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Life of a Reservoir
Stage 1: Exploration
The first stage in the life of a reservoir may span a period of two
years. At this stage, the reservoir and its contents are just beginning
to be defined and understood. Early interpretation of geologic and
seismic data is necessary to confirm the shape and extent of the WesternGeco
To gain an overall picture
reservoir and its contents. Such interpretations and analyses lead of the composition, extent and
to reduction of uncertainty and risk in the early stage of field geometry of rocks in the reservoir,
delineation and development. More specifically, they lead to optimal vibrator trucks generate acoustic
waves that travel into the earth and
placement of future wells. return to the surface to be
recorded as seismic data by
sensors laid out in lines
Gas or grids.
Oil
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Water
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Reservoir Evaluation
and Development
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Drilling
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and Measurements
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Measurements-while-drilling
(MWD) tools determine the trajec-
tory of a wellbore as it is drilled and Wireline
send the information to the surface in Measurement sensors
real time. These inclination and direc- are lowered into the well on a
Downhole tion measurements are key to resolv-
steerable motors Rotary cable called a wireline to gather
ing the exact position of the well in roller-cone bits extensive information about the
have a special bent the earth and help guide the
section to control wellbore drill wells by cutting reservoir type and hydrocarbon
driller to the target. and crushing rock. content. This information is used to
trajectory for directional, and
even vertical, drilling. Mud Fixed-cutter bits have blades determine the economic viability of
pumped through these motors that scrape and gouge further field development and
turns the bit, allowing it to away the formation as placement of develop-
drill in the direction it the bit turns. ment wells.
is pointed.
Software
Information
Management
by interpreters using a variety of tools available throughout the E&P industry. While it began
in the GeoFrame* reservoir characterization life as a tool used during the exploration phase
suite. With this software, interpreters produce of oil and gas production, seismic now is used
maps of the subsurface that delineate potential extensively in the development and production
hydrocarbon accumulations and reservoir qual- stages in the form of 4D, and in the acquisition
ity. Exploration wells are designed interactively and divestiture decision processes. Seismic
with the Drilling Office* software suite to test data management tools manage these large
these prospects. Multiple opportunities can be data volumes and act as the access mechanism
evaluated and ranked using Merak software for for geoscientists to these seismic knowledge
relative value and associated risk. bases throughout the life cycle of the reservoir.
Secure global connectivity is now a necessity Seismic data and downhole measurement
Information
Technology
Expert Services
for a successful reservoir. Schlumberger information are interpreted by DCS consultants
Network Solutions has built a universal network to develop an initial understanding of the
infrastructure for the management of oil and reservoir architecture and quality, as well as
gas customers’ networks and for the support the type, extent and volume of hydrocarbons
of employees, wherever their locations, from in place. Mechanical earth models are con-
cities to remote environments. Remote data structed and refined in real time to minimize
processing and data consulting, real-time drilling risks and reduce drilling costs.
reservoir monitoring, virtual data management
and real-time technical support are all enabled
Using IndigoPool.com, E&P professionals can
Solutions
through the network, easing the geographic
barriers to cost-effective operations. begin acquisition workflow on the desktop by
viewing available oil and gas properties on-line
from any region in the world. Asset information
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view and purchase multiple data types from around the world. The workflow is completed by purchasing the
data on-line with the new integration of e-commerce transaction features.
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Life of a Reservoir
Stage 2: Delineation
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Water
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Reservoir Evaluation
and Development
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Well Services
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Casing is run in a well to
prevent the open hole from caving
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in, and to provide support for the
blowout preventer. Casing is cemented
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in place to isolate any water, liquid or
gas reservoirs that may be encoun-
Wireline
tered. Cementing provides zonal Drilling
In an open hole, or
isolation and protects and Measurements
before the well is cased, a
the environment. Well Completions Logging-while-drilling
detailed picture of the reservoir
and Productivity (LWD) tools measure formation
comes from sensors lowered into the
Well testing establishes the petrophysical parameters, such
well on a cable called a wireline. The
maximum production poten- as resistivity, porosity and sonic
data obtained help define the shape
tial and percentages of oil, velocity as the well is drilled.
and characteristics of a reservoir,
gas and water in the Real-time LWD information
including fluid content, formation
production stream. ensures quick reservoir
pressure and boundaries
evaluation.
between gas, oil
and water.
Information
Management
The DecisionPoint information management
Software
interpreter’s job is to incorporate new data to solution uses advanced Web technology and
produce a more detailed interpretation of the e-business processes to ensure that people at
subsurface. At this stage, a 3D reservoir model every point in the E&P business process have
is produced to more accurately design the access to exactly the information, applications
wells needed to delineate the field. A simula- and collaboration they need to do their job.
tion model is also made at this stage using When everyone in a value chain has this
ECLIPSE* reservoir simulation software to access, large productivity gains are the result.
predict how the hydrocarbons in the reservoir
will move over time.
Existing and new seismic, geologic, rock, fluid
Expert Services
and pressure data and their interpretations are
To ensure that reservoir transactions and data
Information
Technology
Solutions
transactions are genuinely private. The
extranet, Intranet and Internet become places from individual performance-enhancing tools
where secure collaboration can occur among toward collaboration and connection, solutions
business partners, customers and employees. must be constructed to support this shift not
only integrating data and information but also
people, ideas and knowledge. One solution is
.. the Decision and Control Center, or iCenter, which provides a complete, operationally secure, networked collab-
.. oration hub. The use of iCenters as centralized interpretation and analysis facilities throughout the upstream
energy enterprise and life of the reservoir will ultimately maximize productive use of available resources.
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Well Completions
and Productivity
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Multilateral wells use more
than one leg to penetrate more
of the producing formation in
thin or low-permeability
reservoirs to increase
production.
Life of a Reservoir
Stage 3: Development
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assist well flow, operators (or producers) initiate artificial lift the surface.
in the form of well pumping or gas lift.
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Gas
Oil
Water
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Reservoir Evaluation
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and Development ..
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Well Completions
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and Productivity
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electrical submersible pumps—
improves production quantities
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ing life of the well.
Well Services
Stimulation (fracturing or
acidizing) increases production in Wireline
Drilling After a well has been
wells with low permeability or those and Measurements
damaged during the drilling and comple- cased, additional wireline meas-
Directional drilling is the urements, such as production per-
tion process. Stimulation is also used to process of constructing the wellbore
prevent production-related problems formance, formation pressure and well
along some angled trajectory to a integrity monitoring, are used for
in high-permeability reservoirs. In specific target. The directional driller
unconsolidated reservoirs, sand reservoir diagnostics and management.
controls drilling parameters to achieve Perforating tools punch holes in the
control is required to prevent the desired path. Extended-reach and
completion failure. casing and into the producing forma-
horizontal wells are extreme direc- tion to establish a path for the
tional wells designed to reach petroleum to flow for well
targets far from the surface testing or production.
location.
Expert Services
Well design and reservoir simulation peak here.
Software
Once production begins, the data can be used to updated and refined as new wells are drilled
further refine the dynamic simulation model. and additional reservoir and production data
This is known as history matching. The reservoir become available. Reservoir and production
model is optimized using the software allowing optimization studies using these models may
better predictions of reservoir behavior and cash identify the need for additional development
flow to be made. Decisions on the best method wells, stimulation, artificial lift, surface facility
of artificial lift can be analyzed for value and risk. enhancements and secondary or tertiary
recovery operations. Reserves estimates and
economic analyses are updated, and field
Bringing data to the desktop is possible only
Information
Technology
Solutions
to remote sites, where reliable leased lines, can access software by means of the Internet.
Internet or dial-up services are not available. The LiveQuest application service provider
With this end-to-endless solution, no region or solution delivers interpretation, reservoir
location is too remote and no communication modeling and simulation, data management
requirements are too simple or too elaborate. and economics and risk analysis software to
clients’ desktops for real-time collaboration
without requiring them to download the soft-
To generate higher oil and gas production
Information
Management
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structure through knowledge-sharing and efficient transfer of know-how, for example, from centers of excellence
to the wellsite. Schlumberger instituted a program called InTouch that greatly improves operational efficiency.
... InTouch puts field engineers in any location—desert, jungle, offshore—directly in touch with dedicated
experts and the best corporate-wide knowledge. Schlumberger is now offering Knowledge Management and
.. Collaboration solutions to our clients. The offering includes technology, expert services, IT infrastructure and
.. operations support.
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Client
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WesternGeco
Seismic data (4D) may
be acquired at different times
over the same area to assess
changes in a producing hydrocar-
bon reservoir with time. Changes
may be observed in fluid loca-
tion and saturation, pres-
sure and temperature.
Life of a Reservoir
Stage 4: Maturity
Gas
Oil
Water
Reservoir Evaluation
and Development
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Wireline
Suboptimal production
or mechanical problems in an
existing well may require inter-
vention or remedial workover.
Wireline services can evaluate oil that Well Services
is still in the reservoir but not being Coiled tubing—a long,
produced possibly due to perme- continuous length of pipe wound
ability barriers, water or gas on a spool—provides rigless inter-
breakthrough or pressure vention capabilities for well
decline. stimulation or zone abandonment.
Water and scale control serv-
ices enhance the economic
life of the well.
Software
Expert Services
monitoring are crucial as is understanding of variety of screening methods and well-analysis
the remaining value of the asset at this stage. techniques are used to examine reservoir,
Simulation of workovers or well stimulation is completion, tubulars (wellbore and surface)
commonplace. Based on rates of return, com- and artificial-lift performance. Bypassed
panies may use Merak decision-making tools to hydrocarbons, infill drilling opportunities,
choose between producing until abandonment recompletion and restimulation candidates,
or divestiture of the asset. modifications to surface facilities and improve-
ments to artificial-lift systems may be identified
to enhance production and extend the life of
Reservoirs can link together in a private
Information
Technology
Solutions
from anywhere in the world. This access to a that serves the E&P industry by filling a learn-
secure, managed, closed community network— ing gap for oilfield professionals who need to
focused on critical oilfield operations, engineer- continually strengthen and diversify their skill-
ing projects and exploration/production partner sets and learn about emerging technologies.
reporting—serves a critical need in the life of Course delivery methods include traditional
the reservoir. classroom instruction, mentor-supported
on-line distance learning, CD-ROM self-study
programs and custom on-site courses.
Every day, the delivery and analysis of timely
Information
Management
... decisions that allow production operations to run at the pace of today’s business, enabling optimization of both
... production and the reservoir. What began within Schlumberger as a group of discrete applications, designed to
... ...
take daily hand-entered and commercial production data and deliver relevant information to the user, is evolving
into an offering of interconnected applications from field data capture to production economics that are modular,
.. integrated and scaleable to provide data to the client’s desktop at whatever frequency the data are acquired.
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Well Services
Remedial cementing
is used to plug an old,
produced-out well so that it
may be permanently
abandoned.