or 256 octet)
CED

NSF/CSI/DIS

(NSS)/TSI/DCS

Frame 0
TCF Frame 1
Frame 2
CFR

Frame 255
Train/CPIX

EOP PIX data send in ECM mode

MCF

DCN
 G3 ECM error detection and correction

Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4

Error check sequence is performed on every block unit

Transmit Receive

Frame 0
Frame 1 Detect error frame
Frame 2
1 block

Frame 255

Frame 1 re-send request

PPS-EOP

PPR 0 1 0 0-------------0

Frame 1 re-send Frame 1

Frame 1 re-send
PPS-EOP

MCF Frame 1 received correctly

 G3 ECM block transfer

All of image data are comressed and store in block. Sometimes 1 page may contain more than 1 block.(depend one image
coverage) In this case, I page send by block unit and re-structure these data at receive side.

Transmit Receive

Page
CPIX block 1

PPS-NULL

MCF

CPIX block 2
Block 1
PPS-EOP

Block 2 MCF

DCN
 G3 ECM fall back and retry - 1

Transmit Receive This case showing the 1 page send with ECM, but
found the error in block. This page consist of only 1
NSF/CSI/DIS block.
TSI/DCS/
TCF
CFR

CPIX block 1 1 block received, but found bit error in block 1.

Receive side require the ‘re-send’ as sending the
PPS-EOP signal=PPR.
PPR

CPIX Frame(re-send) Received 1 block 4 times, but still bit error was
there.-->Ch57-692
PPS-EOP
PPR
CTC Sending side send the CTC signal as tell the fall
back the transmit speed and change the
CTR block size(64/256 octet).-->Ch57-693
CPIX Frame( re-send)
After fall back, receive successfully completed, then
PPS-EOP return the MCF signal.
MCF

DCN
 G3 ECM fall back and retry - 2

Transmit Receive
This case showing the 1 page send with ECM, but
found the error in block. This page consist of only 1
block.

CPIX block1

PPS-EOP
PPR Sending side will try to send the block 4 times, then
send CTC signal as fall back the transfer speed.
CTC#1
CTR
•
• When sending side already send CTC signal 4
• times, then send the EOR-MPS signal to remote.
•
CTC#4
CTR

EOR-MPS
When receive the EOR-MPS signal, receiver side
ERR
return the ERR signal.
DCN
 G3 ECM Exercise

Transmit Receive

Block 3 NSF/CSI/DIS
Block 1 TSI/DCS/
TCF
CFR
Block 2

Exercise 3
Fill out the protocol right hand side.
This Fax job consist of 2 pages. the error occured on block 2,
then send it twice. Other block received correctly. ?
Exercise 4
Sending customer want use 9600 bps transmitting anyway.
How do you setup the machine as don’t fall back to lower
speed?

DCN
 Error Correction Mode (ECM)
l ECM: (Error Correct Mode) This feature is available on some models. It is necessary for both machines to have the ECM function
before ECM can be used.
l It is intended to help correct transmission problems by offering a two way Transmission and error checking capability. The two
machines compare data as it is transmitted. Forward error checking is used in modern machines and as it suggests, add bits to the
data stream and the receiving machine uses this information to evaluate the incoming information and decides if the transmitting
machine needs to re-transmit the information again. This means that a machine sending at 9600 BPS will not be sending 9600 bits of
information but a slightly lower number as some will be used for the error correction bits. If the quality of the telephone line is very
poor then this will increase the transmission considerably.
l Principal of operation:
• The page is scanned in to fax memory. The scanned data is divided in to Blocks.
• One block can have maximum of 256 frames. Frame F0 to frame F255
• Each frame can have maximum data of 256 octets, 64 octets for a frame is selectable.
• The page data is transmitted frame by frame and each frame address is attached to the data.
• If the page data is not covered in one block then pending data is transferred to the next block.
• On completion of the transmission of block data, the machine checks the quality and completeness of the received data frame by frame of
block and marks the defective frames.
• After transmission of the block the transmitting machine, sends a PPS-EOP signal (total page data covered in current frame) if any data got lost
in transmission the remote machine sends PPR signal containing the frame number corresponding to the defective frames received.
• The transmitting machine resends the complete data of the frames received in PPR signal.
• On completion of transmission of the data of the defective frames, the transmitter resends the PPS- EOP signal.
• The remote machine receives these frames and check for error in these frames, if errors are found, those blocks are marked as error frames and
sends PPR signal. If frames are received correctly then it sends the MCG signal.
• .If the transmitting machine receives PPR signal, then it checks for the number of retries in ECM mode (default 4 retries, can be adjusted from
1 to 4 in some models). If retry is equal to 1 then the transmitter will send the CTC signal to the receiver and wait for the CTR signal from the
receiver. On reception of the CTR signal the transmitter will fall back the transmitting speed to a lower speed and check the line condition. On
reception of the CFR signal it resends the defective frames. And wait for the MCF signal. It repeats the step 8 to 11 till it receives the MCF
signal.
• If MCF signal is not received then finally it gives the error and sends a DCN signal. If MCF is received then it moves on to transmission of the
next block if available or the next page.