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HUMANITARIAN DEMINING
OPERATIONS HANDBOOK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface iii
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Appendix G. Sample Public Information Campaign Plan and Product Action Work
G-1
Sheet
Glossary Glossary-1
References References-1
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PREFACE
Antipersonnel (AP) mines, unexploded ordnances (UXOs), and antivehicular mines are
emplaced in large numbers in many countries throughout the world. These mines kill and
maim noncombatants and slow or prevent growth and development in emerging or
rebuilding countries. Currently, land mines and UXOs kill or wound an estimated 150
people every week—most of them unarmed civilians. To help preclude this tragedy, the
United States (U.S.) and the United Nations (UN) have made the removal or
neutralization of mines throughout the world a priority. To this end, the United States
may commit forces in support of demining activities. Army special operations forces
(ARSOF) have the unique qualifications of language ability, cultural awareness, and area
orientation that make them especially useful in this role.
Decision makers at all levels must understand ARSOF capabilities and limitations in
supporting the Humanitarian Demining Program. They must also understand the vast
scope of establishing a self-sustaining host nation (HN) program. ARSOF assets, when
ordered, establish HN demining organizations and teach demining skills to designated
personnel as part of the overall effort to establish a self-sustaining HN element. All
ARSOF activities must be thoroughly integrated during all phases of establishing an HN
capability. Demining may occur in a permissive or a semi-permissive environment.
ARSOF mission orientation and experience in training indigenous personnel are of
tremendous benefit in establishing successful demining training programs required for the
demining effort. Humanitarian demining operations (HDO) may be conducted as a
collateral activity in support of unconventional warfare (UW) or foreign internal defense
(FID), or as a humanitarian assistance (HA) activity. The end state of demining is to
establish HN organizations capable of achieving 100 percent neutralization of mines and
UXOs in a designated country or region.
This publication provides ARSOF units information and guidance on conducting HDO.
Its purpose is to assist in operational planning and support and to serve as a quick and
ready listing of lessons learned. It provides useful hints, ideas, and information based
primarily on lessons learned from demining operations in Afghanistan, Cambodia,
Ethiopia, Eritrea, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Honduras, and Bosnia.
Each demining operation often has totally different organizational structures, training
plans, and support structures based on the HN’s strengths, weaknesses, and capabilities.
This publication focuses on establishing an HN organization from the ground up using
optimal resources (time, personnel, logistics) to accomplish the mission. Its intent is to
give anyone without any demining experience a complete representation of the planning
process and pertinent factors to consider in demining operations. It will not answer all
questions. It will, however, serve as a useful guide in helping you identify the important
factors, questions, or issues for your demining mission operation and in leading you to
solutions or to knowledgeable sources of information.
The proponent of this publication is HQ, TRADOC. The preparing agency is the United
States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS).
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Reviewers and users of this publication should submit comments and recommended
changes on DA Form 2028 to Commander, USAJFKSWCS, ATTN: AOJK-DT-SF, Fort
Bragg, North Carolina 28307-5000.
Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer
exclusively to men.
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CHAPTER 1
CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL
Authority for U.S. forces to conduct HDO is Title 10, United States Code,
Section 401. As a matter of policy, U.S. forces shall not engage in
physically detecting, lifting, or destroying land mines.
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to sustain the programs after U.S. military trainers have departed the
country.
Training local demining cadre to find and destroy land mines and
to return mined areas to productive use.
Educating civilians on the dangers of land mines and on ways to
identify and report them.
Clearing mined areas that impede the repatriation of refugees and
obstruct the means to lead productive lives.
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PROGRAM GOALS
The first goal is critical to the long-term success of the program. Its intent
is to help nations establish internal long-term capabilities to achieve 100
percent land mine removal over 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-year intervals. The
overall focus of this goal is as follows:
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PROGRAM PROCEDURES
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PROBLEM AREAS
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PHASED PLANNING
Phase 1 - Predeployment
Phase 2 - Deployment
Phase 3 - Training
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Phase 4 - Operations
Phase 6 - Sustainment
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capable of training their forces over the long term. Training for HN
soldiers and leaders includes (but is not limited to)—
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The 528th Support Battalion from the SOSCOM can assist in the
demining effort through its logistics expertise and forward-deployed
special operations theater support elements (SOTSEs). It can assist
ARSOF forces in planning and obtaining logistics resources from within
the theater and the HN support systems.
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CHAPTER 2
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
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Command Section.
Administrative Section.
Data Management Section.
Historical Research Section.
Operations and Training Section.
Logistics Section.
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Demining School
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CHAPTER 3
This chapter outlines six operational phases that under ideal conditions enable
ARSOF to establish an HN organization capable of conducting independent self-
sustaining operations with a high probability for long-term success. These phases
were developed by ARSOF with HDO experience in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Namibia,
Rwanda, Cambodia, and Laos. The chapter focuses on detailed mission planning
factors within each of the six phases. Although SF planning is the primary focus,
common CA and PSYOP planning factors are also included. Specific CA and
PSYOP planning factors are in Chapters 4 and 5.
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PHASE 1 - PREDEPLOYMENT
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Mission orders.
CINC assessment and pre-mission checklists.
An up-to-date area study, highlighting main participants
(nations, forces, political or religious groups, outside
sponsors); recent or current conflicts; and political,
religious, and racial differences or disagreements.
History of mines (types, origin, and dates) purchased or
introduced into the target area.
FID IPB process.
Assessment of HN current capabilities, especially
engineering training and equipment.
Assessment of HN mine threat, including information on
known mined areas or regions.
Identification of CA and PSYOP requirements and support
for the mission.
Identifying ROEs and HN constraints that impact on the
detachment and the mission, such as HN restrictions on weapons
and COMSEC.
Identifying required training aids. (See Phase 3 -Training.)
Identifying required resources in all classes of supply and
coordinating with theater commands to obtain needed logistics.
Establishing HN unit standing operating procedure (SOP) for
conducting day-to-day demining operations.
Preparing all mission support documents in accordance with
(IAW) applicable regulations and unit SOPs.
Preparing threat and risk assessment.
Train-up of the demining team should cover (but is not limited to)—
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Until FY 97, DOS provided funding through the FMF account. In FY 97,
the NADR account was expanded to include HDO. These security
assistance accounts are allocated to countries based on their proposed
demining plan and recommendations from the IWG.
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Equipment Acquisition
Acquisition of equipment for the DOD HDO may be through two separate
means: OHDACA and FMF.
FMF. FMF is available through the DOS for certain foreign nations. By
law, equipment or services procured using FMF are to be managed by the
DSAA.
NOTE: Funding for the DOD Humanitarian Demining Program has been
specifically authorized by Congress for humanitarian purposes. Activities
and equipment initiated using DOD Humanitarian Assistance Program
funds must support an approved interagency humanitarian mission.
Consequently, monitoring checks and internal controls must be
established to make sure DOD-provided equipment is primarily used by
the HN for humanitarian purposes. Monitoring checks may be performed
by organizations other than the DOD, such as the country team, NGOs, or
contractors.
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Accountability Instructions
Funding Restrictions
HDO program managers need to know the parameters in using each type
of funding available. The program manager must be prepared to monitor
all aspects of funding within the HDO organization. Every effort should be
made to assure that there is clear authority to spend the money.
Clarification of the use of funds can be obtained from OASD: SO-LIC. As
stated earlier, OHDACA O&M funds cannot be used to purchase vehicles.
The process for using FMF funds takes time and involves several
organizations. The responsible agency is the DSAA, which must be
notified of the requirement. Other participants include applicable DOS and
DOD organizations. The FMF funding process takes about 90 to 120 days
and results in the opening of an FMF case. The advantage of the process is
that the DSAA routinely handles all aspects of acquiring, packing, and
shipping material to foreign countries, acting in many respects like a
contractor for the HDO program.
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The PDSS should be made up of the NCOs and officers assigned to the
main mission. CA and PSYOP personnel should be included on the PDSS.
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Deployment of Liaison
Rules of Engagement
PHASE 2 - DEPLOYMENT
Customs
The LNO must work with HN personnel and their customs officials to
resolve potential customs issues. He must coordinate with customs for
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Transportation
Training Site
The HN selects where the training sites will be located based upon
national priorities. Because the training site will be a permanent site used
by the HN to train soldiers long after the United States departs, careful
planning must go into selecting and setting up the site.
During the initial assessment, the training site should be checked, and any
problems with it negotiated with the HN for correction. If any renovations
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All personnel identified by the HN for training should be screened and in-
processed. The United States cannot require the HN to provide photos or
medical records or dictate which soldiers will participate in demining
training. The role of the United States is to help the HN establish a
selection process that includes these procedures. Each trainee should be
assessed from the beginning of training until the end. This procedure will
help identify trainees to fill or promote into key leadership positions or to
identify those to be removed from the program.
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Someone should be selected who will give sick students permission not to
train and will determine how much class time may be missed before
students are dropped from the training course. Students who fail to meet
class attendance standards will not be certified and may be considered for
retraining.
Cadre Assessment
PHASE 3 - TRAINING
During the training phase, all three ARSOF elements focus on executing
the individual training programs.
Training Methodology
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Phased-Training Concept
Step 1 Identify and train the essential staff elements of the national
demining HQ. This part of the organization can thus function and
continue real world hands-on training during the establishment of
the remaining organization.
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Concurrent-Training Concept
Step 1 Identify and train all members of the NDO in essential basic
skills. This allows the NDO to develop an understanding of all the
basic aspects of demining operations and to enhance cohesiveness
among the different subordinate organizations.
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Programs of Instruction
Basic Skills
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Advanced Skills
Communications.
Medical (Combat Lifesaver Course).
Advanced engineer skills (demining).
Land navigation and map skills (selected personnel)/global
positioning system (GPS).
Instructor training (selected cadre).
Leadership (selected personnel).
Staff planning process, organization, and procedures, including
operational mission planning.
Automated data processing (ADP) and computers.
Survey and marking skills.
Team Skills
Collective Skills
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Survey Skills
A precise minefield survey is the only way to identify the extent of the
mine problem and accurately plan clearing activities. Survey teams
specifically trained for surveying are with each regional demining HQ.
They identify these areas and coordinate to have them prioritized. The
survey is in two general phases, each serving different purposes.
Minefield indicators.
Minefield extraction.
Mine recognition and safety precautions.
Mine area reconnaissance by land type.
Map reading.
Marking skills.
Use of cameras.
Sketching and reporting.
Interviewing skills.
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When establishing and training the survey teams, integrate the following
measures:
Teach map and compass skills first; plan 2 weeks minimum for
this training.
Teach sketching and photography.
Recruit draftsmen and surveyors.
Search for a mine-free area to conduct pace, azimuth, and land
navigation training.
Make survey training a separate training mission prior to the
demining mission.
HN Cadre Instructors
The training team working with HN leaders finalizes the student training
assessments and identifies HN cadre instructors.
Training Aids
Training aids should include aids for U.S. train-up and for use by the HN.
(See Appendix F.) Store the training aids used by a unit for train-up with
the Group Engineers Office. These training aids should allow an SFODA
to conduct rehearsals of classes in mines/UXOs and their neutralization.
Plan to secure training aids during Phase 1 (Predeployment). U.S. Marine
EOD can go into a country and deactivate live mines for use as training
aids. Training aids of mines can also be purchased through the military
training (MILTRA) company and through the training support center
(TSC). The Fort Gordon TSC has demining training aids and can fabricate
devices if given an example.
Inert mines/ordnances.
Mine-detection equipment.
Minefield marking equipment.
Protective equipment.
Demolition equipment.
Equipment and techniques for limiting collateral damage, such as
Kevlar blankets and sandbags.
Videos of demining techniques, both mechanical and human
intensive.
Logistics manuals.
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PHASE 4 - OPERATIONS
WARNING
Safety Guidelines
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Demolitions Safety
Detonators contain the most sensitive explosive in the detonating train and
must be treated with the greatest care at all times. Avoid handling the
detonator tube unless absolutely necessary.
NOTE: When several charges are fired by one means of initiation, observe
the safety distance of the largest single charge (or munitions being
destroyed).
Ensure sentries are posted and instructed in their duties. Clear the
danger area and keep it closed.
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Permit smoking only at stops and then only at a distance of not less
than 50 meters from any loaded vehicle.
Space ammunition vehicles at 100-meter intervals from other
vehicles loaded with explosives during movement and halts.
Do not park vehicles carrying explosives near buildings or in
populated areas and do not leave unattended.
Do not carry explosives in the cab of any vehicle.
Never carry fuel anywhere on or in the vehicle other than in the
fuel tank.
Make sure all vehicles carrying explosives have a fire extinguisher
in a readily accessible position.
Evenly distribute boxed explosives over the compartment of the
vehicle.
Secure the load during movement to prevent loss and damage.
Avoid rapid acceleration and quick braking.
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WARNING
Mine Characteristics
The training team must know the specific mine threat in its area of
responsibility (AOR). Generally, the mine threat primarily consists of
hand-emplaced blast, fragmentation, and chemical mines. Antivehicular or
AT mines may also be present. All mines, whether manufactured or
improvised, are activated by pressure or tension release (trip-wire devices)
or are command detonated. Manufactured mines are usually used by a
regular or conventional force. Irregular forces may use all improvised
mines or a combination of mines that are improvised and manufactured.
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Mine Components
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Triggering Devices
Devices used to trigger mines typically fall into three basic categories:
Detonating Devices
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Explosive Charge
Sustained Operations
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the following drills to fit the situation and terrain you will
encounter:
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Step 8 Reclaim the Land. The NDO turns the area back to the
indigenous populace for agricultural or economic purposes.
Mission Planning
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Approach to Minefield
At the safe area, stake out and mark a 1-meter by 2-meter area free from
all metal. Test and recheck all platoon metal detectors in this metal-free
area. If operating in an area where the soil has a high metallic content, the
5-centimeter (cm) test piece may be placed in the ground in a cleared area
and all detectors tested using the buried block before departing the safe
area.
Before the platoon departs the safe area, a designated mine detector from
each section sweeps all marked paths to the edge of the minefield, marked
paths leading to individual team areas, and any unfinished lanes cleared
the day before. As required, the designated mine detectors replace mine-
marking tape and signs that are missing along swept areas. Only after this
procedure is completed should the entire platoon move forward to demine.
Assign one team each morning to clear and check the entire perimeter of
the minefield for downed tape and missing markers. The designated mine
detector makes sure the detector is working properly, while the prober
replaces broken tape and missing marker signs.
Platoon Employment
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To create a secure point for the demining teams to begin probing and
detecting for mines, establish safe lanes at the leading edge of live
minefields. Commanders first establish safe lanes using the same steps as
the mine clearance lanes. After the lanes are set up, mine detector
personnel check them at the beginning of each day.
During the initial survey, mark mined area perimeters at least 15 meters
from the outermost mines in the field with elevated wire (ankle and waist
high) and mine signs. Use short white stakes in the ground to mark the
lanes and key areas (stores, rest areas, parking areas). Also mark the actual
perimeter of the minefield where the deminers are working; use staked
barbed wire and mine-warning signs between the stakes or pickets in the
ground about every 15 meters. As work progresses on the minefield, these
markings should also move into newly cleared areas to reflect the actual
perimeter of the mined area. Use red and white painted poles to mark the
corners of the mined areas. To eliminate confusion, use only these
markings.
Working safe lanes should be at least 1.5 meters long so that a deminer
can safely get into the prone position for probing. Team and section safe
areas will be at least 2 meters long and 1.5 meters wide. Each team's safe
area will have a 0.5-meter-square area to store fragments. Also, each
platoon will have a 1- by 1-meter area staked off to store fragments and a
2- by 2-meter area for brush and vegetation. Locate this area near the
control point.
No safe lane or safe area will be closer than 20 meters to any other safe
lane, working safe lane, or safe area.
Section sergeants inform the platoon leader when their sections are ready
to begin demining operations. The platoon begins demining as follows:
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The prober, detector, and section sergeant move to the edge of the
safe area or the edge of the minefield to perform a visual
inspection of the minefield.
The section sergeant executes the trip-wire reaction drill. He
always conducts this drill at the start of each lane. He repeats the
trip-wire drill when the detector reaches the limit of the grappling
hook toss.
Upon completion of the trip-wire reaction drill, the section
sergeant calls the detector forward then moves back to the safe
area.
The detector executes the mine detector drill.
Upon completion of the mine detector drill, the detector moves
back to the team’s safe area and tells the prober the results.
If the detector finds no items, he then informs the section sergeant
who then executes the trip-wire reaction drill on the next section of
the team's lane.
If an item is detected and marked by the detector, the prober
conducts the prober drill.
If no item is uncovered by the prober, he then moves back to the
safe area and the detector executes the mine detector drill again.
If the prober detects an item, the following actions may occur:
Uncover the item to determine its identification.
If the item is a mine or a UXO, uncover it enough to place
a charge and mark it with a mine bonnet.
If the item is a metal fragment, retrieve it and place it in the
fragmenta-tion pit located in the team's safe area. The
detector retests the detector, returns to the starting point,
and rechecks the ground where the detector identified the
metal fragment, confirming the ground is clear.
Remove confirmed and marked mines by either demolition in the
demolitions phase or the pulling drill. Use the pulling drill only in
circumstances of unacceptable damage to property from
demolition explosion or unacceptable damage to vital structures
(for example, roads or bridges).
Investigate all detected objects and then neutralize or remove them
as appropriate.
Before withdrawing from the minefield, make sure all mines that have
been detected and marked are destroyed. Normally, it is best to detect and
mark mines as the deminers work their lanes, waiting until the end of the
day to destroy all mines simultaneously.
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Usually, demolition occurs after the section sergeant fills out the land
mine report. To minimize the risk to personnel, the following sequence of
events should occur:
NOTE: See Appendix H for sample drills to train collective tasks for
neutralization procedures.
Upon returning to the safe area and before departing the area, the platoon
leader and sergeant must—
Medical Evacuation
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Head gear.
Eye protection (safety glasses).
Coveralls.
Boots, military, bloused (jungle or leather).
Flak vest.
No metal jewelry.
Vehicles
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Equipment
WARNING
Current handheld metal detectors do not operate in wet soil. The NDO
should target geographical areas during the dry seasons, then rotate to
other parts of the country during wet seasons. Detectors also have
difficulty detecting low-metallic mines in very dry soil because these
mines present the same dielectric contrast as a very dry soil. Mine
detectors can detect a dielectric contrast between the soil and the mine,
thus causing them to alarm and warn the operator. However, these systems
have difficulty in distinguishing mines from surface or near-surface
ground clutter under any conditions. Engineers and scientists are
attempting to solve this problem, but no solution is foreseen in the near
future. Vapor detectors require sufficient amounts of the vapor in the air or
soil for the sensor to detect. Heavy wind or rain diminishes the sensor’s
ability to locate vapors.
CAUTION
Metal debris from exploded ordnance will also be detected and will
create numerous false alarms.
When mines are deployed that do not have enough metal content to
activate a detector’s warning signal, the only way to locate them is
with a probe. Detectors do not work on nonmetallic mines.
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Dog Teams
In the Vietnam conflict, the U.S. Army used scout dogs in lead elements
during ground movements. Their mission was to alert our forces to enemy
soldiers or a potential ambush. The main items the dogs were trained to
"alert on" were mines, booby traps, and other explosive devices. The dogs
provided an extremely valuable service and consistently gave sufficient
notice so explosives and other enemy threats were countered. Scout dogs
were successful in finding mines in Vietnam because the explosives in the
mines gave off odors undetectable to humans yet detectable to the dogs.
This unique ability of dogs has led to their being used in humanitarian
demining.
The use of dogs integrated with indigenous handlers and local deminers
has increased the safety and speed of demining operations. Dogs are
trained to detect explosives and trip wires for booby traps using their acute
sense of smell and hearing. Once the dogs have pinpointed the location of
an explosive device, deminers use standard procedures to neutralize the
device. Dog training normally consists of two 8- to 10-week training
sessions conducted before execution of demining operations. The second
phase is to bond and train the dog with a local handler. The report of the
"Symposium on Antipersonnel Mines," sponsored 21-23 April 1993 by the
International Committee of the Red Cross, lists several pros and cons for
the use of dogs in demining operations.
Pros
Cons
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Perhaps the task most suited to the use of dogs is the initial survey of an
area or a route. This role is similar to the one scout dogs perform in
military operations. Dogs can be most effective in finding and bounding
the threat. They are also effective in performing quality control or in
"proofing" an area after clearance operations have been conducted.
Before the demining training team redeploys, several key events must be
completed to ensure an effective transition from short-term military
objectives to long-term sustainment objectives.
Equipment Handoff
Large quantities of equipment and resources are brought into the country
to conduct training and to provide self-sustainment for approximately 1
year. To make sure this material stays in the demining channels, it must be
hand receipted to the NDO, under the supervision of the U.S. country team
or program manager. A 100 percent inventory of detachment equipment
must be completed before redeployment to make sure no errors have been
made in transferring equipment to the HN.
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Leadership Transition
Post-Mission Evaluation
Ideally, the detachment will have an opportunity to monitor the NDO for
approximately 2 weeks before redeployment. In either case, the
detachment should conclude a post-mission evaluation identifying known
organizational, training, and logistical shortfalls. The evaluation should
also include recommendations for future training or support.
PHASE 6 - SUSTAINMENT
The theater command and the U.S. country team are responsible for the
integration of the HN NDO into the full spectrum of available programs
and sustainment. These programs should include military, NGO, and UN
programs capable of providing assistance for long-term sustainment.
Logistics
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Supply Management
Maintenance Support
Stay-Behind Liaison
Continual relations provide continuity and build trust with the HN.
Constant presence exerts a positive influence on HN professionalism.
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Follow-On Assessments
The theater command, the DAO, and the U.S. Embassy are responsible for
monitoring the status of the demining program. The theater CINC program
manager must conduct follow-on assessment evaluations in conjunction
with the ARSOF that conducted the training. This step establishes
additional resources and any requirement for additional reinforcement
training that would help the HN continue its demin- ing program.
Follow-On Training
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CHAPTER 4
CA assets conduct HDO as part of an integrated effort with SF and PSYOP forces
to support U.S. Government and theater command objectives. CA support
demining activities by assisting in training the national HQ and conducting liaison
activities with the HN infrastructure, the UN, and international or local NGOs.
CA assistance focuses on training leadership skills, management techniques, and
staff procedures required for the HQ to command, control, and communicate
effectively with its subordinate organizations. CA assistance is provided to
integrate the NDO into the HN infrastructure.
Phase 1 - Predeployment
Upon receipt of the mission, the deploying element makes contact with the
SF element responsible for the mission and immerses itself in the mission
planning pro-cess. It conducts a thorough mission analysis based on
theater CINC/SOC guidance, develops a clear and concise OPLAN, and
determines mission support requirements. The intent of this phase is to
make sure the CA team has successfully completed all requisite pre-
mission training, coordination, reconnaissance, and procurement. CA
support must be thoroughly integrated into the overall demining training
mission. Specific demining tasks to consider include—
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Phase 2 - Deployment
The intent of this phase is to deploy the CA team successfully and to set
up the NDO HQ and training site. Transportation must be coordinated
through the mission planning agent (MPA) and may involve the separate
movement of personnel and equipment. Coordination and liaison with the
HN, NGOs, country team, and contractors continue. This phase ends when
the element is ready to conduct training.
Phase 3 - Training
This phase begins upon arrival of the HN students who are selected from
basic training and make up the NDO HQ staff. The intent of this phase is
to develop the advanced skills necessary to operate the HQ. Specific topics
include—
Phase 4 - Operations
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This phase also involves ensuring the durability of the NDO contracts and
budget to support equipment maintenance and supply requirements.
Phase 6 - Sustainment
CA Training Organization
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CA Detachment Training
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Transportation
The NDO HQ has under its control three subordinate elements: a mine
awareness cell, a demining school, and up to three regional demining HQ.
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In some cases, the NDO may have emergency clearance teams as well as
survey and marking teams under its control.
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CHAPTER 5
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
The role of PSYOP forces in HDO is to educate and train the HN national
government, local governments, and HN population on ways to reduce the
hazards caused by UXO/mine contamination. The focus is on training the HN to
develop and execute UXO/mine awareness campaigns and training programs and
to develop and disseminate UXO/mine awareness products. The desired end state
of the mission is to achieve a self-sustaining capability to develop and execute a
national UXO/mine awareness campaign.
END-STATE OBJECTIVES
All UXO and mine awareness campaigns must have defined parameters
and end-state objectives. These end-state objectives usually revolve
around one or more of the following themes.
Recognition
Avoidance
Notification
Noninterference
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Collection or Trafficking
Safety and public information themes inform the populace of the existence
of mine-clearing activities. Programs may also include step-by-step
procedures on—
ORGANIZATION
The responsibilities of the PSYOP cell are to train, mentor, and assist HN
mine awareness personnel in—
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Collocates with the NDO. Keeps the head of the NDO informed on the
status of the mine awareness campaign. Coordinates mine communication
between the NDO and the Mine Awareness Section. Attends meetings in
5-4
TC 31-34
the absence of the supervisor and serves as the advisor to the head of the
NDO on mine awareness matters.
NOTE: This position may or may not be filled, depending upon the size of
the de-mining organization.
Develops concepts for mine awareness products that support the national
campaign plan. Primarily responsible for the development of all products,
such as posters, stickers, newspaper articles, and advertisements. Assists
in developing theatrical programs, lesson plans, and other programs that
support the mine awareness campaign. Coordinates with local production
sources, such as print plants and newspapers, for mass production of
approved products.
Broadcast Journalist
Designs radio, television, and video scripts and broadcasts that support the
mine awareness campaign. Assists with the production of products to be
disseminated through audio and audiovisual media. Also assists with the
development of scripts for theatrical acts or classroom lessons. Performs
other functions as needed.
Illustrator
Draws and designs final products from concepts developed by the product
developers. Assists in coordinating the production of approved products.
Performs other functions as needed.
Driver/Clerk
5-5
TC 31-34
COUNTRY-SPECIFIC PLAN
5-6
TC 31-34
The following list, though not all-inclusive, should serve as a road map to
resolve issues and to identify physical requirements in support of your
mission. Most of the information you will require should be provided by
the U.S. country team. Make every attempt to make sure no issues are left
unresolved before your departure. Do not assume that anything will be
provided or be available upon arrival. When appropriate, get all
agreements in writing.
5-7
TC 31-34
NOTE: If time permits and the U.S. Embassy will allow it, send a
daily situation report (SITREP) back to Fort Bragg, North
Carolina, to test systems reliability.
The following are guidelines for the integration of mine awareness plans:
The greatest challenge for the POAT is to identify the best method to
produce the products. Most of the target countries in the United States
European Command (USEUCOM) area of interest have suffered severe
damage to their infrastructure. In developing COAs to support product
development, you must analyze all aspects of your mission. You may have
5-8
TC 31-34
Using HN assets.
Using regional assets.
Deploying with assets.
Developing products and sending them back to Fort Bragg for
mass production.
Begin your assessment by determining where the U.S. Embassy, UN, and
NGOs get their print and broadcast products developed. If HN assets are
employed, conduct your own assessment of local capabilities. If possible,
present samples of your product and obtain cost estimates for mass
production.
If regional assets are used (third country, contractors), again, develop cost
estimates. In developing this COA, be sure to calculate the time delays
involved based on the distance to the production facility.
Given the distances involved, cost, and probable logistics trail required,
the last two options are probably the least desirable, but they still must be
assessed in your COA.
An MSQ-85.
A light print plant.
A combination of product development workstations (PDWSs) and
Risographs.
Once you have completed the assessment and decided on the best COA to
support the overall campaign plan, check regularly with key personnel in-
country to make sure no changes or modifications have occurred that will
impact on mission execution. See Figure B-5 (page B-8) of Appendix B
for a specific mine awareness checklist.
5-9
TC 31-34
Campaign Planning
Product Development
5-10
TC 31-34
MISSION PLANNING
Phase 1 - Predeployment
First and foremost, the regional assessment team discussed earlier must
collect as much information as possible on the peculiarities of the country.
It must pay particular attention to any past programs to make as accurate a
determination as possible of the extent of HN’s requirement.
5-11
TC 31-34
outline the responsibilities of each section and explain the general concept
of the proposed activities.
Phase 2 - Deployment
Plan for problems in delivering ADP equipment, such as the PDWS or the
Risograph. Because of the bulkiness of this equipment, it is ordinarily not
on the same commercial aircraft the team deploys on and may be delayed
as the local air freight companies slowly deliver it to the operational site.
The team must coordinate for the receipt of any shipped equipment.
Provisions must be made to pay customs and receiving fees or to ship the
equipment customs free to the U.S. Embassy.
Set up and test the computer equipment as soon as it arrives. Despite best
efforts to pack the equipment carefully, the trip will probably cause some
of the components to be inoperable.
Phase 3 - Training
Phase 4 - Operations
Develop a written test and an evaluation plan. Submit them for approval
along with the UXO/mine awareness campaign. Be prepared for concern
on the part of the HN team. Acknowledging that some products have not
5-12
TC 31-34
Phase 6 - Sustainment
During the first postdeployment visit, assess the impact of your training.
Be prepared to recommend to the theater SOC a second major deployment
to the country if necessary.
5-13
APPENDIX A
The CINC should conduct a detailed country assessment 12 to 18 months before the
projected demining start date. Figure A-1 shows the events of a typical HDO time line.
Phase 1 - Predeployment
Phase 2 - Deployment
• Draws equipment.
• Palletizes.
• Deploys.
• Conducts reception.
Phase 3 - Training
A-1
approximately 8 to 12 weeks, based on initial assessment and PDSS
evaluation.
Phase 4 - Operations
• Conduct reception.
• Palletize.
• Redeploy.
Phase 6 - Sustainment
A-2
The LNO assumes an advisory role and monitors and tracks demining
operations for a 30-day period. The LNO conducts an assessment of the
completed training and makes sure an effective transition occurs.
A-3
APPENDIX B
PRE-MISSION CHECKLISTS
This appendix provides checklists (Figures B-1 through B-7) for use during the
CINC assessment and the PDSS. LNOs may also use the lists to maintain a log of
all coordinations, POCs, and agreements. The lists are useful during transitions
and problem solving.
Training
• Recruit personnel.
• Meet regularly with HN chain of command.
• Integrate operations of NDO, mine awareness, and deminers.
• Identify mines for inerting by EOD (if planned).
• Find good training sites and identify support.
• Find source of local maps (if possible).
• Identify site for land navigation (mine free).
Logistics
• Determine local availability of supplies and support.
• Coordinate NGO and UN support.
• Coordinate for customs clearance or bypass.
• Identify computer capabilities for usage, repair, and supplies.
• Identify local capability to fabricate (welding, carpenters).
• Identify contractors.
• Identify HN clothing requirements.
Communications
• Obtain frequency clearances.
• Get clearances for communications security and message traffic.
• Coordinate HN telephone and fax hookups.
Food
• Plan to augment HN food if possible.
• Coordinate supply storage sites.
• Look for health problems and concerns.
• Look for refrigeration.
Maintenance
• Get maintenance package with vehicle rental.
• Coordinate with NGOs, the UN, and locals for support.
B-1
• Bring generators and light sets.
Transportation
• Get 4 x 4 vehicles.
• Get maintenance package.
• Find fuel points and identify costs.
• Find wrecker service.
Administrative
• Track country clearances, flight clearances, and explosives clearances.
• Identify local visa issues and get waiver on entrance and exit fees.
• Expedite customs checks.
Budget
• Work MIPRs.
• Work with contracts (do not obligate; use GSO or contract officer).
• Establish contracts for vehicles, food, billeting, water, fuel, generators,
construction, telephone hookup.
• Coordinate changing money at Embassy with GSO.
Medical
• Research data on mine incidents.
• Find local hospitals or clinics and coordinate for support.
• Coordinate for MEDEVAC of HN and U.S. personnel.
• Determine water purity and good food sources.
• Determine good source of blood and drugs.
Storage Sites
• Determine demolitions storage.
• Designate equipment storage.
Public Affairs
• Coordinate with public affairs office (PAO) at the U.S. Embassy.
• Coordinate with HN.
• Work with local press.
B-2
Training
• Identify ongoing demining training programs, including—
B-3
___ Training shortfalls.
___ Location.
___ Reporting systems used (radio, phone, cellular) and their reliability.
• Identify the information outline flow chain (by element, organization, office
chief).
B-4
Figure B-2. Demining for host nation training.
B-5
___ Quantities available and suitability of quantities.
• Determine the ability of personnel to maintain and repair the various types of
equipment (parts, batteries, expendables).
• Determine if the equipment is easy to use.
• Determine if the equipment is applicable to the mission and if it is effective.
• Identify the types and quantities of equipment needed and determine their
priority.
• Identify engineer POIs in effect and determine if they are current and applicable.
___ Deminer.
___ Demolitions.
___ Recording.
___ Demolitions.
B-6
___ Deminer.
___ Demolitions.
• Identify quality control and assurance measures for engineer training that are in
place (performance counseling, tests, standards for instructors).
• Determine if engineer training for the organization is centrally directed,
coordinated, and standardized.
• Determine if feedback from the field is disseminated and included in future
training (after-action reports, lessons learned, publications).
• Determine if the quality and quantity of training support facilities, supplies, and
support (manuals, training aids) are adequate.
• Identify the kinds of risk assessment and safety precautions used for engineer
training and operations.
• Identify assistance requested (by priority).
Equipment
• Identify the kind of EOD equipment currently available and in use by EOD
personnel.
• Determine the capabilities and expected performance of the equipment.
• Identify the quantity of equipment available to support current operations and
determine the adequacy of the quantity.
• Identify the kinds and quantities of equipment required to support the expected
level of EOD operations.
• Identify the kinds and quantities of demolitions materials available to support
EOD operations and training.
• Determine if the organization can provide any needed new or additional
equipment.
• Determine the new or additional equipment or demolitions the organization
needs to have provided.
• Determine if the organization can support and maintain the EOD equipment
required to conduct operations and training.
• Identify additional comments or notes.
Current Training
• Identify current organizational EOD expertise (experience) or training.
B-7
• Identify the number of personnel who have this expertise or training and where
they received the training.
• Identify who conducts organizational EOD training (including instructors) and
where they were trained.
• Identify where this organizational EOD training is conducted.
• Identify the types and quantities of training aids currently available.
• Identify the general experience of instructors and operators.
B-8
• Identify the types of UXOs encountered.
___ Bombs.
___ Submunitions.
___ Other.
___ Bombs.
___ Submunitions.
___ Other.
B-9
• Identify additional comments or notes.
Operations
• Identify the departments and sections within your organization.
• Identify the size, organization, manning by specialty, and disposition of your
organization’s mobile information teams.
• Identify the size, function, and manning of your organization at the provincial
and district levels.
• Determine if your organization at the local level employs local people. If yes,
identify their capacity of employment.
• Determine if your organization is involved in any type of advertising.
• Identify how information is disseminated within your organization.
• Identify how information is disseminated to audiences.
• Identify the key communicators your organization uses at the village level.
• Determine if your organization produces or distributes any educational materials
through the primary school system. If yes, identify the kinds of materials and the
methods of distribution.
• Determine if your organization conducts any humanitarian assistance or related
programs. If yes, identify for whom.
• Determine if your organization conducts community awareness programs. If yes,
identify how it—
B-10
___ Local social, economic, and psychological impacts.
Equipment
• Determine if your organization has any computers or computer accessories. If
yes, identify the type and software.
• Identify print and audiovisual assets of your organization, including—
___ Type.
___ Number.
___ Location.
___ Repairs.
___ Pamphlets.
___ Handbills.
___ Stickers.
___ T-shirts.
B-11
___ Banners.
• Identify facilities and power supply that are available for the print equipment.
• Identify the age and brand of the print presses.
• Determine if your organization has generators. If yes, identify the size in
kilowatts (kW), the brand, and the power cord length.
• Identify (by name brand) audiovisual production equipment your organization
has, such as—
___ Screens.
• Identify the size of the production area. Determine if it is climate controlled and
if it has—
• Determine if your organization maintains any training aids. If yes, identify them.
• Determine if your organization has any radiobroadcast equipment. If yes,
identify if it is mobile or stationary, including—
___ FM or AM.
B-12
• Identify the type of communication equipment your organization has to
communicate with its field offices.
• Identify training and operations facilities and storage areas that belong to your
organization.
• Determine if your organization has community awareness or other mobile-type
information teams. If yes, determine if it has a performance troupe with the
following equipment:
___ Civilian.
___ Military.
___ Facility.
___ Coordinates.
B-13
___ Address.
___ Beds.
___ Administrators.
___ Doctors.
___ Nurses.
___ Practitioners.
B-14
___ Communication capability.
___ City.
___ Facility.
___ Coordinates.
___ Address.
___ Beds.
• Identify the number, capabilities, and education levels of the following medical
personnel:
___ Administrators.
___ Doctors.
___ Nurses.
___ Practitioners.
B-15
___ Additional personnel.
___ Standby.
___ Location.
B-16
• Identify ambulance evacuation capabilities, including—
___ Standby.
___ Location.
Feature Analysis
• Identify the number of personnel available to do feature analysis.
• Identify the number of personnel available to collect data.
• Determine if data collection is reliable.
• Determine the process for reporting the collected data.
• Identify how personnel determine possible mine areas.
• Identify training considerations in performing feature analysis, including⎯
B-17
___ Kind of training received to do feature analysis.
___ Kind of photographic process, with film processor (make and model)
B-18
or by hand.
___ Supporting system for topographic supplies, parts, and repair service.
___ Type of equipment and photo supplies used, amount on hand, and
procurement time.
Layout
• Identify the number of personnel available to do layout.
• Identify the number of personnel needed to do layout.
• Identify training considerations in doing layout, including—
B-19
___ Film processing capabilities (hand or processor) (making a model).
___ Ability to use filters to enhance or drop colors from a DMA product.
B-20
Plate
• Identify the number of personnel available to perform plate functions.
• Identify the number of personnel required to perform plate functions.
• Identify required training and skills, including—
___ Ability of personnel to change the exposure lamp (must use cotton
gloves).
B-21
___ Mount plate.
___ Make, model, and number of presses (size, plate, and blanket).
___ General cleaning and rust maintenance (gripper bar, plate clamps).
___ Process to get support maintenance and all other than minimal
operator's maintenance.
B-22
___ Plate cleaner (brand).
___ Approximately 244 sheets 1:50,000 scale to cover the entire area (5
to 10 flats for each sheet).
B-23
APPENDIX C
Figure C-1 is a list of equipment recommended for use in training and sustainment. The
list is as detailed as possible but is not all-inclusive. Identify any additional requirements
when conduct-ing mission analysis.
C-1
Figure C-2 is a list of demolitions equipment recommended for use within the demining
training program. The list is as detailed as possible but is not all-inclusive. Identify any
additional re-quirements when conducting mission analysis.
C-2
APPENDIX D
Planning demining activities involves coordination with various information and training
sources. Figure D-1 is a list of POCs helpful in operations planning.
3. U.S. Army Engineer School and the Army Program Manager for Mines,
Countermines, and Demolitions is developing a course on mine warfare and
mine awareness. Call for status of the program.
Commander, U.S. Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon, ATTN: ATZH-
DPV (Mr. Conrad),
Bldg 961, Fort Gordon, GA 30905, Telephone: DSN: 780-3040/3341,
Fax: (706) 796-8303 .
D-1
APPENDIX E
POIs cover training for all aspects of demining operations, at all levels of the
demining organization. This appendix is a sample POI summary for training
demining personnel in basic and advanced skills.
Basic skills training occurs before advanced training. Basic skills training
will vary dramatically in each country. HN assessments and mission
analysis will identify training requirements in this area.
Figure E-1 presents sample POI summaries for HDO advanced skills
training courses.
Figure E-1. Sample POI summaries for HDO advanced skills training courses.
E-1
Day 1 Lesson Introduction
Titles Disease Prevention
Clear the Airway
Clear an Object From the Throat of a Casualty
Perform Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation
2 Put on a Field Pressure Dressing
Put on a Tourniquet
Apply a dressing to an open chest wound
Apply a dressing to an open abdominal wound
Apply a Dressing to an open head wound
3 Review of dressings (Hands On)
Prevent shock
Immobilize a suspected spinal injury
4 Give first aid for burns
Recognize and give first aid for heat injuries
Transport a casualty using a two-man carry
or an improvised Litter
Transport a Casualty using a one-man carry
5 Written test
Hands-on test
6 Retrain
Retest
Advanced Tasks:
7 Overview
Measure and monitor a casualty's pulse
Measure and monitor a casualty's respiration
Initiate an intravenous infusion to treat
hypovolemic shock
8 Insert an oropharyngeal airway in an unconscious
casualty
Administer first aid to a chemical agent casualty
Identify and treat cold injuries
Manage a casualty with battle fatigue
Administer aspirin and antihistamines
Transport a casualty using a military vehicle
Evaluate a casualty
9 Final Written examination
Final Hands-On Examination
Retrain
10 Written Retest
Hands-On Retest
Figure E-1. Sample POI summaries for HDO advanced skills training courses
(continued).
E-2
Demining Course
Scope: Designed to teach techniques of manually detecting, marking, recording, and
destroying minefields.
Day 1 Lesson Introduction to Demining
Titles Identification of threat mines and booby traps
Identification of likely areas containing mines
Detection of mines (likely areas)
Practice Exercise (PE) of day 1 training
2 Actions upon detection or contact with mines
Reaction to detection of mines
Identify types of mines
Locate mines by visual means
Locate mines by probing
Mark located mines
PE of day 2 training
3 Introduction to mine detectors
Assemble and use mine detectors
Maintain Mine detectors and mine detection
equipment
locate mines using mine detectors
PE of day 3 training
4 Mark, Record, and report minefields
Direct a demining team
PE of day 4 training
PE of day 1 through day 4
5 Demolitions Safety
Demolitions equipment
Transporting demolitions
Field storage Procedures
Determine Safe distance
UXO safety precautions
PE of day 5 training
6 Munitions reconnaissance
Introduction to UXO munitions
Projectiles
Rockets
Guided missiles
Grenades
Dropped munitions
Booby traps
PE of day 6 training
7 Color codes and markings
Fuses (UXOs)
Booby traps
E-3
PE of day 5 through day 7
8 Construct a nonelectric initiation system
Construct an electric initiation system
PE of day 8 training
9 Prime explosives nonelectric
Prime explosives electric
Prime explosive with Det Cord
PE of day 9 training
10 Charge placement
Improvised destruction of mines
PE of day 8 through day 10
11-15 Demining FTX (UXO destruction PE)
Figure E-1. Sample POI summaries for HDO advanced skills training courses
(continued).
Communications Course
Scope: Designed to teach radio telephone procedures, equipment installation,
operation and maintenance, antenna theory, and repeater systems.
Day 1 Lesson Introduction
Titles Motorola radio
Radio procedures
Repeater site surveys
2 Repeater systems
Installation Procedures
Maintenance of Repeaters
3 Maintenance of repeaters (Continued)
4 Repeater system FTX (Hands-on)
5 Written test
Hands-On Test
Retrain/Retest
Figure E-1. Sample POI summaries for HDO advanced skills training courses
(continued).
E-4
Introduction 1
Do Not Touch 2
Mine Recognition (Characteristics) 2
Buried Land Mines 2
Surface Land Mines 2
Mine Initiation (Mine Sensitivity) 2
Fuses 2
Booby Traps 2
Land Mine Injuries 2
Fate, Magic, Karma 2
Traveling Procedures in an Unknown Area 2
Areas Likely To Be Mined 2
Mine Warning Clues 2
Mine Warning Signs (Marking) 2
Leaving a Mined Area or Field 2
Examination 1 1
Campaign Development 30 hours
Community Awareness Mission 1
Community Awareness Objective 1
Community Awareness Mission Analysis 1
Community Awareness Campaign Objectives 1
Analyze Potential Target Audiences 2
Select Target Audiences 4
Analyze Target Audiences 4
Develop Products and Activities 2
Develop Activities 2
Develop Community Awareness Series 2
Develop Community Awareness Programs 2
Develop Community Awareness Campaign 2
Execute Community Awareness Campaign 2
Modify and Monitor Community Awareness
2
Campaign
Examination 2 2
Product Development Process 30 hours
Analyze Community Awareness Mission 1
Derive Community Awareness Mission 1
Collect Information 1
Conduct Target Audience Analysis 4
E-5
Select Themes and Symbols 2
Select Media 4
Develop Product Prototypes
and Proposed Actions 4
Pretest Products and Simulate Actions 2
Obtain Final Program Approval 1
Prepare Products 2
Disseminate Products 2
Assess Impact 2
Modify Programs as Required 1
Examination 3 3
Product Development Center 20 hours
Plans and Programs Section 2
Target Audience Analysis Section 2
Product Development Section 2
Testing and Evaluation Section 2
Product Dissemination Section 2
Group Project 10
Product Development 30 hours
Product Dissemination 30 hours
Assess Impact 10
Modify Products 10
Final Examination 5
After-Action Review 5
Figure E-1. Sample POI summaries for HDO advanced skills training courses
(continued).
E-6
APPENDIX F
Figure F-1 is a list of training aids recommended for use within the demining training
program. The list is as detailed as possible but is not all-inclusive. Identify any additional
requirements when conducting mission analysis.
F-1
APPENDIX G
This appendix provides a sample public information campaign plan (Figure G-1) and
product action work sheet (Figure G-2) useful in planning mine awareness campaigns and
products.
Copy___of___copies
International Military Information Team - Namibia
Windhoek, Namibia
130900 FEB 95
REFERENCES:
c. ASD: SO-LIC, Request for CJCS Assistance in Assessing the Land Mine
Situation in Namibia,
16 AUG 94 (U).
G-1
in-country, will fall under the direct control of the U.S. country team in Windhoek,
Namibia. The IMIT officer in charge will be a member of the Namibian Demining
Liaison Committee (NDLC) and will serve as a discussion and coordinating agent for
the implementation of the Namibian demining program.
1. SITUATION.
a. General. This plan is designed to employ an IMIT to Namibia with the overall
objective of implementing a public information program that will reduce the
casualties caused by mines and UXOs in northern Namibia.
b. Strategic Guidance.
(2) Constraints.
(a) The U.S. Ambassador retains approval authority for all IMIT
products and programs.
G-2
d. Friendly Forces. The USCINCEUR is both the supported and the supporting
commander.
e. Assumptions.
(1) The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting will act as the lead
agency overseeing all mine/UXO public awareness initiatives.
(3) The Department of Police will assist in and support the development
of national and regional mine/UXO awareness campaigns.
3. EXECUTION.
G-3
products to be commercially produced. NDLC approves campaign plan.
c. Target Audiences.
(1) Youth (ages through early 20’s). This group has suffered the most
casualties as a result of mines and UXOs.
(2) Elderly. Also have become casualties due to unsafe practices. Looked
upon as authority figures.
(3) General population of the northern region. The mine and UXO
problem is regional.
e. Campaign Objectives.
(1) Increase the ability of the target audience to recognize mines and
UXOs.
(2) Increase the target audience’s understanding of how mines and UXOs
maim and kill.
G-4
marking mines and UXOs.
(5) Increase the ability of the target audience to recognize mine and UXO
indicators and markings.
(8) Teach target audience basic first-aid procedures to treat mine and
UXO casualties.
f. Themes to be stressed.
(1) The ability to identify mines and UXOs reduces the likelihood of
accidental injury or death.
(2) Stay away from mines and UXOs—they can kill or maim from a
distance.
(3) When in an unfamiliar area, stay alert to the presence of mines and
UXOs.
(4) Help family and friends avoid mines and UXOs; help officials locate
and destroy them.
(5) Your life and health are more valuable than a mine or UXO.
g. Themes to be avoided.
(2) The placement of any type of value on mines and UXOs. Do not offer
rewards for their discovery.
a. Administration.
G-5
(3) Weapons will not be transported.
b. Logistics.
a. Command Relationships.
b. Approval Authority.
(1) The U.S. Ambassador retains approval authority for all IMIT products
and programs.
(2) The NDLC retains approval authority for all Public Information Team
products and programs.
G-6
3. TARGET AUDIENCE. The populace of Africa.
4. PSYCHOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES.
8. IMPACT INDICATORS.
10. APPROVAL.
Prepared by:
Approved by:
Dissemination amount:
Dissemination date:
G-7
APPENDIX H
Figures H-1 through H-10 provide demining drills, techniques, and procedures
trained primarily in collective training.
a. Security. In this paragraph, the platoon leader discusses the security of the
operation against bandits or potential hostile forces. He discusses guards and
their locations. The platoon leader briefs the section sergeants on their actions
upon contact with hostiles and any contingency plans if ordered to withdraw.
b. History of the Minefield. In this paragraph, the platoon leader discusses any
historical information known about the area, such as what the terrain is like, what
forces employed the mines, when they were employed, and what mines or UXOs
can be expected in the area. The platoon leader shows a sketch of the minefield
site to the section sergeants and points out routes and locations on a map.
2. MISSION. The platoon leader states where the platoon will be going, what the
platoon is going to be doing, and when it will start.
3. EXECUTION.
a. General Outline. The platoon leader gives a brief, overall description of the
operation from start to finish.
b. Tasks for Sections. The platoon leader designates what each section will be
doing. The platoon leader tells the section sergeants what area of the minefield
they will be demining. He establishes start and end points and a direction in
which each section will demine. He states any special equipment they will need.
The platoon leader tells the section sergeants of any changes to the normal drill
that are required because of conditions at the site—for example, modifying trip-
wire drills because of ground vegetation or conducting the metal detector test
with the 5-centimeter (cm) test piece in the ground because of soil conditions.
c. Coordinating Instructions. The platoon leader briefs a time line for the
platoon, which states when specific tasks must be started and completed. The
platoon leader assigns priorities for specific tasks that need to occur at the same
time. The platoon leader also discusses routes in detail, including distances,
directions, and landmarks.
H-1
4. SERVICES AND SUPPORT.
b. Medical. The platoon leader tells the section sergeant where the medic will be
during transportation and shows the location of the ambulance on the site sketch.
The platoon leader also outlines the casualty evacuation procedure during
movement and at the site.
c. Rations. The platoon leader briefs where and when rations will be available.
d. Water. The platoon leader briefs where drinking water will be available and
how it will be resupplied.
e. Accommodations. The platoon leader tells where the deminers will be living.
He also briefs a plan for setup of living quarters, such as tents, if existing
buildings are not to be used.
f. Supply. The platoon leader briefs how batteries or broken equipment are to be
resupplied.
a. Key Personnel. The platoon leader briefs his location and the location of the
platoon sergeant during the entire operation.
b. Radio Operations. The platoon leader briefs call signs and frequencies for
the radios.
2. The prober places the equipment on the ground in a safe area, off to one side at the
start point.
3. The prober adopts either the squatting or prone position and visually searches the
ground for trip wires.
4. The prober picks up and places one of the 1-meter white sticks across the edge of the
H-2
lane at the start point on the safe side of the marking tape or cleared area. If the platoon
leader determines that the vegetation is extremely thick and the trip-wire feeler cannot
be used, the following procedure is used:
a. The prober returns to the team safe area. The detector executes the test checks
for the mine detector and moves forward.
b. The detector adopts a squatting position and picks up his mine detector,
holding the search head in a vertical position. He sweeps the front of the
vegetation, moving from the safe edge tape and from ground- to above-head
level. If he detects a trip wire, he notifies his section sergeant.
c. The detector moves back to the safe area and turns off the mine detector. The
prober moves forward and then cuts away at the brush, cutting no more the 8 cm
into the minefield. He cuts from safe edge tape to safe edge tape and from top to
bottom, cutting the brush as close to the ground as possible.
d. Steps b and c above are repeated until the new lane extends half the length of
the trip-wire feeler into the lane. Then, the mine detector drill is executed.
5. The prober adopts the squatting position and picks up the trip-wire feeler, holding it
between the thumb and the index finger of the hand with which he will search the area
of ground in front of him.
6. Starting at the left side of the lane at a slight angle, the prober slides the feeler along
the ground directly in front of him in a straight line the full length of the trip-wire feeler,
or as far as he can safely go out in front.
7. The prober then lifts the trip-wire feeler slowly upward until he is in the standing
position and the wire feeler has been brought up over his head.
8. A center search of the lane using the trip-wire feeler is conducted in the same manner
as described above.
9. The right side of the lane is searched using the trip-wire feeler in the same manner as
described above.
10. The fourth iteration of the lane search is conducted in the standing position, walking
on either side of the lane and moving the end of the trip-wire feeler on the ground in a
straight line, vertically across the lane to the opposite side in a careful manner.
11. The trip-wire feeler is placed on the ground on either side of the lane marking the
length of the area searched. It should be placed horizontally into the minefield so that the
searched area is no more than 1 meter deep.
H-3
12. The cutting tool is then picked up, and the squatting position is adopted.
13. The search area is cleared by cutting grass and small bushes on a horizontal plane as
close to the ground as possible.
14. The cutting tool is then placed back in the safe area at the start point, and the second
1-meter white stick is picked up and placed across the lane at the end of the searched
area.
15. The prober then picks up all his equipment, except the two 1-meter white sticks, and
returns to the safe area.
2. If the prober detects a trip wire missed by the grappling hook, he immediately informs
the section sergeant and the platoon leader.
3. The platoon leader assesses the situation and if required moves the other section
demining teams to a safe area or another area to work in until the trip wire is dealt with.
4. The section sergeant and his demining team that found the trip wire visually identify
the run of the trip wire and the type of ordnance or booby trap.
5. The section sergeant then informs the platoon leader and he makes a plan to destroy
the device.
b. Use a charge to destroy the device, if the above is not practical. A path may
have to be cleared to the device using the demining drill to reach the device.
7. The section then executes the plan to neutralize the device to which the trip wire is
attached.
H-4
Figure H-3. Trip-wire reaction drill.
2. The detector picks up his mine detector with the earphone secured around his head or
neck and the electronics unit slung on the opposite side of the operating hand. He moves
slightly away from the team's safe area and conducts the following mine detector test:
b. Observes the lamp and puts the switch to the ON position. The lamp should
give a short flash. If it does not, checks if the batteries are inserted correctly or
inserts new batteries. If the lamp flashes continuously, the cause may be low
battery voltage.
c. Holds the search head approximately 1 meter above the ground and turns the
SENSITIVITY knob all the way up.
e. Turns the SENSITIVITY knob slightly counterclockwise until the tone ceases.
A ticking check tone should be heard every 1 to 2 seconds. Adjusts LOUDNESS
knob if needed.
h. Checks the sensitivity with the 5-cm test piece. Carries out the check with the
search head at least 1 meter above the surface of the ground and away from the
body. Makes sure no metal objects (wrist-watches, rings) are in the vicinity that
can affect the check. The mine detector must emit a distinctive signal (tone) for a
distance of at least 5 cm between the metal pin in the test piece and the bottom of
the search head. When possible, tests or calibrates the mine detector on inert
mines that replicate the threat in the target area.
3. The detector then moves up to the start point. He wears safety glasses, a Kevlar
helmet, and a flak vest. He carries the mine detector and several mine bonnets.
4. The detector searches the ground that has been cleared for trip wires, by starting from
one side of the lane, moving the mine detector search head across the width of the lane,
H-5
ensuring the entire search head crosses each side of the lane. He moves forward, keeping
the mine detector as close to the ground as possible, not advancing more than half the
search head width per sweep, until the search area has been checked. When a detection
occurs, the detector—
a. Determines either the center of a small detection or the closest edge of a large
detection using the box method. (The box method uses the edge of the mine
detector and lightly marks a line in the soil to form a square around the possible
mine.)
b. Marks the possible mine with a bonnet. He then departs the minefield through
his cleared lane, detecting all the way out.
d. Goes back to the safe area, turns off the detector, and awaits further
instructions.
Prober Drill
1. The prober moves to the start point. He wears the appropriate equipment and carries
his probe, pruning shears, pruning scissors, and paintbrush.
2. At the start point, the prober places his equipment bag behind him in a safe area.
4. Probing starts from the closest side of the mine bonnet facing the prober, either from
the left corner or right corner.
5. The probe is placed in the ground at a 30° to 45° angle on either side of the mine
bonnet.
7. The prober then proceeds to probe across the detected area, either left or right across
the width of the detected area. He probes in a straight line using 2-cm spacing between
probes in each row and 1-cm spacing between rows probed until the detection is located.
8. The prober then places his probe on the ground and picks up the trowel and
H-6
paintbrush.
9. With the aid of the trowel, the prober very carefully removes the earth from the side
closest to him, exposing the closest edge, and replaces the mine bonnet.
10. The prober removes enough material from the exposed edge of the mine, UXO, or
metal fragment so he can identify the object. If an item is detected, the following actions
may occur:
11. The prober then stands up, picks up all his equipment, and moves back to the team's
safe area.
12. The prober informs the section sergeant of the item found.
13. If it is a suspected mine or UXO, the section sergeant moves forward to identify the
object found. He then moves back to the safe area and directs the prober to clear beside
the mine or UXO, so demolition charges may be properly placed. The section sergeant
then informs the platoon leader.
14. If nothing is found, the prober unearths until the metal is found or an area is dug 45
cm down and 15 cm from the center in all directions (30-cm by 45-cm hole). He then
departs through the safe lane and informs the detector to continue detecting.
Pulling Drill
1. The platoon leaders and company commanders use the pulling drill only when they
determine that demolition of the mine would cause damage to surrounding structures.
2. The platoon leaders and company commanders make a plan to pull the mine. They
select where the rope will be pulled from and how the person pulling the rope will be
protected from the blast. They also plan how to neutralize, move, and then safely destroy
the mine.
WARNING: Make sure the position from which the mine will be
pulled is cleared of mines and booby traps in case the explosive is
"daisy chained" to the pulling position.
H-7
3. The platoon leader directs the section sergeant to lay out a 50-meter rope (minimum
length of rope used) with attached hook along the ground from the safe area and along
the cleared path to the exposed item being pulled.
4. The platoon leader makes sure no one else is handling the rope or is within 1 meter of
the pulling rope.
5. The section leader places a fulcrum (block of wood) in front of the item being pulled
and attaches the hook of the pulling rope to the item.
6. The section leader then places the pulling rope on top of the fulcrum, being careful
not to pull the rope and move the item to which the hook is attached.
7. The section leader checks to make sure the rope is clear of any obstacles that might
interfere with the pulling.
8. All personnel, except the individual who will pull the rope, move back to the safe
area. This area is not in a direct line of fragmentation with the item being pulled and
provides cover for the personnel during this operation (for example, behind trees, in an
existing hole in the ground, or in a man-made trench).
9. From under cover, the pulling man yells three times "PULLING NOW," takes up the
slack on the pulling rope, and pulls the item. He pulls in the following manner:
c. Holds the rope tightly and then pulls by leaning back until lying flat on his
back, with the hands pulling extended over the head.
10. After he pulls the rope and the item is moved, everyone remains under cover at the
safe area for 30 minutes.
11. The platoon leader performs his plan to make the item safe.
12. After the mine is removed for destruction, the team working on the lane sends the
detector forward to detect for booby traps or additional mines visually and
electronically. The demining operations continue.
H-8
Time-Fuse Calculation
a. Make every effort to protect a time fuse from the effects of rain.
b. Cut the time fuse from the coil immediately before use. Do not precut lengths
in anticipation of future use.
c. Do not accumulate short lengths and do not use unless they are from a
remainder of a coil that has been in use immediately before and has already been
tested.
d. Test burn every coil of time fuse or remnant of a coil immediately before
using.
2. Use the following procedures to calculate the amount of time fuse to be used for
demolition:
a. Test burn each new coil of time fuse before using it to conduct demolition
procedures.
b. Cut and discard a 15-cm length piece from the free end of the roll or coil. If
using a coil, tie a knot on the uncut end of the time fuse.
c. Cut 100 cm of time fuse and ignite it to check the burning rate. If the burning
rate is less than 90 seconds for 100 cm, use another roll or coil of time fuse.
d. Note the time it burns and compute the burning time per cm, dividing the
burning time in seconds by the length of time fuse (100 cm).
e. Calculate the amount of time (in seconds) needed to move safely from the
blast area to the safe area. The minimum time to use is 5 minutes.
f. Divide this time (step e) by the burn rate (step d). The result will be the correct
H-9
length necessary in centimeters.
g. Cut this length (step f) of safety fuse with a sharp knife or crimpers.
Crimping Drill
1. Either the platoon leader or the platoon sergeant supervises crimping operations.
Normally, squad or team leaders actually perform crimping and demolitions activities,
as follows:
a. Select a length of time fuse and make sure the end to be inserted into the end
of the detonator is cut cleanly and squarely.
b. Cut the other end of the time fuse cleanly and squarely if using a fuse igniter
or cut on an angle to expose as much black powder to help start the time fuse
burning with a match.
c. Hold the time fuse in the hand not being used to crimp the detonator. Make
sure the clean squared end is facing upward and hold the length of fuse vertically
between the thumb and the middle finger.
d. With the free hand, select a detonator from its container, holding the cap
between the thumb and the index finger.
e. Inspect the detonator cap, looking in the open end for any dirt or foreign
matter. If any dirt or foreign matter is present, hold the detonator with the open
end facing down and away from your body, then shake or bump gently against
the other hand. Inspect the detonator again. If the dirt or foreign matter is still
present, discard the detonator and get a new one.
f. At arms length directly in front of you, slip the open end of the detonator down
over the time fuse until the end of the fuse is in contact with the detonator filling.
g. Place the index finger of the hand holding the time fuse on top of the
detonator.
h. When using the crimpers, place the opened crimping circle around the base of
the detonator so the crimp will occur about 5 mm to 10 mm up from the bottom
of the detonator. When using pliers, place the opened jaws of the pliers around
the base of the detonator so half of the pliers is on the detonator and the other
half is on the time fuse.
i. Close the jaws of the pliers or crimpers with only enough pressure to hold the
H-10
detonator and time fuse together.
j. Place both hands 90° away from you, turn your head to one side, and squeeze
tightly on the crimpers or pliers.
k. Once crimping is completed, turn the head and eyes forward, replace the hands
back to original position with the index finger replaced on top of the detonator.
Release the pliers or crimpers and inspect the crimp to ensure the detonator is
secure and not damaged.
3. If tape is used to help secure the detonator, the detonator must be taped so both ends
of the detonator are visible.
Tree Removal
1. If a tree or an obstruction is in a lane to be cleared and a mine detector detects an
object beneath it, the tree can be removed using demolitions. This method should be
used only as a last resort and must be approved by the platoon leader.
2. Use a 400-gram charge to cut trees up to 47 cm in circumference. Any tree larger than
47 cm should be left in place.
3. When using explosives to cut a tree, secure the charge as close to the tree base as
possible.
5. After the charge explodes, pull the tree out of the minefield using the grappling hook.
This type of pulling will prevent injury in case a tree limb detonates a mine as it is
dragged out.
Charge Placement
1. Ordnances, such as land mines and UXOs, are to be destroyed with explosives. The
preferred technique is to blow up ordnances, not to burn them.
H-11
mortar projectiles, except high-explosive antitank (HEAT) and white
phosphorous (WP). Placing the explosive charge on the projectile topside center
ensures that the explosive detonation wave strikes the explosive filler of the
projectile and causes the item to explode.
H-12
GLOSSARY
PART I. ACRONYMS
A airborne
AC Active Component
AM amplitude modulated
AP antipersonnel
AT antitank
CA Civil Affairs
CD counterdrug
cm centimeter
Glossary-1
COMSEC communications security
fax facsimile
FY fiscal year
Glossary-2
GPS global positioning system
HA humanitarian assistance
HE high explosive
HN host nation
HQ headquarters
ID identification
kg kilogram
kW kilowatt
MB megabyte
Glossary-3
MDDC Mine Detection Dog Center
MHz megahertz
mm millimeter
Glossary-4
OJCS Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
PE practice exercise
RC Reserve Component
SA security assistance
Glossary-5
SATMO Security Assistance Training Management Organization
SF Special Forces
TNT trinitrotoluene
UN United Nations
Glossary-6
USAJFKSWCS United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center
and School
UW unconventional warfare
WP white phosphorous
concept plan. An operation plan in concept format. Also called CONPLAN. See also
operation plan. (Joint Pub 1-02)
crimping operations. The process of placing a detonator onto a time fuze to initiate an
explosive device.
Glossary-7
detonating cord. A flexible fabric tube containing a high explosive designed to transmit
the detonation wave. (Joint Pub 1-02)
detonating cord connector. A lead of det cord that initiates another when a good
contact is between them. If junction clips or det cord connectors are not available,
connections are to be made using a girth hitch with an extra turn.
detonating cord fuzing system. A firing system that uses a det cord to transmit the
shock wave from the means of initiation to the explosive charge. All det cord firing
systems used in clearance operations are to be fired by nonelectric means. The det cord
firing system is used in the line main.
firing system. The system placed between the initiation system and the charge.
foreign military financing. The portion of U.S. Security assistance authorized by the
Foreign Military Assistance Act of 1961. This assistance differs from foreign military
sales in that the recipient does not provide reimbursement. In effect, articles provided
under this authorization are donated to the HN.
foreign military sales. That portion of United States security assistance authorized by
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and the Arms Export Control Act of
1976, as amended. This assistance differs from the Military Assistance Program and the
International Military Education and Training Program in that the recipient provides
reimbursement for defense articles and services transferred. (Joint Pub 1-02)
Glossary-8
host nation. A nation which receives the forces and/or supplies of allied nations and/or
NATO organizations to be located on, to operate in, or to transit through its territory.
(Joint Pub 1-02)
line main. A firing system consisting of a main line. Any number of branch lines can be
connected to a main line, but only one branch line is to be connected to a main line at any
point.
mine. In land mine warfare, an explosive or other material, normally encased, designed
to destroy or damage ground vehicles, boats, or aircraft, or designed to wound, kill, or
otherwise incapacitate personnel. It may be detonated by the action of its victim, by the
passage of time, or by controlled means. (Joint Pub 1-02)
mine clearance. The process of removing all mines from a route or an area. (Joint Pub
1-02)
mine countermeasures. All methods for preventing or reducing damage or danger from
mines. (Joint Pub 1-02)
mined area. An area declared dangerous due to the presence or suspected presence of
mines. (Joint Pub 1-02)
mine disposal. The operation by suitably qualified personnel designed to render safe,
neutralize, recover, remove, or destroy mines. (Joint Pub 1-02)
minefield. In land warfare, an area of ground containing mines laid with or without a
pattern. (Joint Pub 1-02)
Glossary-9
minefield survey. A detailed report that provides information on a suspected minefield,
including its location, the extent of the mine problem identified, and the way the area is
marked.
National Demining Office. A term that describes the HN national demining HQ or the
entire demining organization for that country.
operation plan. Any plan, except for the Single Integrated Operation Plan, for the
conduct of military operations. Plans are prepared by combatant commanders in response
to requirements established by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and by
commanders of subordinate commands in response to requirements tasked by the
establishing unified commander. Operation plans (OPLANs) are prepared in either a
complete format of an OPLAN or as a concept plan (CONPLAN).
a. OPLAN. An operation plan for the conduct of joint operations that can be
used as a basis for development of an operation order (OPORD). An OPLAN
identifies the forces and supplies required to execute the CINC’s Strategic
Concept and a movement schedule of these resources to the theater of operations.
The forces and supplies are identified in time-phased force de-ployment data
(TPFDD) files. OPLANs will include all phases of the tasked operation. The plan
is prepared with the appropriate annexes, appendixes, and TPFDD files as
described in the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System manuals
containing planning policies, procedures, and formats.
time fuze. A fuze that contains a graduated time element to regulate the time interval
after which the fuze will function. (Joint Pub 1-02)
Glossary-10
unexploded explosive ordnance. Explosive ordnance that has been primed, fuzed,
armed, or otherwise prepared for action and has been fired, dropped, launched, projected,
or placed in such a manner as to constitute a hazard to operations, installations,
personnel, or material and remains unexploded either by malfunction or design or for any
other cause. (Joint Pub 1-02)
Glossary-11
REFERENCES
DA Form 2028.
ARMY PUBLICATIONS
References-1
Belvoir Research, Development, and Engineer Center (BRDEC) Pamphlet 350-3.
Light Forces - Sapper Countermine Guide for Low- to Mid-Intensity Conflict. 1
March 1990.
References-2
PIN: 075287-000