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PART I A Brief History

PART II Cellular Concepts

PART III GSM- Radio Interface

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MOBILE COMMUNICATION

• REVOLUTION IN TELECOM.

• MOBILE COMMUNICATION IS A VERY RAPIDLY

GROWING AND A POPULAR SERVICE.
• MORE THAN 40 FOLD INCREASE IN LAST 10 YEARS

• IT HAS BECOME A BACKBONE FOR BUSINESS

SUCCESS AND EFFICIENCY

• CHANGED THE LIFE STYLE ALL OVER THE

WORLD.
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WHAT

•PHONES ON THE MOVE

•IT ALLOWS TO COMMUNICATE TO PEOPLE
WITH ANYBODY WHILE ON MOVE
(PHONES FOR THE PEOPLE , NOT FOR THE PLACES)

•PROVIDES VOICE , FAX, SLOW SPEED DATA (today)

•WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL (WAP)
•ENABLES HIGHER BANDWIDTH ACCESS
(WIRELESS ACCESS TO INTERNET)
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OBJECTIVES

• Any time Anywhere

• Mobility & Roaming
• High capacity & subs. density
• Efficient use of radio spectrum
• Seamless Network Architecture
• Low cost
• Flexibility
• Innovative Services
• Standard Interfaces
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HISTORY
• 1946 Appeared in St .Louis USA

• 1970 BELL LAB introduced Cellular Principle

• 1979 AMPS System in US

• 1980s TACS & NMT systems

• 1990s Digital Systems

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MOBILE COMMUNICATION
• 1946- 1960s 1980s 1990s 2000s

• Appeared 1G 2G 3G

• Analog Digital Digital

• Multi Multi Unified

Standard Standard Standard

Terrestrial Terrestrial Terr. & Sat

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FREQUENCY BANDS
• GSM 890-915 MHz (Uplink)
935-960 MHz (Downlink)

• DCS 1710-1785: 1805-1880 MHz

• DAMPS 824-849 : 869 - 894 MHz

• CDMA 824-849 : 869 - 894 MHz

• PDC 940-956 : 810 - 826 MHz

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WIRELESS GENERATIONS
• 1 G -analog (cellular revolution)
- only mobile voice services
• 2 G - digital (breaking digital barrier)
- mostly for voice services & data delivery
possible

• 3 G - Voice & data ( breaking data barrier)

- Mainly for data services where voice services
will also be possible
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THIRD GENERATION (3 G ) STANDARD

INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELECOM 2000. ( IMT-2000)

IMT

 A FUTURE STANDARD IN WHICH A SINGLE

INEXPENSIVE MOBILE TERMINAL CAN TRUELY
PROVIDE COMMUNICATIONS ANY TIME AND ANY
WHERE
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THIRD GENERATION (3 G ) S DTANDARD
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELECOM 2000. ( IMT-2000)
• ITU’s VISION FOR THIRD GENERATION MOBILE
SYSTEM
• SINGLE UNIFIED STANDARD (Data & Multimedia Services)
• ANYWHERE, ANYTIME COMMUNICATION
ACROSS NETWORKS, ACROSS TECHNOLOGIES,
SEAMLESS OPERATION USING A SMALL POCKET
TERMINAL WORLDWIDE.
• HIGH SPEED ACCESS 384 KB/S & 2MB/S FAST WIRELESS
ACCESS TO INTERNET
• FULL MOTION VIDEOPHONE
• TERRESTRIAL & SATELLITE COMPONETS
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CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

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•RADIO IN LOCAL LOOP

•LIMITED AVAILABILITY OF RF SPECTRUM
•CELLULAR PRINCIPLE
•INTERFERENCE PROBLEM
•INTERFERENCE AND SYSTEM CAPACITY
•FREQUENCY REUSE PATTERN
•TRUNKING EFFICIENCY
•CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT
•CAPACITY CONSIDERATIONS
•FUTURE TRENDS
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FERQUENCY SCARCITY PROBLEM
•

Tel 
Ex. 
WIRED NETWORK 

100,000  50 Khz = 5 Ghz (NOT POSSIBLE)

Hence Individual RF Loop is not extended
But a Common group of channels is shared
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CELL COVERAGE No. Of No. of

RADIUS AREA(KM2) SUBS. CHANNELS
(KM) REQD.

1 3.14 100 8

3 28.3 900 38

10 314 10,000 @ 360

25 1960 60,000 @ 2,000

ASSUMPTIONS Traffic /User = 30 mE , GOS = 1%

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• 360 * 25 * 2 * 1000 = 18 Mhz

FOR A CELL OF 10 KM RADIUS ONLY
• WHICH IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE ALLOCATED
• HENCE FREQUENCY REUSE IS A MUST TO
COVER THE TOTAL SERVICE AREA WITH
A LIMITED AVAILABLE RF RESOURCES

• HENCE THE NEED FOR A CELLULAR PRINCIPLE

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2
1

OMNI DIRECTIONAL CELLS

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WHAT IS A CELL ?
• A base station (transmitter) having a number of RF channels
is called a cell

• Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile subscribers

within the cell boundaries ( Coverage area)
• Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km (Start up), 1 KM (Mature)
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2 GIVEN FREQ.
RESOURCE
7 3

1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 4
5

A CLUSTER OF CELLS
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2
7 3 2
1 7 3 Given Freq Resource
R D
6 4 1
5 6 4
5 12 3 456 7
Frequency Reuse Pattern “N”=7

CELLULAR PRINCIPLE N=7

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Cellular Principle
• SIMULTANEOUS RE USE OF SAME FREQUENCIES
AT DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS
• SERVES MORE COVERAGE AREA
• REQUIRES LESS RF BW TO COVER A GIVEN
AREA
• FREQ. REUSE INTRODUCES INTERFERENCE
• INTERFERENCE LIMITED SYSTEMS
• COMPROMISE BETWEEN SPEECH QUALITY &
SYSTEM CAPACITY
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FREQUENCY REUSE PATTERN

f3
1
3 * f1
2

f2 Three Sectored Cell

GSM = 4/12 ; 4 Cell Pattern & each cell with 3 sectors

DAMPS = 7/21 ; 7 Cell Pattern & each cell with 3 sectors

CDMA = 1/3 ; 1 Cell Pattern & each cell with 3 sectors

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TRUNKING EFFICIENCY ALT CENTRE

• The Number Of Users Served In A Cell Are Directly

Proportional To The Access Channels Allocated In A Cell
• More The Number Of Access Channels In A Cell
Further Increase In The System Handling Capacity
TRUNKING EFFICIENCY

10 10 20

50 subs 50 subs 132 Subs

• It is better to have a single cell than to split into two
with half the number of access channels
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An Example ALT CENTRE
Assume Number of Voice Channels = 395,
Average Call Duration = 2 Minutes , GoS = 2%
Using Traffic Tables we get :

Freq Voice Calls/Cell/hour S/I dB

Reuse Chls/Cell
Pattern

4 99 2610 14
7 56 1376 18.7
12 33 739 28.3
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Cellular Environment
• Cellular Environment is quite different from fixed radio
systems
-Cellular approach
-MOBILITY of the user
-Dynamically changing surrounding terrain conditions

•  RF Signal attenuates, RF  d-  =4 (generally)

• Multipath Fading  Distortions

• Signal fluctuations due to mobility of the user

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-COUNTER MEASURES

• Techniques
• Power Control
• Channel Coding
• Interleaving
• Equalization
• Slow Frequency Hopping
• Antenna Diversity
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BASIC RADIO

INFORMATION b/s Hz

BASE BAND MODULATOR TRANS/RECE

BASE BAND MODULATOR TRANS/RECE

Speech Coder Spectrum &C/No Cellular

Principle
32Kb/s,13Kb/s Q P S K or
or LESS
N=1,3,4,7
Its Variants
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..

BASE MOBILE
MOBILE BASE STATION SUBSCRIBER
SWITCH CONTROLLER

TYPICAL
ARCHITECTURE
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CAPACITY CONSIDERATIONS ALT CENTRE

1
1
With 2 % GoS
2
1 1 
2.94 E
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2.94E/25mE=120 Subs
8 8 Access Channels
1--Signaling
7- Voice

120 Subs/Sector  3 = 360 Subscribers

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1 4 12

1 1 4 4 12 12

8 Access Channels 32 Access Chls 96 Access Chls

1--Signaling 3--Signaling 9--Signaling
7- Voice 29- Voice 87- Voice

120 3 = 360 Subs 3200 3 = 9600Subs

840 3 = 2520 Subs
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PROJETED MARKET SIZE

WORLD CELLULAR PCS MARKET 1N 2004

• ASIA -PACIFIC 35% 225 M

• WESTERN EUROPE 30 % 192.85 M
• NORTH AMERICA 17 % 109.25 M
• LATIN AMERICA 8% 51.5 M
• EASTERN EUROPE 5% 32.25 M
• AFRICA 3% 19.25 M
• MIDDLE EAST 2% 12.5 M
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PROJETED MARKET SIZE

CELLULAR MARKET
WORLD INDIA
• 2000 426 M 3M
• 2005 850 M 25 M
• 2010 1700 M More than fixed lines
• 2015 3000 M ----

It won’t be long before we ask

“Phones used to have wires -- why”?
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Public Land Mobile Network

• INDIA has adopted GSM standard for PLMN.
• Digital Cellular System.
• Operates at 900 MHz.
• International Roaming facility.
• Power class 0.8 to 20W.
• Cell Radius upto 35 Kms.
• Maximum mobility speed 250 Km/hr.