5.

0 Shear & bond

5.1 Shear

Fig. 5.1 Principal stresses in a beam

 The profile of the principal compression & tensile stresses are shown in fig. 5.1.
 Towards mid span, shear stress is low.
 Near the support, the shear stress is greater, and the principal stresses are inclined at a
steeper angle, so that the tensile stresses are liable to cause diagonal cracking.
 The shear reinforcement is earlier in form of:
- Stirrup
- Inclined bars (used in conjunction with stirrups)

5.1.1 Stirrups

 In order to derive simplified equations the action of a R.C. beam in shear is

represented by a analogous truss in which the longitudinal reinforcement forms the
bottom chord, the stirrups are the vertical members and the concrete acts as the
diagonal and top chord compression members as in fig. 5.2.
Fig. 5.2 Stirrups and the analogous truss

 In the analogous truss, the stirrups are spaced at a distance of d, so that the diagonal
concrete compression members are at 450 to the horizontal (agrees with experimental
observations of cracking of R.C. beams close to their supports).
 In the analogous truss, let
Asv = Cross – sectional area of the two legs of the stirrups
fyv = Characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement
V = Shear force due to the ultimate loads.
At section x – x, at ultimate state,
0.95fyvAsv = V
Or 0.95fyvAsv = vbd, v = V/bd = average shear stress of the section.
 When the stirrup spacing < d, a series superimposed equivalent trusses may be
considered, so that the force to be resisted by the stirrup is reduced proportionally.
Thus if sv = the stirrup spacing.
>> 0.95fyvAsv = vbd(sv/d)
Asv vb
Or 
sv 0.95 f yv

Since the concrete is also capable of resisting a limited amount of shear, this equation
become
Asv b(v  vc )

sv 0.95 f yv

Where vc = ultimate shear stress that can be resisted by the concrete.

 Value of vc are given in table 5.1. It can be seen that vc is greater for those shallow
members & those with larger % of tensile reinforcement.
 The longitudinal tension bars contributed to the shear resistance by their dowelling
action and they also help to prevent shear cracks from commencing at small tension
cracks.
 To be effective, these tension bars should continue an effective depth, d, beyond the
section, or at a support then should be adequately curtailed & anchored.
 Close t support, sections have an enhanced shear resistance owing in part to the
induced compressive stresses from the concentrated reaction and the steeper angle of
the failure plane, which would normally occur at angle of 300 to the horizontal for an
unreinforced section.
 Within a distance of 2d from a support or a concentrated load the design concrete
shear stress, vc may be increased to vc2d/av, the distance av is measured from the
support or concentrated load to the section being designed.
 This enhancement is useful when designing beams with concentrated loads near to a
support, or with corbels and pile caps.
 As a simplified approach for beams carrying mainly distributed loads, the critical
section for design may be taken at a distance d from the face of the support using the
value of vc from table 5.1. The shear links required then should continue to the face
of the support.
 Large shearing forces are also liable to cause crushing of the concrete along the
directions of the principal compressive stresses, and therefore at the face of a support
the average shear stress should never excess the lesser of 0.8 or 5Nmm-2.
  The areas & spacing of the stirrups can be calculated from
Asv b(v  vc )

sv 0.95 f yv

Example 5.1 Design of shear reinforcement for a beam

Shear reinforcement is to be designed for the one – span beam shown in fig. 5.3. The
characteristic strength of a mild steel links is fyv = 250Nmm-2. Ultimate load = 75.2kN/m

Fig. 5.3

a. Check maximum shear stress

Total load on span, F = wu x span = 75.2 x 6.0 = 4451kN
At face of support,
Shear, Vs = F/2 – wu x support width / 2
= 451/2 – 75.2 x 0.15 = 214kN
Vs
Shear stress, v 
bd
214 x10 3
  1.3N / mm 2  0.8 f cu
300 x550
b. Shear link
Distance from face of support,
Shear, Vd = Vs – wud
= 214 – 75.2 x 0.55 = 173kN
173x10 3
Shear stress, v   1.05 Nmm2
300 x550
Only two T25mm ϕ bars extend a distance d past the critical section. Therefore for
determining vc
100 As 100 x982
  0.59
bd 300 x550
From table 5.1, vc = 0.56 Nmm-2
Asv bv  vc  300(1.05  0.56)
   0.62
sv 0.95 f yv 0.95 x250

Provide R10 links at 200mm centres

Asv 2 x78.5
  0.785
sv 200
c. Nominal links
For mild steel links,
Asv 0.4b 0.4 x300
   0.505
sv 0.95 f yv 0.95 x 250

Provide R10 links @ 250mm centre

Asv 2 x78.5
  0.628
sv 250
d. Extent of shear links
Shear resistance of nominal links + concrete is
Asv
Vn  [( )0.95 x250  300 x0.56)550  159kN
sv
Shear reinforcement is required over a distance s given by
Vs  Vn 214  159
s   730mm from the face of the support
wu 75.2
Number of R10 links at 200mm required at each end of the beam is
1 + (s/200) = 1 + (1000/200) = 6
5.2 Anchorage bond

 The reinforcing bar subject to direct tension shown in fig. 5.4 must be firmly anchored
if it is not to be pulled out of the concrete.
 The anchored depends on the bond between the bar and the concrete, & the area of
contact. Let
L = minimum anchorage length to prevent pull out
Φ = bar size or nominal diameter
fbu = ultimate anchorage bond stress
fs = the direct tensile or compression stress in the bar

fig. 5.4 Anchorage bond

Consider the forces on the bar
Tensile pull – out force = bar’s cross section area x direct stress

Anchorage force  contact area x anchorage bond stress

 Lf bu
 2
Lf bu  fs
4
f
L s 
4 f bu
when f s  0.95 f y
0.95 f y
L 
4 f bu
The desing ultimate anchorage bond stress, fbu, is obtained from the equation fbu =
β
β depends on the bar type & whether the bar is in tension or compression. Values of β
are given in table 5.2.
Table 5.3 Anchorage lengths (anchorage length L = KA x bar size)

 Now, anchorage length may be written as: -

L = KAϕ
 Values of KA corresponding to the anchorage of tension and compression bars
for various grades of concrete & reinforcing bars have in tabulated in Table
5.3
 Anchorage may also be provided by hooks or bends in the reinforcement as
shown in fig. 5.5. When a bent bar or hook is used, the stress on the inside of
the bend should be checked (not included here).
 fig 5.5 Anchorage values for bends and hooks

Example 5.2 Calculation of anchorage length

Determine the length of tension anchorage required for the 25mm diameter lain mild steel
reinforcing bars in the cantilever of fig. 5.6. fcu = 30Nmm-2, fy = 250Nmm-2.
5.3 Laps in reinforcement

 Lapping of reinforcement is often necessary to transfer the forces from one bar to
another. The rules for this are:-
- The laps should preferably be staggered and be away from sections of high
stresses.
- The minimum lap length should not less than the greater of
>> 15ϕ or 300mm for bars
>> 250mm for fabric
- Tension laps should be equal to at least the design tension anchorage length.
- Compression laps should be at least 25% greater than the compression anchorage
length.
- Lap lengths for unequal size bars may be based on the smaller bar.

A table of minimum lap lengths is in table 5.4

Table 5.4 Basic lap lengths in tension and compression (lap length = KL x bar
size)