SCB203 Fall I 2009

Dr. Angela Gee

Study guide (Lectures 29-33)

Be able to define and describe the following terms:

Blood Vessels
Structure: Layers (tunica intima, media, externa)
Arteries: elastic, muscular, arterioles
atherosclerosis
Capillaries: continuous, fenestrated, sinusoids, capillary beds
Veins: features, varicose veins
Hepatic portal circulation: hepatic portal vein, liver
Fetal circulation: foramen ovale  fossa ovalis
ductus arteriosus ligamentum arteriosum

Circulation Physiology
Blood flow due to
1. blood pressure
2. blood resistance (viscosity, vessel length, vessel diameter)
Understand relationship between blood flow, pressure and resistance (F = ΔP/R)
Arterial blood pressure
Systolic and diastolic pressure
Hypertension
Pulse pressure
Mean arterial pressure
Venous blood pressure
Muscular pump
Blood pressure regulation
Neural: vasomotor center of medulla, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors
What happens when blood pressure is too high? Too low? O2 too low? Too high?
How is blood pressure coordinated with cardiac centers, heart rate, cardiac output?
Hormonal: short term
Adrenal medulla hormones (norephinephrine, ephinephrine)
Angiotension II
Antidiuretic hormone
Atrial natriuretic hormone
Hormonal: long term
Blood volume
Kidney: alter blood volume, renin-angiotension
Capillary exchange
Gases and nutrients
Diffusion: membrane, intracellular cleft, fenestration, vesicles
Bulk fluids:
1. Hydrostatic pressure
2. Colloid osmotic pressure
3. Net filtration pressure
Respiration
Know path of air and the general structure and function of each of the following respiratory organs:
Nose: nasal cavity, respiratory mucosa
Pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx, tonsils
Larynx: epiglottis, vocal cords, glottis, laryngitis
Trachea: cilia, C shape hyaline cartilage
Bronchi  bronchioles
Aveoli: respiraory zone and membrane, surfactant
Lungs: right vs. left, serous membrane

Pulmonary ventilation
Inspiration and expiration
Boyle’s law
Intrapulmonary vs. intrapleural pressure, lung collapse
Sequence of breathing for inspiration
Sequence of breathing for expiration
Respiratory volumes: tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, residual
Respiratory capacity: total, vital, inspiratory, functional residual

Gas Exchange
External respiration
Which way are gases flowing and why?
1. partial pressure gradient and solubility (gas flow from high to low partial pressure)
2. ventilation-perfusion coupling
3. thickness and surface area
Internal respiration
Partial pressure and gradient solubility: which way are gases flowing and why?

Transport of gas by blood

Oxygen
Hemoglobin
Pressure (O2-Hb dissociation curve)
Carbon dioxide
1. Plasma
2. Hemoglobin: affects O2 binding
3. Bicarbonate ion (carbonic anhydrase): affects blood pH
Control of breathing
Neural
DRG
VRG
Pontine respiratory center
Chemical
Chemoreceptors: CO2, O2, H+
Hyperventilation = decreased CO2 (hypocapnia)  need to increase ventilation
Homeostatic imbalances of respiratory system
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: emphysema, chronic bronchitis
Asthma
Tuberculosis
Lung cancer
Effect of smoking