IT REPORT - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TIMELINE

 1950 TURING TEST Computer scientist Alan Turing proposes a test for machine intelligence. If a machine can trick humans
into thinking it is human, then it has intelligence

 1955 A.I. BORN Term ‘artificial intelligence’ is coined by computer scientist, John McCarthy to describe “the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines”

 1961 UNIMATE First industrial robot, Unimate, goes to work at GM replacing humans on the assembly line
Revolutionizing manufacturing the world over, the Unimate was the very first industrial robot. Conceived from a design for a
mechanical arm patented in 1954 (granted in 1961) by American inventor George Devol, the Unimate was developed as a result of the
foresight and business acumen of Joseph Engelberger - the Father of Robotics.

 1964 ELIZA Pioneering chatbot developed by Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT holds conversations with humans
The work of Alan Turing was taken with great interest from Joseph Weizenbaum, the German computer scientist and Professor
at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1966, he developed the program ELIZA, which aimed at tricking it users by making them
believe that they were having a conversation with a real human being. ELIZA was designed to imitate a therapist who would ask open-
ended questions and even respond with follow-ups.
ELIZA is considered to be the first chatterbot in the history of computer science. Though the term chatterbot was not even coined
then. It was only in 1994 that the term ‘ChatterBot’ was coined by Michael Mauldin (creator of the first Verbot, Julia) to describe these
conversational programs.
ELIZA operates by recognizing key words or phrases from the input to reproduce a response using those keywords from pre –
programmed responses. For instance, if a human says that ‘My mother cooks good food’. ELIZA would pick up the word ‘mother’, and
respond by asking an open- ended question ‘Tell me more about your family’. This created an illusion of understanding and having an
interaction with a real human being though the process was a mechanized one.

 1966 SHAKEY The ‘first electronic person’ from Stanford, Shakey is a general-purpose mobile robot reasons about its own actions
The subject of SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center research from 1966 to 1972, Shakey could perform tasks that required planning,
route-finding, and the rearranging of simple objects. The robot greatly influenced modern robotics and AI techniques; today, it resides in
the Computer History Museum.

 1997 DEEP BLUE Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer from IBM defeats world chess champion, Garry Kasparov
Deep Blue had an impact on computing in many different industries. It was programmed to solve the complex, strategic game of chess, so
it enabled researchers to explore and understand the limits of massively parallel processing. This research gave developers insight into ways they
could design a computer to tackle complex problems in other fields, using deep knowledge to analyze a higher number of possible solutions.
Deep Blue used tree search to calculate up to a maximum of 20 possible moves. It evaluated positions by a value function mainly
written by hand, which was later optimized by analyzing thousand of games. Deep Blue also contained an opening and endgame library of
many grandmaster games.

 1998 KISMET Cynthia Breazeal at MIT introduces KISmet, an emotionally intelligent robot insofar as it detects and responds to
people’s feelings
Kismet is an expressive robotic creature with perceptual and motor modalities tailored to natural human communication
channels. To facilitate a natural infant-caretaker interaction, the robot is equipped with visual, auditory, and proprioceptive
sensory inputs. The motor outputs include vocalizations, facial expressions, and motor capabilities to adjust the gaze direction
of the eyes and the orientation of the head. Note that these motor systems serve to steer the visual and auditory sensors to the
source of the stimulus and can also be used to display communicative cues.

 1999 AIBO Sony launches first consumer robot pet dog AiBO (AI robot) with skills and personality that develop over time
Sony classifies AIBO as an autonomous robot, meaning that it has the ability to learn, mature, and act on its own in
response to external stimuli. AIBO has a brain (CPU), the ability to move (20 points of articulation), and sensory organs
(sensors). AIBO's developmental stages are controlled by a "memory stick" application software. Human interaction with AIBO
determines its ability to express its needs and emotions, as well as its ability to learn and mature. AIBO is capable of expressing
happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear and dislike. Just like a pet that's alive, the more interaction AIBO has with humans, the
faster it learns.
AIBO's head has a touch sensor for non-verbal communication, stereo microphones for hearing, a color video camera
for vision, and a distance detector to allow AIBO to avoid obstacles. AIBO has voice recognitioncomponents that allow AIBO
to be programmed to recognize its own name and understand over 50 verbal commands (depending on where AIBO is in its
growth cycle). At present, AIBO is bi-lingual and understands Japanese and English; Sony plans to add German and French to
increase the robot's world-wide appeal. AIBO is able to communicate with humans by emitting musical tones and changing the
color and shape of its eyes. AIBO can be "taught" to play games, but unlike a game, AIBO cannot be reset.

 2002 ROOMBA First mass produced autonomous robotic vacuum cleaner from iRobot learns to navigate and clean homes
Roomba is a series of autonomous robotic vacuum cleaners sold by iRobot. Introduced in September 2002,[1] Roomba
features a set of sensors that enable it to navigate the floor area of a home and clean it. For instance, Roomba's sensors can
detect the presence of obstacles, detect dirty spots on the floor, and sense steep drops to keep it from falling down stairs.

 2011 SIRI Apple integrates Siri, an intelligent virtual assistant with a voice interface, into the iPhone 4S
The assistant uses voice queries and a natural-language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and
perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Internet services. The software adapts to users' individual language usages,
searches, and preferences, with continuing use.
Siri supports a wide range of user commands, including performing phone actions, checking basic information,
scheduling events and reminders, handling device settings, searching the Internet, navigating areas, finding information on
entertainment, and is able to engage with iOS-integrated apps.

 2011 WATSON IBM’s question answering computer Watson wins first place on popular $1M prize television quiz show
Jeopardy
Watson was created as a question answering (QA) computing system that IBM built to apply advanced natural
language processing, information retrieval, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, and machine learning technologies
to the field of open domain question answering
When created, IBM stated that, "more than 100 different techniques are used to analyze natural language, identify
sources, find and generate hypotheses, find and score evidence, and merge and rank hypotheses."[13]

 2014 EUGENE Eugene Goostman, a chatbot passes the Turing Test with a third of judges believing Eugene is human

 2014 ALEXA Amazon launches Alexa, an intelligent virtual assistant with a voice interface that can complete shopping tasks
Amazon Alexa is a virtual assistant developed by Amazon, first used in the Amazon Echo and the Amazon Echo
Dot smart speakers developed by Amazon Lab126. It is capable of voice interaction, music playback, making to-do lists, setting
alarms, streaming podcasts, playing audiobooks, and providing weather, traffic, sports, and other real-time information, such
as news. Alexa can also control several smart devices using itself as a home automation system. Users can extend the Alexa
capabilities by installing "skills" (additional functionality developed by third-party vendors, in other settings more commonly
called apps such as weather programs and audio features).

 2016 TAY Microsoft’s chatbot Tay goes rogue on social media making inflammatory and offensive racist comments
Tay was an artificial intelligence chatter bot that was originally released by Microsoft Corporation via Twitter on
March 23, 2016; it caused subsequent controversy when the bot began to post inflammatory and offensive tweets through its
Twitter account, forcing Microsoft to shut down the service only 16 hours after its launch.[1] According to Microsoft, this was
caused by trolls who "attacked" the service as the bot made replies based on its interactions with people on Twitter.

 2017 ALPHAGO Google’s A.I. AlphaGo beats world champion Ke Jie in the complex board game of Go, notable for its vast
number (2*170) of possible positions
In October 2015, AlphaGo became the first computer Go program to beat a human professional Go
player without handicaps on a full-sized 19×19 board.[2][3] In March 2016, it beat Lee Sedol in a five-game match, the first
time a computer Go program has beaten a 9-dan professional without handicaps.
BENEFITS AND RISKS OF AI

Benefits

Error Reduction
Artificial intelligence helps us in reducing the error and the chance of reaching accuracy with a greater degree of precision is a
possibility. It is applied in various studies such as exploration of space.
Intelligent robots are fed with information and are sent to explore space. Since they are machines with metal bodies, they are
more resistant and have greater ability to endure the space and hostile atmosphere.
They are created and acclimatized in such a way that they cannot be modified or get disfigured or breakdown in the hostile
environment.

Difficult Exploration
Artificial intelligence and the science of robotics can be put to use in mining and other fuel exploration processes. Not only that,
these complex machines can be used for exploring the ocean floor and hence overcoming the human limitations.
Due to the programming of the robots, they can perform more laborious and hard work with greater responsibility. Moreover,
they do not wear out easily.

Daily Application
Computed methods for automated reasoning, learning and perception have become a common phenomenon in our everyday
lives. We have our lady Siri or Cortana to help us out.
We are also hitting the road for long drives and trips with the help of GPS. Smartphone in an apt and every day is an example
of the how we use artificial intelligence. In utilities, we find that they can predict what we are going to type and correct the human
errors in spelling. That is machine intelligence at work.
When we take a picture, the artificial intelligence algorithm identifies and detects the person’s face and tags the individuals when
we are posting our photographs on the social media sites.
Artificial Intelligence is widely employed by financial institutions and banking institutions to organize and manage data.
Detection of fraud uses artificial intelligence in a smart card based system.

Digital Assistants
Highly advanced organizations use ‘avatars’ which are replicas or digital assistants who can actually interact with the users, thus
saving the need of human resources.
For artificial thinkers, emotions come in the way of rational thinking and are not a distraction at all. The complete absence of
the emotional side, makes the robots think logically and take the right program decisions.
Emotions are associated with moods that can cloud judgment and affect human efficiency. This is completely ruled out for
machine intelligence.

Repetitive Jobs
Repetitive jobs which are monotonous in nature can be carried out with the help of machine intelligence. Machines think faster
than humans and can be put to multi-tasking. Machine intelligence can be employed to carry out dangerous tasks. Their
parameters, unlike humans, can be adjusted. Their speed and time are calculation based parameters only.
When humans play a computer game or run a computer-controlled robot, we are actually interacting with artificial intelligence.
In the game we are playing, the computer is our opponent. The machine intelligence plans the game movement in response to
our movements. We can consider gaming to be the most common use of the benefits of artificial intelligence.

Medical Applications
In the medical field also, we will find the wide application of AI. Doctors assess the patients and their health risks with the help
of artificial machine intelligence. It educates them about the side effects of various medicines.
Medical professionals are often trained with the artificial surgery simulators. It finds a huge application in detecting and
monitoring neurological disorders as it can simulate the brain functions.
Robotics is used often in helping mental health patients to come out of depression and remain active. A popular application of
artificial intelligence is radiosurgery. Radiosurgery is used in operating tumors and this can actually help in the operation without
damaging the surrounding tissues.
No Breaks
Machines, unlike humans, do not require frequent breaks and refreshments. They are programmed for long hours and can
continuously perform without getting bored or distracted or even tired.

Risks

High Cost
Creation of artificial intelligence requires huge costs as they are very complex machines. Their repair and maintenance require
huge costs.
They have software programs which need frequent up gradation to cater to the needs of the changing environment and the need
for the machines to be smarter by the day.
In the case of severe breakdowns, the procedure to recover lost codes and re-instating the system might require huge time and
cost.

No Replicating Humans
Intelligence is believed to be a gift of nature. An ethical argument continues, whether human intelligence is to be replicated or
not.
Machines do not have any emotions and moral values. They perform what is programmed and cannot make the judgment of
right or wrong. Even cannot take decisions if they encounter a situation unfamiliar to them. They either perform incorrectly or
breakdown in such situations.

No Improvement with Experience

Unlike humans, artificial intelligence cannot be improved with experience. With time, it can lead to wear and tear. It stores a lot
of data but the way it can be accessed and used is very different from human intelligence.
Machines are unable to alter their responses to changing environments. We are constantly bombarded by the question whether
it is really exciting to replace humans with machines.
In the world of artificial intelligence, there is nothing like working with a whole heart or passionately. Care or concerns are not
present in the machine intelligence dictionary. There is no sense of belonging or togetherness or a human touch. They fail to
distinguish between a hardworking individual and an inefficient individual.

No Original Creativity
Do you want creativity or imagination?
These are not the forte of artificial intelligence. While they can help you design and create, they are no match for the power of
thinking that the human brain has or even the originality of a creative mind.
Human beings are highly sensitive and emotional intellectuals. They see, hear, think and feel. Their thoughts are guided by the
feelings which completely lacks in machines. The inherent intuitive abilities of the human brain cannot be replicated.

Unemployment
Replacement of humans with machines can lead to large scale unemployment.
Unemployment is a socially undesirable phenomenon. People with nothing to do can lead to the destructive use of their creative
minds.
Humans can unnecessarily be highly dependent on the machines if the use of artificial intelligence becomes rampant. They will
lose their creative power and will become lazy. Also, if humans start thinking in a destructive way, they can create havoc with
these machines.
Artificial intelligence in wrong hands is a serious threat to mankind in general. It may lead to mass destruction. Also, there is a
constant fear of machines taking over or superseding the humans.