Page 1 of 42

Chapter 14 Applications of Differentiation

Try these 14.1

x −1
(a) y=
x +1
u = x – 1, v = x + 1
du dv
= 1,= 1
dx dx
dy (x + 1) − (x − 1)
=
dx (x + 1) 2
2
=
( x + 1) 2
2 − 1 1 dy 2 2
=
x 2,=
y = , = =
2 + 1 3 dx (2 + 1) 2
9
Equation of the tangent is:
1 2
y− = (x − 2)
3 9
2 4 1
y= x− +
9 9 3
2 1
y= x−
9 9
The equation of the tangent at x = 2 is
2 1
y= x−
9 9
(b) y = x2 sin x
u = x2, v = sin x
du dv
= 2x, = cos x
dx dx
dy
= x 2 cos x + 2xsin x
dx
dy
when x = 0, y = 0, =0
dx
Gradient of the normal →∞
∴ Equation of the normal at x = 0 is
x=0

Try these 14.2

(a) (i) f (x) = x2 + 2x + 3

f ′(x)
= 2x + 2
f ′ (x) > 0
2x + 2 > 0
x > –1
∴ increasing for {x : x ≥ – 1}
(ii) f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + 5

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 2 of 42

f ′(x)
= 3x 2 − 4x
f ′ (x) > 0
3x2 – 4x > 0
x(3x – 4) > 0

 4
{x : x ≤ 0} ∪  x : x ≥ 
 3
(iii) f(x) = x − x
4

f ′(x)  = 4x 3 – 1
f ′ (x) > 0 ⇒ 4x3 – 1 > 0

3
1
x> =0.63
4
∴{x : x ≥ 0.63}
(b) (i) f(x) = 4x2 + 6x + 2
f ′(x)
= 8x + 6
f ′(x) < 0
8x + 6 < 0
−3
x<
4
 −3 
 x: x ≤ 
 4
x +1
(ii) f(x) =
x−2
(x − 2)(1) − (x + 1)(1)
f ′(x) =
(x − 2)2
−3
=
(x − 2)2
f ′(x) < 0 ∀ x since (x − 2) 2 > 0

Exercise 14A

1 y = 6x2 – 2x
dy
= 12x − 2
dx
dy
> 0 ⇒ 12x − 2 > 0
dx
1
x>
6
 1
The function is increasing for  x : x ≥ 
 6
4 2
2 x=t –t

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 3 of 42

dx
= 4t 3 − 2t
dt
= 2t (2t2 – 1)
dx
<0 ⇒ 2t(2t 2 − 1) < 0
dt
t (2t2 – 1) < 0
1
Critical values are 0, ±
2
1
t< − , t (2t2 – 1) < 0
2
1
− < t < 0, t (2t2 – 1) > 0
2
1
0<t< , t (2t2 – 1) < 0
2
1
< t , t (2t2 – 1) > 0
2
 1   1 
The function is decreasing for  t : t ≤ −  ∪ t : 0 ≤ t ≤ 
 2  2
3
1 2
y=x+
3 x
dy 1 2
= −
dx 3 x2
x 2 − 6 (x − 6)(x + 6)
= = >0
3x 2 3x 2

√6 √6

x < –√6 , x > √6

Since 3x2 is always positive
∴y is increasing for {x: x ≤ –√6 } ∪ {x: x ≥ √6 }
4 s = 2 – 3t + t2
ds
=−3 + 2t
dt
ds
< 0 ⇒ −3 + 2t < 0
dt
3
t<
2
 3
s is decreasing for  t : t ≤ 
 2
5 y = 2x3 + 3x2 – 12x + 4
dy
= 6x 2 + 6x − 12
dx

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 4 of 42

dy
> 0 ⇒ 6x 2 + 6x − 12 > 0
dx
x2 + x – 2 > 0
(x + 2) (x – 1) > 0

x < –2, x > 1

y is decreasing for {x : x ≤ −2} ∪ {x : x ≥ 1}
6 y = 4x2 + 3x + 1
dy
= 8x + 3
dx
dy
x = 1, = 8 + 3 = 11
dx
x = 1, y = 4 + 3 + 1 = 8
Equation of tangent y – 8 = 11 (x – 1)
y – 8 = 11x – 11
y = 11x – 3
The equation of the tangent is y = 11x – 3
4
7 y=
2x + 3
4 4  4
x== 2, y =  2, 
2(2) + 3 7  7 
dy −8
= using the chain rule
dx (2x + 3) 2
dy − 8
x = 2, =
dx 49
4 −8
y −= (x − 2)
7 49
49y – 28 = –8x + 16
49y + 8x – 44 = 0
Equation of the tangent 49y + 8x – 44 = 0
4
8 y=
1 − 2x
4
x = 1, y = = −4
1− 2
dy 8
=
dx (1 − 2x) 2
dy
x = 1, =8
dx
y + 4 = 8(x – 1)
y = 8x – 12
4
9 y= 2, y=1
x
x2 = 4 ⇒ x = ± 2
(2, 1) (–2, 1)

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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dy −8
=
dx x 3
dy
x = 2, = −1
dx
dy
x = –2, =1
dx
At (2, 1), m = –1, y – 1 = –(x – 2)
y = –x + 3
(–2, 1) m = 1, y–1=x+2
y=x+3
10 y = x cosx
dy
= cos x − x sin x
dx
π π π dy π π π π
x= , y= cos == 0, cos − sin =−
2 2 2 dx 2 2 2 2
π π
y – 0 = − x − 
2 2
−π π 2
= y x+
2 4
11 y = sin (2x– π )
dy
= 2 cos(2x π)−
dx
x = π , y = sin(2 π – π ) = sin π = 0
dy
= 2cos(2π − π) = 2cos π = − 2
dx
1
Gradient of normal =
2
1
y – 0 = (x − π)
2
1 π
y= x−
2 2
12 y = x tanx
dy
= tan x + x sec 2 x
dx
π π π π dy π π π
=x = , y =
tan , = tan + sec 2  
4 4 4 4 dx 4 4 4
π 2+π
=1 + =
2 2
−2
Gradient of normal =
2+π
π −2  π
Equation of normal: y= − x − 
4 2+ π 4
π π
(2 + π) y = −2x + + (2 + π)  
2 4
π 2
(2 + π )y + 2x = π +
4

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 6 of 42

π 2x + 1
13 x= , y=
2 sin 2 x
dy 2sin 2 x − (2x + 1)2 sin x cos x
=
dx sin 4 x
π π+1 dy 2 − 0
x= , y= = π + 1, = =2
2 1 dx 1
1
Gradient of normal = −
2
1 π
y – (π + 1) = − (x – )
2 2
1 5π
y= − x+ +1
2 4
x−2
14 y=
2x + 1
dy (2x + 1) − (x − 2)(2)
=
dx (2x + 1)2
5
=
(2x + 1)2
x−2
y = 1, =1
2x + 1
2x + 1 = x – 2
x = –3
dy 5 1
= =
dx 25 5
Gradient of normal = –5, (–3, 1)
y – 1 = –5 (x + 3)
y = –5x – 14
y (3x − 2) −1/ 2
15 =
dy −3
= (3x − 2)−3 2
dx 2
dy −3
x = 1, y = 1, =
dx 2
2
Gradient of normal =
3
2
y – 1 = (x – 1)
3
2 1
y= x+
3 3
16 y = x2– 4x + 5
y + 3x = 4 ⇒ y = –3x + 4
dy
= −3
dx
dy
=2x − 4 =−3
dx
2x = 1
1
x=
2
Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013
 Page 7 of 42

2
1  1  1 1
=x ,=y   − 4   += 5 3
2  2  2 4
 1
 1,3  m = –3
4
Equation of the tangent is
13
y− = −3(x − 1)
4
13
y =−3x + 3 +
4
25
y= −3x +
4
4
17 y=
(2x − 1)2
dy −16
=
dx (2x − 1)3
dy 1
x = 1, = −16, Gradient of normal =
dx 16
1
y–4= (x – 1)
16
1 1
y= x– +4
16 16
1 15
y= x +3
16 16
1 63
y=0⇒ x= –
16 16
x = –63
A(–63, 0)
63
x = 0, y =
16
 63 
B  0, 
 16 
2
 63 
Length of AB = (−63) 2 +  
 16 
= 63.12
3
18 y = 2x –
1− x
dy 3
= 2− , using the chain rule
dx (1 − x)2
3
When x = 2, y = 2(2) – =7
1− 2
dy 3
= 2− = 2 − 3 = −1
dx (1 − 2) 2
Gradient of the normal = 1
Equation of the normal:
y–7=x–2
y=x+5

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 8 of 42

3
Since y = 2x – , if the normal meets the curve again:
1– x
3
x + 5 = 2x –
1− x
3
= x−5
1− x
3 = (x – 5)(1 – x)
3 = x – x2 – 5 + 5x
x2 – 6x + 8 = 0
(x – 2)(x – 4) = 0
x = 2, 4
3
When x = 4, y = 8 – =9
1− 4
(4, 9)
1
19 (a) y = 3 + 4x – x 2
2
dy
= 4−x
dx
dy
x = 2, =2
dx
1
Gradient of normal = −
2
Equation of normal:
1
y – 9 = − (x − 2)
2
1
y = − x + 10
2
1 1
(b) – x + 10 =3 + 4x – x 2
2 2
1 2 1
x –4 x+7= 0
2 2
1 2 9
x – x+7= 0
2 2
x 2 − 9x + 14 = 0
(x – 2) (x – 7) = 0
x = 2, 7
−7 13
x = 7, y = + 10 =
2 2
 13 
A =  7, 
 2 
dy
(c) x = 7,= 4= – 7 –3
dx
13
y– = –3(x – 7)
2
13
y = –3x + 21 +
2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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55
y = –3x +
2
20 y = 4x2cos(2x)
dy
= 8x cos2x − 8x 2 sin(2x)
dx
x = π , y = 4 π 2 cos(2 π ) = 4 π 2
dy
= 8π
dx
y − 4π2 = 8π( x − π)
y = 8πx – 4π2

Exercise 14B

1 y = x2 – 2x + 1
dy
= 2x − 2
dx
d2 y
=2
dx 2
dy
= 0 ⇒ 2x − 2 = 0
dx
x=1
x = 1, y = 1 – 2 + 1 = 0
d2 y
Minimum point since >0
dx 2
∴ (1, 0) is a minimum point
2 y = x3 – 3x + 1
dy
= 3x 2 – 3
dx
d2 y
= 6x
dx 2
dy
=⇒0 3x 2 = 3
dx
x2 = 1
x = 1, –1
d2 y
When x = 1, y = 1 – 3 + 1 = –1, = 6>0
dx 2
∴ (1, –1) minimum point
d2 y
x = –1, y = –1 + 3 + 1 = 3, =−6 < 0
dx 2
(–1, 3) maximum point
3 y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 1
dy
= 6x 2 − 6x − 12
dx
d2 y
= 12x − 6
dx 2
dy
=0 ⇒ 6x 2 − 6x − 12 =0
dx

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 10 of 42

x2 – x – 2 = 0
(x – 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 2, –1
d2 y
= 0 ⇒ 12x – 6 = 0
dx 2
1
x=
2
1 dy
x< , is –ve
2 dx
1 dy
x> , is –ve
2 dx
1  1  1 1
Point of inflexion at x = , y = 2   – 3   – 12   + 1
2  8   4  2
1 3
= − − 6 +1
4 4
1
= −5
2
x = 2, y = 2(2)3 – 3(2)2 – 12(2) + 1 = 16 – 12 – 24 + 1 = –19
x = –1, y = 2(–1)3 – 3(–1)2 – 12(–1) + 1 = –2 – 3 + 12 + 1 = 8
d2 y
x = 2, = 12(2) − 6 = 18 > 0 ⇒ minimum point
dx 2
d2 y
x = –1, =−12 − 6 =−18 < 0 ⇒ maximum point
dx 2
(2, –19) minimum point
(–1, 8) maximum point
4 y = x3 – 6x2 + 9x – 2
dy
= 3x 2 − 12x + 9
dx
d2 y
= 6x − 12
dx 2
dy
= 0 ⇒ 3x 2 − 12x + 9 = 0
dx
x2 – 4x + 3 = 0
(x – 1) (x – 3) = 0
x = 1, 3
d2 y
=0 ⇒ 6x − 12 =0
dx 2
x=2
dy
x < 2, <0
dx
dy
x > 2, <0
dx
when x = 2, y = 8 – 24 + 18 – 2 = 0
(2, 0) point of inflexion
d2 y
x = 1, y = 1 – 6 + 9 – 2 = 2, =6(1) – 12 =−6 < 0 maximum point
dx 2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 11 of 42

d2 y
x = 3, y = 27 – 54 + 27 – 2 = –2, = 6(3) – 12= 6 > 0 minimum point
dx 2
(1, 2) maximum point
(3, –2) minimum point
5 y = x4–2x2+3
dy
= 4x 3 − 4x
dx
d2 y
= 12x 2 − 4
dx 2
dy
=0 ⇒ 4x 3 − 4x =0
dx
4x (x2 – 1) = 0
4x (x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
x = 0, 1, –1
d2 y
When x = 0, y = 3, =−4 < 0 maximum point
dx 2
d2 y
x=1, y = 1–2+3 = 2, = 12 – 4= 8 > 0 minimum point
dx 2
d2 y
x=–1, y=1–2+3=2, = 12 – 4= 8 > 0 minimum point
dx 2
∴ (0, 3) maximum point
(1, 2) minimum point
(–1, 2) minimum point
d2 y
= 0 ⇒ 12x2 – 4 = 0
dx 2
1 1 1
x2 = ,x= ,x= −
3 3 3
1 1 2 22
When x = , y = − +3=
3 9 3 9
1 1 2 22
When x = − , y = − +3=
3 9 3 9
 1 22   1 22 
 ,  and  − ,  are points of inflexion
 3 9   3 9 
x
6 y=
x +1 2

dy x 2 + 1 – x(2x)
=
dx (x 2 + 1)2
1 − x2
=
(x 2 + 1)2
d 2 y (x 2 + 1)2 ( −2x) – (1 − x 2 )(2)(x 2 + 1)(2x)
=
dx 2 (x 2 + 1)4
( −2x)(x 2 + 1) − 4x(1 − x 2 )
=
(x 2 + 1)3

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 12 of 42

−2x3 − 2x − 4x + 4x3 2x3 − 6x

=
(x 2 + 1)3 (x 2 + 1)3
dy
=0 ⇒ 1 − x 2 = 0, x =± 1
dx
1 d 2 y −4
When x = 1, y = , = < 0 maximum point
2 dx 2 8
1 d2 y 4
x = –1, y = − , = > 0 minimum point
2 dx 2 8
 1
1,  maximum point
 2
 −1 
 −1,  minimum point
 2 
2
d y
=0
dx 2
⇒ 2x (x2–3) = 0
x = 0, x = 3 , − 3
1 d2 y d2 y
x= 3,y= 3 , x < 3, 2 < 0 x > 3, 2 > 0
4 dx dx
1
( 3, 3 ) point of inflexion
4
1 d2 y d2 y
x=– 3,y=– 3 , x < − 3, 2 < 0 x > − 3, 2 > 0
4 dx dx
 1 
 − 3, − 3  point of inflexion
 4 
d2 y d2 y
x = 0, y = 0, x < 0, 2 > 0 x > 0, 2 < 0
dx dx
(0, 0) point of inflexion
x2 − 4
7 y= 2
x +4
x + 4 −8
2
=
x2 + 4
8
= 1− 2
x +4
dy 8(2x) 16x
= =
dx (x 2 + 4)2 (x 2 + 4)2
d 2 y (x 2 + 4) 2 (16) − 16x 2(2x)(x 2 + 4)
=
dx 2 (x 2 + 4) 4
16(x 2 + 4) − 64x 2 −48x 2 + 64
= =
(x 2 + 4)3 (x 2 + 4)3
dy
=⇒0 16x = 0,x =0
dx
d 2 y 64
= = 1 > 0 minimum point
dx 2 64

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 13 of 42

−4
y= = −1
4
∴ (0, –1) minimum point
d2 y
= 0 ⇒ −48x 2 + 64 = 0
dx 2
64 4
x=2
=
48 3
2 3
x= ±
3
−8
2 3 3 −1
= x = ,y =
3 16 / 3 2
−2 3 −1
= x = , y
3 2
dy
Since does not change sign:
dx
2 3 1  −2 3 −1
x , −  and  ,  are points of inflexion
 3 
2  3 2

3
8 Vol of cylinder = 20 cm
A = π r2 + 2 π rh
V= π r2h = 20
20
h= 2
πr
 20 
A = π r2 + 2 πr  2 
 πr 
40
= πr 2 +
r
dA 40
= 2πr − 2
dr r
2
d A 80
= 2π + 3
dr 2 r
dA 40
= 0 ⇒ 2πr − 2 = 0
dr r
2 π r3 = 40
40
r3 =
2π
20
r=3
π
= 1.853
20
h= = 1.853
π(1.853) 2
r = 1.853 cm, h = 1.853 cm
9

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 14 of 42

p = 2x + 2y + π x.
15 = 2x + 2y + π x
15 − 2x − πx
y=
2
π 2
=
A x + 2xy
2
π 2 15 − 2x − πx 
= x + 2x  
2  2 
π
= x 2 + 15x − 2x 2 − πx 2
2
dA
=πx + 15 − 4x − 2πx
dx
=15 – π x – 4x
dA
=0
dx
x(4+ π ) = 15
15
= x = 2.10
4+π
Width = 2(2.10) = 4.20 cm
10

v = (16 – 2x)(10 – 2x)x

= (160 – 52x + 4x2)x
= 160x – 52x2 + 4x3
dv
=160 − 104x + 12x 2
dx
d2 v
=−104 + 24x
dx 2
dv
=⇒
0 12x 2 − 104x + 160 =0
dx
3x2 – 26x + 40 = 0
(3x – 20) (x – 2) = 0
20
x = 2,
3

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 15 of 42

d2 v
x = 2, = –104 + 48 < 0 maximum
dx
20 d 2 v
x= , = –104 + 160 > 0 minimum
3 dx 2
Maximum volume when x = 2, V = 160(2) – 52(2)2 + 4(2)3
= 320 – 208 + 32
= 144 cm3
1
11 (a) V= πr 2 h
3

h 8−r
=
16 8
8h = 16(8–r)
h = 2(8–r)
1
(b) V = πr 2 (2)(8 − r)
3
2 2
= πr (8 − r)
3
16 2 2 3
V= πr − πr
3 3
dv 32
= πr – 2πr 2
dr 3
dv 32
= 0⇒ π r – 2 π r2 = 0
dr 3
 16 
r  − r  = 0 ⇒ r = 0, r = 16 / 3
 3 
16
Since r ≠ 0 ⇒ r =
3
2 3 3
16  16  2  16  1  16 
V= π   − π   = π   = 158.9cm3
3  3 3  3 3  3
12 (a)

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 16 of 42

4y + 2 π x = 120
2 π x = 120 – 4y
120 − 4 y 60 − 2 y
x= =
2π π
A = y2 + π x2
 60 − 2y  3600 − 240y + 4y 2
2

A = π =  + y 2
+ y2
 π  π
4y + πy + 3600 − 240y
2 2
A=
π
y (4 + π) + 3600 − 240y
2
=
π
dA 2y(4 + π) − 240
= (b) = 0
dy π
240 120
y= =
2(4 + π) 4 + π
13 V= 3x × 2x × h = 6x2h
6x2h = 144
144 24
h= =
6x 2 x 2
(a) A = 2(2x × 3x) + 2(2x × h) + 2(3x)(h)
= 12x2 + 4xh + 6xh
= 12x2 + 10xh
 24 
= 12x2 + 10x  2 
x 
240
= 12x2 +
x
dA 240
(b) (i) = 24x – 2
dx x
dA 240
=⇒0 24x = 2
dx x
x3 = 10
x = 3 10 = 2.15
d2 A 480
(ii) =
2
24 + 3
dx x
d2A 480
When x = 2.15, 2
=+
24 > 0 minimum point
dx 2.153

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 17 of 42

240
x = 2.15, A = 12(2.15)2 +
2.15
= 167.1 cm2
2
14
V=xh
x2h = 64000
64000
h=
x2
A = 4xh + x2
64000 × 4
A= + x2
x
dA −64000 × 4
= + 2x
dx x2
dA
=⇒0 2x 3 = 64000 × 4
dx
64000 × 4
x3 =
2
64000 × 4
x= 3 = 50.40 cm
2
256000
when x = 50.40 cm, A = + (50.40) 2
(50.40)
2
= 7619.53 cm
64000
h= = 25.2cm
(50.4) 2

Try these 14.3

(a) x = t3 + 4t – 1 , y = t2 + 7t + 9
dx dy
= 3t2 + 4, = 2t + 7
dt dt
dy 2t + 7
=
dx 3t 2 + 4
d  2t + 7  2(3t 2 + 4) − (2t + 7)6t
=
dt  3t 2 + 4  (3t 2 + 4) 2
6t 2 + 4 − 12t 2 − 42t
=
(3t 2 + 4) 2
−6t 2 − 42t + 4
=
(3t 2 + 4) 2
d 2 y −6t 2 − 42t + 4 1 −6t 2 − 42t + 4
= × 2 =
dx 2
(3t + 4)
2 2
3t + 4 (3t 2 + 4)3
(b) x = tan t, y = 2 sin t + 1
dx dy
= sec2 t, = 2 cos t
dt dt
dy 2cos t
= = 2 cos3 t
dx sec 2 t

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 18 of 42

3
π dy π  2 2
t= , = 2 cos3 = 2 
  =
4 dx 4  2  2
d2 y −6 cos 2 t sin t
= = – 6 cos4t sin t
dx 2 sec 2 t
4
π d2 y π π  2  2  −3 2
t= , = – 6 cos 4 sin = −6     =
4 dx 2 4 4  2   2  4

Exercise 14C

1 (a) x3y = 10
dx
= 0.5
dt
10 2
Where x = 5, y = =
125 25
10
y=
x3
dy −30
= 4
dx x
dy dy dx −30
= × = 4 × 0.5
dt dx dt x
−30
=4 × 0.5 = − 0.024 unit per second
5
(b) y = 2, x3 = 5 ⇒ x = 3 5
dy −30
= × 0.5 = −1.754 unit per second
dt ( 3 5) 4
1 1 1
2 =2
− 2
y 50 x
dx
= 5cms −1
dt
dx
−2y −3 = 2x −3
dy
dy y3
= − 3
dx x
1 1 1 1
When x = 10, 2
= − =
y 50 100 100
y = 10
dy −1000
= = −1
dx 1000
dy
∴ =−1 × 5 =−5cms −1
dt
dv
3 = 0.04 cm3s −1
dt

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 19 of 42

dA
when = v 150π cm3
dt
4
v = πr 3
3
4 3
150 π= πr
3
450 3
=r
4
450
r= 3 = 4.827 cm
4
dv dv dr
= ×
dt dr dt
0.05 dr
2
=
4π(4.827) dt
= 0.0001708
A = 4 π r2
dA
= 8πr
dr
dA dA dr
= ×
dt dr dt
= 8 π (4.827) × 0.0001708
= 0.02072 cm2s–1
4 v = x6(x2+ 4) = x8+ 4x6
dx
= 4cms −1
dt
dv
= 8x 7 + 24x 5
dx
dv
x = 1, =8(1)7 + 24(1)5 =32
dx
dv dv dx
= × = 32 × 4 = 128cm3s −1
dt dx dt
dr
5 = 2cms −1
dt
A= πr 2 =π4
r = 4 ⇒ r = 2 cm
2

c = 2πr
dc
= 2π
dr
dc dc dr
= × = 2π × 2 = 4π cms –1
dt dr dt
dx
6 = 0.05 cms−1
dt
v = 64 ⇒ x3 = 64, x = 4 cm
A = 6x2
dA
= 12x
dx

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 20 of 42

dA dA dx
= × = 12x × 0.05
dt dx dt
= 12 × 4 × 0.05 = 2.4 cm2s–1
dc
7 = 4 cms –1
dt
(a) c = 2 π r
dc
= 2π
dt
dc dc dr
= ×
dt dr dt
dr
4 = 2π ×
dt
2 dr
=
π dt
dA
(b) when r = 64 cm
dt
A = π r2
dA
= 2πr
dr
dA dA dr
= ×
dt dr dt
2
= 2π(64) ×
π
= 256 cm2s–1
dA
8 (a) = 10 cm 2s −1
dt
A = 4 π r2
dA
= 8πr
dr
dA dA dr
= ×
dt dr dt
dr
10 = 8 π r ×
dt
dr 10
=
dt 8πr
4
(b) v = πr 3
3
dv
= 4πr 2
dr
dv dv dr
= ×
dt dr dt
10
= 4π(42 ) × =
20 cm3s –1
8π(4)
4x + 2
9 y=
x +1
dy (x + 1)(4) − (4x + 2)
=
dx (x + 1)2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 21 of 42

4x + 4 − 4x − 2
=
(x + 1)2
2
=
(x + 1)2
y=5
4x + 2
=5
x +1
4x + 2 = 5x + 5
x = –3.
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
2 dx
0.3 = ×
( −3 + 1) 2
dt
dx
0.6 =
dt
dv
10 x = 4, = 0.024 cm3s –1
dt
v = x3
dv dv
= 3x= 2
, x 4,= 3(4) = 2
48
dx dx
dv dv dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dx
0.024 = 48
dt
dx 0.024
= = 0.0005 cms −1
dt 48
11 (a) pv = 600
600
p=
v
dp −600
= 2
dv v
dp −600
(b) v = 20, = = −1.5
dv 202
12 (a)

dθ π
= rad per sec
dt 3
S = rθ= 6θ
ds
=6
dθ
ds ds dθ
= ×
dt dθ dt

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 22 of 42

= 6 ( π / 3) = 2 π cm sec
1 2
(b) A= rθ
2
dA 1 2
= r
dθ 2
dA dA dθ
= ×
dt dθ dt
1 2 π
= (6) ×
2 3
= 6 π cm2s–1
dv
13 (a) = 16cm 3s −1
dt
v = 2x2 – 7x
v = 4 ⇒ 2x2 – 7x – 4 = 0
(2x + 1)(x – 4) = 0
1
x=– ,4
2
x=4
dv
(b) = 4x − 7
dx
dv
x = 4, =8−7 =1
dx
dv dv dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dx
16 =
dt
16 cms–1

Try these 14.4

(a) y = 4 sin x, period = 2π, amplitude = 4

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 23 of 42

(b) y = 3 cosx, period = 2π, amplitude = 3

Try these 14.5

π
 π 2π π
(a) y = cos  3x −  ,period = , amplitude = 1, displacement = 12 =
 12  3 3 36
π
 π 2π 1
(b) y = 40 cos  2πx −  ,period = = 1 , amplitude = 2, displacement = 8 =
 8 2π 2π 16
 π π
(c) y = 2 sin  x −  ,period = 2π , amplitude = 2, displacement =
 3 3

Try these 14.6

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 24 of 42

Try these 14.7

2x + 3
(a) y=
4x − 1
 3
2+
 2x + 3   x = 2 = 1
Horizontal asymptote: lim   = lim
x →∞  4x − 1  x →∞  1 4 2
 4 − 
x
1
y=
2
Vertical asymptote: 4x – 1 = 0
1
x=
4
1
∴ Horizontal Asymptote: y =
2
1
Vertical Asymptote: x =
4
x +1
(b) y=
x−3
 1
1+
 x + 1  x = 1
lim   = lim
x →∞  x − 3  x →∞  3
 1 − 
x
Horizontal Asymptote y = 1
Vertical Asymptote x = 3
x 2 + 2x
(c) y= 2
x − 7x + 12

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 25 of 42

 x 2 + 2x 
lim y = lim  2
x →∞ x →∞  x − 7x + 12 

 2 
1+
 x 
= lim 
x →∞ 7 12 
 1 − + 2 
x x
=1
∴ y = 1 is a Horizontal asymptote
Vertical asymptote: x2 – 7x + 12 = 0
(x – 3)(x – 4) = 0
x = 3, 4
∴ Vertical asymptote: x = 3, x = 4

Exercise 14D

1 y = x2 + 2x + 1
dy
= 2x + 2
dx
d2 y
=2
dx 2
dy
= 0 ⇒ 2x + 2 = 0
dx
x = –1
when x = –1, y = 1 – 2 + 1 = 0.
∴ (–1, 0) is a min point

2 y = 12x – x3
dy
= 12 − 3x 2
dx
d2 y
= −6x
dx 2
dy
=0 ⇒ 12 − 3x 2 =0
dx
x2 = 4
x = ±2
d2 y
when x = 2, y = 12(2) – (2)3 = 16, − ve Maximum point
dx 2
d2 y
x = –2, y = 12(–2) – (–2)3 = –16, +ve min point
dx 2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 26 of 42

3 y = x4 – 6x2
dy
= 4x 3 − 12x
dx
d2 y
= 12x 2 − 12
dx 2
dy
When =⇒0 4x 3 − 12x =0
dx
4x(x2 – 3) = 0
x = 0, x = ± 3
d2 y
When x = 0, y = 0, =12(0)2 − 12 =−12 < 0 ⇒ Max. pt at (0,0)
dx 2

( ) ( ) d2 y
( )
4 2 2
x = 3 , y = 3 − 6 3 = 9 – 18 = –9, 2
= 12 3 –12 = 24 > 0
dx
Minimum point at ( 3, –9)

( ) ( ) d2 y
( )
4 2 2
x = − 3, y = − 3 – 6 − 3 = –9, = 12 − 3 − 12 = 24 > 0
dx 2
Minimum point at ( − 3, −9)

−1 2
4 y= x +x
40
 −1 
When y = 0, x  x + 1 = 0 , x = 0, 40
 40 

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 27 of 42

dy −1
= x +1
dx 20
dy
When = 0 , x = 20, y = 10
dx

5 θ = –2t3 + 12t2 + 10
dθ
= −6t 2 + 24t
dt
d2θ
= −12t + 24
dt 2
dθ
= 0 ⇒ −6t 2 + 24t = 0
dt
6t(–t + 4) = 0
t = 0, 4
d2θ
t = 0, θ = 10, 2 = 24 > 0 minimum point
dt
d2θ
t = 4, θ = –2(4)3 + 12(4)2 + 10 = 74. 2 –24 < 0 maximum point
dt

When t = 6, θ = –2(6)3+12(6)2+10=10
2x + 1
6 (a) y =
x−3
dy (x − 3)(2) − (2x + 1)
=
dx (x − 3)2
−7
=
(x − 3)2
dy
= 0 ⇒ −7 = 0 ⇒ inconsistent
dx
⇒ y has no turning points
(b) Horizontal asymptotes when x – 3 = 0
x=3

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 28 of 42

2x + 1
Vertical asymptotes when lim =2
x →∞ x − 3

y=2
Asymptotes x = 3, y = 2
1
(c) when x = 0, y = –
3
1
y = 0, x = –
2

2
7 y=
x +4
2

1
x = 0, y =
2
dy −4x
=
dx (x 2 + 4)2
dy
=0⇒x=0
dx
dy
x < 0, + ve
dx
dy
x > 0, − ve
dx
1
x = 0, y= : Maximum point
2
x → ±∞, y → 0

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 29 of 42

4
8 y=x+
x
dy 4
= 1− 2
dx x
2
d y 8
=
dx 2 x 3
dy 4
=0⇒1– 2 =0
dx x
x2 = 4
x = ±2
4 d2 y 8
When x = 2, y = 2 + = 4, = > 0 Minimum point
2 dx 2 8
d2 y 8
x = –2, y = –2–2 = –4, = < 0 Max point
dx 2 −8
(2, 4) minimum point
(–2, –4) maximum point

Asymptotes
y=x
x=0
2x + 1
9 y=
x−2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 30 of 42

1 1
x = 0, y = − (0, − )
2 2
dy (x − 2)(2) − (2x + 1)
=
dx (x − 2)2
−5
=
(x − 2)2
dy
= 0 ⇒ –5 = 0 Inconsistent, no turning points
dx
Asymptotes: x = 2
y=2
1
when x = 0, y = –
2
1
y = 0, x = –
2

x 2 + 2x + 5
10 y=
x+2
x
x+2
x + 2x + 5
2

x + 2x
2

5
5
∴y=x+
x+2
5
x = 0, y =
2
 5
 0, 
2
dy
= 1 – 5(x + 2)2 Asymptotes
dx
d2 y 10
= x = –2
dx 2
(x + 2)3
dy 5
= 0 ⇒1− = 0 y=x
dx (x + 2)2
(x + 2)2 = 5
x+2= ± 5

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 31 of 42

x = –2 ± 5

Review exercise 14

x
1 y=
1 − x3
dy (1 − x 3 ) − x( −3x 2 )
=
dx (1 − x 3 )2
1 − x 3 + 3x 3
=
(1 − x 3 ) 2
1 + 2x 3
=
(1 − x 3 ) 2
2 2
x = 2, y = =
1− 2 3
−7
dy 1 + 2(2) 17
3
= =
dx (1 − 23 )2 49
49
Gradient of normal = −
17
Equation of the normal:
2 17
y+ = (x – 2)
7 49
17 34 2
y= x+ −
49 49 7

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 32 of 42

17 20
y= x+
49 49
dv
2 (a) = 40 cm3s –1
dt
v = 0.02 h3 + 0.4 h2 + 400 h
dv
= 0.06h 2 + 0.8h + 400
dh
dv
h = 10, = 0.06(10)2 + 0.8(10) + 400 = 414
dh
dv dv dh
= ×
dt dh dt
dh
40 = 414
dt
dh 40
= = 0.097 cms –1
dt 414
dh
(b) = 0.04
dt
dv dv dh
= ×
dt dh dt
40 = 0.04 [0.06 h2+ 0.8 h + 400]
1000 = 0.06 h2 + 0.8 h + 400
0.06 h2 + 0.8 h – 600 = 0
−0.8 ± (0.8)2 + 4(0.06)(600)
h=
2(0.06)
−0.8 ± 12.027
=
0.12
h = 93.6 cm
3 y = cosx + sinx
dy
= − sin x + cos x
dx
y+x=3
y=–x+3
Gradient = –1
Gradient of tangent = 1
∴ –sinx + cosx = 1
cosx – sinx = Rcos (x + α)
= Rcosx cosα – Rsinx sinα
Rcosα = 1
Rsinα = 1
tanα = 1⇒ α = π /4
R= 2
2 cos (x + π /4) = 1
1
cos (x + π /4) =
2
π π 7π
x+ = ,
4 4 4

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 33 of 42

6π
x = 0,
4
y = cos 0 + sin 0 = 1
∴ (0, 1) → coordinate
x +1
4 (a) y =
2x − 7
dy (2x − 7) − (x + 1)(2)
=
dx (2x − 7)2
−9
=
(2x − 7)2
dy −9
x = 3, = = −9
dx 1
Equation of tangent y + 4 = –9(x – 3)
y = –9x + 27 – 4
y = –9x + 23
1
(b) Gradient of normal =
9
Equation of normal:
1
y + 4 = (x – 3)
9
1 1
y= x– –4
9 3
1 13
y= x–
9 3
23
(c) y = 0, x =
9
 23 
A  ,0
 9 
−13  −13 
x = 0, y = B  0, 
3  3 
13
23 3
Area of ∆= × = 5.54
9 2
dA
5 r = 4 m, = 3 m 2s –1
dt
4
v = πr 3 , A = 4πr 2
3
dA dA dr
= ×
dt dr dt
dA
= 8πr
dr
dr
3 = 8πr ×
dt
dr 3 3
= = = 0.03 ms –1
dt 8π(4) 32π

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 34 of 42

dv
= 4πr 2
dr
dv dv dr
= ×
dt dr dt
3
= 4π(4) 2 ×
32π
= 6 m3s–1
6 Area of cross section = 20 h cm2
A = 20 h
dA
= 0.05
dt
dA
= 20
dh
dA dA dh
= ×
dt dh dt
dh
0.05 = 20
dt
dh 0.05
= = 0.0025 cms −1
dt 20
V = 20h × h = 20h2
dv
= 40h
dh
dv dv dh
= ×
dt dh dt
= 40h × 0.0025
= 40 (4) (0.0025)
2
= cm 3s −1
5
1 11
7 (a) y = x 4 − 2x 3 + x 2 − 6x + 1
4 2
dy
= x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6
dx
d2 y
= 3x 2 − 12x + 11
dx 2
dy
For stationary points =0
dx
x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0
x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = (x – 1)(x2 – 5x + 6)
= (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)
=0
x = 1, 2, 3
1 11 −5 d 2 y
(b) x = 1, y = − 2 + –6+1= ., =3 − 12 + 11 > 0 minimum point
4 2 4 dx 2
d2 y
x = 2, y = 4 – 16 + 22 – 12 + 1 = –1, = 12 − 24 + 11 < 0 maximum point
dx 2
81 99 −5 d 2 y
x = 3, y = − 54 + − 18 + 1 = , = 27 − 36 + 11 > 0 Min pt.
4 2 4 dx 2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 35 of 42

d2 y
(c) Inflexion points 2
= 0 ⇒ 3x2 – 12x + 11 = 0
dx
12 ± 144 − 132
x=
6
12 ± 12 1
= = 2± 3
6 3
= 2.58, 1.42
Points of inflexion at x = 2.58, y = –1.14
x = 1.42, y = –1.14
(d)

8 (a) y=x3 + 3x2 – 24x + 10

dy
= 3x 2 + 6x − 24
dx
d2 y
= 6x + 6
dx 2
dy
= 0 ⇒ 3x 2 + 6x − 24 = 0
dx
x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
(x + 4)(x – 2) = 0
x = –4, 2
d2 y
x = –4, = – 24 + 6 < 0 maximum point
dx 2
d2 y
x = 2, = 12 + 6 > 0 minimum point
dx 2
Point of inflexion
d2 y
= 0 , 6x + 6 = 0
dx 2
x = –1
x = –1, y = –1 + 3 + 24 + 10 = 36
Point of inflexion (–1, 36)
cos2x
(b) y=
1 + sin 2x

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 36 of 42

dy (1 + sin 2x)( −2sin 2x) − (cos2x)(2 cos2x)

=
dx (1 + sin 2x)2
−2sin 2x − 2[sin 2 2x + cos2 2x]
=
(1 + sin 2x)2
−2
=
1 + sin 2x
dy −2 cos π
x = π/2, = = –2, y = = –1
dx 1 + sin π 1 + sin π
1
Gradient of normal = , ( π / 2, − 1)
2
1
y + 1 = ( x − π / 2)
2
1
y+1= x−π/4
2
1
y=0⇒1= x−π/4
2
1
1+ π / 4 = x
2
x = 2 + π/2
p (2 + π / 2, 0 )
9 (a) V = yx2
A = x2 + 4 xy
96 = x2 + 4 xy
96 − x 2
y=
4x
 96 − x 2 
V = x2  
 4x 
1
= 24x – x3
4
dV 3
(b) = 24 – x 2
dx 4
dV 24 × 4
= 0 ⇒ x2 =
dx 3
x 2 = 32
x = 32
1
( )
3
V = 24 32 – 32
4
= 24 32 – 8 32 = 16 32 = 64 2
10 (a) y = 4x3 – 24x2 + 36x
dy
= 12x 2 − 48x + 36
dx
d2 y
= 24x − 48
dx 2
dy
=0 ⇒ 12x 2 − 48x + 36 =0
dx
x2 – 4x + 3 = 0

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 37 of 42

(x –1) (x –3) = 0
x = 1, 3
x = 1, y = 4 – 24 + 36 = 16
x = 3, y = 4(3)3 – 24(3)2 + 36(3) = 0
(1, 16) (3, 0)
d2 y
(b) =0
dx 2
24x – 48 = 0
x=2
y = 4(2)3–24(2)2 + 36(2) = 8
Point of inflexion (2,8)
(c)

d2 y
Where x = 1, = 24 – 48 < 0 maximum point
dx 2
d2 y
x = 3, 24(3) – 48 > 0 minimum point
dx 2
11 (a) A = 243 π
π r2+2 π rh = 243 π
243 − r 2
h=
2r
V = π r2h.
 243 − r 2 
= π r  2r 
2

π
= r (243–r2)
2
π
= (243r – r 3 )
2
dv π
(b) = (243 − 3r 2 )
dr 2
dv
=⇒0 243 = 3r 2
dr

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 38 of 42

r2 = 81
r=9
π
r = 9, V = (243(9) – 93)
2
= 729 π
d2 v π
= (–6r)
dr 2 2
d2 v
r = 9, 2 = –27 π < 0 maximum point
dr
dx
12 = 0.25
dt
4 4
(a) x = 1, y = =
(3)2 9
dy −40
=
dx (5x − 2)3
dy −40
x = 1, =
dx 27
dy dy dx −40
= × = × 0.25
dt dx dt 27
−10
=
27
4
(b) y = 9, =9
(5x − 2)2
4
(5x – 2)2 =
9
5x – 2 = 2/3
8
5x =
3
x = 8/15
dy −40
= 3
= −135
dx   8  
 5  15  – 2
dy 1
= −135 ×
dt 4
−135
=
4
13 (a) y = x3 + 3x2 + 3x +2
dy
= 3x 2 + 6x + 3
dx
3x2 + 6x + 3 = 0
x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
(x + 1)2 = 0
x = –1
x = –1, y = –1 + 3 – 3 + 2 = 1
(–1, 1)
d2 y
= 6x + 6 = 0
dx 2

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 39 of 42

x = –1
dy
x < –1, >0
dx
dy
x > –1 >0
dx
x = –1 point of inflexion
(b)

36R
14 P= . R = 0, P = 0
R + 2R + 1
2

dP (R 2 + 2R + 1)(36) − 36R(2R + 2)
=
dR (R 2 + 2R + 1) 2
36R 2 + 72R + 36 – 72R 2 − 72R
=
(R 2 + 2R + 1)2
−36R 2 + 36
=
(R 2 + 2R + 1)2
dP
= 0 ⇒ 36 − 36R 2 = 0
dR
R2 = 1
R = ±1
36
When R = 1, P= =9
1+ 2 +1
Maximum point at (1, 9)

15 y = cos32x + sin4 2x
x = π / 2 , y = cos3 π + sin4 π = –1
dy
= −6cos 2 (2x) sin(2x) + 8sin 3 (2x) cos(2x)
dx
dy
x =π/ 2, = – 6 cos2 π sin π + 8 sin3 π cos π = 0
dx
Equation of tangent:
y – (–1) = 0(x – π / 2 )

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 40 of 42

y+1=0
y = –1
9x
16 y= 2
x +9
x = 0, y = 0
4x
=
lim y lim = 0
x →∞ x →∞ x 2 + 9

∴ y = 0 is an asymptote
dy (x 2 + 9)(9) − 9x(2x)
=
dx (x 2 + 9)2
9x 2 + 81 − 18x 2
=
(x 2 + 9) 2
−9x 2 + 81
= 2
(x + 9)2
dy
= 0 ⇒ 9x 2 = 81
dx
x2 = 9
x = ±3
27 3
when x = 3, y = =
18 2
−27
x = –3, y = = −3 / 2
18

1 2
17 V= πr h
3
16 24
=
r x
16x 2
=r = x
24 3
2
1 2 
V= π x  x
3 3 
1 4
= π × x3
3 9
4
= πx 3
27
dv
= 0.05 cm3s–1
dt

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 41 of 42

dv dv dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dv 4 2
= πx
dx 9
dv 4
When x = 12, = π(12)2
dx 9
= 64 π
dx
0.05 = 64 π ×
dt
dx 0.05
= = 0.00025 cms −1
dt 64π
18 Surface area = 2400 cm2
⇒ x2 + 4xh = 2400
2400 − x 2
h=
4x
600 x
= −
x 4
 2400 − x 2 
v = x2h = x 2  
 4x 
1
= 600 x − x 3
4
dv 3
= 600 − x 2
dx 4
dv 3
=⇒0 600 − x 2 = 0
dx 4
2400
x2= = 800
3
x = 800
d 2 v −3
= x
dx 2 2
d2 v
When x = 800, = –ve ⇒ maximum
dx 2

(1
)
3
Maximum volume = 600 ( 800 ) – 800 = 11313.7 cm3
4
19 V = 2000 cm3
πr 2 h = 2000
2000
h=
πr 2

A =πr 2 + 2πrh

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 42 of 42

 2000 
= πr 2 + 2 πr  2 
 πr 
4000
= πr 2 +
r
dA 4000
= 2 πr − 2
dr r
dA 4000
= 0 ⇒ 2 πr=
dr r2
4000 4000
r3 = ⇒r= 3 = 8.603
2π 2π
2000
h =
π(8.603)2
= 8.602

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 14 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013