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Finite Element Simulation of Bolt-Up Process of Pipe Flange Connections With Spiral
Wound Gasket
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2 authors, including:
Tomohiro Takaki
Kyoto Institute of Technology
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All content following this page was uploaded by Tomohiro Takaki on 27 April 2014.
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology Copyright © 2003 by ASME NOVEMBER 2003, Vol. 125 Õ 371
Fig. 2 Stress-strain relationship of spiral wound gasket
冋 册冦 冧 冦 冧
identified as follows: follows:
Loading. Ke 0 0 K eC1 0
⌬u e ⌬Q e
⫽65.2•⫹27.3⫻10 • ⫺17.4⫻10 • ⫹32.1⫻10 •
2 2 3 3 4 4 0 Kf 0 K f C1 K f C2 ⌬u f ⌬Q f
⫺17.5⫻105 • 5 ⫹28.8⫻105 • 6 ¯ (1) 0 0 Kg 0 K gC2 ⌬u g ⫽ ⌬Q g ¯
K C1e K C1 f 0 K C1 0 ⌬R 1 ␦1
Unloading and Reloading. ⌬R 2 ␦2
0 K C2 f K C2g 0 K C2
⫽ ␣ exp共  兲 ⫹ ␥ ¯ (2) (4)
where 关 K e 兴 , 关 K f 兴 , and 关 K g 兴 are stiffness matrices for clustered 2.6 Numerical Procedures. Bolt preloads are produced by
bolt-nut connections, flange and a gasket. 关 K g 兴 is a diagonal ma- applying appropriate amounts of longitudinal displacement to the
trix in which each entry k gi represents the stiffness of a one- symmetrical cross section of the bolt body shown in Fig. 3. Figure
dimensional gasket element. The global stiffness matrix is not 4 illustrates the bolt number identified by the bolt-up sequence,
冋 册
symmetric as shown in Eq. 共4兲. where bolts are tightened in accordance with a typical star pattern.
In the following, it is shown in detail how Problems 1 and 2 can
k g1 0 0 0 be solved by FEM. For simplicity, a flange connection tightened
0 k g2 0 0 with three bolts is used to explain the procedure.
关 Kg兴⫽ 0 0 k g3 0 ¯ (5) Problem 1: Estimation of Scatter in Bolt Preloads. Figure 5
schematically shows the numerical procedure for Problem 1. In
each step, the objective bolt is tightened with the same magnitude
0 0 0 k gm of preload F, though the applied longitudinal displacement u j is
In Eq. 共5兲, k gi is calculated as the product of the gradient of the different for each bolt.
stress-strain curve, shown in Fig. 2, and the area relating to each Tightening bolt 1. A certain amount of displacement incre-
contact node on the gasket bearing surface, and m is the total ment is applied in the longitudinal direction to the symmetrical
number of one-dimensional gaskets. Other matrices in Eq. 共4兲, surface of bolt 1, and incremental calculations are repeated until
such as 关 K C1e 兴 , 关 K C2 f 兴 etc., are associated with contact condi- the prescribed value of bolt preload F is obtained. While tighten-
tions. ⌬u e and ⌬Q e are increments of nodal displacement and ing bolt 1, the displacements on the symmetrical surface of the
nodal force, respectively. ␦ i and ⌬R i designate initial discrepancy
and increment of equivalent contact force at each contact surface,
where subscript i is used for identifying each contact surface, i.e.,
‘‘1’’ for the bearing surface of bolt head and ‘‘2’’ for the gasket
bearing surface. Hence, initial discrepancy represents a gap size or
depth of penetration at the mating surfaces.
Since the components of 关 K e 兴 , 关 K f 兴 , and other matrices located
in the lower half-triangle of Eq. 共4兲, such as 关 K C1e 兴 , 关 K C2 f 兴 etc.,
are kept constant during incremental calculations, these matrices
need to be decomposed only once at the first incremental calcula-
tion. Consequently, the numerical calculations can be conducted
with high computation efficiency.
2.5 Numerical Model. The numerical model treated here is
an integral pipe flange specified in JIS B 2238 with a nominal
diameter of 50 mm used under a nominal pressure of 40 K 共4
MPa兲. Figure 3 shows the corresponding finite element model.
Isoparametric eight-node brick elements are used here. For better
computation efficiency, one-half of the pipe flange connection is
modeled because of geometric symmetry. Finely meshed areas
represent the gasket bearing surface. The objective pipe flange
connection is tightened by eight bolts with metric coarse thread of
M16. Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of flange, bolt and nut
materials are 200 GPa and 0.3, respectively. Fig. 4 Bolt number corresponding to the bolt-up sequence
Bolt Number j
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Bolt-Up Sequence k 1 u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 u u 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 u u u 0 0 0 0 0
4 u u u u 0 0 0 0
5 u u u u u 0 0 0
6 u u u u u u 0 0
7 u u u u u u u 0
8 u u u u u u u u
applied to each bolt in each step necessary for analyzing Problems Fig. 7 Scatter in bolt stresses at the completion of bolt-up
1 and 2, respectively. It should be emphasized here that, in Prob- „Problem 1…
lem 1, the preload scatter at the end of bolt-up operation is deter-
mined when the tightening of bolt 8 is completed. On the other
hand, in Problem 2, the initial preload of each bolt needed for Fig. 4. Remarkable preload reductions are observed from bolt 1 to
attaining uniform bolt preloads is determined successively at each bolt 4, which have been tightened in the early stage of the tight-
tightening process. The computer program developed here can ening operation. Specifically, the preloads of bolts 1 and 2 are
conduct the foregoing calculations automatically without any help found to be almost zero. It is considered that such preload reduc-
of the analyst. tions are caused by elastic interaction, since these four bolts are
tightened in advance of the neighboring two bolts, unlike the other
3 Experimental Procedures
four bolts.
To confirm the validity of the numerical analyses proposed Figure 8 shows how the preload of bolt 1, which is tightened
here, variations of bolt stress during the bolt-up process are mea- first, varies with the progress of the bolt-up operation. The nu-
sured. The objective pipe flange is the same as that for the nu- merical results correspond to the first column in Table 3. The
merical analyses. Eight bolts with metric coarse thread of M16 are abscissa indicates the bolt-up sequence. From this figure, the
employed. The tightening sequence is shown in Fig. 4. Experi- amount of preload of bolt 1 increases when tightening the three
ments are conducted at room temperature. Two spanners are used bolts located on the other side, i.e., bolts 2, 6, and 7 and decreases
in the actual operation, one is for applying the torque to the nut, in other cases. It is predicted that the former phenomenon is
and the other is to restrain the bolt head rotation. In order to avoid caused by so-called ‘‘open up’’ deformation on the flange inter-
a large amount of ‘‘open up’’ deformation at the flange interface, face, which occurs when tightening the bolts apart from bolt 1.
which leads to a significant scatter in bolt preloads, all the bolts From Figs. 7 and 8, numerical results are in fairly good agreement
are tightened ‘‘finger tight’’ a priori. The increase from this initial with experimental ones. It follows that the validity of numerical
state is regarded as the bolt stress. Two sheets of strain gages are procedure proposed here is confirmed.
mounted to measure the bolt stress, each placed 180 degrees apart.
4.2 Contact Pressure Distributions on Gasket Bearing
4 Estimation of Scatter in Bolt Preloads „Problem 1… Surface. It is shown in Fig. 9 how the contact pressure distribu-
tions along the outer edge of gasket bearing surface vary with the
4.1 Variations in Bolt Stress. Table 3 shows how the bolt progress of bolt-up operation. The bolt locations are also illus-
stress of bolt j varies in the process of successive bolt tightening, trated in Fig. 9. The abscissa indicates the circumferential coordi-
which corresponds to the tightening sequence shown in Table 1. nate and the left end corresponds to the center of bolt 1. The
The figures in Table 3 are normalized values divided by the initial distribution patterns of contact pressure do not show conspicuous
bolt stress i . i is set to be 50 MPa here. The diagonal compo- changes after tightening bolt 3. It is observed that at the end of
nents are found to be unity as a necessary consequence. The com- bolt-up operation, the magnitudes of contact pressure significantly
ponents in the upper half-triangle are zero, except for the stress vary in the circumferential direction with a similar shape to sine
value of bolt 2 when tightening bolt 1. The values in the 8th row curve.
are particularly important. They represent the magnitudes of the
final bolt stress f which remain in each bolt at the end of the 5 Aiming at Uniform Bolt Preloads „Problem 2…
bolt-up operation.
The scatter in final bolt preloads so obtained is shown in Fig. 7, 5.1 Variations in Bolt Stress. In this section, the amount of
together with two experimental results. The ordinate indicates the initial bolt preloads required for creating uniform final preloads,
ratio of f to i and the abscissa shows the bolt number defined in when tightening each bolt one by one, is calculated. Table 4 shows
Bolt Number j
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Bolt-Up Sequence k 1 1.000 0.517 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1.365 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 0.998 0.556 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 0.536 0.099 1.681 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 0.103 0.225 1.134 1.072 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 0.206 0.000 0.935 0.418 1.308 1.000 0.000 0.000
7 0.425 0.000 0.222 0.643 1.356 0.515 1.000 0.000
8 0.069 0.000 0.273 0.159 1.230 0.481 1.230 1.000
6 Discussions
If the numerical procedure proposed in the previous chapter
could be applied to actual bolt-up operations successfully, almost
uniform bolt preloads can be obtained through only one pass
bolt-up operation. However, it involves a great deal of difficulty
from the practical point of view. That is, it is essentially difficult
for practicing workers to execute the tightening operation follow-
ing the prescribed values as given in Table 4, since the bolt pre-
loads to be applied differ from bolt to bolt.
In the actual tightening, bolt-up operations are usually con-
ducted with several passes. Then, it is shown in the following how
Fig. 9 Variations of contact pressure distributions „Problem 1… the numerical procedure developed for solving Problem 1 could
Bolt Number j
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Bolt-Up Sequence k 1 1.381 0.701 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 2.831 2.836 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 2.493 2.499 0.705 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 1.805 1.811 1.807 1.863 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 1.323 1.923 1.350 1.962 0.948 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 1.397 1.380 1.417 1.431 1.030 1.059 0.000 0.000
7 1.498 0.897 0.932 1.530 1.026 1.043 0.938 0.000
8 0.961 0.972 1.007 0.992 1.022 1.039 1.024 1.052
7 Conclusions
A numerical approach based on FEM is proposed for precisely
Fig. 11 Variations of contact pressure distributions „Problem
simulating the bolt-up process of a pipe flange connection with a
2… spiral wound gasket inserted.
The following results are obtained.
1. The numerical approach proposed here can predict the scat-
be applied to evaluate the conventional bolt-up operation for ter in bolt preloads with high accuracy, when tightening a pipe
achieving lower scatter in bolt preloads. A guideline for pipe flange connection with a number of bolts successively in an arbi-
flange assembly to be presented by ASME is examined here 关15兴. trary order.
The summary of the bolt-up guideline is as follows: 2. The numerical approach also can estimate how much initial
bolt preloads are needed for achieving uniform preloads in the
Install. Hand tighten, then ‘‘snug up’’ to 10–20 ft-lb. final state.
Round 1. Tighten to 20–30% of target torque. 3. To establish the foregoing numerical approaches, the stress-
strain relationship of a spiral wound gasket, which exhibits high
Round 2. Tighten to 50–70% of target torque. nonlinearity, is identified with a sixth-degree polynomial during
loading and with an exponential equation during unloading and
Round 3. Tighten to 100% of target torque.
reloading.
Round 4. Continue tightening the bolts, but on a rotational 4. A guideline for pipe flange assembly by ASME is examined
clockwise pattern until no further nut rotation occurs at the Round by use of the numerical method stated in 共1兲.
3 Target Torque value. 5. The validity of the numerical approaches presented here is
demonstrated by comparing numerical results with experimental
Round 5. Time permitting, wait a minimum of four hours and ones.
repeat Round 4; this will restore the short-term creep relaxation/
embedment losses.
Nomenclature
j ⫽ bolt number
k ⫽ bolt-up sequence
k gi ⫽ gasket element stiffness
关 K e 兴 ⫽ stiffness matrix for equivalent model of bolt
and nut
关 K f 兴 ⫽ stiffness matrix for pipe flange
关 K g 兴 ⫽ stiffness matrix for gasket
关 K C1e 兴 , 关 K eC1 兴 ,
关 K C1 兴 , etc. ⫽ matrices relevant to contact conditions
m ⫽ number of contact nodes of gasket bearing
surface
u ⫽ constrained displacement to create uniform
final loads in each bolt
u j ⫽ constrained displacement of jth bolt to
tighten all bolts to the same initial value
␣,,␥ ⫽ components specifying unloading equation of
gasket
␦ i ⫽ initial discrepancy at each contact surface
⌬Q ⫽ nodal force increment
⌬R i ⫽ equivalent contact force increment
⌬u ⫽ nodal displacement increment
r ⫽ residual strain of gasket
, ⫽ gasket stress and strain
f ⫽ bolt stress in the final state
i ⫽ initial bolt stress
Fig. 12 Evaluations of the guideline for pipe flange assembly t ⫽ target bolt stress
proposed by ASME y , y ⫽ stress and strain on loading curve of gasket