Fundamentals of digital signal

processing

1
Sound modeling

sound
symbols

aims
analysis
synthesis
processing

classification:
signal models
source models
abstract models

2
 Digital signals
x(t) x(n) y(n) y(t)
analog 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

sampling
processing 0 0 0 0
reconstruction

-0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05

0 500 0 10 20 0 10 20 0 500
t in µs ec n n t in µs e c

sampling interval T
sampling frequency fs= 1/T

3
 Digital signals: time representations

8000 samples 0.5

100 samples

x(n)
0

line with dots -0.5

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0.5

x(n)
0

-0.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0.05
vertical quantization x(n)

0
integer
e.g. -32768 .. 32767 -0.05
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
normalized n

e.g. -1 .. (1-Q)
Q = quantization step

4
Spectrum: analog vs. digital signal

sampling leads to a replication of the baseband spectrum

5
 Spectrum: analog vs. digital signal

Sampling leads to a replication of the analog signal spectrum

Reconstruction of the analog signal:
low pass filtering the digital signal

6
Discrete Fourier Transform

Magnitude

Phase

7
Discrete Fourier Transform (example)

FFT with 16 points 1

Cos ine s ignal x(n)

0
cosine (16 points)

a)
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
n
magnitude (16 points) 1
Ma gnitude s pe ctrum |X(k)|

normalization: 0.5

b)
0 dB for sinusoid ±1 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

magnitude 1
k
Ma gnitude s pe ctrum |X(f)|

(frequency points) 0.5

c)
kfs / N 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
step fs/N f in Hz x 10
4

20
magnitude dB vs. Hz Magnitude s pe ctrum |X(f)| in dB
0
|X(f)| in dB

-20

-40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
f in Hz x 10
4

8
 Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

if X(k) = X*(N-k)
then IDFT gives N discrete-time real values x(n)

9
Frequency resolution

Zero padding: to increase 8 s amples

10
8-point FFT

2
frequency resolution 8

1 6

|X(k)|
x(n)
4
0
2
-1
0
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6

8 s amples + ze ro-pa dding 16-point FFT

10
2
8

1 6

|X(k)|
x(n)
4
0
2
-1
0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
n k

10
 Window functions

to reduce leakage:
weight audio samples by
a window

Hamming window
wH(n) = 0.54 – 0.46 cos(2 n/N)

Blackman window
wB(n) = 0.42 – 0.5cos(2 n/N) + 0.08(4 n/N)

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 Window

Reduction of the leakage effect by

window functions:
(a) the original signal,
(b) the Blackman window function
of length N =8,
(c) product x(n)w(n) with 0 n N-i,
(d) zero-padding applied to z(n)
w(n) up to length N = 16

The corresponding spectra are

shown on the right side.

12
Spectrograms

13
 Waterfall representation

S ignal x(n)
1

0.5

0
x(n)

-0.5

-1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
n
Waterfall Repres entation of S hort-time FFTs

0
Magnitude in dB

-50 0
2000
-100 4000
0 6000
5 10 15 20 n
f in Hz

14
Digital systems

15
 Definitions

Unit impulse

Impulse reponse h(n) = output to a unit impulse

h(n) describes the digital sistem

Discrete convolution:
y(n)=x(n)*h(n)

16
 Algorithms and signal graphs

Delay
e.g. y(n) = x(n-2)

Weighting factor
e.g. y(n) = a x(n)

Addition
e.g.
y(n) = a1 x(n) + a2 x(n)

17
Simple digital system

weighted sum over several input samples

18
 Transforms

Frequency domain desciption of the digital system

Z transform

Discrete time Fourier

transform

Transfer function H(z):

Z transform of h(n)

Frequency response:
Discrete time Fourier
transform of h(n)

19
 Causal and stable systems

Causality: a discrete-time system is causal

if the output signal y(n) = 0 for n <0 for a given input signal
u(n) = 0 for n <0.
This means that the system cannot react to an input before the
input is applied to the system

Stability: a digital system is stable if

stability implies that transfer function H(z) and frequency

response are related by

20
IIR systems

= system with infinte impulse response

e.g. second order IIR system

Difference equation

Transfer function

21
 IIR systems

= system with infinte impulse response h(n)

Difference equation

Z transform of diff. eq.

Transfer function

22
 FIR systems

= system with finite impulse response h(n)

e.g. second order FIR system

Difference equation

Z transform of diff. eq.

Transfer function

23
Fir example

computation of frequency response

(a ) Impuls e Re s pons e h(n) (b) Magnitude Res pons e |H(f)|
0.8
0.3
impulse response 0.2 0.6

magnitude resp. 0.1 0.4

|H(f)|
0
pole/zero plot 0.2
-0.1
0
phase resp. 0 2 4 0 10 20 30 40
n f in kHz
(c ) P ole/Zero plot (d) P ha s e Res pons e H(f)
0

1
-0.5

Im(z) 4

H(f)/
0 -1

-1.5
-1

-2
-1 0 1 2 0 10 20 30 40
Re (z) f in kHz

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