BA 501 Chapter 4 Partial Fractions

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 PARTIAL FRACTION BA501
CHAP 4 – Partial Fractions

Type of fraction
Proper Fractions
Numerator < Denominator
Proper fractions have the nominator part smaller than the denominator
part,
for example , or .
Improper Fractions
Numerator > Denominator or Numerator = Denominator
Improper fractions have the nominator part greater or equal to the
denominator part,
for example or .
Definition of partial fraction

Partial fractions use to split a ratio of large polynomials into a sum of ratios of
small polynomials. Split two or more fractions from a single fraction.
5x  1
exmp : =
2 3

( x  1 )( x  1 ) x 1 x 1
Types of partial fraction

Proper fraction with linear factors
 Partial fraction with linear factors is the fraction that has the denominator
consists of distinct linear factors ( ax + b )
(in other words do not have any square or cube terms etc).
?? A
=
( ax  b ) ax  b
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Example:
5x  1
1 : Find the partial fractions of :
( x  1 )( x  1 )
Step:
1. Ensure that the degree of the numerator is at least 1 less than the
degree of the denominator.
2. Determine the factor of fraction
Condition : i. power of x is 1
ii. power of brackets is 1
3. Apart the fraction by number of factor (the numerator is constant)
5x  1 A B
= 
( x  1 )( x  1 ) x 1 x 1
4. Cross multiplication between partial fraction
5x  1 A ( x  1)  B ( x  1)
=
( x  1 )( x  1 ) ( x  1) ( x  1)
5 x  1  A ( x  1)  B ( x  1) ---------------- equation 1
5. Use substitution method (kaedah penggantian - anggar nilai x)
 select the linear factor to be equal to zero
- the question have two factors ( x  1) and ( x  1)
i. if ( x  1)  0
x  1
a) Value of constant A can be find because part of A don’t has ( x  1 )
b) Substitute x   1 in equation 1
5 (  1)  1  A (  1  1)  B (  1  1) ------ Substitute the value of x
 4  A ( 2 )  B (0 )
 4
 A
 2
A  2
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ii. if ( x  1)  0
x 1
a) Value of constant B can be find because part of B don’t has ( x  1 )
b) Substitute x  1 in equation 1
5 (1 )  1  A (1  1 )  B (1  1 ) ------ Substitute the value of x
6  A (0 )  B (2 )
6
 B
2
B  3
6. Replace the constant value in fraction

5x  1 2 3
= 
( x  1 )( x  1 ) x 1 x 1
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Find the partial fractions of fraction below

x
i)
( x  1 )( x  2 )
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2x
2 : Express in partial fractions
( x  1 )( 2 x  1 )( x  2 )
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3 : Convert the fractions below into partial fraction.

x 1
i)
 3x  2
2
x
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 5x  6
2
2x
ii)
x ( x  2 )( x  3 )
Exercise 1 :
Express the fractions below into partial fractions:
8 x  14 1 2 1
i) ans =  
( x  1 )( x  2 )( x  3 ) x  1 x  2 x  3
2  3x 2 1
ii)  ans = 
( 2  x )( 2  x ) 2  x 2  x
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Proper fraction with repeated linear factors

Partial fraction with repeated linear factors is the fraction that has the
denominator consists of repeated distinct linear factors ( ax + b ) more than
one time.
??? A B ...
=   .....
( ax  b )
n
( ax  b ) ( ax  b ) ( ax  b )
2 n
2x  1
Example: Express the fractions into partial fractions
x ( x  1)
2
Step:
ii. power of brackets is more than 1
2x  1
A B C
=  
x 1 ( x  1)
2
x ( x  1)
2
x

2x  1 A ( x  1 )  Bx ( x  1 )  Cx
2
=
x ( x  1)
2
x ( x  1)
2
The factor x ( x  1)
2
 x ( x  1 )( x  1 )
2 x  1  A ( x  1)  Bx ( x  1 )  Cx ---------------- equation 1
2

- the question have two factors x and ( x  1)
i. if x  0
a) Value of constant A can be find because part of A don’t has x

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2 ( 0 )  1  A ( 0  1)  B 0 ( 0  1 )  C 0 ---Substitute the value of x

2
1  A (1 )
1
 A
1
A  1
ii. if ( x  1)  0
x 1
a) Value of constant C can be find because part of C don’t has ( x  1 )
2 (1 )  1  A (1  1 )  B (1 )( 1  1 )  C (1 ) --Substitute the value of x

2
3  A ( 0 )  B (1 )( 0 )  C (1 )
3
 C
1
C  3
6. For repeated linear factor, use comparing coefficient ( samakan pekali)

Expand equation 1
2 x  1  A( x  2 x  1)  B ( x  x )  Cx
2 2
)
2
Constant B ( has x and x
(Take only coefficient that have )

2 2
Choose x x
0  A  B
0  1 B
1  B
2x  1
1 1 3
=  
x 1 ( x  1)
2
x ( x  1)
2
x
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Question:
4 : Express the fractions below into partial fractions
x 1
i)
x ( x  1)
3
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3
2
2x
ii)
( x  1) ( x  1)
3
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3
iii)
x(x  2)
2
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4x  3
iv)
x ( x  1)
3
Exercise 2 :
Express the fractions below into partial fractions:
( x  3)
2
15 9 1
i)  ans =  
16  x  3  2x  3 16  x  5 
2
( x  3) ( x  5)
2
2 1 1 1
ii)  ans =   
2  x  1 x  1 2  x  1
2
( x  1) ( x  1)
2
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Proper fraction with quadratic factors

This method is for when there is a square term (quadratic factor) in one of the
factors of the denominator.
the quadratic factors ax

2
 bx  c which does not factorize.
??? Ax  B
=
 bx  c
2
 bx  c )
2
( ax ax
**every quadratic factors that can factorize, should be solve in

other factors.
 4
2
3x
Example : Solve the fraction .
 1)
2
x(x
Step:
2
 4
A Bx  C
= 
3x
1
2
 1)
2
x(x x x

A ( x  1 )  ( Bx  C ) x
2
 4
2
=
3x
x ( x  1)
2
 1)
2
x(x
 4  A(x  1 )  ( Bx  C ) x ---------------- equation 1

2 2
3x

- the question has one factors x
i. if x  0
a) Value of constant A can be find because part of A don’t has x
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 4  A (0  1 )  ( B 0  C ) 0 ---Substitute the value of x

2 2
3(0 )
 4  A (1 )
 4
 A
1
A  4
6. For quadratic factor, use comparing coefficient ( samakan pekali)
Expand equation 1
 4  A( x  1 )  ( Bx  Cx )
2 2 2
3x
Constant B ( has x )
2
Choose x (Take only coefficient that have x )

2 2
3  A  B
3  4  B
7  B
Constant C ( has x )
Choose x (Take only coefficient that have x )
0  C

2
 4
 4 7x
= 
3x
1
2
 1)
2
x(x x x
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Question:
5: Solve the fraction below.
 2
3
x
i)
1
4
x
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1
ii)
 4)
2
x(x
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4x 1
iii)
 4)
2 2
x (x
Exercise 3 : Convert the fractions below into partial fraction

2
x 1 1 2
i)  ans =  
x
4
 x
2
 2 6  x  1 6  x  1 
3 x
2
 2 
 3x
2
2x 1 1 x
ii)  ans =   
( x  1) ( x
2 2
 2) x  1 x  1
2
x 2
 2 
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Improper fraction
 Polynomial power/degree for numerator is same or more than power for
denominator.
Numerator
Deno min ator
 Improper fraction must convert to proper fraction using long division

quotient
balance
Deno min ator Numerator = quotient 
Deno min ator
( quotient  Deno min ator )
balance
Example
6 : Solve the fraction below :
 3
3
2x
i)
1
3
x
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 3x  2
3
4x
ii)
( 2 x  1 )( x  2 )
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 2x  2x  4x 1
4 3 2
x
iii)
 2x  3
2
x
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x  3
3
iv)
( x  1 )( x  2 )
Exercise 4 : Solve the fraction below as the partial fraction

2
2x 1 18
i)  ans = 1  
( 2 x  1 )( x  3 ) 5 2 x  1 5x  3
 x  3x  5
3 2
x 3 1 3
ii)  ans = 1   
2  x  1 x  1 2  x  1
2
( x  1 )( x  1)
2
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Summaries step to do partial fraction
Step
5. For linear factor, use substitution method (kaedah penggantian)
 select the factor to be equal to zero
 Substitute the value of x
6. For repeated linear factor and quadratic factor, use comparing
coefficient ( samakan pekali)
7. Replace the constant value
Hint:
To check if you've done the partial fraction expansion correctly, just add
all of the partial fractions together to see if their sum equals the original
ratio of polynomials.
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TUTORIAL
Express the fraction below into partial fraction:
5x  6
i.
( x  2 )( 1  x )
x 1
2
ii.
x ( x  1 )( x  1 )
2  3x
iii.
( 2  x )( 2  x )
x  3
2
iv.
( x  3) ( x  5)
2
2
x
v.
( x  3)
3
x  29 x  5
2
vi.
( x  4 ) ( x  3)
2 2
3x  2x
2
vii.
( x  2 )( x  3 )
2
x  2x  3
2
viii.
( x  1 )( x  5 )
2
x  x 1
3
ix.
x ( x  1)
x  7x  2
2
x.
( x  2 )( x  3 )
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BA 501 Chapter 4 Partial Fractions

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BA 501 Chapter 4 Partial Fractions

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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 PARTIAL FRACTION BA501

CHAP 4 – Partial Fractions

Definition of partial fraction

Types of partial fraction

4. Cross multiplication between partial fraction

a) Value of constant A can be find because part of A don’t has ( x  1 )

a) Value of constant B can be find because part of B don’t has ( x  1 )

6. Replace the constant value in fraction

Find the partial fractions of fraction below

3 : Convert the fractions below into partial fraction.

Proper fraction with repeated linear factors

4. Cross multiplication between partial fraction

5. Use substitution method (kaedah penggantian - anggar nilai x)

a) Value of constant A can be find because part of A don’t has x

2 ( 0 )  1  A ( 0  1)  B 0 ( 0  1 )  C 0 ---Substitute the value of x

a) Value of constant C can be find because part of C don’t has ( x  1 )

2 (1 )  1  A (1  1 )  B (1 )( 1  1 )  C (1 ) --Substitute the value of x

6. For repeated linear factor, use comparing coefficient ( samakan pekali)

(Take only coefficient that have )

7. Replace the constant value in fraction

Proper fraction with quadratic factors

the quadratic factors ax

**every quadratic factors that can factorize, should be solve in

4. Cross multiplication between partial fraction

 4  A(x  1 )  ( Bx  C ) x ---------------- equation 1

5. Use substitution method (kaedah penggantian - anggar nilai x)

a) Value of constant A can be find because part of A don’t has x

 4  A (0  1 )  ( B 0  C ) 0 ---Substitute the value of x

Choose x (Take only coefficient that have x )

7. Replace the constant value in fraction

Exercise 3 : Convert the fractions below into partial fraction

 Improper fraction must convert to proper fraction using long division

Exercise 4 : Solve the fraction below as the partial fraction

Summaries step to do partial fraction

Express the fraction below into partial fraction:

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