Grammar TOEICAcademy

Sentence Structure
Reading Focus
(1) Nouns: refer to names of people, things, places or concepts

Flowers can be a good present.
Roy is a reliable accountant.
We are supposed to meet at the airport.
(2) Pronouns: substitute for nouns that are previously introduced

Tom is an engineer. He (=Tom) wants to study computers, too.
(3) Verbs: describe actions, experience or state of a subject

Julie runs every morning.
He is a smart and diligent student.
(4) Adjectives: modify nouns

• She likes cute animals.
The flowers are very beautiful.
(5) Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, prepositional phrases or a whole
sentence
His team did the work carefully.
Leslie is a very diligent person.
Bradley reviewed his contract extremely cautiously.
Unfortunately, Irene didn't get the award.
(6) Prepositions: precede nouns to show place, time, direction etc.

John is staying in his office right now.
You may send your resume by fax.
Cheese is made from milk.
(7) Conjunctions: join parts of a sentence

She is Qretty and friendly.
I can't gQ because it is raining.
(8) Articles: indicate nouns and specify their application

The dog is running with a cat.
124 TOEIC Academy www.nhantrivipt

2
(1) Pattern 1 (5 V)
: Typical verbs: arrive, rise, exist, appear, happen, take place, expire, e erge
• The dog runs .

• He studied very hard .
• Last year's sales rose dramatically .
• Tim arrived at the conference later than the other managers.
(2) Pattern 2 (5 V Complement)
: Typical verbs: be, become, get, stay, remain :
• I am so happy .
• Tom became a dentist.
• The weather is getting cold these days .
• Please remain seated until we stop completely.
(3) Pattern 3 (5 V 0)
: Typical verbs: like, raise
• I love flowers and plants .

• The company raised their salaries.
(4) Pattern 4 (5 V Indirect Object Direct Object)
: Typical verbs: give, make, bring, buy, offer, send, ask
• Can you give me your e-mail address?

• The firm offered Jim a good position .
• We bought her a new laptop computer .
• She asked me my name.
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(5) Pattern 5 (5 V 0 Object Complement)
: Typical verbs: keep, make, have, let, get, consider, regard
Please let me have your account information.

We consider Tracy the most successful web designer.
Can you have the jacket washed?
The manager had all the employees work overtime.
1. Please (submit / submission) your vacation request form to your boss.
2. A new manager was hired for the railway (constructive / construction).

3. Billy usually (goes / is) to work by subway but sometime he drives.
4. The computer learning device (is / likes) modern and effective.

5. (Man / The man) standing at the bus stop is my co-worker.
6. We decided to go to the (exhibition / exhibit) of Roman paintings.
7. My friend George studied hard and (became / appeared) a lawyer.
8. They (presented / presentation) the report on international market trends at the meeting.
9. A dictionary may be a wonderful (gift / good) if you are studying a foreign language.
10. You have to get the manager's (approve / approval) before going on a business trip.
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Questions 1-10 Choose the word that best completes each sentence.
1. Most __ have agreed on the new overtime policy.

(A) directors (8) directions (C) direct (0) directly
2. __ , Christopher received full compensation for the tuition for his graduate program.
(A) Luck (8) Lucks (C) Lucky (0) Luckily
3. A small accident __ while driving to work this morning.

(A) became (8) happened (C) offered (0) considered
4. I am glad that all the sales staff worked __ during the holiday season.
(A) cooperate (8) cooperative (C) cooperation (0) cooperatively
5. Nicole became __ after completing several projects.

(A) success (8) succeed (C) successful (0) successfully
6. Greta complained that __ didn't get a bonus this year.

(A) it (8) this (C) she (0) they
7. We should stay home __ it is getting cold outside.

(A) because (8) and (C) but (0) or
8. The report __ each individual's work performance.

(A) corresponds (8) expects (C) prepares (0) details
9. Upgrading the system will eventually __ the production costs.

(A) increase (8) contribute (C) prevent (0) approve
10. The suitcases are guaranteed to __ longer than previous models.

(A) retain (8) last (C) pass (0) spend
Lesson OJ
Questions 1-3 refer to the following letter.
Dear Mr. Yang:
Please remember that your dental appointment has been scheduled for next Monday,
August 25, at 11 A.M. If this suitable for you, please let us know immediately.
(A) was not
(B) will not be
(C) has not been
(D) would not have been
Additionally, we are pleased to let you that we have recently created an e-mail
2. (A) known
(B) to know
(C) knowing
(D) know
account to help our patients familiarize themselves with more dental related information:
dentinformation@willsons.com.
We promise to respond to our clients' questions with accurate and prompt

3. (A) advice
(B) reminders
(C) cleaning
(D) delivery
We are looking forward to meeting you next week.
Sincerely,
Dr. Wilson

Reading Comprehension
Questions 1-2 refer to the following notice.
Simple tips for exciting vacations:
~ Don't Miss Your Ride

Always check the bus schedule and plan to board the bus at least 15 minutes before
~ departure. Bus schedules are available at all bus stops and with all bus drivers.
Be Prepared
Prepare your bus ticket, money, and identification before boarding the bus.
Safety First
Stay seated until the bus stops. When getting off the bus, tightly hold the handrails.
Show Manners
Talk in a soft voice and use earphones when listening to music. Be sure not to block the
aisle.
Thank you for choosing to ride with Triple Transportation.
1. What is the purpose of the notice?

(A) To make suggestions to passengers
(B) To threaten passengers with warnings
(C) To inform bus drivers of the rules
(D) To inform passengers of a bus fare increase
2. According to the notice, what can the passengers obtain from the driver?
(A) Snacks and drinks
(B) Books for reading
(C) Disposable cameras
(D) Bus schedules
www.nhantriviet.com Lesson 01 I 129

Nouns and Articles
Nouns
A noun refers to the name of a person, thing, place or concept.
: Thomas, student, lawyer flower, cabinet, computer
: Seoul, London, China wealth, beauty, disappointment
2 Kinds of nouns
(1) Countable nouns: may be in singular or plural forms
Nouns that are not the name of any particular person, place, or thing
employee, computer, restaurant
Refer to all things or people considered as a unit

family, team, committee
(2) Uncountable nouns: always in singular form
Liquids or substances that do not have a fixed shape

water, food, money, rain
Feelings, emotions and concepts

love, English, history
3 Main functions of nouns

(1) Subject of a verb
The renovation job was satisfactory.
(2) Object of a verb or a preposition

They will start the renovation work next week.
The hospital is under construction.
(3) Head word of an adjective, article or a possessive

His team works very cooperatively.
130 TOEIC Academy www.nhantriviet.com

4 Formation of nouns: (Suffixes)
application completion enrollment investment
extension compassion attendance maintenance
departure exposure basis crisis
inquiry security removal denial
attendant applicant kindness happiness
5 The formation of V-ing when an action is the subject or object of the

main verb
for the job is hard. (X) Applying
• Applications must be received by Friday. (0)
They suggested a new product. (X) developing
They will start the of a new product. (0)
Articles
1 A/an, the
The indefinite article a/an precedes a countable noun when it is mentioned for
the first time, meaning "one".
o We need to talk to a lawyer.
He ate an apple.
(2) The definite article the precedes a noun that has become definite as a result of
being mentioned a second time.
I met a girl. The girl was very kind.
2 The use of nouns and articles together

(1) Before a countable noun there must be an article (or a possessive). Before an
uncountable noun there can be a definite article (or a possessive), but not an
indefinite article.
a person the flower his teacher
an information (x) the / your information
a knowledge (x) the / your knowledge
(2) Indefinite articles can precede singular nouns only.

A is also available on our company website. (x) A catalog

(3) Nouns must be in plural forms if there are no articles (or possessives)
preceding them.
should have at least two years' experience. (x) - An applicant Applicants

We ask customer to be careful with their bags. (x) - customers
(4) Countable nouns in plural forms often do not take articles.
They are students.

We bought expensive chairs.
(5) Articles are not often used before uncountable nouns.
Registration forms are available for distribution in the reception area.
1. (Competitive Competition) may be a good thing while performing difficult tasks.

2. The (resign resignation) of the manager disappointed the employees.
3. The (construction constructive) of Central Hotel was successful.
4. Please let us have your bank account (inform information) immediately.

5. Dortel negotiated with several major book (publishers publishing) last year.
6. The (operate operation) of photographic devices is not allowed in the museum.
7. People gain (access / accessible) to the Internet from their personal computers.
8. The company is responsible for all travel (expenses expend).
9. (A The) survey forms are available at the main office.
10. Her recent test scores declined in (comparison compared) with last year's.

-~
meeting.
retiring
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Text Completion
Dear Prudent Investment customer,
We are writing to inform you that an error might have occurred on your bill due
to a recent to our online system.
1. (A) update
(B) updated
(C) updating
(D) to update
Please contact our customer service representative regarding any suspected

discrepancies within 30 days of receiving your bill.
The Prudent Investment Group feels about any inconvenience this

2. (A) regret
(B) regretted
(C) regrettable
(D) regrettably
might cause, and we will try our best to resolve any problems as as
3. (A) temporarily
(B) currently
(C) effortlessly
(D) promptly
possible. We sincerely appreciate your support and will continuously provide

you with the best quality service you will ever experience.
Best regards,
Francesca Gonzalez
Customer Relations
The Prudent Investment Group
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Questions 1-2 refer to the following advertisement.
Special Summer-Only Offer
Purchase a ticket to ride on the

Appalachian Express
and a friend rides for free!
This coupon allows the ticketholder to one free ticket for a friend or
family member on an Appalachian Express train when buying one adult
ticket at full price.
Our train tours provide wonderful sightseeing and an elegant five-course

lunch while you are enjoying the beautiful scenery of the Appalachian
Mountains.
• Not valid on weekends or holidays

• Not valid when used with any other offer
• Expiry date of September 24
What is the advertisement for?

(A) A ski resort
(8) A train tour
(C) A hotel dinner
(D) A mountain resort
2. What limitation is written on the coupon?

(A) It cannot be used during the weekdays.
(8) It can only be used after September 24.
(C) It cannot be used with another coupon.
(D) It can be used only during lunch hours.
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Adjectives and Adverbs . .
Adjectives
(1) Adjectives modify nouns.

We provide useful information on stock trading.
The company is experiencing big trouble in the international markets.
(2) Adjectives function as subject complements in the structure be / become / get /

remain / stay ... adjective .
• Their products and services are reliable .

• Our financial problems became manageable after a few months.
We should make an effort to remain competitive in the market.
(3) Adjectives can also function as object complements .

• Everyone found the report satisfactory.
Patty's team made the proposal almost perfect.
John declared the goal impossible.
2
considerable reliable realistic specific
effective impressive famous spacious
successful respectful significant convenient
exceptional intentional private moderate
necessary risky costly timely
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1 Functions
(1) An adverb can modify a whole sentence .
• Fortunately, we were able to com lete the reRort on time.
(2) Adverbs modify verbs .

• The team Qerformed the project successfully .
• An annual report may incorrectly redict the future market.
(3) Adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs .

• Mr. Kim is relatively Qroductive compared to the other newcomers .
• Our sales division staff worked extremely hard .
• The project was finally finished.
(4) Adverbs modify prepositional phrases and adverbial clauses.

• Information on the job opening is downloadable directly from the website .
• They started production promptly after the shi ment arrived.
2 Notes on confusable adverbs

(1) late/lately
• The speaker arrived at the workshop late. after the expected time)
• Sales have increased lately. recently)
(2) hardlhardly
• He should work hard to finish the report on time. diligently; attentively)
• The manager hardly stays in his office. almost not)
(3) highlhighly
• The city is well known for its high office buildings. tall)
• We offer a highly competitive salary. very)
(4) near/nearly
• They built a shopping mall near a subway station. close to)
• Attendance at the conference reached nearly 200 this year. almost)
Lesson 03
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(5) Adjectives end by -ly: friendly, timely, costly ...
The sales staff was very friendly and eager to help us.
They need to complete the project in a timely manner.
The new healthcare service is quite costly.
1. This brochure provides (reliable / reliably) information on our products.

2. The new project will bring us (finance / financial) success.
3. The manager became (extreme / extremely) happy about the report.
4. After weeks of delay, the shipment has (final/finally) arrived at the factory.
5. Mike and Anna came to the party very (late / lately).
6. (Usual/Usually), we upgrade our system once a week.
7. Compared to last year, sales increased (near / nearly) 30% this year.
8. They have (complete / completely) agreed on the contract terms.
9. The employees were (cooperative / cooperatively) during the system upgrade.
10. Customers have remained (satisfied / satisfaction) with the after-sales service.
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10.

Text Completion
Dear Ms. Angela,
Please be informed that we have recently obtained your request to renew your
subscription to Economy Weekly. Your new 2-year subscription will start on May B,
200B, and the payment of $4B.00 is due on the first day of each month __ the end of
1. (A) because of
(8) beyond
(C) regarding
(D) throughout
your contract term. In the __ that you need to contact us regarding this subscription,
2. (A) affair
(8) event
(C) happening
(D) opening
please include your full subscription number (EW-200B05223) on any correspondence

with us.
This __ a timely response and efficient processing of your request or problem.

3. (A) ensure
(8) has ensured
(C) will ensure
(D) ensured
Respectfully,
Serena Glory
Economy Weekly

Questions 1-2 refer to the following invitation.
Peterson Environmental Awareness members

are warmly invited to a talk
entitled "Protecting the Oceans for our Children"
at the residence of
Michael and Kathy Mendez
5834 Lakeview Road
Los Angeles
Guest Speaker: Dr. Robert Harrison

of the Environmental Action Agency
July 18
Snacks and drinks will be provided.
Responses are requested before July 1.

Send e-mail toMichaeI.Mendez@PEA.jz.co.
Who is giving a lecture?

(A) Dr. Robert Harrison
(B) Kathy Mendez
(C) Michael Mendez
(D) Both Michael and Kathy Mendez
2. By what date must members respond?

(A) July 18
(B) July 1
(C) June 1
(D) June 18
Agreement
Reading Focus _
Subject and Verb Agreement

(1) Verb forms of to be must agree with their subjects.
I am an amateur photographer.
You are qualified for the engineering job.
He/She is satisfied with the current procedures.
They are eligible to get a refund.
(2) "s» is added to a present tense verb if the subject is a third person singular.
They want to develop a new ventilation system.
She wants to get a job in marketing.
(3) A verb has to agree with its subject in number, not with the word or phrase
closest to it.
Managers in the Design Department agree on the upgraded computer program.
The suggestion that our team made is going to be effective next month.
2 Determiner and Noun Agreement

(1) Each, every and another always take singular nouns.
Every member of the team worked cooperatively on this research project.
Each ~Qplicant must submit all of the materials prior to the March 4 deadline.
Another ~Ioyee was hired to replace Sally.
(2) Many, few, various, several always take plural nouns.

The boss doesn't think many em 10 ees would argue with that.
Few customers thoroughly understand the revised payment system.
We will discuss various issues at the next meeting.
Several emQ!Qyees got laid off due to the company's decreasing profits.
(3) Much and little must be followed by uncountable nouns.

Little information on our new vacation policy is known to newcomers.
We do not need too much ~~ment for our home offices.

The following table shows the relationship between nouns and determiners
Determmers Exa pIes
many, several, few, a few many students are-

a variety of, various, several Plural nouns few ~Ioyees were-
other various skills are-
every/each em~lo ee is-

alan, every, each, another Singular nouns
another problem was-
much much com etition is-

little, a little, less Uncountable nouns little information was-
Uncountable nouns/ all students are-

all, some, most countable nouns some information is-
a lot of, any, no in plural forms most problems were-
most of the e9JdlRmentis-
3 Articles and Nouns

(1) Countable nouns
Always use an article (a / an / the) before a singular countable noun.
If no articles are used before a countable noun, the noun must be in the plural form.
o We need accountant. (x)
an accountant / accountants
* A list of countable nouns that frequently appear in the TOBIe test
Nouns about a customer, an accountant, an employee,

occupations an attendant, a representative, a participant
Nouns about
an account, a month, a year
things
Nouns in make an announcement, make an attempt, make a decision,

combination make an effort, make a reservation, make a request,
with make make a suggestion
Nouns in give a discount, get a refund, offer a replacement,

expressions at a high price, at an additional cost
about finance
Other
in an effort to, reach an agreement, as a result of, as a symbol of
expressions
(2) Uncountable nouns
CDThe can precede an uncountable noun, but a/an cannot.
~ Uncountable nouns do not have plural forms.
One, every, each, another, many, several, few... cannot be used with
uncountable nouns.
A list of uncountable nouns that frequently appear in the TOEle test

-
advertising, advice, baggage, correspondence, evidence, equipment, furniture, :
information, luggage, mail, merchandise, permission, work, clothing, housing, seating :
1. He always (perform / performs) his duties efficiently.

2. You can get a (refund / refunds) if the item is not satisfactory.
3. Several (employee / employees) had to work overtime to help plan the budget.
4. (Few / Little) information on their products is available on the Internet.
5. Every (director / directors) at the company was required to show up for the meeting.
6. The advertising company that worked with us (is / are) well known in the industry.
7. The timetable showing this month's classes (is / are) posted on the bulletin board.
8. The suggestions made by the security personnel (was / were) presented at the
monthly meeting.
9. Most (customer / customers) will take advantage of this month's special offer.
10. Mr. Kobayashi (direct / directed) the marketing team and worked brilliantly.
144 I TOEIC Academy

Incomplete Sentences
Lesson 04
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Questions 1-3 refer to the following e-mail.
:
Date: June
To: Linda Wine
From: Tim Reynolds
Re: Our Singapore warehouse
Dear Linda,
Thanks for showing me around the warehouse last week. have come back to my
office and had a meeting with my staff __ our local warehouse in Singapore.
1. (A) before
(B) following
regarding
(D) within
Overall, we received positive feedback; however, I have come up with one

suggestion. The stock managing system seemed to experience some minor system
malfunctions, so we need to upgrade it.
This should definitely __ storage efficiency. was thinking that maybe we should
2. (A) increase
(B) contribute
prevent
(D) approve
schedule a meeting sometime next week to discuss this in detail. Please let me know
what day is convenient for you.
look forward to __ from you shortly.

3. (A) hear
(B) hearing
heard
(D) have heard
Best regards,
Tim
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Questions 1-2 refer to the following fax message.
Recipient: J. Harrison (1-847-562-2533)
Sender: Jeremy Lee (1-312-455-7000)
Remarks: Lease Contract
Message:
)
I am contacting you regarding the lease contract we previously discussed.
Attached to this facsimile is a copy of this contract. Please note that this is only
) a copy and is therefore not the original. You must visit our office to sign the
original contract within 15 days. If the contract is not signed by then, the lease
will be provided to someone else.
Sincerely,
Jeremy Lee
1. What is the subject of the message?

(A) A lease agreement
(8) A lease cancellation
(C) A late payment on a lease
(0) A confusing facsimile
2. What must Mr. Harrison do to accept the lease?

(A) Return a signed copy of the contract by fax
(8) Ignore the fax for 15 days
(C) Sign the original copy of the contract
(0) Sign the contract after waiting 15 days

Pronouns and Demonstrative Adjectives
(1) Forms of personal pronouns
Objective
my me mine myself
- -- - - - - - --- - - --
you your you yours yourself
- ---- - --- - - -- - --
he his. him his himself
- - - _.. -- - - - -
she her her hers herself
- --- - -- -- -- - -
its itself
- - -- - -- -- --- - - - -- - --
we our us ours ourselves
-- - -- - -- - - - - - - --
you (plural) your you yours yourselves
- - -- -- - - - - - -- -- - -
they their them theirs themselves
(2) Personal pronouns are used to substitute for nouns that are previously introduced.
Tom applied to GU Electronics, and he got a job offer there.
Mar and Anderson know each other, and they are both engaged in computer
programming.
The comQany is proud of its competitive benefits package.
(3) Reflexive pronouns are personal pronouns compounded with -self to show that
the agent's action affects itself.
CDWhen the subject and object are identical
He looked at himself.
<VWhen an emphasis is laid on the subject or object

He visited the branch office himself.
@ Note the use of oneself and by oneself:
She wrote the report by herself. without the help of anyone else)
The light turned itself off. it turned off automatically)
(4) The introductory it and to-infinitive

When an infinitive is the subject of a sentence, we usually begin the sentence with it
and put the infinitive later.
To sta com etitive is necessary. = It is necessary to stay competitive.
It is important LQLuSto increase efficiency.
148 Academy
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2 Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronoun Determiners
(1) Demonstrative adjectives
Singular :'
this these
that those
• This pen writes well, but that does not.
• These files contain important customer information .
• Can you hand over those papers?
(2) Pronoun determiners: used to refer to a person, thing, idea etc that has already
been mentioned or already known about .
• The weather of Korea is colder than JaRan. (X)
The weather of Korea is colder than the weather of Japan. (0)
The weather of Korea is colder than that of Japan. (0)
• Current commercials look more attractive than last year. (X)
Current commercials look more attractive than those of last year. (0)
(3) Those the people who / the things which...

• Those interested in our products may request information by phone .
• Those who cannot participate in the company outing must talk to their manager.
3 Other Pronouns
(1) Either / Neither and Both
(either) A or B (both) A and B
neither A nor B not only A but (also) B
not A but B
• We accept applications either by fax or mail.
• Neither eating nor drinking is allowed in the warehouse.

(2) Another / others / the other / the others
Pronouns Adjectives
another (is) another employee (is)

others (are) other employees (are)
the other (is) the other employee (is)

the others (are) the other employees (are)
• We hired one accountant two months ago and another last month.
• I have two brothers: One is a lawyer, and the other is a teacher.
@
• We bought some desks from a retailer and others from a secondhand store.
@
Ben and I know each other very well.
• Team members should help one another.
1. My staff and I would like to extend (their / our) congratulations on your accomplishment.
2. Jeremy will leave the company and start (him / his) own business.
3. Let me have (your / yours) bank account information so I can make an automatic
money transfer.
4. Richard will attend the sales conference by (him / himself) this time.
5. (Those / These) who cannot attend the workshop must notify their immediate supervisor.
6. (That / It) is necessary for the manufacturing division to increase its efficiency.
7. You need to cancel your current order to purchase (another / other) model.
8. Not the CEO (nor / but) the vice president is in charge of special promotions.
9. (Both / Either) your education and work experience seem promising for the job.
10. Our storage devices are inexpensive compared to (that / those) of SunMacro.
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Incomplete Sentences

Text Completion
Questions 1-3 refer to the following memorandum.
From: Helen Kwan

To: Michelle Dewey
Sent: Monday, September
Subject: Product information on the website
Hi, Michelle.
Mr. Jenson asked me to update the product __ on our website this morning.
1. (A) information
(8) orders
companies
(D) approval
There are several new items missing from the product catalog. Would you add this
year's products to the product list?
While the site, also noticed that some of the prices were inaccurate. guess
will have been reviewing
(8) am reviewing
was reviewing
(D) had been reviewing
they are the old ones from last year.
Could you __ the entries when adding the new ones?

3. (A) restore
(8) improve
validate
(D) correct
Thanks for your support.
Helen
152 I TOEIC Academy

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To: All Employees <AE - AE@7hz.com>; managers <mng@7hz.com>

From: Frank Berks <F.Berks@7hz.com>
Subject: Jennifer's Surprise Party
Date: January 14
Toall employees.
We are organizing a special party for Jennifer Zhang congratulate her for her upcoming
promotion Senior Manager at our company. 7 Harks Zenith Corporation. Jennifer
has contributed much the success of the company since she began working here 5
years ago. Her first position was that of a customer service representative. but she
quickly moved into finance after her managers noticed her dedication her work and her
qualifications. Now.she has proven herself once more and will receive another promotion.
Sarah Foster is in charge of the party and is asking for volunteers to help with the
preparations for the party and with the cleanup after the celebration is over. If you would
like help. please contact Sarah as soon as possible. The party is set for February 14. so
please respond quickly. Also. please remember keep this party a secret. especially from
Jennifer!
Frank Berks
Human Resources Director

+
What is the subject of this e-mail?

company anniversary party
(B) A company holiday party
(C) A company party for an employee
company farewell party
2. What position did Jennifer Zhang first have at the company?

Finance manager
Human resources assistant
Customer service employee
Saleswoman
Comparatives and Superlatives
• Rea din 9 _F c
1 Comparatives
(1) Formations
One-syllable adjectives / adverbs: stem -er: faster, bigger...
Multi-syllable adjectives / adverbs: more stem: more successful, more difficult...
* Irregular comparative forms
good/well - better bad/ill- worse
many/much - more little - less
(2) Examples of comparatives

as + adjectives/adverbs+ as
Carey speaks French as well as Miranda.
Carey speaks as good French as Miranda.
You can take as many brochures as you want.
We will offer as much information as possible.
-er / more ... than

Public transportation is safer than driving.
Rachel works better than most of her co-workers.
The new building is more beautiful than the old one.
Dennis examined the proposal more carefully than his supervisor.
(3) Special expressions of comparatives
much, even, still, far ... intensify degrees of comparatives

The new program functions much better than the old one.
Our marketing team works even more efficiently than ever before.
of the two
Mr. Vickson seems to be the better of the two candidates.
@ the ..• the ...

The more, the better.
The more salary you receive, the higher tax rate you have to pay.
@ -er / more ... than expected / anticipated / thought / scheduled

Production was higher than anticipated.
The shipment arrived later than scheduled.

2
(1) Formations
One-syllable adjectives / adverbs: stem -est: largest, smallest ...
Multi-syllable adjectives / adverbs: most stem: most successful, most difficult...
Irregular superlative forms
good/well - better - best bad/ill - worse - worst
many/much - more - most little - less - least
(2) Examples of superlatives: -est/most in the company/of a11Iofthe threelhave (ever) p.p .
• Mike has the highest position in his company .
• Kelly is the most promising of all the applicants .
• She is the most attractive girl have ever met.
3
as soon as possible as well as
no later than at the latest
• You need to contact us as soon as possible .

• Full-timers are offered transportation as well as free meals .
• The report should be completed no later than June 25 .
• Submit the survey by next week at the latest.
1. Tommy has (good / better) qualifications than the other applicants.

2. Credit cards are issued more (easier / easily) now than in the past.
3. Using two chemicals together produces much (strong / stronger) results than using
one of them.
4. Our revised regulations are as (strict / stricter) as the previous ones.
5. This English program is more effective (than / as) those of other educational centers.
6. We would like you to respond to us (as / so) soon as you can.
7. The larger a company is, (less / the less) satisfied its employees.
8. Jenny has proven to be the (more / most) successful engineer of all.
9. The automobile company posted the (higher / highest) profits in the entire industry.
10. Please complete the budget report no later (than / as) September 24.

1. Singapore Airlines cancelled more flights __ any other airline this month.
(A) as (8) while (C) than (0) whether
2. Our new blender functions __ than any of our other competitors' products that are on
the market.
(A) so efficiently (8) as efficiently (C) most efficiently (0) more efficiently
3. Sales in the third quarter this year were not __ satisfactory as last year's.
(A) as (8) so (C) more (0) most
4. According to the news article, M-Net sold the __ MP3 players in the country.
(A) many (8) much (C) most (0) more
5. The newcomer had a(n) __ better job performance than the long-term employees.
(A) very (8) even (C) so (0) such
6. The joint production of several factories has caused more problems __ they had
predicted.
(A) as (8) than (C) when (0) rather
7. Newly hired employees are expected to get to work by 7:30 A.M. at the '
(A) late (8) later (C) latest (0) lately
8. Computers are installed in the classrooms as __ as in the computer labs.

(A) far (8) good (C) near (0) well
9. After careful examination, the CEO has __ decided to sign the contract.
(A) finally (8) equally (C) annually (0) increasingly
10. We are __ seeking assistants for the upcoming summer camp.

(A) slightly (8) currently (C) completely (0) significantly
156 I Academy www.nhantriviet.com

Text Completion
Questions 1-3 refer to the following letter ..
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ Power Finance Incorporated ~
~ ~
~ 2533 Patrick Street ~
~ ~
~ London, UK ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ Dear Mr. Thompson: ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ We appreciate your request for the automatic loan payment received on June 23. As ~
~
~ requested, your monthly payment will be automatically deducted from your account. ~
~
~ ~
~ ~
~ __ you need further information, you can contact our service representatives by ~
~ ~
(A) Did ~
~ (8) Had ~
~ ~
~ (C) Should ~
~ ~
~ (D) Could ~
~
~ ~
~
~ ~
~ phone during our regular office hours. ~
~ ~
~ In case you wish to stop this service, you may mail us an .__ request form to the ~
~
~ 2. (A) equivalent ~
~
~ (8) official ~
~ ~
~ (C) intended ~
~ ~
~ (D) outstanding ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ above address. __ , you can fax it to us at 467-332-4778.
~ 3. (A) Favorably ~
~ ~
~ (8) Originally ~
(C) Accordingly ~
~ (D) Alternatively ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ Sincerely, ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ Andrea Limerick ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
Lesson 06
www.nhantriviet.com
Cordially invites you

to a free information session
Learn how to become healthy, feel great, and have fun!
• All new members receive a free month of personal training.

• Membership comes with no contracts and no penalty fees.
• A children's playroom and babysitting are available at all times at no cost.
• We have state-of-the-art equipment and educated personal trainers.
This Monrh's Special:

No enrollment fee for new members who sign up this month!
The usual enrollmenr fee is $200.
663) Denver St. Newark) 0723 352-753-0906
Who is this advertisement intended for?

(A) New customers
(8) Mothers with young children
(C) Fitness instructors
(0) Fitness equipment salesmen
2. What can members receive for free?

(A) Coupons for refreshments
(8) The use of babysitting services
(C) Personal training for two months
(0) A two-month future membership
3. What is the customary enrollment fee?

(A) $150
(8) $175
(C) $200

To-infinitives and Gerunds
• To-infinitives
Form: To V
2 Functions:
(1) To-infinitives can function as subjects or subjective complements .
• To study hard is necessary to pass the exam .
• The purpose of the workshop is to understand company policies.
(2) To-infinitives can function as subjects when used in combination with the
preparatory it .
• To study is important.
It is important to study .
• It is important for him to study to pass the exam.
(3) To-infinitives can function as objects or part of an object.
afford to, agree to, attempt to, decide to, expect to, need to,
After verbs
plan to, refuse to, hope to, want to, wish to
be able to, be about to, be going to, be likely to,

(in idiomatic be supposed to, be willing to, in an effort to, in order to,
expressions) have to, used to, would like to
After nouns ability to, right to, time to
• I wish to get a job at a stable company after graduating .

• The manager was supposed to show up earlier.
• We need someone to attend the exhibition.
(4) To-infinitives can function as objective complements.
v advise, ask, allow, cause, enable, encourage, expect, permit,

infinitive •. persuade, remind, request, require
Passive be advised to, be asked to, be allowed to, be encouraged to,

be expected to, be permitted to, be persuaded to,
construction
be prepared to, be requested to, be required to
• We advise all passengers to remain seated while landing .

• Museum visitors are not permitted to take photographs inside the museum.
www.nhantriviet.com 159
2
(1) Gerunds can function as subjects or subjective complements.
Improving one's quality of life is very important.
• Increasing prices will result in the reduction of sales.

Seein~ is believing.
(2) Gerunds can function as prepositional objects .

• We are interested purchasing your office supplies .
• We are looking forward to meeting you at next year's exhibition.

Please call the customer service for ordering items.
(3) Gerunds can function as objects of verbs.
admit, avoid, consider, discontinue, enjoy, finish, postpone,

quit, recommend, stop, suggest
- -- -- -- - -- - - - --- - - --
be accustomed to, be/become used to, be committed to,
be dedicated to, be devoted to, look forward to, object to
• Computer users are not accustomed to handling the new operating system.
He stopped smoking .
• He stopped to smoke.
3
(1) To-infinitives are used to express purposes .
• (In order) To pay for the repairs, they need $5,000 .
• We have to work harder to meet the deadline.
(2) used to is followed by a bare infinitive, but be used to is followed by a gerund .

• We used to deal with complaints.
We are used to dealing with complaints.

We are accustomed to dealing with complaints.
160 I TOEle Academy

www.nhantriviet.com
(3) Other commonly used expressions
• In an effort to improve employee morale, we offer everyone a paid vacation .
• We are looking forward to seeing you soon.
1. Profits are expected (to double / doubling) in the next quarter.

2. Those interested in (apply / applying) for the job position should send their resume.
3. We look forward to (discuss / discussing) the possibility of working together.
4. In order to (maintain / maintaining) the air purifying system, we hired another
mechanic.
5. Fun Printing used to (offer / offering) over fifty different printer toners.
6. I enjoyed (to talk / talking) with many representatives from overseas branches.
7. You are strongly advised (to purchase / purchasing) medical insurance before traveling
overseas.
8. They are considering (to offer / offering) a special discount for the upcoming season.
9. We asked our reception staff (to check / checking) the registration list very carefully.
10. Our staff members became accustomed to (communicate / communicating) with
customers from foreign countries.


Text Completion
Questions 1-3 refer to the following notice.
Intelligent Software, one of the world's biggest software companies, is .__ into
1. (A) evaluating
(8) expanding
(C) fluctuating
(0) concentrating
Asian countries. Intelligent Software will open approximately ten branch offices
in the Asia Pacific region. In accordance with its development plan, the company
software engineers to work at the new offices in the Asia Pacific region.
2. (A) is recruiting
(8) recruiting
(C) recruited
(0) has recruited
Candidates must have a minimum of five years' hands-on experience and should
be __ about the local market they wish to work in.
3. (A) know
(8) known
(C) knowledge
(0) knowledgeable
Questions 1-3 refer to the following job advertisement.
Farming Development Officer
Association of Rice Production Research Corporations (ARPRC)
ARPRC is looking for an agricultural engineer to work at our three branch offices in East
Asia in the countries of South Korea, Japan, and China. The individual will become a part
of a diverse team made up of scientists, economists, and financial analysts. "Themain goal of
the team will be to research current and new technologies to improve rice production and
distribution. The successful candidate will be based in South Korea but will be required to
travel throughout East Asia and the European Union. Responsibilities include developing
better farming equipment, researching more efficient routes for rice distribution, and
cooperating with government agencies.
Successful candidates will have a master's degree from a reputable university, have much
experience in agricultural engineering, and be trained in economics. Candidates should
be fluent in English and have a working knowledge of Korean, Japanese, or Chinese.
Candidates should also have excellent writing skills and research abilities. Please send a
cover letter, resume, and three letters of recommendation to:
Human Resources Department

Reference Position #598686
ARPRC - Beijing, China Office
1859 Zhang Tze Street

1. What is NOT a listed responsibility for this job?
(A) Working with farming equipment
(B) Finding better ways to distribute rice
(C) Corresponding with government offices
(0) Purchasing new farm equipment
2. What is a requirement for this job?

(A) An education that includes economics
(B) A doctorate degree from a university
(C) An ability to speak Russian
(0) Average writing abilities
3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a required document?

(A) References
(B) A cover letter
(C) Research papers
(0) A curriculum vitae

(1) Present Participles: V -ing/ Past Participles: V -ed
The news of his layoff will surprise everyone in the division.
His speech disappointed most of the attendants.
Verbs often used in participial forms include:
bore, challenge, demand, depress, disappoint, discourage, distract, embarrass,

excite, frustrate, impress, interest, locate, overwhelm, satisfy, surprise, please, tire
(2) Present participles have active meanings.

The news of his layoff is surprising.
His speech was disappointing.
(3) Past participles have passive meanings.

Everyone was surprised at the news of his layoff.
Most of the attendants were disappointed with his speech.
2
(1) Participles can precede nouns to modify them.
I heard the depressing news that I didn't get the job. (active)
The excited fans kept cheering for the winning team. (passive)
(2) Participles can be placed after nouns to modify them.

Staff purchasing the machine should read the manual carefully. (active)
People interested in the position should contact Ms. Langley. (passive)
(3) Participles can function as subjective complements when they follow linking verbs
(be, become, get, feeL).
The presentation was extremely boring. (active)
The audience 9.Q!bored by the extremely long presentation. (passive)
(4) Certain verbs take the present participle forms only.
, dining, existing, demanding, emerging, lasting, missing, opening, remaining
Our existing equipment requires comprehensive upgrading.

The lasting impression of a company is vital to establishing a positive corporate image.
166 www.nhantriviet.com
A list of participles that frequently appear in the TOEle test
Present participles .. Past .participles
an amazing result an attached file

a challenging task a complicated issue
a demanding job/supervisor a designated parking area
a dining experience a dignified manner
existing equipment distinguished service
a lasting impression an enclosed document
an opening remark a finished product
missing baggage/luggage limited capacity
an overwhelming task motivated staff
a promising architect an upgraded resume
remaining staff revised regulations
a rising cost a signed contract
a worrying consequence a celebrated landmark
1. The hiring committee was (impressive / impressed) by his work experience.

2. The trip to Malaysia was (tiring / tired) due to the changing weather.
3. Editors are required to review their (finishing / finished) products before printing them.
4. I deleted some old files because of my computer's (limiting / limited) storage capacity.
5. We should improve the (existing / existed) tax system, which causes delays in
processing.
6. Any inaccurate information (giving / given) on one's personal background may lead
to dismissal.
7. Thanks to the newly (purchasing / purchased) printer, we now have fewer problems.
8. With our renovations, customers will enjoy a pleasant (dining / dined) experience.
9. The contract terms (signed / is signed) by the manager will be confirmed by the CEO.
10. Anyone (ordering / ordered) our new laptop computer will receive a free optical
mouse.
1. Enclosed is the complete listing of the __ banks in the neighboring area.

(A) distinguish (B) distinguishing (C) distinguished (D) distinguishability
2. The recent oil spill along the Belgian coast resulted in __ consequences for the industry.
(A) worried (B) worrying (C) worries (D) worrier
3. Please refer to the bank statement for detailed information.

(A) enclose (B) enclosing (C) enclosure (D) enclosed
4. The keynote speech at the conference was both informative and __ '
(A) interest (B) interested (C) interesting (D) to interest
5. The renovation project has been led by a highly __ group of designers.

(A) motivate (B) motivation (C) motivating (D) motivated
6. We were __ by Dr. Albert's outstanding contributions to the development of the new

vaccine.
(A) impression (B) impressive (C) impressed (D) impresses
7. Employees who have not submitted a __ report should discuss it with their manager.
(A) revised (B) revising (C) revision (D) revise
8. We expect museum patrons to make continuous donations for the __ season.

(A) prior (B) first (C) upcoming (D) current
9. Extra specialists were employed due to an __ need to secure the mobile devices.
(A) accidental (B) increasing (C) outgoing (D) effective
10. We regret to inform you that repairs for __ applications will not be available any longer.
(A) conditional (B) temporary (C) partial (D) discontinued

Questions 1-3 refer to the following memorandum.
~ ~
g~ ~~
To: All Employees
From: John Parrison, Personnel Manager
Date: August 16
Re: Workshop
Please be informed that the System Management Workshop has been scheduled
weekly in July and August. The workshop will be held in Room 310 of the main
building from 4 P.M. to 5:30 P.M. every Thursday during the two-month period.
The __ of this workshop is to familiarize our employees with our upgraded in-
1. (A) study
(8) purpose
(C) influence
(D) decision
company communication system. All employees are __ to attend one of the

2. (A) required
(8) imposing
(C) determined
(D) equal
sessions. Employees __ to schedule their participation with Jamie Song, a

3. (A) advised
(8) have advised
(C) are advised
(D) were advised
human resources coordinator, at least one week in advance.

5232 Left Terrace, Evanston, CA 93309

October 22
Mrs. Michelle Rodgero

Customer Service and Complaints
Wellphone, Inc.
254 Business Plaza
Springfield, CA 95379
RE:Account#7399345-5746
Dear Madam:
I have been a customer of your company for nearly three years and subscribe to your services
for telephone calls, caller identification, and three-way calling. The usual monthly charge for these
services is $65, but I was recently sent a bill for $87 for September. The $87 charge applies only
for an upgraded service package, but I only subscribe to the basic package. Since I first became
one of your customers, I have never changed my service plan.
I have been a satisfied customer for many years and have never made a complaint before this
letter. I wish to continue to remain a customer and hope that you will resolve this problem as
soon as possible. Please check your records for the error and contact me at (283) 234-6823.
If you should need any more information, please contact me at your convenience.
I hope to hear from you in a timely manner.
Thank you for your continual service and help.
Sincerely,
What is the purpose of this letter? 3. What service plan does Mr. Bands have?
(A) To voice a complaint (A) An Internet phone plan
(B) To congratulate the company (B) The most expensive plan
(C) To cancel a subscription (C) A television and telephone plan
(0) To apply for a different service (0) The basic plan
2. What is the phone company asked to do for Mr. Bands?

(A) Provide him with a copy of his bill
(B) Contact him about a mistake
(C) Cancel his subscription
(0) Visit him at his home

Active vs Passive Constructions
•
The Active Construction

1 Basic pattern: S V 0
2 Basic elements in an active construction:

• We are planning to open another branch in the Southwest region.
S (doer) V (action) 0 (recipient)
• They have been working with the supplier for years .
• The vice president has not considered the proposal.
Intransitive verbs can only be used in active constructions.
: appear, arrive, deteriorate, disappear, emerge, exist, expire, happen, last, remain, occur, :
: rise, take place :
• The contract will expire next month .

• The young lady disappeared three years ago .
• Production (X) -. has risen
• The event next month. (X) -. will take place
The Passive Construction

Basic pattern: S be V-ed (by doer)
2 The transformation from active into passive constructions
.pa~
-. An essay is written (by Paul).

• The company accepted new applications.
-. New applications were accepted (by the company) .
• They will deliver the document in person.
-. The document will be delivered in person (by them) .
• He is preparing the booklet.
-. The booklet is being prepared (by him).
• The team has ordered the item.
-. The item has been ordered (by the team).

The subjects of the passive constructions will depend on the original
active sentence patterns (Ref. Lesson 1).
(1) Pattern 3: The active sentence has only one object.
We recently purchased a laser Qrinter.
A laser Qrinter was recently purchased.
(2) Pattern 4: The active sentence has two objects.

The company offered him a good salary.
He was offered a good salary.
A good salary was offered to him.
(3) Pattern 5: The active sentence has an object and an objective complement.
• Everyone considers Dr. Talis an effective lecturer.
Dr. Talis is considered an effective lecturer.
Main verbs vs participial phrases

Without the main verb correct forms, the sentences are incomplete.
I a letter. (X) I am writing a letter. (0)
I a letter. (X) I have written a letter. (0)
The letter by Ms. Anderson. (X)
The letter was written by Ms. Anderson. (0)
2 Even without the participial phrases, the sentences are complete in

meaning and correct in grammar.
The people [using the service] are satisfied.
The service [used on the Internet] is convenient.
• Anyone an item] should sign up first. (X) ordering
Complete the form in the envelope]. (X) provided
Commonly used expressions with past participle preposition
be impressed by, be accompanied by
be accompanied with, be equipped with, be concerned with,

be impressed with, be satisfied with
be committed to, be dedicated to, be devoted to

in be interested in, be involved in
-------------- .- --- - - - -
at be surprised at, be disappointed at
• The DVD player is accompanied by cables and a remote control.

• This cafeteria is equipped with modern lighting devices.
1. The schedule (listing / is listing) our activities is posted on the board.
2. His family is deeply involved (in / by) his educational matters.
3. Updates on stock prices will (be listed / have listed) on a real-time basis.
4. Some part-timers (were / have) complained about their wages.

5. The book was (publishing / published) five years ago and still sells well.
6. Your completed questionnaire must be (submitting / submitted) to the division head.
7. The incident (happened / were happened) because of an industrial dispute.

8. Revisions to the installation manual are currently being (making / made).
9. Please examine very carefully the material (attaching / attached) to this e-mail.
10. Oil prices have been (rising / risen) dramatically for the last few months.
http://WWW.OfflcebuildersforpeoPle.com/po nts
We offer the lowest prices to save you money. We have recently begun our Points
Program to save our wonderful customers even more. All customers are able to
sign up for a Points Program membership, and ten lucky customers will receive a
$500 gift card. Please be aware that this program does not apply to electronics and
computer equipment purchases.
Spend $1 - $2,000 and receive one point per dollar.

Spend $2,001 - $5,000 and receive two points per dollar.
Spend $5,001 or more and receive three points per dollar.
You can make purchases by visiting our stores, by using the Internet, or by calling
us on the phone. To obtain your points, please remember to tell us your Points
Program membership number when making payments for purchases. A monthly
statement will be sent to you showing the number of points you have accumulated
up to this time as well as the various rewards that you can redeem your points for.
Some examples of exciting rewards are office furniture and OVOs.
This offer is available only at our stores in the United States.

You may apply for the Points Program by visiting our stores or our website.
1. Who is eligible to sign up for membership?

3. How will customers be informed of prizes?
(A) Customers who spend over $1,000
(A) Through the mail
(B) Customers anywhere in the world
(B) By visiting the store
(C) Only customers in the United States
(C) Over the Internet
(0) Only customers with credit cards
(0) By calling the store
2. How can customers benefit from the

program? 4. What is a limitation placed on the program?
(A) By receiving discounts off purchases (A) Customers must spend at least $500.
(B) Electronics are not included.
(B) By being able to buy special products
(C) Office furniture and OVOs are not
(C) By receiving weekly newsletters
included.
(0) By receiving points for every dollar spent
(0) Customers must live in Canada.
176 TOEIC Academy
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Tenses and Conditionals
Tenses
English Tense Overview
Further past past present future
P:st Perfec; « Present Perfec; « Future Perfect:::>

+ + +
Past Continuous Present Continuous Future Continuous
2 The Simple Tenses

(1) Present: habitual actions, routine, truth ... (often used with always, usually, every ...)
(2) Past: events that already happened (with definite time indicators: yesterday, last
month, 2 hours ago...)
(3) Future: events / actions that will happen in the future (often used with future
expressions such as next year / month, soon ...)
The Perfect Tenses

(1) Present Perfect: actions that began in the past and continue to the present
(used with fori since)
Lesson 10 I 177
(2) Past Perfect:
actions that happened before other actions in the past
By the time I arrived at the airport, Mr. Tan had already left.
~ actions that began at some point earlier and continued to a point of time in the
past
Ms. Stewart had worked as a lawyer for twenty years when she retired last year.
(3) Future Perfect: actions which at a given future time will be in the past or will just
have finished
By 11 A.M. tomorrow, we will have completed the report.
By the time Francis retires next month, she will have worked for the company for over
10 years.
The Continuous Tenses
(1) Present Continuous: actions that are happening at the moment of speaking (often
used with now, right now ...)
I am working on the report right now.
(2) Past Continuous: actions that were in progress when another action happened in
the past
was working on the report when my manager came in.
While I was watching my brother was working on the computer.
(3) Present Perfect Continuous: actions which began in the past and are still continuing
I have been working on the report since yesterday.
(4) Future Continuous: actions that start before a given time in the future and continue
up to that time
I will still be working on the report next week.
:; Conditionals
Patterns
If Clause: Present tense, Main Clause: will V

---- ------------------------------------- ---------
If Clause: Past tense, Main Clause: would V
-- -- - - --- -- - - -- - - -- - - ---
If Clause: Past Perfect tense, Main Clause: would have pp

2 Uses
(1) Type 1: Conditional Sentences imply that the action in the if-clause is quite probable.
If you agree to the contract, we will fax it to you immediately .
• If a product is defective, a specialist inspects it carefully.

If you have any questions, we will help.
Should you have any questions, we will help.
178 TOEIC Academy

www.nhantriviet.com
If you have any questions, please contact us.
* Can, must, should may be used instead of will in the main clause.
(2) Type 2: Conditional Sentences are used when the suppositions are contrary to known
facts in the present .
• If I were you, I would accept the offer.
• If I knew his number, I would contact him.
Could, might may be used instead of would in the main clause.
(3) Type 3: Conditional Sentences imply that the condition cannot be fulfilled because
the action in the if-clause did not happen .
• If I had known his number, I would have contacted him.
Had I known his number, I would have contacted him.
1. Please do not hesitate to call us if you (notice / noticed) any problems.

2. He usually (spends / is spending) an hour reading a newspaper every morning.
3. Every month, we (update / have updated) the movie list on our website.
4. The clothing store (has / had) experienced financial problems for the last three years.
5. The president (was / will be) out of town until next Thursday.
6. The meeting had already started when he (arrived / had arrived) there.
7. Mellissa (started / has started) working for me five years ago.

8. If we had tried harder, we (would complete / would have completed) the project on time.
9. If I (understand / understood) the system better, I could complete this project by myself.
10. Maintenance staff will be (working / worked) on the leak early tomorrow morning.
Questions 1-10 Choose the Word that best completes each sentence.
). In the last
almost 20%.ten years, the number of College graduates majoring In computer by
(A) has risen (B) risen was (D) had risen
2. Starting next month, salaries _

system. paid through a neWly installed electronic-paYing
(A) were (B) are had been (D) be
Sales
- at the Business Center for the conference last Friday.
4. After Ms.
reduce expenditures. she made some suggestions to
(A) Joins (B) joined is joining (D) has been joining
5. When I returned lrom my summer vacation, I found that some of my best associates
a week
(A) tired (B) have been fired had been fired (D) will have been fired
6. you need secretarial services during your stay, please contact the hotel receptionist.
(A) May (B) Whether Perhaps (D) Should
you - - the earlier, we doing the same Work twice.

(A) find (B) had found finding (D) were found
8, The construction materials have just _, so we will be able to resume work next week.
(A) sent (B) (D) examined
The Human Resources Department a on the new employee handbook.

(A) detail (B) conduct associate (D) foresee
Questions regarding shipping are __ by customer service

(A) expired (B) replied retained (D) handled
Academy
www.nhantr;viet.com
Text Completion
Questions 1-3 refer to the following e-mail .
~. .~
•
To: All employees

From: Henry Morrison, Vice President
Subject: Employee Parking
I was told that there are concerns about the __ amount of employee
(A) unable
(8) inadequate
(C) attractive
(0) frequent
parking spaces. Thus, the executives have finally decided to __ the current
2. (A) expand
(8) expansion
(C) expanded
(0) expanding
employee parking lot. __ , we have agreed to compensate employees for

3. (A) On the contrary
(8) Therefore
(C) Furthermore
(0) In spite of
public transportation fees should they choose to take buses or trains to work.
The decision on the amount of compensation will be made very soon.
This should also prompt our employees to utilize more public transportation,
thereby ensuring adequate parking spaces.
Regards,
Henry Morrison, VP
~.
••
..
.~
•
Questions 1-5 refer to the following list and e-mail.
• Employee Name Identification Number
Cynthia Parks 4-26230521

Marie Louis 5-92832823
Mark Jacobs 2-75028475
Phillip Goldstein 9-28950125
Roger Menendez 3-85810582
William Smith 6-28110034
The first number of each I.D. shows the floor on which the employee works .
To: Henry Venys

From: Marie Louis
Date: Friday, December 12
Subject: Employee Mail
Dear Mr. Venys,
I am writing this letter as a reminder that I moved my office from the fourth floor to
the fifth floor last month. I have switched offices with Cynthia Parks. I believe that I
previously sent a letter telling you of this change.
However, I continue to receive numerous mail and correspondence in my office that

is addressed to Mrs. Parks. The large amount of mail that I receive daily is eating
into my time and making me frustrated. In addition, I have not received any mail that
is addressed to me although I usually receive a few letters every week.
I ask that you please fix this problem as soon as possible and collect Mrs. Parks'
mail for proper delivery to her new office. In addition, please send any mail intended
for me to my office.
Thank you for your time and assistance.
Marie Louis

1. Who works on the sixth floor according to this list?
(A) Roger Menendez
(8) William Smith
(C) Mark Jacobs
(D) Phillip Goldstein
2. How many letters has Mrs. Louis previously written to Mr. Venys?
(A) One
(8) Two
(C) Five
(D) None
3. In the e-mail, the phrase "eating into" in line 2 of paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:
(A) Providing
(8) Capturing
(C) Hunting
(D) Destroying
4. According to the e-mail, which of the following is true about Marie Louis?
(A) She is receiving gifts.
(8) She has too many friends.
(C) She enjoys reading much mail.
(D) She exchanged offices with someone.
5. What is Marie Louis' current identification number?

(A) 4-26230521
(8) 5-92832823
(C) 4-92832823
(D) 6-28110034

Conjunctions and Prepositions . ~
Conjunctions
Co-ordinating Conjunctions
Co-ordinating conjunctions join pairs of words, phrases or clauses.
: and, but, or, yet, for, so
The new product is mY1ishand innovative.

You can contact us Qy_phone or bye-mail.
Their items are ular, for their ualit is reliable.

There was snow everywhere, so schools were closed.
the weather was bad, the outdoor event was rescheduled. (X)
The outdoor event was rescheduled, for the weather was bad.
= Because the weather was bad, the outdoor event was rescheduled.
2 Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate adverbial clauses or noun clauses.
Conjunctions
after, as, as soon as, before, by the time, once, since, until,
introducing adverbial
when, while, whenever
clauses of time
Conjunctions
introducing adverbial as, because, now that, since
clauses of reason
Conjunctions
introducing adverbial
although, even though, though, while, whereas
clauses of concession/
contrast
._------------ ---
Conjunctions
introducing adverbial as long as, if, in case (ot), provided (that), unless
clauses of condition
Conjunctions
introducing other so that, whether (=it)
adverbial clauses
Trains have become more affordable as fuel prices have dropped.

Now that the weather is cooler, it is important to keep warm.
Although the suitcases are expensive, they last for a long time.
In case of fire, please do not use the elevators.
www.nhantriviet.com
3
(1) They function as adverbs.
(2) When used to connect two clauses, they are placed in between, often separated by a
semicolon and a comma.
: however, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore, thus
• Nevertheless, he attended the meeting .

• Prices have been rising; however, it does not seem to continue .
• The terms were satisfactory; therefore, we signed the contract.
• Unless otherwise stated, your warranty is valid for a year.
repositions
Prepositions at four o'clock, by the end of the month, for two weeks,
in March, in 2008, in the morning, on Monday,
of time
until next year, throughout the week, within two months
Prepositions at the airport, in the world, in my division, on the second floor,

of place under your seat, throughout the region
- - - - -- -- - - -
Other
prepositions as a representative, at a reasonable price, under the supervision of
• Right after graduating from college in 2006, Kendall joined our team .
• The upgrading process will be continued throughout the week .
• The main office is located on the third floor .
• We provide reliable items at reasonable prices.
2
: according to, as well as, due to, in advance, instead of, on behalf of, on he market,
: prior to, regardless of, take advantage of, to the point
• According to a recent survey, the item is not very popular .

• On behalf of the CEO, I present this award to Mr. Hu.
• You can take advantage of our free software for three months .
• Passengers are advised to arrive at the airport two hours prior to departure.
Conjunctions vs Prepositions
1 Conjunctions are followed by subjects and verbs.
Although some division members did not arrive, the meeting started on time.
We offer a full refund as long as the item ~ in its original condition.
2 Prepositions are followed by nouns, noun phrases, or gerunds.

Despite the heavy rain, the event was held as scheduled.
Due to the ri~e in oiipJ:ices, people drive less these days.
Some conjunctions and prepositions have similar meanings.
because, since, as, now that because of, due to, owing to
although, even though, though, while in spite of, despite
if, as long as, in case in case of
unless without, except (for)
while, when during
She did not take the job offer due to the working hours were long. because
Because of the bad weather, we didn't go out. (0)
Although the shortage of manufacturing staff, we were able to complete the order. (X)
Despite
Although it is expensive, it lasts a long time. (0)
If the verb in the main clause is in the future tense, the verb in the
clause introduced by a conjunction must be in the present tense.
: ~' LonjU'Iidi<ins introd~ing ',", " ,'- ,

, adverbial clauses of time
when, after, before, as soon as, by the time if, once, as long as

I will leave when she back. (X) comes
As soon as the shipment they will start production. (X) arrives
By the time the project complete, another project will have begun. (X) is
We will appreciate it if you to us ASAP. (X) reply
1. Stewart Road is designated a bus-only street (during / while) peak hours.
2. Construction work will start as soon as the materials (arrive / will arrive).
3. You can get free repairs (so that / as long as) your warranty remains valid.
4. You will be allowed to move in (because / once) you sign the contract.
5. (Despite / Although) the beautiful design of the recorder, its quality is not satisfactory.
6. The meeting should start promptly (on / at) two o'clock in the afternoon.
7. Passengers are advised to arrive at least two hours (instead of / prior to) departure.
8. Harry applied for the job; (however / although), he did not submit any supporting
documents.
9. (Because / Due to) the economy is picking up, Ennex showed a profit.
10. She quit her first job (because / even though) her work was not rewarding.
Lesson 11
1. _ _ Mr. Sanchez was transferred to headquarters in New York, his wife decided to
move, too.
(A) Whether (B) For Since (D) Which
2. _ the adverse weather conditions, the outdoor concert will begin on time.
(A) Prior to (B) Although Because (D) In spite of
3. the construction work on Benson Highway has finished, there will be much less
traffic congestion.
(A) Now that (B) Regarding Usually (D) Due to
4. The downtown shopping mall will be closed __ further notice due to the renovation
project.
(A) next to (B) in case until (D) except
the factory is short of staff right now, the Human Resources Department will hire
extra workers soon.
(A) Although (B) Yet Meanwhile (D) But
6. When Ms. Samantha __ Beijing for a workshop next week, she will stay at the Ramada
Hotel.
(A) visits (B) to visit was visiting (D) visiting
7. _ a news article in the Newark Times, the domestic economy will pick up in the coming
quarter.
(A) Based on (B) According to Even though (D) Nevertheless
8. For a limited time only, all of our customers can take __ of our free online contents.
(A) merit (B) service advantage (D) improvement
9. Seminars will be offered no additional cost to the workshop participants.

at (B) by over (D) from
10. _ the management of Te, Inc., I would like to express my appreciation to the staff.
(A) Due to (B) In spite of Inasmuch as (D) On behalf of
TOEle Academy www.nhantriviet.com

Text Completion
From: david@creamsonbooks.com
To: Aaron@gmail.com
Date: September 29
Subject: Your order
We regret to __ you that the book you are interested in purchasing is currently
(A) notify
(B) notice
(C) note
(D) notification
out of stock.
However, we were informed by the publishing company that it will be available __

2. (A) until
(B) between
(C) within
(D) since
the next two weeks.
If this __ is still acceptable to you, please let us know by return e-mail so that we
3. (A) moment
(B) author
(C) advantage
(D) option
can order the item for you.
We look forward to hearing from you soon. Thank you for placing an order with us.
Regards,
David Martin
Creamson Books

Questions 1-5 refer to the following advertisements.
JOB POSTING - 847008
Highly qualified individuals are needed for work on an important H5-4 vaccine research
program. The Health First Organization is looking for statisticians or mathematicians to
work on a team of world-renowned researchers beginning June 15.
Duties: Individuals will be in charge of organizing and analyzing research data. Creating
presentations for government agencies will also be a duty.
Requirements: Applicants should possess a mathematics or statistic degree from a

respected university and have extensive experience in data analysis and presentation.
Applicants should also be familiar with the 6HOP data compiling program.
Successful applicants must send their resume, cover letter, and three letters of
recommendation by May 12.
Job listing 79875 Dreamland Cruise Ships: Posted August 9
Do you want to travel the world while getting paid and working at a fun and career-
building job? Dreamland Cruise Ships has immediate positions available that will allow
you to travel throughout North and South America from our main port in Miami. Both
highly experienced service representatives and inexperienced new workers are welcome
to apply. This is the perfect opportunity to better your career or begin it.
Candidates must be enthusiastic to work with many people. Our cruise ships carry an
average of 3,500 vacationers, and, therefore, there are many positions that may be perfect
for you. How about becoming a restaurant manager, a lifeguard, a day-trip tour guide, or a
children's daycare representative? For more information about these great positions, visit
our website at www.dreamlandcruises.co.ui.
Our contracts are on a monthly basis, and the compensation is very competitive. Payment is
made in U.S. dollars. Your room and meals are free. So apply and begin your new adventure
where you can see the world and save to payoff debts or purchase your first home.
Dreamland Cruise Ships

Employment Offices
Click Here to Apply

1. When is the deadline to apply for the Health First Organization job?
(A) July 1
(B) May
(C) August 9
(0) August
2. What requirement is implied in the cruise ship posting?

(A) An ability to work hours a day
(B) An ability to survive by oneself on the ocean
(C) An ability to be friendly to all passengers
(0) An ability to compete in any cruise ship sports programs
3. What is mentioned as an available position on a cruise ship?

(A) Lifeguard
(B) Chef
(C) Ship engineer
(0) Security guard
4. According to the posting, what is NOT true about a job on the cruise ship?
(A) Employees can travel around the world while working.
(B) Salaries are not higher than other companies'.
(C) There will be complimentary room and meals.
(0) Employees are paid in U.S. dollars.
5. According to the postings, what skill should applicants at both companies have?
(A) At least years' experience
(B) An ability to work on teams
(C) A bachelor's degree
(0) Math skills

Relative Clauses
Rea d,i_n 9 __F
Object
who/that whom / who / that whose
(1) Subject
He has three sisters. + They are teachers.
He has three sisters, and they are teachers.
He has three sisters who are teachers.
Leslie is the person. + She is in charge of shipments.
Leslie is the person who is in charge of shipments.
(2)
He is the a2plicant. + We interviewed him.
He is the applicant whom/who we interviewed.
= He is the aQplicant we interviewed.
(3) Possessive
I know a man. + His father is a lawyer.
I know a man whose father is a lawyer.
He is an ambitious man. + His work performance outdoes others'.
He is an ambitious man whose work performance outdoes others'.

2
Subjec: , Object
which/that which/that whose/of which
(1) Subject
• Wayne read an article. + It was really unusual.
Wayne read an article, and it was really unusual.
Wayne read an article which/that was really unusual.
• He has work. + It requires a lot of time and effort.
He has work which/that requires a lot of time and effort.
(2) Object
• He got a job offer. + He wanted it so much.
He got a job offer which/that he wanted so much.
He got a job offer he wanted so much .
• Keith finally got the promotion. + He aimed for it.
Keith finally got the promotion which/that he aimed for.
= Keith finally got the promotion he aimed for.
(3) Possessive
bought a book. + Its focus is on food.
I bought a book whose focus is on food.
I bought a book of which focus is on food .
• I bought a computer. + Its storage capacity has been recently upgraded.
I bought a computer whose storage capacity has been recently upgraded.
= I bought a computer, the storage capacity of which has been recently upgraded.

3
(1) Which can introduce a non-defining relative clause.
He speaks good English, which helps the company. (which He speaks good English.)
(2) After a comma, only which or who can be used, not that.
He got a pay raise, also offered him financial stability. (X) ---+ which
We hired Mr. Presley, who has broad knowledge of Asian markets.
(3) What the thing(s) that

This is the thing that I needed.
---+ This is what I needed.
I know the thing you need. (X)
---+ I know the thing that/which you need. (0)
I know what you need. (0)
What matters is to stay knowledgeable about current issues.
(4) Relative adverbs are used to indicate reasons, means or places.

This is the city. + We wanted to live in the city.
---+ This is the city in which we wanted to live.
---+ This is the city where we wanted to live.
That is the reason. + He wanted to quit his job for the reason.
---+ That is the reason for which he wanted to quit his job.
---+ That is the reason why he wanted to quit his job.
This is the way. + They handle customer requests in the way.
---+ This is the way in which they handle customer requests.
---+ This is the way they handle customer requests.
---+ This is how they handle customer requests.
This is the way they handle customer requests. (X)
Now is the time. + She needs you most at the time.
Now is the time at which she needs you most.
---+ Now is the time when she needs you most.

4 Reduced Relative Clauses
(1) When the relative pronouns are in the objective case
• He is the ani candidate whom we selected.
He is the onl candidate we selected .
• This is the book that I bought yesterday.
This is the book I bought yesterday.
(2) When the relative pronouns are used with the verb to be
• The man who is talking with Janet is my brother.
The man talking with Janet is my brother .
• The reRort which was written by Mike is accurate.
The re ort written by Mike is accurate .
• The proposal was revised by Phil was outstanding. (X)
---+ The rop-osal that was revised/revised by Phil was outstanding. (0)
1. The employee (who / whom) makes the most sales will get a bonus.
2. He is the person (who / which) is responsible for online purchases.

3. The people (who / whose) sales exceed will get a bonus.
4. We are offering a salary (that / that it) is highly competitive.

5. The candidate (whom / whose) they selected has extensive work experience.
6. Ms. Chao gave a presentation (that / whom) we fully appreciated.

7. The budget report (was submitted / submitted) by the Planning Department had
some flaws.
8. She lived in France for several years, (which / that) helped her do businesses with
Europeans.
9. Job applicants (whom / whose) resumes were received by last week will be
contacted soon.
10. We are looking for a location (why / where) we can build our next factory.

1. Passengers __ wish to have vegetarian meals will have to notify flight attendants
before takeoff.
(A) who (8) whose (C) when (D) what
2. Please refer to the attached agenda of yesterday's seminar __ you asked for.
(A) then (8) that (C) what (D) when
3. We would like to welcome Dr. Zhang, __ made such an excellent contribution by

opening a branch office in Africa.
(A) that (8) which (C) when (D) who
4. Our overseas staff is required to speak Spanish, __ is essential to doing businesses in

Latin America.
(A) which (8) whose (C) who (D) that
5. In order to stay competitive in the global market, we should know __ our customers need.
(A) that (8) when (C) which (D) what
6. The training session is for programmers __ jobs involve entering computer codes and data.
(A) who (8) whom (C) whose (D) that
7. __ is shown in commercials does not always affect the purchasing decisions of smart
buyers.
(A) Who (8) What (C) Which (D) That
8. In accordance with federal law, applicants must be treated equally __ age and gender.
(A) whatever (8) based on (C) whether (D) regardless of
9. __ the manual, all software programs should be shut down before installation.
(A) In common with (8) In case of (C) According to (D) On behalf of
10. According to the report, items stay on the __ for periods of three to six weeks before
they are sold.
(A) market (8) place (C) sale (D) advertisement

Text Completion
Questions refer to the following letter.
Dear Mr. Kurtz,
My name is Daniel Goddard, and I am a journalist from Entrepreneur Weekly. We are

preparing our next __ which will feature the growth of advertising companies.
1. (A) show
(B) investment
(C) issue
(D) episode
We listed some of the most __ business leaders in the field, and you were selected
2. (A) successful
(B) accurate
(C) consistent
(D) dramatic
as one of them.
We __ to meet with you for an interview if you are available and willing to do so.
3. (A) would like
(B) will be liked
(C) have liked
(D) liked
Please contact me at
We are looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Best regards,
Daniel Goddard
ENTREPRENEUR WEEKLY
I 197
Questions 1-5 refer to the following letter and receipt.
Mark Smithy, Manager

Farmer's Market
185 Main Street
Juliam, NJ 08865
Dear Mr. Smithy,
After carefully reviewing the receipt for my most recent grocery purchases at your market,
I found an error. It seems that I was charged for two bags of potato chips although I
purchased only one. I wanted to return to your market to fix the error, but I could not
because I was leaving for a vacation that same day. I will be on vacation for the next month,
but I am writing you this letter so that we can fix this error in a timely way.
I believe this was a simple and honest error by the cashier. I have been a customer of
your market for many years, and I hope that you will correct this error at your earliest
convenience. I am willing to accept store credit instead of cash if you find this to be easier. I
would appreciate your contacting me bye-mail at JimHenrys@comtech.co.uk.
Sincerely,
Jim Henrys
FARMER'S MARKET
185 Main Street Juliam, NJ 08865
Telephone: 877-234-2455
Receipt of Purchase
Cashier J. Hearts
5:23 P.M.
Wednesday, September 1
Thank you for visiting Farmer's Market.
Hours of Operation 7 A.M. - 10 P.M.
198 www.nhantriviet.com
1. Why did Mr. Henrys write the letter?
(A) To return a bad-tasting product
(B) To complain about a cashier's error
(C) To request a market membership card
(0) To invite the manager on a vacation
2. When did Mr. Henrys leave for his vacation?

(A) September 1
(B) September 27
(C) September 2
(0) September 15 .
3. How should the store manager contact Mr. Henrys?

(A) By visiting Mr. Henrys' home
(B) By mail
(C) By telephone
(0) Bye-mail
4. What was most likely the cause of the error?

(A) The cashier stealing money
(B) A sincere cashier mistake
(C) A mispriced product
(0) A manager's mistake
5. Who is Hearts?
(A) The manager
(B) The customer
(C) The cashier
(0) The store owner

Reading
Comprehension Check-up Quiz
1. reliable 2. financial 3. extremely 4. finally
5. late 6. Usually 7. nearly 8. completely
9. cooperative 10. satisfied
Practice Test
Check-up Quiz 5 Incomplete Sentences
submit construction goes is
5. The man 6. exhibition 7. became
presented gift approval
6 Text Completion
Practice Test
5 Incomplete Sentences 7 Reading Comprehension
6 Text Completion
Check-up Quiz
7 Reading Comprehension
1. performs 2. refund 3. employees 4. Little
5. director 6. is 7. is 8. were 9. customers
directed
Practice Test
5 Incomplete Sentences
Check-up Quiz
)
1. Competition 2. resignation 3. construction
(0) (e
information publishers operation
access expenses The comparison
6 Text Completion
Practice Test
7 Reading Comprehension
5 Incomplete Sentences
(e
6 Text Completion
Check-up Quiz
7 Reading Comprehension our his your himself
Those It another but
Both those

Practice Test Part 6 Text Completion
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences

Part 7 Reading Comprehension
(A 10.

Check-up Quiz
Check-up Quiz Practice Test

(el

1 (C) 2 (0) 3 (A) 4. (C) 5. (B) Part 7 Reading Comprehension
Part 6 Text Completion

(B) (0)

1 (A) 2 (B) 3. (C) Check-up Quiz
Check-up Quiz Practice Test

Check-up Quiz Check-up Quiz
8.
Practice Test
Practice Test
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences 2 (
7.

Part 6 Text Completion 2

Part 7 Reading Comprehension 2 ) 3. (0
Check-up Quiz
Practice Test

4. C) 5 A)
(0)

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Sentence Structure

(1) Nouns: refer to names of people, things, places or concepts

Roy is a reliable accountant.

We are supposed to meet at the airport.

(2) Pronouns: substitute for nouns that are previously introduced

(3) Verbs: describe actions, experience or state of a subject

He is a smart and diligent student.

(4) Adjectives: modify nouns

The flowers are very beautiful.

His team did the work carefully.

Leslie is a very diligent person.

Bradley reviewed his contract extremely cautiously.

Unfortunately, Irene didn't get the award.

(6) Prepositions: precede nouns to show place, time, direction etc.

You may send your resume by fax.

Cheese is made from milk.

(7) Conjunctions: join parts of a sentence

I can't gQ because it is raining.

(8) Articles: indicate nouns and specify their application

124 TOEIC Academy www.nhantrivipt

• The dog runs .

(2) Pattern 2 (5 V Complement)

: Typical verbs: be, become, get, stay, remain :

: Typical verbs: like, raise

• I love flowers and plants .

(4) Pattern 4 (5 V Indirect Object Direct Object)

: Typical verbs: give, make, bring, buy, offer, send, ask

• Can you give me your e-mail address?

: Typical verbs: keep, make, have, let, get, consider, regard

Please let me have your account information.

1. Please (submit / submission) your vacation request form to your boss.

2. A new manager was hired for the railway (constructive / construction).

4. The computer learning device (is / likes) modern and effective.

126 I TOEIC Academy www.nhantriviet.com

1. Most __ have agreed on the new overtime policy.

3. A small accident __ while driving to work this morning.

5. Nicole became __ after completing several projects.

6. Greta complained that __ didn't get a bonus this year.

7. We should stay home __ it is getting cold outside.

8. The report __ each individual's work performance.

9. Upgrading the system will eventually __ the production costs.

10. The suitcases are guaranteed to __ longer than previous models.

Dear Mr. Yang:

We promise to respond to our clients' questions with accurate and prompt

We are looking forward to meeting you next week.

128 I TOEIC Academy www.nhantriviet.com

Questions 1-2 refer to the following notice.

Simple tips for exciting vacations:

~ Don't Miss Your Ride

Thank you for choosing to ride with Triple Transportation.

1. What is the purpose of the notice?

www.nhantriviet.com Lesson 01 I 129

Refer to all things or people considered as a unit

(2) Uncountable nouns: always in singular form

Liquids or substances that do not have a fixed shape

Feelings, emotions and concepts

3 Main functions of nouns

(2) Object of a verb or a preposition

The hospital is under construction.

(3) Head word of an adjective, article or a possessive

130 TOEIC Academy www.nhantriviet.com

extension compassion attendance maintenance

departure exposure basis crisis

inquiry security removal denial