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Head First Java 2nd Edition
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:PVS#SBJOPO+BWB"-FBSOFST(VJEF Table of Contents (summary)
ND %DITION #OVERS *AVA Intro xxi
1 Breaking the Surface: a quick dip 1
2 A Trip to Objectville: yes, there will be objects 27
3 Know Your Variables: primitives and references 49
-FBSOIPXUISFBET 4 How Objects Behave: object state affects method behavior 71
DBODIBOHFZPVSMJGF )FBE'JSTU 5 Extra-Strength Methods: flow control, operations, and more 95
6 Using the Java Library: so you don’t have to write it all yourself 125
7 Better Living in Objectville: planning for the future 165
8 Serious Polymorphism: exploiting abstract classes and interfaces 197
9 Life and Death of an Object: constructors and memory management 235
.BLF+BWBDPODFQUT 10 Numbers Matter: math, formatting, wrappers, and statics 273
TUJDLUPZPVSCSBJO 11 Risky Behavior: exception handling 315
12 A Very Graphic Story: intro to GUI, event handling, and inner classes 353
+BWB 13
14
15
Work on Your Swing: layout managers and components
Saving Objects: serialization and I/O
Make a Connection: networking sockets and multithreading
399
429
471
16 Data Structures: collections and generics 529
'PPMBSPVOEJO 17 Release Your Code: packaging and deployment 581
UIF+BWB-JCSBSZ 18 Distributed Computing: RMI with a dash of servlets, EJB, and Jini 607
A Appendix A: Final code kitchen 649
B Appendix B: Top Ten Things that didn’t make it into the rest of the book 659
Index 677
"WPJEFNCBSBTTJOH
00NJTUBLFT
Table of Contents (the full version)
Intro
Your brain on Java. (ERE YOU ARE TRYING TO LEARN SOMETHING WHILE HERE YOUR BRAIN
IS DOING YOU A FAVOR BY MAKING SURE THE LEARNING DOESNT STICK 9OUR BRAINS THINKING h"ETTER
i LEAVE ROOM FOR MORE IMPORTANT THINGS LIKE WHICH WILD ANIMALS TO AVOID AND WHETHER NAKED
#FOEZPVSNJOE SNOWBOARDING IS A BAD IDEAv 3O HOW DO YOU TRICK YOUR BRAIN INTO THINKING THAT YOUR LIFE
BSPVOE DEPENDS ON KNOWING *AVA
+BWBQV[[MFT Who is this book for? xxii
What your brain is thinking xxiii
.BLFBUUSBDUJWF Metacognition xxv
Bend your brain into submission xxvii
BOEVTFGVM(6*T
What you need for this book xxviii
Technical editors xxx
Acknowledgements xxxi
ix
,BUIZ4JFSSB#FSU#BUFT
Breaking the Surface Know Your Variables
Java takes you to new places. &ROM ITS HUMBLE RELEASE TO THE PUBLIC AS THE Variables come in two flavors: primitive and reference.
WIMPY VERSION *AVA SEDUCED PROGRAMMERS WITH ITS FRIENDLY SYNTAX OBJECT
ORIENTED 4HERES GOTTA BE MORE TO LIFE THAN INTEGERS 3TRINGS AND ARRAYS 7HAT IF YOU HAVE A 0ET/WNER
1 FEATURES MEMORY MANAGEMENT AND BEST OF ALLTHE PROMISE OF PORTABILITY 7ELL TAKE A QUICK
3 OBJECT WITH A $OG INSTANCE VARIABLE /R A #AR WITH AN %NGINE )N THIS CHAPTER WELL UNWRAP
DIP AND WRITE SOME CODE COMPILE IT AND RUN IT 7ERE TALKING SYNTAX LOOPS BRANCHING AND WHAT THE MYSTERIES OF *AVA TYPES AND LOOK AT WHAT YOU CAN DECLARE AS A VARIABLE WHAT YOU CAN PUT
MAKES *AVA SO COOL $IVE IN IN A VARIABLE AND WHAT YOU CAN DO WITH A VARIABLE !ND WELL FINALLY SEE WHAT LIFE IS TRULY LIKE
ON THE GARBAGE
COLLECTIBLE HEAP
The way Java works 2
Virtual Code structure in Java 7 Declaring a variable (Java cares about type) 50
Machines 24
Anatomy of a class 8 Primitive types (“I’d like a double with extra foam, please”) 51
size
The main() method 9 Java keywords 53
Method Party() Looping 11 int
Reference variables (remote control to an object) 54
0 aload_0
Conditional branching (if tests) 13 ct Object declaration and assignment 55
1 invokespe- Dog obje
cial #1 <Method Coding the “99 bottles of beer” app 14 Objects on the garbage-collectible heap 57
java.lang.Object()>
Phrase-o-matic 16 fido Arrays (a first look) 59
4 return
Fireside chat: compiler vs. JVM 18 Exercises and puzzles 63
You Bet
Compiled Shoot Me
Exercises and puzzles 20 Dog reference
bytecode
How Objects Behave
A Trip to Objectville
State affects behavior, behavior affects state. 7E KNOW THAT OBJECTS
I was told there would be objects. )N #HAPTER WE PUT ALL OF OUR CODE
HAVE STATE AND BEHAVIOR REPRESENTED BY INSTANCE VARIABLES AND METHODS .OW WELL LOOK
IN THE MAIN METHOD 4HATS NOT EXACTLY OBJECT ORIENTED 3O NOW WEVE GOT TO LEAVE THAT
2 PROCEDURAL WORLD BEHIND AND START MAKING SOME OBJECTS OF OUR OWN 7ELL LOOK AT WHAT
4 AT HOW STATE AND BEHAVIOR ARE RELATED !N OBJECTS BEHAVIOR USES AN OBJECTS UNIQUE STATE
)N OTHER WORDS METHODS USE INSTANCE VARIABLE VALUES ,IKE hIF DOG WEIGHT IS LESS THAN
MAKES OBJECT ORIENTED // DEVELOPMENT IN *AVA SO MUCH FUN 7ELL LOOK AT THE DIFFERENCE
POUNDS MAKE YIPPY SOUND ELSEv ,ETS GO CHANGE SOME STATE
BETWEEN A CLASS AND AN OBJECT 7ELL LOOK AT HOW OBJECTS CAN IMPROVE YOUR LIFE
Methods use object state (bark different) 73
Chair Wars (Brad the OO guy vs. Larry the procedural guy) 28 pass-by-value means Method arguments and return types 74
Inheritance (an introduction) 31
pass-by-copy Pass-by-value (the variable is always copied) 77
Overriding methods (an introduction) 32
Getters and Setters 79
What’s in a class? (methods, instance variables) 34
Encapsulation (do it or risk humiliation) 80
Making your first object 36 copy of
x Using references in an array 83
Using main() 38 1 11
0 11 01
0 00 Exercises and puzzles 88
Guessing Game code 39 00 00
0
Exercises and puzzles 42 X Z
int int
foo.go(x); void go(int z){ }
x xi
Extra-Strength Methods Better Living in Objectville
Let’s put some muscle in our methods. 9OU DABBLED WITH VARIABLES Plan your programs with the future in mind. 7HAT IF YOU COULD WRITE
PLAYED WITH A FEW OBJECTS AND WROTE A LITTLE CODE "UT YOU NEED MORE TOOLS ,IKE CODE THAT SOMEONE ELSE COULD EXTEND EASILY 7HAT IF YOU COULD WRITE CODE THAT WAS FLEXIBLE
5 OPERATORS !ND LOOPS -IGHT BE USEFUL TO GENERATE RANDOM NUMBERS !ND TURN
7 FOR THOSE PESKY LAST
MINUTE SPEC CHANGES 7HEN YOU GET ON THE 0OLYMORPHISM 0LAN YOULL
A 3TRING INTO AN INT YEAH THAT WOULD BE COOL !ND WHY DONT WE LEARN IT ALL BY BUILDING LEARN THE STEPS TO BETTER CLASS DESIGN THE TRICKS TO POLYMORPHISM THE WAYS TO MAKE
SOMETHING REAL TO SEE WHAT ITS LIKE TO WRITE AND TEST A PROGRAM FROM SCRATCH -AYBE A FLEXIBLE CODE AND IF YOU ACT NOWA BONUS LESSON ON THE TIPS FOR EXPLOITING INHERITANCE
a build the GAME LIKE 3INK A $OT #OM SIMILAR TO "ATTLESHIP
We’re gonnot Com game Understanding inheritance (superclass and subclass relationships) 168
Sink a D Building the Sink a Dot Com game 96 Designing an inheritance tree (the Animal simulation) 170
Starting with the Simple Dot Com game (a simpler version) 98 Avoiding duplicate code (using inheritance) 171
!
Make it Stick
Writing prepcode (pseudocode for the game) 100 Overriding methods 172
"
Test code for Simple Dot Com 102 2OSES ARE RED
IS-A and HAS-A (bathtub girl) 177
#
VIOLETS ARE BL
3QUARE )3
! 3 UE
Coding the Simple Dot Com game 103 HAPE THE REV
'OCOM
$ 0ETSCOM ERSE ISNT TRUE
What do you inherit from your superclass? 180
2OSES ARE RED
Final code for Simple Dot Com 106 VIOLETS ARE DE
AR What does inheritance really buy you? 182
% "EER )3
! $RIN
K BUT NOT ALL
Generating random numbers with Math.random() 111 DRINKS ARE BE
ER Polymorphism (using a supertype reference to a subclass object) 183
& /+ YOUR TURN
-
Ready-bake code for getting user input from the command-line 112 WAY
NESS OF TH AKE ONE THAT SHOWS THE Rules for overriding (don’t touch those arguments and return types!) 190
' !SK-ECOM E ) ONE
Looping with for loops 114 BER IF 8 EX TEN 3
! RELATIONSHIP !ND R
DS 9 8 )3
! 9 EMEM
Method overloading (nothing more than method name re-use) 191
MUST MAKE SE
NSE
Casting primitives from a large size to a smaller size 117 Exercises and puzzles 192
Converting a String to an int with Integer.parseInt() 117
Exercises and puzzles 118
Serious Polymorphism
Using the Java Library Inheritance is just the beginning. 4O EXPLOIT POLYMORPHISM WE NEED
Java ships with hundreds of pre-built classes. 9OU DONT HAVE TO INTERFACES 7E NEED TO GO BEYOND SIMPLE INHERITANCE TO FLEXIBILITY YOU CAN GET ONLY BY
REINVENT THE WHEEL IF YOU KNOW HOW TO FIND WHAT YOU NEED FROM THE *AVA LIBRARY COMMONLY DESIGNING AND CODING TO INTERFACES 7HATS AN INTERFACE ! ABSTRACT CLASS 7HATS AN
6 8 ABSTRACT CLASS ! CLASS THAT CANT BE INSTANTIATED 7HATS THAT GOOD FOR 2EAD THE CHAPTER
KNOWN AS THE *AVA !0) 9OUVE GOT BETTER THINGS TO DO )F YOURE GOING TO WRITE CODE YOU
MIGHT AS WELL WRITE ONLY THE PARTS THAT ARE CUSTOM FOR YOUR APPLICATION 4HE CORE *AVA LIBRARY
Some classes just should not be instantiated 200
IS A GIANT PILE OF CLASSES JUST WAITING FOR YOU TO USE LIKE BUILDING BLOCKS
Object o = al.get(id); Abstract classes (can’t be instantiated) 201
Analying the bug in the Simple Dot Com Game 126 Dog d = (Dog) o; Abstract methods (must be implemented) 203
h'OOD TO KNOW THERES AN !RRAY,IST IN ArrayList (taking advantage of the Java API) 132 d.bark(); Polymorphism in action 206
THE JAVAUTIL PACKAGE "UT BY MYSELF HOW Fixing the DotCom class code 138 Class Object (the ultimate superclass of everything) 208
WOULD ) HAVE l GURED THAT OUT v
Building the real game (Sink a Dot Com) 140 Object
Taking objects out of an ArrayList (they come out as type Object) 211
- Julia, 31, hand model
Prepcode for the real game 144 Compiler checks the reference type (before letting you call a method) 213
D og t
Code for the real game 146 o objec
Get in touch with your inner object 214
boolean expressions 151 Polymorphic references 215
Object
cast t
Using the library (Java API) 154 back tohe Object Casting an object reference (moving lower on the inheritance tree) 216
d
Using packages (import statements, fully-qualified names) 155
know is a Dog we
there. Deadly Diamond of Death (multiple inheritance problem) 223
Using the HTML API docs and reference books 158 Dog
Using interfaces (the best solution!) 224
Exercises and puzzles 161 Exercises and puzzles 230
xii xiii
Life and Death of an Object Risky Behavior
Objects are born and objects die. 9OURE IN CHARGE 9OU DECIDE WHEN AND Stuff happens. 4HE FILE ISNT THERE 4HE SERVER IS DOWN .O MATTER HOW GOOD A
HOW TO CONSTRUCT THEM 9OU DECIDE WHEN TO ABANDON THEM 4HE 'ARBAGE #OLLECTOR GC PROGRAMMER YOU ARE YOU CANT CONTROL EVERYTHING 7HEN YOU WRITE A RISKY METHOD YOU NEED
9 RECLAIMS THE MEMORY 7ELL LOOK AT HOW OBJECTS ARE CREATED WHERE THEY LIVE AND HOW TO
11 CODE TO HANDLE THE BAD THINGS THAT MIGHT HAPPEN "UT HOW DO YOU KNOW WHEN A METHOD IS
KEEP OR ABANDON THEM EFFICIENTLY 4HAT MEANS WELL TALK ABOUT THE HEAP THE STACK SCOPE RISKY 7HERE DO YOU PUT THE CODE TO HANDLE THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION )N THIS CHAPTER WERE
CONSTRUCTORS SUPER CONSTRUCTORS NULL REFERENCES AND GC ELIGIBILITY GOING TO BUILD A -)$) -USIC 0LAYER THAT USES THE RISKY *AVA3OUND !0) SO WE BETTER FIND OUT
The stack and the heap, where objects and variables live 236 Making a music machine (the BeatBox) 316
calls
When someone od, this Methods on the stack 237 What if you need to call risky code? 319
s an exceptio
the go() meth ned. His Where local variables live 238 h row n
t
2 ba
ck Exceptions say “something bad may have happened...” 320
Duck is abando has been
Where instance variables live 239 The compiler guarantees (it checks) that you’re aware of the risks 321
only reference for a
The miracle of object creation 240 Catching exceptions using a try/catch (skateboarder) 322
class Cow {
class Bar { void moo() {
reprogrammed k.
t
ent Duc void go() { if (serverDown){
Constructors (the code that runs when you say new) 241 moo(); explode();
Du ec differ }
ck bj }
Flow control in try/catch blocks 326
}
o int stuff() {
1 }
x.beep();
Initializing the state of a new Duck 243 } calls risky method The finally block (no matter what happens, turn off the oven!) 327
d }
Overloaded constructors 247 Catching multiple exceptions (the order matters) 329
Heap your code class with a
t
Du
ck objec
Superclass constructors (constructor chaining) 250 risky method Declaring an exception (just duck it) 335
Invoking overloaded constructors using this() 256 Handle or declare law 337
g the
‘d’ is assigned a new Duck object, leavin. That Life of an object 258 Code Kitchen (making sounds) 339
original (first) Duck object abandoned Garbage Collection (and making objects eligible) 260 Exercises and puzzles 348
first Duck is toast..
Exercises and puzzles 266
A Very Graphic Story
Numbers Matter Face it, you need to make GUIs. %VEN IF YOU BELIEVE THAT FOR THE REST OF YOUR
Do the Math. 4HE *AVA !0) HAS METHODS FOR ABSOLUTE VALUE ROUNDING MINMAX ETC LIFE YOULL WRITE ONLY SERVER SIDE CODE SOONER OR LATER YOULL NEED TO WRITE TOOLS AND YOULL
Static variables
10 "UT WHAT ABOUT FORMATTING 9OU MIGHT WANT NUMBERS TO PRINT EXACTLY TWO DECIMAL POINTS
12 WANT A GRAPHICAL INTERFACE 7ELL SPEND TWO CHAPTERS ON '5)S AND LEARN MORE LANGUAGE
are shared by OR WITH COMMAS IN ALL THE RIGHT PLACES !ND YOU MIGHT WANT TO PRINT AND MANIPULATE DATES FEATURES INCLUDING %VENT (ANDLING AND )NNER #LASSES 7ELL PUT A BUTTON ON THE SCREEN
all instances of TOO !ND WHAT ABOUT PARSING A 3TRING INTO A NUMBER /R TURNING A NUMBER INTO A 3TRING class MyOuter { WELL PAINT ON THE SCREEN WELL DISPLAY A JPEG IMAGE AND WELL EVEN DO SOME ANIMATION
a class.
7ELL START BY LEARNING WHAT IT MEANS FOR A VARIABLE OR METHOD TO BE STATIC
static variable: class MyInner {
void go() { Your first GUI 355
iceCream Math class (do you really need an instance of it?) 274 }
kid instance two Getting a user event 357
}
kid instance one static methods 275 Implement a listener interface 358
static variables 277 }
instance variables: Getting a button’s ActionEvent 360
one per instance Constants (static final variables) 282 Putting graphics on a GUI 363
The outer and inner objects
Math methods (random(), round(), abs(), etc.) 286 Fun with paintComponent() 365
static variables: are now intimately linked.
r
one per class Wrapper classes (Integer, Boolean, Character, etc.) 287 oute The Graphics2D object 366
Autoboxing 289 Putting more than one button on a screen 370
Number formatting 294
jects on the inner
These two aobspecial bond. The Inner classes to the rescue (make your listener an inner class) 376
Date formatting and manipulation 301 heap have use the outer’s
Animation (move it, paint it, move it, paint it, move it, paint it...) 382
inner can (and vice-versa).
Static imports 307 variables Code Kitchen (painting graphics with the beat of the music) 386
Exercises and puzzles 310 Exercises and puzzles 394
xiv xv
Work on your Swing Make a Connection
Swing is easy. 5NLESS YOU ACTUALLY CARE WHERE EVERYTHING GOES 3WING CODE LOOKS Connect with the outside world. )TS EASY !LL THE LOW
LEVEL NETWORKING
EASY BUT THEN COMPILE IT RUN IT LOOK AT IT AND THINK hHEY THATS NOT SUPPOSED TO GO THEREv DETAILS ARE TAKEN CARE OF BY CLASSES IN THE JAVANET LIBRARY /NE OF *AVAS BEST FEATURES IS
4HE THING THAT MAKES IT EASY TO CODE IS THE THING THAT MAKES IT HARD TO CONTROLTHE ,AYOUT
13 15 THAT SENDING AND RECEIVING DATA OVER A NETWORK IS REALLY JUST )/ WITH A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT
-ANAGER "UT WITH A LITTLE WORK YOU CAN GET LAYOUT MANAGERS TO SUBMIT TO YOUR WILL )N CONNECTION STREAM AT THE END OF THE CHAIN )N THIS CHAPTER WELL MAKE CLIENT SOCKETS 7ELL
THIS CHAPTER WELL WORK ON OUR 3WING AND LEARN MORE ABOUT WIDGETS MAKE SERVER SOCKETS 7ELL MAKE CLIENTS AND SERVERS "EFORE THE CHAPTERS DONE YOULL HAVE A
FULLY
FUNCTIONAL MULTITHREADED CHAT CLIENT $ID WE JUST SAY MULTITHREADED
Swing Components 400 Socket co
Components in Layout Managers (they control size and placement) 401 to port 50nnection
on the serv 00 Chat program overview 473
the east and Three Layout Managers (border, flow, box) 403 er at
Connecting, sending, and receiving 474
196.164.1.10
3
west get theirth. BorderLayout (cares about five regions) 404
preferred wid Network sockets 475
FlowLayout (cares about the order and preferred size) 408
TCP ports 476
Things in the BoxLayout (like flow, but can stack components vertically) 411
Reading data from a socket (using BufferedReader) 478
north and The center get JTextField (for single-line user input) 413
south get their Writing data to a socket (using PrintWriter) 479
whatever’s left.s JTextArea (for multi-line, scrolling text) 414 Client Server
preferred height. nnection Writing the Daily Advice Client program 480
JCheckBox (is it selected?) 416
Writing a simple server 483
Socket ocothe client
JList (a scrollable, selectable list) 417 back t 164.1.100,
at 196. 242 Daily Advice Server code 484
Code Kitchen (The Big One - building the BeatBox chat client) 418 port 4 Writing a chat client 486
Exercises and puzzles 424
Multiple call stacks 490
Launching a new thread (make it, start it) 492
The Runnable interface (the thread’s job) 494
Saving Objects Three states of a new Thread object (new, runnable, running) 495
Objects can be flattened and inflated. /BJECTS HAVE STATE AND BEHAVIOR The runnable-running loop 496
"EHAVIOR LIVES IN THE CLASS BUT STATE LIVES WITHIN EACH INDIVIDUAL OBJECT )F YOUR PROGRAM Thread scheduler (it’s his decision, not yours) 497
Putting a thread to sleep 501
14 NEEDS TO SAVE STATE YOU CAN DO IT THE HARD WAY INTERROGATING EACH OBJECT PAINSTAKINGLY
WRITING THE VALUE OF EACH INSTANCE VARIABLE /R YOU CAN DO IT THE EASY // WAYYOU SIMPLY Making and starting two threads 503
FREEZE
DRY THE OBJECT SERIALIZE IT AND RECONSTITUTE DESERIALIZE IT TO GET IT BACK Concurrency issues: can this couple be saved? 505
The Ryan and Monica concurrency problem, in code 506
Saving object state 431
serialized Locking to make things atomic 510
Writing a serialized object to a file 432
Every object has a lock 511
Java input and output streams (connections and chains) 433
The dreaded “Lost Update” problem 512
Object serialization 434
ions? Synchronized methods (using a lock) 514
Implementing the Serializable interface 437
Any quest Deadlock! 516
Using transient variables 439
Multithreaded ChatClient code 518
deserialized Deserializing an object 441
Ready-bake SimpleChatServer 520
Writing to a text file 447
Exercises and puzzles 524
java.io.File 452
Reading from a text file 454
Splitting a String into tokens with split() 458
CodeKitchen 462
Exercises and puzzles 466
xvi xvii
Data Structures Distributed Computing
Sorting is a snap in Java. 9OU HAVE ALL THE TOOLS FOR COLLECTING AND MANIPULATING Being remote doesn’t have to be a bad thing. 3URE THINGS ARE EASIER
YOUR DATA WITHOUT HAVING TO WRITE YOUR OWN SORT ALGORITHMS 4HE *AVA #OLLECTIONS WHEN ALL THE PARTS OF YOUR APPLICATION ARE IN ONE PLACE IN ONE HEAP WITH ONE *6- TO RULE
16 &RAMEWORK HAS A DATA STRUCTURE THAT SHOULD WORK FOR VIRTUALLY ANYTHING YOULL EVER NEED
18 THEM ALL "UT THATS NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE /R DESIRABLE 7HAT IF YOUR APPLICATION HANDLES
TO DO 7ANT TO KEEP A LIST THAT YOU CAN EASILY KEEP ADDING TO 7ANT TO FIND SOMETHING BY POWERFUL COMPUTATIONS 7HAT IF YOUR APP NEEDS DATA FROM A SECURE DATABASE )N THIS
NAME 7ANT TO CREATE A LIST THAT AUTOMATICALLY TAKES OUT ALL THE DUPLICATES 3ORT YOUR CO
CHAPTER WELL LEARN TO USE *AVAS AMAZINGLY SIMPLE 2EMOTE -ETHOD )NVOCATION 2-) 7ELL
WORKERS BY THE NUMBER OF TIMES THEYVE STABBED YOU IN THE BACK ALSO TAKE A QUICK PEEK AT 3ERVLETS %NTERPRISE *AVA "EANS %*" AND *INI
Collections 533 Server Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI), hands-on, very detailed 614
Client
Sorting an ArrayList with Collections.sort() 534 Servlets (a quick look) 625
List 0 1 2 3 Generics and type-safety 540 RMI STUB RMI SKELETON Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), a very quick look 631
Sorting things that implement the Comparable interface 547 Jini, the best trick of all 632
r
e
t
Cli Se Se
Sorting things with a custom Comparator 552 ent helper rvice help
C li
rvice objec Building the really cool universal service browser 636
ent object
The collection API—lists, sets, and maps 557 The End 648
Set Avoiding duplicates with HashSet 559
Overriding hashCode() and equals() 560
HashMap 567
Using wildcards for polymorphism 574
“Ball1”
Map “Ball” “Ball2”
“Fish” “Car”
“Fish”“Car” Appendix A
Exercises and puzzles 576
The final Code Kitchen project. !LL THE CODE FOR THE FULL CLIENT
SERVER CHAT
BEAT BOX 9OUR CHANCE TO BE A ROCK STAR
Release Your Code
It’s time to let go. 9OU WROTE YOUR CODE 9OU TESTED YOUR CODE 9OU REFINED YOUR CODE
A
BeatBoxFinal (client code) 650
9OU TOLD EVERYONE YOU KNOW THAT IF YOU NEVER SAW A LINE OF CODE AGAIN THATD BE FINE "UT IN MusicServer (server code) 657
DANCE BEAT
17 THE END YOUVE CREATED A WORK OF ART 4HE THING ACTUALLY RUNS "UT NOW WHAT )N THESE FINAL
TWO CHAPTERS WELL EXPLORE HOW TO ORGANIZE PACKAGE AND DEPLOY YOUR *AVA CODE 7ELL LOOK !NDY GROOVE
REVISED
#HRIS GROOVE
BEAT
.IGEL DANCE
AT LOCAL SEMI
LOCAL AND REMOTE DEPLOYMENT OPTIONS INCLUDING EXECUTABLE JARS *AVA 7EB
3TART 2-) AND 3ERVLETS 2ELAX 3OME OF THE COOLEST THINGS IN *AVA ARE EASIER THAN YOU THINK
classes
Deployment options 582
com
Keep your source code and class files separate 584 Appendix B
101101
10 110 1 Making an executable JAR (Java ARchives) 585
0 11 0
001 10
MyApp.jar
foo
001 01
Running an executable JAR 586 The Top Ten Things that didn’t make it into the book. 7E CANT SEND
MyApp.class
Put your classes in a package! 587 YOU OUT INTO THE WORLD JUST YET 7E HAVE A FEW MORE THINGS FOR YOU BUT THIS IS THE END OF THE
Packages must have a matching directory structure 589
B BOOK !ND THIS TIME WE REALLY MEAN IT
Web Server Compiling and running with packages 590 Top Ten List 660
JWS
Lorper
iure
Compiling with -d 591
eugue
tat vero
conse
euguero- Making an executable JAR (with packages) 592
MyApp.jar
MyApp.jnlp MyApp.jar
Java Web Start (JWS) for deployment from the web 597
How to make and deploy a JWS application 600 Index 677
Exercises and puzzles 601
xviii xix
i
once upon a time in Objectville
Chair Wars
2 classes and objects (or How Objects Can Change Your Life)
the spec
NCE UPON A TIME IN A SOFTWARE SHOP TWO
PROGRAMMERS WERE GIVEN THE SAME SPEC AND TOLD TO
A Trip to Objectville hBUILD ITv 4HE 2EALLY !NNOYING 0ROJECT -ANAGER
O FORCED THE TWO CODERS TO COMPETE
BY PROMISING THAT WHOEVER DELIVERS
lRST GETS ONE OF THOSE COOL !ERON©
CHAIRS ALL THE 3ILICON 6ALLEY GUYS HAVE
,ARRY THE PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMER AND
We’re going to "RAD THE // GUY BOTH KNEW THIS WOULD
Objectville! We’re BE A PIECE OF CAKE
leaving this dusty ol’
procedural town for good. ,ARRY SITTING IN HIS CUBE THOUGHT TO
I’ll send you a postcard. HIMSELF h7HAT ARE THE THINGS THIS PROGRAM
HAS TO DO 7HAT PROCEDURES DO WE NEED v
!ND HE ANSWERED HIMSELF hROTATE AND
PLAY3OUNDv 3O OFF HE WENT TO BUILD THE
PROCEDURES !FTER ALL WHAT IS A PROGRAM IF NOT
A PILE OF PROCEDURES
"RAD MEANWHILE KICKED BACK AT THE CAFE
AND THOUGHT TO HIMSELF h7HAT ARE THE THINGS
IN THIS PROGRAM WHO ARE THE KEY PLAYERS v (E
lRST THOUGHT OF 4HE 3HAPES /F COURSE THERE
WERE OTHER OBJECTS HE THOUGHT OF LIKE THE 5SER THE 3OUND
AND THE #LICKING EVENT "UT HE ALREADY HAD A LIBRARY OF CODE
FOR THOSE PIECES SO HE FOCUSED ON BUILDING 3HAPES 2EAD
ON TO SEE HOW "RAD AND ,ARRY BUILT THEIR PROGRAMS AND the chair
FOR THE ANSWER TO YOUR BURNING QUESTION h3O WHO GOT THE
!ERON v
I was told there would be objects. )N CHAPTER WE PUT ALL OF OUR CODE IN THE
MAIN METHOD 4HATS NOT EXACTLY OBJECT
ORIENTED )N FACT THATS NOT OBJECT
ORIENTED AT ALL 7ELL In Larry’s cube At Brad’s laptop at the cafe
WE DID USE A FEW OBJECTS LIKE THE 3TRING ARRAYS FOR THE 0HRASE
/
-ATIC BUT WE DIDNT ACTUALLY !S HE HAD DONE A GAZILLION TIMES BEFORE ,ARRY "RAD WROTE A CLASS FOR EACH OF THE THREE SHAPES
DEVELOP ANY OF OUR OWN OBJECT TYPES 3O NOW WEVE GOT TO LEAVE THAT PROCEDURAL WORLD BEHIND SET ABOUT WRITING HIS )MPORTANT 0ROCEDURES
(E WROTE ROTATE AND PLAY3OUND IN NO TIME
GET THE HECK OUT OF MAIN AND START MAKING SOME OBJECTS OF OUR OWN 7ELL LOOK AT WHAT MAKES
rotate(shapeNum) {
OBJECT
ORIENTED // DEVELOPMENT IN *AVA SO MUCH FUN 7ELL LOOK AT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN // make the shape rotate 360º
A CLASS AND AN OBJECT 7ELL LOOK AT HOW OBJECTS CAN GIVE YOU A BETTER LIFE AT LEAST THE PROGRAM
}
MING PART OF YOUR LIFE .OT MUCH WE CAN DO ABOUT YOUR FASHION SENSE 7ARNING ONCE YOU GET playSound(shapeNum) {
// use shapeNum to lookup which }
TO /BJECTVILLE YOU MIGHT NEVER GO BACK 3END US A POSTCARD
// AIF sound to play, and play it
}
}
}
this is a new chapter 27 28 chapter 2
classes and objects once upon a time in Objectville
Larry thought he’d nailed it. He could almost feel the rolled Larry snuck in just moments ahead of Brad.
steel of the Aeron beneath his... (AH 3O MUCH FOR THAT FOOFY // NONSENSE "UT THE SMIRK ON ,ARRYS FACE MELTED WHEN THE
2EALLY !NNOYING 0ROJECT -ANAGER SAID WITH THAT TONE OF DISAPPOINTMENT h/H NO THATS NOT
But wait! There’s been a spec change. HOW THE AMOEBA IS SUPPOSED TO ROTATEv
h/+ TECHNICALLY YOU WERE l RST ,ARRY v SAID THE -ANAGER hBUT WE HAVE TO ADD JUST ONE 4URNS OUT BOTH PROGRAMMERS HAD WRITTEN THEIR ROTATE CODE LIKE THIS
TINY THING TO THE PROGRAM )TLL BE NO PROBLEM FOR CRACK PROGRAMMERS LIKE YOU TWOv 1) determine the rectangle that surrounds the shape
h)F ) HAD A DIME FOR EVERY TIME )VE HEARD THAT ONEv THOUGHT ,ARRY KNOWING THAT SPEC
2) calculate the center of that rectangle, and rotate the shape around that point.
CHANGE
NO
PROBLEM WAS A FANTASY h!ND YET "RAD LOOKS STRANGELY SERENE 7HATS UP WITH "UT THE AMOEBA SHAPE WAS SUPPOSED TO ROTATE AROUND A POINT ON ONE END LIKE A CLOCK HAND
THAT v 3TILL ,ARRY HELD TIGHT TO HIS CORE BELIEF THAT THE // WAY WHILE CUTE WAS JUST
SLOW !ND THAT IF YOU WANTED TO CHANGE HIS MIND YOUD HAVE TO PRY IT FROM HIS COLD h)M TOASTv THOUGHT ,ARRY VISUALIZING CHARRED 7ONDERBREAD© h!LTHOUGH HMMMM ) COULD
DEAD CARPAL
TUNNELLED HANDS JUST ADD ANOTHER IFELSE TO THE ROTATE PROCEDURE AND THEN JUST HARD
CODE THE ROTATION POINT
CODE FOR THE AMOEBA 4HAT PROBABLY WONT BREAK ANYTHINGv "UT THE LITTLE VOICE AT THE BACK OF
ape HIS HEAD SAID h"IG -ISTAKE $O YOU HONESTLY THINK THE SPEC WONT CHANGE AGAIN v
moeba sh s.
l be an a
There wil en, with the other what got added to the spec
re
on the sc ser clicks on the L arry
eu the point in
When th tate like rotation
it will ro if sound file Ameoba version:
amoeba, .h ’s
nd play a and Brad
others, a What the spec conveniently
forgot to mention
rotation
e ameba
Where th be:
t sh ou ld
poin
Back in Larry’s cube At Brad’s laptop at the beach Back in Larry’s cube At Brad’s laptop on his lawn
4HE ROTATE PROCEDURE WOULD STILL WORK THE CODE USED "RAD SMILED SIPPED HIS MARGARITA AND WROTE ONE (E l GURED HE BETTER ADD ROTATION POINT ARGUMENTS chair at the Telluride Bluegrass Festival
A LOOKUP TABLE TO MATCH A SHAPE.UM TO AN ACTUAL NEW CLASS 3OMETIMES THE THING HE LOVED MOST TO THE ROTATE PROCEDURE ! LOT OF CODE WAS AFFECTED 7ITHOUT MISSING A BEAT "RAD MODIl ED THE ROTATE
SHAPE GRAPHIC "UT PLAY3OUND WOULD HAVE TO CHANGE ABOUT // WAS THAT HE DIDNT HAVE TO TOUCH CODE 4ESTING RECOMPILING THE WHOLE NINE YARDS ALL OVER METHOD BUT ONLY IN THE !MOEBA CLASS (E NEVER
!ND WHAT THE HECK IS A HIF l LE HED ALREADY TESTED AND DELIVERED h&LEXIBILITY AGAIN 4HINGS THAT USED TO WORK DIDNT TOUCHED THE TESTED WORKING
playSound(shapeNum) { EXTENSIBILITY v HE MUSED REm ECTING ON THE rotate(shapeNum, xPt, yPt) { COMPILED CODE FOR THE OTHER Amoeba
// if the shape is not an amoeba, BENEl TS OF // PARTS OF THE PROGRAM 4O int xPoint
Amoeba // if the shape is not an amoeba,
// use shapeNum to lookup which GIVE THE !MOEBA A ROTA
int yPoint
// AIF sound to play, and play it // calculate the center point
rotate() { TION POINT HE ADDED AN rotate() {
// else // code to rotate an amoeba // based on a rectangle,
// play amoeba .hif sound
ATTRIBUTE THAT ALL !MOEBAS // code to rotate an amoeba
} // then rotate WOULD HAVE (E MODI
// using amoeba’s x and y
}
playSound() { // else l ED TESTED AND DELIVERED }
)T TURNED OUT NOT TO BE SUCH A BIG DEAL BUT IT STILL
// code to play the new // use the xPt and yPt as WIRELESSLY THE REVISED playSound() {
MADE HIM QUEASY TO TOUCH PREVIOUSLY
TESTED CODE /F // .hif file for an amoeba
// the rotation point offset PROGRAM DURING A SINGLE // code to play the new
ALL PEOPLE HE SHOULD KNOW THAT NO MATTER WHAT THE } // .hif file for an amoeba
PROJECT MANAGER SAYS THE SPEC ALWAYS CHANGES // and then rotate "ELA &LECK SET
}
}
you are here4 29 30 chapter 2
classes and objects once upon a time in Objectville
So, Brad the OO guy got the chair, right ? What about the Amoeba rotate()?
.OT SO FAST ,ARRY FOUND A mAW IN "RADS APPROACH !ND ,!229 7ASNT THAT THE WHOLE PROBLEM HERE THAT THE AMOEBA SHAPE
SINCE HE WAS SURE THAT IF HE GOT THE CHAIR HED ALSO GET ,UCY HAD A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT ROTATE AND PLAY3OUND PROCEDURE
IN ACCOUNTING HE HAD TO TURN THIS THING AROUND "2!$ -ETHOD ve
rride Now
O
,!229 9OUVE GOT DUPLICATED CODE 4HE ROTATE ,!229 7HATEVER (OW CAN AMOEBA DO SOMETHING DIFFERENT IF
PROCEDURE IS IN ALL FOUR 3HAPE THINGS As w
IT hINHERITSv ITS FUNCTIONALITY FROM THE 3HAPE CLASS k Me Ho
"2!$ )TS A METHOD NOT A PROCEDURE !ND THEYRE CLASSES "2!$ 4HATS THE LAST STEP 4HE !MOEBA CLASS OVERRIDES THE
NOT THINGS METHODS OF THE 3HAPE CLASS 4HEN AT RUNTIME THE *6- KNOWS EXACTLY
,!229 7HATEVER )TS A STUPID DESIGN 9OU HAVE TO WHICH ROTATE METHOD TO RUN WHEN SOMEONE TELLS THE !MOEBA TO ROTATE
MAINTAIN FOUR DIFFERENT ROTATE hMETHODSv (OW CAN THAT
EVER BE GOOD
"2!$ /H ) GUESS YOU DIDNT SEE THE lNAL DESIGN ,ET ME superclass Shape 4
(more abstract)
SHOW YOU HOW // INHERITANCE WORKS ,ARRY rotate() override
playSound()
I Imade
madethe
theAmoeba
Amoebaclass
classoverride
What Larry wanted the
therotate() and playSound()
rotate()method of the
(figured the chair would impress her) superclass the superclass Shape.
methods ofShape.
subclasses Overriding just
(more specific) Overriding just means
meansthat
thataa
subclass
subclassredefines
redefinesone
oneof its
ofits
1 inherited
inheritedmethods
methodswhen needs
whenititneeds
Square Circle Triangle Amoeba Square Circle Triangle Amoeba behavior
I looked at what all four totochange
changeor
orextend
extendthe
thebehavior
rotate() rotate() rotate() rotate() classes have in common. ofofthat method.
thatmethod.
rotate() {
playSound() playSound() playSound() playSound() // amoeba-specific
// rotate code {
Overriding methods
playSound() {
// amoeba-specific
// sound code {
2
They’re Shapes, and they all rotate and Shape
I can take
playSound. So I abstracted out the ,!229 (OW DO YOU hTELLv AN !MOEBA TO
rotate() 3 care of myself.
common features and put them into a playSound() DO SOMETHING $ONT YOU HAVE TO CALL THE I know how an Amoeba
new class called Shape. PROCEDURE SORRYMETHOD AND THEN TELL IT I know how a Shape is is supposed to rotate
Shape Then I linked the other WHICH THING TO ROTATE and play a sound.
supposed to behave. Your
superclass four shape classes to job is to tell me what to
rotate() "2!$ 4HATS THE REALLY COOL THING ABOUT //
playSound() the new Shape class, do, and my job is to make it happen.
7HEN ITS TIME FOR SAY THE TRIANGLE TO ROTATE Don’t you worry your little program-
in a relationship called THE PROGRAM CODE INVOKES CALLS THE ROTATE mer head about how I do it.
inheritance. METHOD ON THE TRIANGLE OBJECT 4HE REST OF THE
You can read this as, “Square inherits from Shape”,
PROGRAM REALLY DOESNT KNOW OR CARE HOW THE
“Circle inherits from Shape”, and so on. I removed subclasses
rotate() and playSound() from the other shapes, so now
TRIANGLE DOES IT !ND WHEN YOU NEED TO ADD
there’s only one copy to maintain. SOMETHING NEW TO THE PROGRAM YOU JUST WRITE
Square Circle Triangle Amoeba A NEW CLASS FOR THE NEW OBJECT TYPE SO THE NEW
The Shape class is called the superclass of the other four
OBJECTS WILL HAVE THEIR OWN BEHAVIOR
classes. The other four are the subclasses of Shape. The
subclasses inherit the methods of the superclass. In other
words, if the Shape class has the functionality, then the
subclasses automatically get that same functionality.
you are here4 31 32 chapter 2
classes and objects thinking about objects
The suspense is killing me. When you design a class, think about the objects that
Who got the chair? will be cre ated from that class t ype. Think about:
N things the object knows
!MY FROM THE SECOND m OOR
N things the object does
UNBEKNOWNST TO ALL THE 0ROJECT
-ANAGER HAD GIVEN THE SPEC TO Button Alarm
ShoppingCart
THREE PROGRAMMERS
label alarmTime
cartContents knows color knows alarmMode knows
setColor() setAlarmTime()
addToCart() does setLabel() does getAlarmTime()
setAlarm() does
YiX`e removeFromCart() dePress() isAlarmSet()
checkOut() unDepress() snooze()
What do you like about OO? gfn\i
4IME TO PUMP SOME NEURONS
“It helps me design in a more natural way. Things 9OU JUST READ A STORY BOUT A PROCEDURAL
have a way of evolving.” PROGRAMMER GOING HEAD
TO
HEAD WITH AN //
PROGRAMMER 9OU GOT A QUICK OVERVIEW OF SOME Things an object knows about itself are called Song
-Joy, 27, software architect
KEY // CONCEPTS INCLUDING CLASSES METHODS AND instance
ATTRIBUTES 7ELL SPEND THE REST OF THE CHAPTER N instance variables title knows
LOOKING AT CLASSES AND OBJECTS WELL RETURN TO variables artist
“Not messing around with code I’ve already
tested, just to add a new feature.” INHERITANCE AND OVERRIDING IN LATER CHAPTERS (state)
setTitle()
-Brad, 32, programmer "ASED ON WHAT YOUVE SEEN SO FAR AND WHAT YOU Things an object can do are called methods setArtist() does
MAY KNOW FROM A PREVIOUS // LANGUAGE YOUVE (behavior) play()
WORKED WITH TAKE A MOMENT TO THINK ABOUT N methods
“I like that the data and the methods that oper-
THESE QUESTIONS
ate on that data are together in one class.”
-Josh, 22, beer drinker 7HAT ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL THINGS YOU NEED TO
THINK ABOUT WHEN YOU DESIGN A *AVA CLASS 7HAT
“Reusing code in other applications. When I write ARE THE QUESTIONS YOU NEED TO ASK YOURSELF 4HINGS AN OBJECT KNOWS ABOUT ITSELF ARE CALLED INSTANCE Sharpen your pencil
a new class, I can make it flexible enough to be )F YOU COULD DESIGN A CHECKLIST TO USE WHEN VARIABLES 4HEY REPRESENT AN OBJECTS STATE THE DATA AND
used in something new, later.” YOURE DESIGNING A CLASS WHAT WOULD BE ON THE
-Chris, 39, project manager
CAN HAVE UNIQUE VALUES FOR EACH OBJECT OF THAT TYPE &ILL IN WHAT A TELEVISION OBJECT
CHECKLIST MIGHT NEED TO KNOW AND DO
Think of instance as another way of saying object.
“I can’t believe Chris just said that. He hasn’t 4HINGS AN OBJECT CAN DO ARE CALLED METHODS 7HEN YOU
written a line of code in 5 years.” DESIGN A CLASS YOU THINK ABOUT THE DATA AN OBJECT WILL NEED
-Daryl, 44, works for Chris metacognitive tip TO KNOW ABOUT ITSELF AND YOU ALSO DESIGN THE METHODS
THAT OPERATE ON THAT DATA )TS COMMON FOR AN OBJECT TO
If you’re stuck on an exercise, try talking about HAVE METHODS THAT READ OR WRITE THE VALUES OF THE INSTANCE
“Besides the chair?”
it out loud. Speaking (and hearing) activates VARIABLES &OR EXAMPLE !LARM OBJECTS HAVE AN INSTANCE
-Amy, 34, programmer
a different part of your brain. Although it VARIABLE TO HOLD THE ALARM4IME AND TWO METHODS FOR
works best if you have another person to
GETTING AND SETTING THE ALARM4IME
discuss it with, pets work too. That’s how
our dog learned polymorphism. 3O OBJECTS HAVE INSTANCE VARIABLES AND METHODS BUT THOSE
INSTANCE VARIABLES AND METHODS ARE DESIGNED AS PART OF THE
CLASS
you are here4 33 34 chapter 2
classes and objects making objects
Making your first object
3O WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO CREATE AND USE AN OBJECT 9OU NEED TWO CLASSES /NE
What’s the difference between CLASS FOR THE TYPE OF OBJECT YOU WANT TO USE $OG !LARM#LOCK 4ELEVISION The Dot Operator (.)
ETC AND ANOTHER CLASS TO TEST YOUR NEW CLASS 4HE TESTER CLASS IS WHERE YOU PUT
a class and an object? THE MAIN METHOD AND IN THAT MAIN METHOD YOU CREATE AND ACCESS OBJECTS 4HE DOT OPERATOR GIVES
OF YOUR NEW CLASS TYPE 4HE TESTER CLASS HAS ONLY ONE JOB TO TRY OUT THE METH YOU ACCESS TO AN OBJECTS
ODS AND VARIABLES OF YOUR NEW OBJECT CLASS TYPE STATE AND BEHAVIOR INSTANCE
VARIABLES AND METHODS
&ROM THIS POINT FORWARD IN THE BOOK YOULL SEE TWO CLASSES IN MANY OF
OUR EXAMPLES /NE WILL BE THE REAL CLASS n THE CLASS WHOSE OBJECTS WE
REALLY WANT TO USE AND THE OTHER CLASS WILL BE THE TESTER CLASS WHICH WE MAKE A NEW OBJECT
CALL WHATEVER9OUR#LASS.AME)S TestDrive &OR EXAMPLE IF WE MAKE A $OG D NEW $OG
A class is not an object. Bungee CLASS WELL NEED A BungeeTestDrive CLASS AS WELL /NLY THE
SOME#LASS.AME TestDrive CLASS WILL HAVE A MAIN METHOD AND ITS SOLE
(but it’s used to construct them) TELL IT TO BARK BY USING THE
PURPOSE IS TO CREATE OBJECTS OF YOUR NEW TYPE THE NOT THE TESTER CLASS AND
THEN USE THE DOT OPERATOR TO ACCESS THE METHODS AND VARIABLES OF THE NEW DOT OPERATOR ON THE
! CLASS IS A BLUEPRINT FOR AN OBJECT )T TELLS THE VARIABLE D TO CALL BARK
JVM OBJECTS 4HIS WILL ALL BE MADE STUNNINGLY CLEAR BY THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES
VIRTUAL MACHINE HOW TO MAKE AN OBJECT OF THAT DBARK
PARTICULAR TYPE %ACH OBJECT MADE FROM THAT
CLASS CAN HAVE ITS OWN VALUES FOR THE 1 Write your class
SET ITS SIZE USING THE
INSTANCE VARIABLES OF THAT CLASS &OR DOT OPERATOR
class Dog {
EXAMPLE YOU MIGHT USE THE "UTTON DOG DSIZE
instance va
CLASS TO MAKE DOZENS OF DIFFERENT riables
class int size; size
BUTTONS AND EACH BUTTON MIGHT HAVE String breed; breed
ITS OWN COLOR SIZE SHAPE LABEL AND SO ON name
String name;
a method bark()
void bark() {
System.out.println(“Ruff! Ruff!”);
}
} 2 Write a tester (TestDrive) class
class DogTestDrive {
Look at it this way... !N OBJECT IS LIKE ONE ENTRY IN YOUR ADDRESS BOOK hod
ain met public static void main (String[] args) {
/NE ANALOGY FOR OBJECTS IS A PACKET OF UNUSED 2OLODEX» CARDS just a m na put codeep) // Dog test code goes here
%ACH CARD HAS THE SAME BLANK FIELDS THE INSTANCE VARIABLES 7HEN on st }
(we’rite gin the next
YOU FILL OUT A CARD YOU ARE CREATING AN INSTANCE OBJECT AND THE in }
ENTRIES YOU MAKE ON THAT CARD REPRESENT ITS STATE
4HE METHODS OF THE CLASS ARE THE THINGS YOU DO TO A PARTICULAR CARD In your tester, make an object and access
GET.AME CHANGE.AME SET.AME COULD ALL BE METHODS FOR 3 the object’s variables and methods
CLASS 2OLODEX
class DogTestDrive {
3O EACH CARD CAN DO THE SAME THINGS GET.AME CHANGE.AME
public static void main (String[] args) {
ETC BUT EACH CARD KNOWS THINGS UNIQUE TO THAT PARTICULAR CARD
Dog d = new Dog(); make a Dog
object
d.size = 40; use the dot operator (.)
d.bark();
If you already have some OO savvy,
dot r to set the size of the Do
operato } g
and to call its bark you’ll know we’re not using encapsulation.
} () method We’ll get there in chapter 4.
you are here4 35 36 chapter 2
classes and objects get the heck out of main
Making and testing Movie objects Quick! Get out of main!
!S LONG AS YOURE IN MAIN YOURE NOT REALLY IN /BJECTVILLE )TS l NE FOR A TEST
class Movie {
String title;
PROGRAM TO RUN WITHIN THE MAIN METHOD BUT IN A TRUE // APPLICATION YOU
String genre; NEED OBJECTS TALKING TO OTHER OBJECTS AS OPPOSED TO A STATIC MAIN METHOD
int rating; CREATING AND TESTING OBJECTS
void playIt() {
System.out.println(“Playing the movie”);
} The t wo uses of main:
}
N to test your real class
public class MovieTestDrive {
N to launch/start your Java application
public static void main(String[] args) {
Movie one = new Movie(); ! REAL *AVA APPLICATION IS NOTHING BUT OBJECTS TALKING TO OTHER OBJECTS )N THIS
one.title = “Gone with the Stock”; CASE TALKING MEANS OBJECTS CALLING METHODS ON ONE ANOTHER /N THE PREVIOUS
one.genre = “Tragic”; PAGE AND IN CHAPTER WE LOOK AT USING A MAIN METHOD FROM A SEPARATE
one.rating = -2; 4EST$RIVE CLASS TO CREATE AND TEST THE METHODS AND VARIABLES OF ANOTHER CLASS )N
Movie two = new Movie(); CHAPTER WE LOOK AT USING A CLASS WITH A MAIN METHOD TO START THE BALL ROLLING
two.title = “Lost in Cubicle Space”;
ON A REAL *AVA APPLICATION BY MAKING OBJECTS AND THEN TURNING THOSE OBJECTS
two.genre = “Comedy”; GameLauncher
LOOSE TO INTERACT WITH OTHER OBJECTS ETC
two.rating = 5; make
two.playIt(); !S A @SNEAK PREVIEW THOUGH OF HOW A REAL *AVA APPLICATION MIGHT BEHAVE GuessGs a
Movie three = new Movie(); HERES A LITTLE EXAMPLE "ECAUSE WERE STILL AT THE EARLIEST STAGES OF LEARNING *AVA obje ame
three.title = “Byte Club”; WERE WORKING WITH A SMALL TOOLKIT SO YOULL l ND THIS PROGRAM A LITTLE CLUNKY main(String[] args) tells citt and
three.genre = “Tragic but ultimately uplifting”; AND INEFl CIENT 9OU MIGHT WANT TO THINK ABOUT WHAT YOU COULD DO TO IMPROVE startG to
three.rating = 127; IT AND IN LATER CHAPTERS THATS EXACTLY WHAT WELL DO $ONT WORRY IF SOME OF THE ame
} CODE IS CONFUSING THE KEY POINT OF THIS EXAMPLE IS THAT OBJECTS TALK TO OBJECTS
}
Sharpen your pencil The Guessing Game GuessGame
instan
3UMMARY p1 variab ce
title 4HE GUESSING GAME INVOLVES A @GAME OBJECT AND THREE @PLAYER OBJECTS 4HE GAME GEN
p2 fortheles
MOVIE p3
genre ERATES A RANDOM NUMBER BETWEEN AND AND THE THREE PLAYER OBJECTS TRY TO GUESS players three
title object 1
IT 7E DIDNT SAY IT WAS A REALLY EXCITING GAME
genre rating startGame()
rating #LASSES
playIt() GuessGame.class Player.class GameLauncher.class
title the
4HE -OVIE4EST$RIVE CLASS CREATES OBJECTS INSTANCES OF object 2 genre 4HE ,OGIC Player this number
THE -OVIE CLASS AND USES THE DOT OPERATOR TO SET THE
guessepdlayer
rating 4HE 'AME,AUNCHER CLASS IS WHERE THE APPLICATION STARTS IT HAS THE MAIN METHOD number
INSTANCE VARIABLES TO A SPECIFIC VALUE 4HE -OVIE4EST$RIVE
CLASS ALSO INVOKES CALLS A METHOD ON ONE OF THE OBJECTS )N THE MAIN METHOD A 'UESS'AME OBJECT IS CREATED AND ITS START'AME METHOD
&ILL IN THE CHART TO THE RIGHT WITH THE VALUES THE THREE IS CALLED guess() meth
title makin od for
OBJECTS HAVE AT THE END OF MAIN
4HE 'UESS'AME OBJECTS START'AME METHOD IS WHERE THE ENTIRE GAME PLAYS OUT g u e ss g a
object 3 genre
)T CREATES THREE PLAYERS THEN hTHINKSv OF A RANDOM NUMBER THE TARGET FOR THE PLAYERS
rating TO GUESS )T THEN ASKS EACH PLAYER TO GUESS CHECKS THE RESULT AND EITHER PRINTS OUT
INFORMATION ABOUT THE WINNING PLAYERS OR ASKS THEM TO GUESS AGAIN
you are here4 37 38 chapter 2
classes and objects Guessing Game
public class GuessGame { GuessGame has ee
Player p1; variables for thethrthr instance Running the Guessing Game
Player p2; objects ee Player
Player p3; public class Player {
int number = 0; // where the guess goes
public void startGame() {
p1 = new Player();
create three Player object
s and public void guess() { /UTPUT IT WILL BE DIFFERENT EACH TIME YOU RUN IT
p2 = new Player();
assign them to the
number = (int) (Math.random() * 10);
p3 = new Player(); instance variables three Player File Edit Window Help Explode
System.out.println(“I’m guessing “
int guessp1 = 0; declare three variables to hold the + number); %java GameLauncher
int guessp2 = 0; }
int guessp3 = 0; I’m thinking of a number between 0 and 9...
three guesses the Players make
}
boolean p1isRight = false; Number to guess is 7
boolean p2isRight = false;
declare three variables to hold a true or
public class GameLauncher { I’m guessing 1
boolean p3isRight = false; false based on the player’s answer
public static void main (String[] args) { I’m guessing 9
int targetNumber = (int) (Math.random() * 10); make a ‘target’ number that the GuessGame game = new GuessGame();
System.out.println(“I’m thinking of a number between 0 and 9...”); players have to guess game.startGame(); I’m guessing 9
while(true) { } Player one guessed 1
System.out.println(“Number to guess is “ + targetNumber); }
Player two guessed 9
p1.guess(); Player three guessed 9
p2.guess();
call each player’s guess() method
p3.guess(); Players will have to try again.
Java takes out the
guessp1 = p1.number;
Garbage Number to guess is 7
System.out.println(“Player one guessed “ + guessp1);
I’m guessing 3
guessp2 = p2.number; %ACH TIME AN OBJECT IS CREATED
get each player’s guess (the result their
IN *AVA IT GOES INTO AN AREA OF I’m guessing 0
System.out.println(“Player two guessed “ + guessp2); guess() method running) by accessingofthe
MEMORY KNOWN AS 4HE (EAP I’m guessing 9
guessp3 = p3.number; number variable of each player
!LL OBJECTSNO MATTER WHEN WHERE
System.out.println(“Player three guessed “ + guessp3); Player one guessed 3
OR HOW THEYRE CREATED n LIVE ON THE
if (guessp1 == targetNumber) { HEAP "UT ITS NOT JUST ANY OLD MEMORY Player two guessed 0
p1isRight = true; HEAP THE *AVA HEAP IS ACTUALLY CALLED THE Player three guessed 9
} check each player’s guess to see if it matches 'ARBAGE #OLLECTIBLE (EAP 7HEN YOU
if (guessp2 == targetNumber) { the target number. If a player is right, CREATE AN OBJECT *AVA ALLOCATES MEMORY
Players will have to try again.
p2isRight = true; then set that player’s variable to be true SPACE ON THE HEAP ACCORDING TO HOW Number to guess is 7
} (remember, we set it false by default) MUCH THAT PARTICULAR OBJECT NEEDS !N I’m guessing 7
if (guessp3 == targetNumber) {
p3isRight = true;
OBJECT WITH SAY INSTANCE VARIABLES
WILL PROBABLY NEED MORE SPACE THAN AN I’m guessing 5
}
OBJECT WITH ONLY TWO INSTANCE VARIABLES I’m guessing 0
if (p1isRight || p2isRight || p3isRight) { "UT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU NEED TO
if player one OR player two OR player three is right..
(the || operator means OR) . Player one guessed 7
RECLAIM THAT SPACE (OW DO YOU GET AN
System.out.println(“We have a winner!”); OBJECT OUT OF THE HEAP WHEN YOURE DONE Player two guessed 5
System.out.println(“Player one got it right? “ + p1isRight);
WITH IT *AVA MANAGES THAT MEMORY Player three guessed 0
System.out.println(“Player two got it right? “ + p2isRight);
System.out.println(“Player three got it right? “ + p3isRight); FOR YOU 7HEN THE *6- CAN @SEE THAT AN
We have a winner!
System.out.println(“Game is over.”); OBJECT CAN NEVER BE USED AGAIN THAT
break; // game over, so break out of the loop OBJECT BECOMES ELIGIBLE FOR GARBAGE Player one got it right? true
COLLECTION !ND IF YOURE RUNNING LOW ON Player two got it right? false
} else { otherwise
MEMORY THE 'ARBAGE #OLLECTOR WILL RUN
// we must keep going because nobody got it right! players fo,rstanay in the loop and as Player three got it right? false
System.out.println(“Players will have to try again.”); other guess. k the THROW OUT THE UNREACHABLE OBJECTS AND
} // end if/else FREE UP THE SPACE SO THAT THE SPACE CAN Game is over.
} // end loop BE REUSED )N LATER CHAPTERS YOULL LEARN
} // end method MORE ABOUT HOW THIS WORKS
} // end class
you are here4 39 40 chapter 2
classes and objects exercise: Be the Compiler
there are no
Dumb Questions
1dQ^OU_Q "% THE COMPILER
Q: 7HAT IF ) NEED GLOBAL Q: 7HAT IS A *AVA PROGRAM
VARIABLES AND METHODS (OW 7HAT DO YOU ACTUALLY DELIVER Each of the Java files on this page
DO ) DO THAT IF EVERYTHING HAS TO represents a complete source file.
GO IN A CLASS
Your job is to play compiler and
A: ! *AVA PROGRAM IS A PILE
OF CLASSES OR AT LEAST ONE CLASS
Make it Stic determine whether each of
A: 4HERE ISNT A CONCEPT OF )N A *AVA APPLICATION ONE OF
k these files will compile.
@GLOBAL VARIABLES AND METHODS IN THE CLASSES MUST HAVE A MAIN If they won’t compile,
! CLASS IS L
A *AVA // PROGRAM )N PRACTICAL METHOD USED TO START
UP THE IKE A RECIPE
how would you fix them,
USE HOWEVER THERE ARE TIMES PROGRAM 3O AS A PROGRAMMER /BJEC TS A
RE LIKE
WHEN YOU WANT A METHOD OR YOU WRITE ONE OR MORE CLASSES COOKIES and if they do compile,
A CONSTANT TO BE AVAILABLE !ND THOSE CLASSES ARE WHAT YOU what would be their output?
TO ANY CODE RUNNING IN ANY DELIVER )F THE END
USER DOESNT
PART OF YOUR PROGRAM 4HINK HAVE A *6- THEN YOULL ALSO
OF THE random() METHOD IN NEED TO INCLUDE THAT WITH
THE 0HRASE
/
-ATIC APP ITS A YOUR APPLICATIONS CLASSES A
METHOD THAT SHOULD BE C ALLABLE SO THAT THEY CAN RUN YOUR
class TapeDeck {
FROM ANYWHERE /R WHAT ABOUT PROGRAM 4HERE ARE A NUMBER
A CONSTANT LIKE PI 9OULL LEARN OF INSTALLER PROGRAMS THAT
IN CHAPTER THAT MARKING LET YOU BUNDLE YOUR CLASSES boolean canRecord = false; B
A METHOD AS public AND WITH A VARIETY OF *6-S SAY FOR
class DVDPlayer {
static MAKES IT BEHAVE MUCH DIFFERENT PLATFORMS AND PUT IT ALL
LIKE A @GLOBAL !NY CODE IN ANY ON A #$
2/- 4HEN THE END
USER BULLET POINTS void playTape() {
CLASS OF YOUR APPLICATION CAN CAN INSTALL THE CORRECT VERSION OF System.out.println(“tape playing”); boolean canRecord = false;
THE *6- ASSUMING THEY DONT
ß Object-oriented programming lets you extend
ACCESS A PUBLIC STATIC METHOD
a program without having to touch previously- }
!ND IF YOU MARK A VARIABLE AS ALREADY HAVE IT ON THEIR MACHINE
public static AND final tested, working code. void recordDVD() {
n YOU HAVE ESSENTIALLY MADE A ß All Java code is defined in a class. void recordTape() { System.out.println(“DVD recording”);
GLOBALLY
AVAILABLE CONSTANT A class describes how to make an object of System.out.println(“tape recording”);
Q: 7HAT IF ) HAVE A HUNDRED ß }
CLASSES /R A THOUSAND )SNT that class type. A class is like a blueprint. } }
THAT A BIG PAIN TO DELIVER ß An object can take care of itself; you don’t }
Q: 4HEN HOW IS THIS OBJECT
ALL THOSE INDIVIDUAL l LES have to know or care how the object does it.
ORIENTED IF YOU CAN STILL MAKE #AN ) BUNDLE THEM INTO ONE class DVDPlayerTestDrive {
ß An object knows things and does things.
GLOBAL FUNCTIONS AND GLOBAL !PPLICATION 4HING class TapeDeckTestDrive { public static void main(String [] args) {
DATA ß Things an object knows about itself are called
public static void main(String [] args) {
instance variables. They represent the state
A: 9ES IT WOULD BE A BIG of an object. DVDPlayer d = new DVDPlayer();
A: &IRST OF ALL EVERYTHING PAIN TO DELIVER A HUGE BUNCH OF ß Things an object does are called methods. t.canRecord = true; d.canRecord = true;
IN *AVA GOES IN A CLASS 3O THE INDIVIDUAL FILES TO YOUR END
USERS They represent the behavior of an object. t.playTape(); d.playDVD();
CONSTANT FOR PI AND THE METHOD BUT YOU WONT HAVE TO 9OU CAN
FOR random() ALTHOUGH BOTH PUT ALL OF YOUR APPLICATION FILES ß When you create a class, you may also want
PUBLIC AND STATIC ARE DEFINED INTO A *AVA !RCHIVE n A JAR FILE n to create a separate test class which you’ll if (t.canRecord == true) { if (d.canRecord == true) {
WITHIN THE Math CLASS !ND YOU THATS BASED ON THE PKZIP FORMAT use to create objects of your new class type. t.recordTape(); d.recordDVD();
MUST KEEP IN MIND THAT THESE )N THE JAR FILE YOU CAN INCLUDE ß A class can inherit instance variables and
STATIC GLOBAL
LIKE THINGS ARE THE A SIMPLE TEXT FILE FORMATTED AS } }
methods from a more abstract superclass.
EXCEPTION RATHER THAN THE RULE SOMETHING CALLED A MANIFEST THAT
IN *AVA 4HEY REPRESENT A VERY DEFINES WHICH CLASS IN THAT JAR ß At runtime, a Java program is nothing more } }
SPECIAL CASE WHERE YOU DONT HOLDS THE MAIN METHOD THAT than objects ‘talking’ to other objects.
} }
HAVE MULTIPLE INSTANCESOBJECTS SHOULD RUN
you are here4 41 42 chapter 2
classes and objects puzzle: Pool Puzzle
public class EchoTestDrive {
Code Magnets public static void main(String [] args) {
1dQ^OU_Q Echo e1 = new Echo();
! *AVA PROGRAM IS ALL SCRAMBLED UP ON
THE FRIDGE #AN YOU RECONSTRUCT THE _________________________
CODE SNIPPETS TO MAKE A WORKING *AVA Pool Puzzle int x = 0;
PROGRAM THAT PRODUCES THE OUTPUT LISTED d.playSnare();
9OUR JOB IS TO TAKE CODE SNIPPETS FROM while ( ___________ ) {
BELOW 3OME OF THE CURLY BRACES FELL ON THE POOL AND PLACE THEM INTO THE
THE FLOOR AND THEY WERE TOO SMALL TO PICK DrumKit d = new DrumKit(); BLANK LINES IN THE CODE 9OU MAY e1.hello();
UP SO FEEL FREE TO ADD AS MANY OF THOSE USE THE SAME SNIPPET MORE THAN __________________________
AS YOU NEED ONCE AND YOU WONT NEED TO USE
= true; if ( ____________ ) {
boolean topHat ALL THE SNIPPETS 9OUR GOAL IS TO
re = true; MAKE CLASSES THAT WILL COMPILE AND e2.count = e2.count + 1;
boolean sna RUN AND PRODUCE THE OUTPUT LISTED }
if ( ____________ ) {
void playSnare() { /UTPUT e2.count = e2.count + e1.count;
g”); File Edit Window Help Implode }
System.out.println(“bang bang ba-ban
%java EchoTestDrive x = x + 1;
}
helloooo... }
helloooo... System.out.println(e2.count);
public static void main(String [] args) { helloooo... }
helloooo... }
10
class ____________ {
if (d.s int _________ = 0;
nare == true
) {
d.playSn void ___________ {
are(); "ONUS 1UESTION
} System.out.println(“helloooo... “);
)F THE LAST LINE OF OUTPUT WAS }
INSTEAD OF HOW WOULD }
YOU COMPLETE THE PUZZLE
d.snare = false;
.OTE %ACH SNIPPET
class DrumKitTestDrive { FROM THE POOL CAN BE
USED MORE THAN ONCE
X X
();
TopHat Y X %CHO
d.play
E X 4ESTER
class DrumKit { ECHO
COUNT X E E
E E COUNT %CHO E
E COUNT HELLO %CHO E E
void playTopH
at () { %CHO E NEW %CHO X
ECOUNT COUNT
System.out.p X
rintln(“ding ECOUNT ECOUNT
File Edit Window Help Dance
ding da-ding”
} );
% java DrumKitTestDrive
bang bang ba-bang
ding ding da-ding
you are here4 43 44 chapter 2
classes and objects exercise solutions
Be the Compiler:
! BUNCH OF *AVA COMPONENTS IN FULL COSTUME ARE PLAYING A PARTY
GAME h7HO AM ) v 4HEY GIVE YOU A CLUE AND YOU TRY TO GUESS WHO 1dQ^OU_Q class TapeDeck {
THEY ARE BASED ON WHAT THEY SAY !SSUME THEY ALWAYS TELL THE TRUTH boolean canRecord = false;
ABOUT THEMSELVES )F THEY HAPPEN TO SAY SOMETHING THAT COULD BE TRUE %XERCISE 3OLUTIONS void playTape() {
FOR MORE THAN ONE OF THEM CHOOSE ALL FOR WHOM THAT SENTENCE CAN
APPLY &ILL IN THE BLANKS NEXT TO THE SENTENCE WITH THE NAMES OF ONE OR
System.out.println(“tape playing”);
MORE ATTENDEES 4HE FIRST ONES ON US A }
void recordTape() {
I?
am 4ONIGHTS ATTENDEES
System.out.println(“tape recording”);
Who #LASS -ETHOD /BJECT )NSTANCE VARIABLE }
}
Code Magnets: class TapeDeckTestDrive {
I am compiled from a .java file. class public static void main(String [] args) {
class DrumKit {
My instance variable values can TapeDeck t = new TapeDeck( );
be different from my buddy’s boolean topHat = true; t.canRecord = true;
values. boolean snare = true; t.playTape();
void playTopHat() { if (t.canRecord == true) {
I behave like a template.
System.out.println(“ding ding da-ding”); t.recordTape();
} }
I like to do stuff.
} We’ve got the template, now we have
void playSnare() { } to make an object !
I can have many methods. System.out.println(“bang bang ba-bang”);
}
I represent ‘state’. }
class DVDPlayer {
boolean canRecord = false;
I have behaviors. class DrumKitTestDrive {
void recordDVD() {
public static void main(String [] args) {
System.out.println(“DVD recording”);
I am located in objects. }
DrumKit d = new DrumKit();
void playDVD ( ) {
d.playSnare();
I live on the heap. System.out.println(“DVD playing”);
d.snare = false;
}
d.playTopHat();
I am used to create object instances. }
if (d.snare == true) {
My state can change. class DVDPlayerTestDrive {
d.playSnare();
public static void main(String [] args) {
}
DVDPlayer d = new DVDPlayer();
I declare methods. }
d.canRecord = true;
} B
d.playDVD();
I can change at runtime. if (d.canRecord == true) {
File Edit Window Help Dance
d.recordDVD();
% java DrumKitTestDrive
}
bang bang ba-bang
} The line: d.playDVD( ); wouldn’t
ding ding da-ding
} compile without a method !
you are here4 45 46 chapter 2
classes and objects
0UZZLE 3OLUTIONS
Pool Puzzle
public class EchoTestDrive {
public static void main(String [] args) { 7HO AM )
Echo e1 = new Echo();
Echo e2 = new Echo( ); // the correct answer I am compiled from a .java file. class
- or - My instance variable values can be
Echo e2 = e1; // is the bonus answer! different from my buddy’s values. object
int x = 0;
while ( x < 4 ) {
I behave like a template. class
e1.hello(); I like to do stuff. object, method
e1.count = e1.count + 1;
if ( x == 3 ) {
I can have many methods. class, object
e2.count = e2.count + 1; I represent ‘state’. instance variable
}
if ( x > 0 ) {
I have behaviors. object, class
e2.count = e2.count + e1.count; I am located in objects. method, instance variable
}
x = x + 1; I live on the heap. object
} I am used to create object
System.out.println(e2.count); instances. class
}
} My state can change. object, instance variable
I declare methods. class
class Echo {
int count = 0; I can change at runtime. object, instance variable
void hello( ) {
System.out.println(“helloooo... “); Note: both classes and objects are said to have state and behavior.
} They’re defined in the class, but the object is also said to ‘have’
} them. Right now, we don’t care where they technically live.
File Edit Window Help Assimilate
%java EchoTestDrive
helloooo...
helloooo...
helloooo...
helloooo...
10
you are here4 47
8 interfaces and abstract classes
Serious Polymorphism
Inheritance is just the beginning. 4O EXPLOIT POLYMORPHISM WE NEED INTERFACES
AND NOT THE '5) KIND 7E NEED TO GO BEYOND SIMPLE INHERITANCE TO A LEVEL OF FLEXIBILITY AND
EXTENSIBILITY YOU CAN GET ONLY BY DESIGNING AND CODING TO INTERFACE SPECIFICATIONS 3OME OF THE
COOLEST PARTS OF *AVA WOULDNT EVEN BE POSSIBLE WITHOUT INTERFACES SO EVEN IF YOU DONT DESIGN
WITH THEM YOURSELF YOU STILL HAVE TO USE THEM "UT YOULL WANT TO DESIGN WITH THEM 9OULL NEED
TO DESIGN WITH THEM 9OULL WONDER HOW YOU EVER LIVED WITHOUT THEM 7HATS AN INTERFACE )TS
A ABSTRACT CLASS 7HATS AN ABSTRACT CLASS )TS A CLASS THAT CANT BE INSTANTIATED 7HATS THAT
GOOD FOR 9OULL SEE IN JUST A FEW MOMENTS "UT IF YOU THINK ABOUT THE END OF THE LAST CHAPTER
AND HOW WE USED POLYMORPHIC ARGUMENTS SO THAT A SINGLE 6ET METHOD COULD TAKE !NIMAL
SUBCLASSES OF ALL TYPES WELL THAT WAS JUST SCRATCHING THE SURFACE )NTERFACES ARE THE POLY IN
POLYMORPHISM 4HE AB IN ABSTRACT 4HE CAFFEINE IN *AVA
this is a new chapter 197
designing with inheritance interfaces and polymorphism
Did we forget about something We know we can say:
when we designed this? Wolf aWolf = new Wolf();
Animal
4HE CLASS STRUCTURE ISNT TOO BAD 7EVE DESIGNED
picture
IT SO THAT DUPLICATE CODE IS KEPT TO A MINIMUM
food
AND WEVE OVERRIDDEN THE METHODS THAT WE THINK hunger aWolf
SHOULD HAVE SUBCLASS SPECIl C IMPLEMENTATIONS boundaries
A Wolf reference to a W
7EVE MADE IT NICE AND m EXIBLE FROM A location olf object
POLYMORPHIC PERSPECTIVE BECAUSE WE CAN DESIGN Wolf object. Wolf
!NIMAL USING PROGRAMS WITH !NIMAL ARGUMENTS makeNoise()
eat()
These two are the same type.
AND ARRAY DECLARATIONS SO THAT ANY !NIMAL
SUBTYPEINCLUDING THOSE WE NEVER IMAGINED AT THE sleep()
TIME WE WROTE OUR CODECAN BE PASSED IN AND USED roam()
AT RUNTIME 7EVE PUT THE COMMON PROTOCOL FOR
ALL !NIMALS THE FOUR METHODS THAT WE WANT THE
WORLD TO KNOW ALL !NIMALS HAVE IN THE !NIMAL And we know we can say:
SUPERCLASS AND WERE READY TO START MAKING NEW Animal aHippo = new Hippo();
,IONS AND 4IGERS AND (IPPOS
Feline
Canine aHippo
Animal reference to Hi t
a Hippo object. ppo
objec
roam()
Animal
Hippo
roam()
These two are NOT the same type.
size
picture
food
makeNoise()
prey
eat()
Lion
size
picture
food
makeNoise()
But here’s where it gets weird:
prey
eat() Animal anim = new Animal();
Dog
Cat size
picture
size food anim
Tiger makeNoise() Animal reference to
?
picture Wolf prey
size food eat() an Animal object. An
makeNoise() imal bject
picture prey size o
eat() Animal
food picture
makeNoise()
prey food
makeNoise()
eat() These two are the same type, but...
prey
eat()
what the heck does an Animal object look like?
198 chapter 8 you are here4 199
when objects go bad interfaces and polymorphism
What does a new Animal() object The compiler won’t let you instantiate
look like? an abstract class
!N ABSTRACT CLASS MEANS THAT NOBODY CAN EVER MAKE A NEW
INSTANCE OF THAT CLASS 9OU CAN STILL USE THAT ABSTRACT CLASS AS A
DECLARED REFERENCE TYPE FOR THE PURPOSE OF POLYMORPHISM BUT
YOU DONT HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT SOMEBODY MAKING OBJECTS OF THAT
TYPE 4HE COMPILER GUARANTEES IT
abstract public class Canine extends Animal
{
scary objects public void roam() { }
}
public class MakeCanine {
ways assign
public void go() { OK , be ca us e you can al ss reference,
la
This is perc
Canine c;
ject to a su
What are the instance variable values? a subclass obsuperclass is abstract.
c = new Dog(); even if the
Some classes just should not be
c = new Canine();
instantiated! class Canine
c.roam();
)T MAKES SENSE TO CREATE A 7OLF OBJECT OR A (IPPO 9OU CAN STILL USE THAT ABSTRACT TYPE AS A REFERENCE TYPE
so the compi is marked abstract,
ler will NOT
OBJECT OR A 4IGER OBJECT BUT WHAT EXACTLY IS AN )N FACT THATS A BIG PART OF WHY YOU HAVE THAT ABSTRACT } let you do th
!NIMAL OBJECT 7HAT SHAPE IS IT 7HAT COLOR SIZE CLASS IN THE l RST PLACE TO USE IT AS A POLYMORPHIC
is.
}
NUMBER OF LEGS ARGUMENT OR RETURN TYPE OR TO MAKE A POLYMORPHIC
File Edit Window Help BeamMeUp
4RYING TO CREATE AN OBJECT OF TYPE !NIMAL IS LIKE A ARRAY
NIGHTMARE 3TAR 4REK© TRANSPORTER ACCIDENT 4HE 7HEN YOURE DESIGNING YOUR CLASS INHERITANCE % javac MakeCanine.java
ONE WHERE SOMEWHERE IN THE BEAM ME UP PROCESS STRUCTURE YOU HAVE TO DECIDE WHICH CLASSES ARE
MakeCanine.java:5: Canine is abstract;
SOMETHING BAD HAPPENED TO THE BUFFER ABSTRACT AND WHICH ARE CONCRETE #ONCRETE CLASSES ARE
cannot be instantiated
"UT HOW DO WE DEAL WITH THIS 7E NEED AN !NIMAL THOSE THAT ARE SPECIl C ENOUGH TO BE INSTANTIATED !
CONCRETE CLASS JUST MEANS THAT ITS /+ TO MAKE OBJECTS c = new Canine();
CLASS FOR INHERITANCE AND POLYMORPHISM "UT WE ^
WANT PROGRAMMERS TO INSTANTIATE ONLY THE LESS OF THAT TYPE
1 error
ABSTRACT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS !NIMAL NOT !NIMAL ITSELF -AKING A CLASS ABSTRACT IS EASYPUT THE KEYWORD
7E WANT 4IGER OBJECTS AND ,ION OBJECTS NOT !NIMAL abstract BEFORE THE CLASS DECLARATION
OBJECTS
An abstract class has virtually* no use, no value, no
&ORTUNATELY THERES A SIMPLE WAY TO PREVENT A CLASS abstract class Canine extends Animal { purpose in life, unless it is extended.
FROM EVER BEING INSTANTIATED )N OTHER WORDS TO STOP
ANYONE FROM SAYING hnewv ON THAT TYPE "Y MARKING public void roam() { }
THE CLASS AS abstract THE COMPILER WILL STOP ANY
With an abstract class, the guys doing the work at runtime
}
CODE ANYWHERE FROM EVER CREATING AN INSTANCE OF are instances of a subclass of your abstract class.
THAT TYPE
*There is an exception to this—an abstract class can
have static members (see chapter 10).
200 chapter 8 you are here4 201
abstract and concrete classes interfaces and polymorphism
Abstract vs. Concrete abstract Abstract methods
! CLASS THATS NOT ABSTRACT IS CALLED Animal "ESIDES CLASSES YOU CAN MARK METHODS ABSTRACT TOO !N ABSTRACT
A CONCRETE CLASS )N THE !NIMAL CLASS MEANS THE CLASS MUST BE EXTENDED AN ABSTRACT METHOD MEANS
INHERITANCE TREE IF WE MAKE THE METHOD MUST BE OVERRIDDEN 9OU MIGHT DECIDE THAT SOME OR ALL
!NIMAL #ANINE AND &ELINE It really sucks to
BEHAVIORS IN AN ABSTRACT CLASS DONT MAKE ANY SENSE UNLESS THEYRE
ABSTRACT THAT LEAVES (IPPO 7OLF be an abstract method.
abstract IMPLEMENTED BY A MORE SPECIlC SUBCLASS )N OTHER WORDS YOU CANT
$OG 4IGER ,ION AND #AT AS THE THINK OF ANY GENERIC METHOD IMPLEMENTATION THAT COULD POSSIBLY BE You don’t have a body.
CONCRETE SUBCLASSES Canine
concrete USEFUL FOR SUBCLASSES 7HAT WOULD A GENERIC EAT METHOD LOOK LIKE
&LIP THROUGH THE *AVA !0) AND Hippo
An abstract method has no body!
YOULL l ND A LOT OF ABSTRACT CLASSES abstract
ESPECIALLY IN THE '5) LIBRARY 7HAT "ECAUSE YOUVE ALREADY DECIDED THERE ISNT ANY CODE THAT WOULD MAKE
Feline
DOES A '5) #OMPONENT LOOK concrete SENSE IN THE ABSTRACT METHOD YOU WONT PUT IN A METHOD BODY 3O NO
LIKE 4HE #OMPONENT CLASS IS THE Dog CURLY BRACES JUST END THE DECLARATION WITH A SEMICOLON
SUPERCLASS OF '5) RELATED CLASSES
FOR THINGS LIKE BUTTONS TEXT AREAS concrete public abstract void eat();
SCROLLBARS DIALOG BOXES YOU NAME concrete
Cat
IT 9OU DONT MAKE AN INSTANCE OF Wolf
!
A GENERIC #OMPONENT AND PUT IT ON concrete concrete No method boadysemicolon.
THE SCREEN YOU MAKE A *"UTTON )N Lion End it with
OTHER WORDS YOU INSTANTIATE ONLY A Tiger
CONCRETE SUBCLASS OF #OMPONENT BUT
If you declare an abstract method, you MUST
NEVER #OMPONENT ITSELF
mark the class abstract as well. You can’t have
an abstract method in a non-abstract class.
YiX`e )F YOU PUT EVEN A SINGLE ABSTRACT METHOD IN A CLASS YOU HAVE TO
gfn\i abstract or concrete? MAKE THE CLASS ABSTRACT "UT YOU CAN MIX BOTH ABSTRACT AND NON
(OW DO YOU KNOW WHEN A CLASS SHOULD BE ABSTRACT METHODS IN THE ABSTRACT CLASS
ABSTRACT 7INE IS PROBABLY ABSTRACT "UT WHAT
Hmmmm... do I Hmmmm... the Camelot ABOUT 2ED AND 7HITE !GAIN PROBABLY ABSTRACT there are no
feel like red or Vineyards 1997 Pinot
white tonight? Noir was a pretty
FOR SOME OF US ANYWAY "UT AT WHAT POINT IN THE
Dumb Questions
decent year... HIERARCHY DO THINGS BECOME CONCRETE
Q: 7HAT IS THE POINT OF AN ABSTRACT METHOD ) THOUGHT Q: 7HICH IS GOOD BECAUSE
$O YOU MAKE 0INOT.OIR CONCRETE OR IS IT ABSTRACT THE WHOLE POINT OF AN ABSTRACT CLASS WAS TO HAVE COMMON
TOO )T LOOKS LIKE THE #AMELOT 6INEYARDS CODE THAT COULD BE INHERITED BY SUBCLASSES
0INOT .OIR IS PROBABLY CONCRETE NO MATTER WHAT A: 0OLYMORPHISM 2EMEMBER WHAT YOU WANT IS THE
ABILITY TO USE A SUPERCLASS TYPE OFTEN ABSTRACT AS A METHOD
"UT HOW DO YOU KNOW FOR SURE A: )NHERITABLE METHOD IMPLEMENTATIONS IN OTHER WORDS ARGUMENT RETURN TYPE OR ARRAY TYPE 4HAT WAY YOU GET TO
METHODS WITH ACTUAL BODIES ARE ! 'OOD 4HING TO PUT IN A ADD NEW SUBTYPES LIKE A NEW !NIMAL SUBCLASS TO YOUR
,OOK AT THE !NIMAL INHERITANCE TREE ABOVE $O THE
SUPERCLASS 7HEN IT MAKES SENSE !ND IN AN ABSTRACT CLASS IT PROGRAM WITHOUT HAVING TO REWRITE OR ADD NEW METHODS
CHOICES WEVE MADE FOR WHICH CLASSES ARE ABSTRACT OFTEN DOESNT MAKE SENSE BECAUSE YOU CANT COME UP WITH TO DEAL WITH THOSE NEW TYPES )MAGINE HOW YOUD HAVE TO
AND WHICH ARE CONCRETE SEEM APPROPRIATE ANY GENERIC CODE THAT SUBCLASSES WOULD FIND USEFUL 4HE CHANGE THE 6ET CLASS IF IT DIDNT USE !NIMAL AS ITS ARGUMENT
POINT OF AN ABSTRACT METHOD IS THAT EVEN THOUGH YOU HAVENT TYPE FOR METHODS 9OUD HAVE TO HAVE A SEPARATE METHOD
7OULD YOU CHANGE ANYTHING ABOUT THE !NIMAL
PUT IN ANY ACTUAL METHOD CODE YOUVE STILL DEFINED PART OF FOR EVERY SINGLE !NIMAL SUBCLASS /NE THAT TAKES A ,ION ONE
INHERITANCE TREE OTHER THAN ADDING MORE !NIMALS THE PROTOCOL FOR A GROUP OF SUBTYPES SUBCLASSES THAT TAKES A 7OLF ONE THAT TAKES A YOU GET THE IDEA 3O WITH
OF COURSE AN ABSTRACT METHOD YOURE SAYING h!LL SUBTYPES OF THIS TYPE
HAVE 4()3 METHODv FOR THE BENEFIT OF POLYMORPHISM
202 chapter 8 you are here4 203
you must implement abstract methods interfaces and polymorphism
Sharpen your pencil !BSTRACT VS #ONCRETE #LASSES
You MUST implement all abstract methods ,ETS PUT ALL THIS ABSTRACT RHETORIC INTO SOME CONCRETE USE )N THE MIDDLE
COLUMN WEVE LISTED SOME CLASSES 9OUR JOB IS TO IMAGINE APPLICATIONS
WHERE THE LISTED CLASS MIGHT BE CONCRETE AND APPLICATIONS WHERE THE LISTED
I have wonderful news, CLASS MIGHT BE ABSTRACT 7E TOOK A SHOT AT THE lRST FEW TO GET YOU GOING
&OR EXAMPLE CLASS 4REE WOULD BE ABSTRACT IN A TREE NURSERY PROGRAM WHERE
mother. Joe finally implemented
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN /AK AND AN !SPEN MATTER "UT IN A GOLF SIMULATION
all his abstract methods! Now PROGRAM 4REE MIGHT BE A CONCRETE CLASS PERHAPS A SUBCLASS OF /BSTACLE
everything is working just the BECAUSE THE PROGRAM DOESNT CARE ABOUT OR DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DIFFERENT
way we planned... TYPES OF TREES 4HERES NO ONE RIGHT ANSWER IT DEPENDS ON YOUR DESIGN
#ONCRETE 3AMPLE CLASS !BSTRACT
golf course simulation 4REE tree nursery application
???????????????????? (OUSE architect application
satellite photo application 4OWN ?????????????????????
???????????????????? &OOTBALL 0LAYER coaching application
Implementing an abstract
method is just like
overriding a method. ???????????????????? #HAIR ?????????????????????
!BSTRACT METHODS DONT HAVE A BODY THEY EXIST SOLELY FOR POLYMORPHISM 4HAT ???????????????????? #USTOMER ?????????????????????
MEANS THE lRST CONCRETE CLASS IN THE INHERITANCE TREE MUST IMPLEMENT ALL ABSTRACT
METHODS ???????????????????? 3ALES /RDER ?????????????????????
9OU CAN HOWEVER PASS THE BUCK BY BEING ABSTRACT YOURSELF )F BOTH !NIMAL AND
#ANINE ARE ABSTRACT FOR EXAMPLE AND BOTH HAVE ABSTRACT METHODS CLASS #ANINE
???????????????????? "OOK ?????????????????????
DOES NOT HAVE TO IMPLEMENT THE ABSTRACT METHODS FROM !NIMAL "UT AS SOON AS WE
GET TO THE lRST CONCRETE SUBCLASS LIKE $OG THAT SUBCLASS MUST IMPLEMENT ALL OF THE
ABSTRACT METHODS FROM BOTH !NIMAL AND #ANINE ???????????????????? 3TORE ?????????????????????
"UT REMEMBER THAT AN ABSTRACT CLASS CAN HAVE BOTH ABSTRACT AND NON ABSTRACT
METHODS SO #ANINE FOR EXAMPLE COULD IMPLEMENT AN ABSTRACT METHOD FROM ???????????????????? 3UPPLIER ?????????????????????
!NIMAL SO THAT $OG DIDNT HAVE TO "UT IF #ANINE SAYS NOTHING ABOUT THE ABSTRACT
METHODS FROM !NIMAL $OG HAS TO IMPLEMENT ALL OF !NIMALS ABSTRACT METHODS
???????????????????? 'OLF #LUB ?????????????????????
7HEN WE SAY hYOU MUST IMPLEMENT THE ABSTRACT METHODv THAT MEANS YOU MUST
PROVIDE A BODY 4HAT MEANS YOU MUST CREATE A NON ABSTRACT METHOD IN YOUR CLASS
WITH THE SAME METHOD SIGNATURE NAME AND ARGUMENTS AND A RETURN TYPE THAT IS ???????????????????? #ARBURETOR ?????????????????????
COMPATIBLE WITH THE DECLARED RETURN TYPE OF THE ABSTRACT METHOD 7HAT YOU PUT IN
THAT METHOD IS UP TO YOU !LL *AVA CARES ABOUT IS THAT THE METHOD IS THERE IN YOUR
???????????????????? /VEN ?????????????????????
CONCRETE SUBCLASS
204 chapter 8 you are here4 205
polymorphism examples interfaces and polymorphism
Polymorphism in action Uh-oh, now we need to keep Cats, too.
,ETS SAY THAT WE WANT TO WRITE OUR OWN KIND OF LIST CLASS ONE THAT WILL HOLD 7E HAVE A FEW OPTIONS HERE
$OG OBJECTS BUT PRETEND FOR A MOMENT THAT WE DONT KNOW ABOUT THE -AKE A SEPARATE CLASS -Y#AT,IST TO HOLD #AT OBJECTS 0RETTY CLUNKY
!RRAY,IST CLASS &OR THE l RST PASS WELL GIVE IT JUST AN ADD METHOD 7ELL USE
A SIMPLE $OG ARRAY $OG ;= TO KEEP THE ADDED $OG OBJECTS AND GIVE IT A -AKE A SINGLE CLASS $OG!ND#AT,IST THAT KEEPS TWO DIFFERENT ARRAYS AS INSTANCE
LENGTH OF 7HEN WE REACH THE LIMIT OF $OG OBJECTS YOU CAN STILL CALL THE VARIABLES AND HAS TWO DIFFERENT ADD METHODS ADD#AT#AT C AND ADD$OG$OG
ADD METHOD BUT IT WONT DO ANYTHING )F WERE NOT AT THE LIMIT THE ADD D !NOTHER CLUNKY SOLUTION
METHOD PUTS THE $OG IN THE ARRAY AT THE NEXT AVAILABLE INDEX POSITION THEN -AKE HETEROGENEOUS !NIMAL,IST CLASS THAT TAKES ANY KIND OF !NIMAL SUBCLASS
INCREMENTS THAT NEXT AVAILABLE INDEX NEXT)NDEX SINCE WE KNOW THAT IF THE SPEC CHANGED TO ADD #ATS SOONER OR LATER WELL HAVE
SOME OTHER KIND OF ANIMAL ADDED AS WELL 7E LIKE THIS OPTION BEST SO LETS CHANGE
OUR CLASS TO MAKE IT MORE GENERIC TO TAKE !NIMALS INSTEAD OF JUST $OGS 7EVE
HIGHLIGHTED THE KEY CHANGES THE LOGIC IS THE SAME OF COURSE BUT THE TYPE HAS
CHANGED FROM $OG TO !NIMAL EVERYWHERE IN THE CODE
Building our own Dog-specific list
(Perhaps the world’s worst attempt at making our Building our own Animal-specific list ga
own ArrayList kind of class, from scratch.) e’re not makin
public class MyAnimalList {
Don’t panic.obWject; we’re making a
E RSI O
V
N
d Dog array new Animal ject, of type Animal.
E RSI O
V
N
1 public class MyDogList { Use a plain olscenes. 2 private Animal[] animals = new Animal[5]; new array obyou cannot make a new
behind th e private int nextIndex = 0;
private Dog [] dogs = new Dog[5];
(Remember, an abstract type, but
MyDogList
MyAnimalList instance of ake an array object
private int nextIndex = 0; h public void add(Animal a) {
Dog[] dogs
you CAN m HOLD that type.)
We’ll increment this eaced. if (nextIndex < animals.length) {
int nextIndex Animal[] animals declared to
time a new Dog is add int nextIndex animals[nextIndex] = a;
System.out.println(“Animal added at “ + nextIndex);
add(Dog d) public void add(Dog d) { add(Animal a) nextIndex++;
at the limit
if (nextIndex < dogs.length) { the Dog }
If we’re not alreadyadd
of the dogs array, }
dogs[nextIndex] = d; and print a message. }
System.out.println(“Dog added at “ + nextIndex);
public class AnimalTestDrive{
nextIndex++;
increment, public static void main (String[] args) {
} next index to give us MyAnimalList list = new MyAnimalList();
to use the Dog a = new Dog();
} Cat c = new Cat();
} list.add(a);
list.add(c);
}
}
File Edit Window Help Harm
% java AnimalTestDrive
Animal added at 0
Animal added at 1
206 chapter 8 you are here4 207
the ultimate superclass: Object interfaces and polymorphism
What about non-Animals? Why not make So what’s in this ultra-super-megaclass Object?
a class generic enough to take anything? )F YOU WERE *AVA WHAT BEHAVIOR WOULD YOU WANT EVERY
OBJECT TO HAVE (MMMM LETS SEE HOW ABOUT A Object
9OU KNOW WHERE THIS IS HEADING 7E WANT TO CHANGE THE a few of the METHOD THAT LETS YOU l ND OUT IF ONE OBJECT IS EQUAL
TYPE OF THE ARRAY ALONG WITH THE ADD METHOD ARGUMENT TO E RSI O
(These are just yList...there
Ar ra TO ANOTHER OBJECT 7HAT ABOUT A METHOD THAT CAN boolean equals()
V
N
methods in
SOMETHING ABOVE !NIMAL 3OMETHING EVEN MORE GENERIC MORE 3 TELL YOU THE ACTUAL CLASS TYPE OF THAT OBJECT -AYBE A Class getClass() the methods
are many more.) METHOD THAT GIVES YOU A HASHCODE FOR THE OBJECT SO
ABSTRACT THAN !NIMAL "UT HOW CAN WE DO IT 7E DONT HAVE A int hashCode() Just SOME of .
SUPERCLASS FOR !NIMAL YOU CAN USE THE OBJECT IN HASHTABLES WELL TALK ABOUT of clas s Obje ct
String toString()
*AVAS HASHTABLES IN CHAPTER AND APPENDIX "
4HEN AGAIN MAYBE WE DO
!RRAY,IST /H HERES A GOOD ONEA METHOD THAT PRINTS OUT A
2EMEMBER THOSE METHODS OF !RRAY,IST 3TRING MESSAGE FOR THAT OBJECT
,OOK HOW THE REMOVE CONTAINS AND YourClassHere Every class you write inherits all the
INDEX/F METHOD ALL USE AN OBJECT OF TYPE LEM !ND WHAT DO YOU KNOW !S IF BY MAGIC CLASS /BJECT
/BJECT DOES INDEED HAVE METHODS FOR THOSE FOUR THINGS
OVE/BJECT E DEX PARAMETER 2ETURNS methods of class Object. The classes
BOOLEAN REM JEC T AT THE IN
OB
2EMOVES THE THE LIST 4HATS NOT ALL THOUGH BUT THESE ARE THE ONES WE
you’ve written inherited methods you
LEMENT WAS IN
Every class in Java extends @TRUE IF THE E REALLY CARE ABOUT didn’t even know you had.
class Object. LEM R
AINS/BJECT E CT PARAMETE
1 equals(Object o)
BOOLEAN CONT F THERES A MATCH FOR THE OBJE
2ETURNS @T RU E I
#LASS /BJECT IS THE MOTHER OF ALL CLASSES ITS 3 hashCode()
THE SUPERCLASS OF EVERYTHING PTY Dog a = new Dog();
BOOLEAN IS%M ELEMENTS Cat c = new Cat(); Cat c = new Cat();
%VEN IF YOU TAKE ADVANTAGE OF POLYMORPHISM F T HE LIST HAS NO System.out.println(c.hashCode());
2ETURNS @TRUE I
YOU STILL HAVE TO CREATE A CLASS WITH METHODS if (a.equals(c)) {
BJECT ELEM RAMETER OR
File Edit Window Help Drop
THAT TAKE AND RETURN YOUR POLYMORPHIC TYPE INT INDEX/F/ ER THE INDEX OF THE OBJECT PA System.out.println(“true”); shcode
7ITHOUT A COMMON SUPERCLASS FOR EVERYTHING 2ETURNS EITH } else { % java TestObject Prints out a ha (for
IN *AVA THERED BE NO WAY FOR THE DEVELOPERS NDEX System.out.println(“false”);
ECT GETINT I ION IN THE LIST
/BJ
for the object as a
POSIT } 8202111
OF *AVA TO CREATE CLASSES WITH METHODS THAT EMENT AT THIS now, think of it
2ETURNS THE EL
COULD TAKE YOUR CUSTOM TYPES TYPES THEY NEVER File Edit Window Help Stop unique ID).
BJECT ELEM
KNEW ABOUT WHEN THEY WROTE THE !RRAY,IST CLASS BO OLEAN ADD/ T RETURNS @TRUE
ENT TO THE LIS % java TestObject
!DDS THE ELEM
3O YOU WERE MAKING SUBCLASSES OF CLASS /BJECT Tells you if two objects are
FROM THE VERY BEGINNING AND YOU DIDNT EVEN MORE false considered ‘equal’ (we’ll talk
KNOW IT %VERY CLASS YOU WRITE EXTENDS /BJECT about what ‘equal’ really 4 toString()
WITHOUT YOUR EVER HAVING TO SAY IT "UT YOU CAN means in appendix B). Cat c = new Cat();
THINK OF IT AS THOUGH A CLASS YOU WRITE LOOKS LIKE ist methods use the System.out.println(c.toString());
THIS Many of the ArrayL ce File Edit Window Help LapseIntoComa
ic type, Object. Sin
public class Dog extends Object { } ultimate polymorph is a subclass of Object,
va
every class in Ja hing! % java TestObject
"UT WAIT A MINUTE $OG ALREADY EXTENDS SOMETHING #ANINE thods can take anyt 2 getClass()
4HATS /+ 4HE COMPILER WILL MAKE #ANINE EXTEND /BJECT these ArrayList me ) Cat c = new Cat(); Cat@7d277f
INSTEAD %XCEPT #ANINE EXTENDS !NIMAL .O PROBLEM THEN THE , the get() and add( System.out.println(c.getClass());
(Note: as of Java 5.0k a little different
COMPILER WILL JUST MAKE !NIMAL EXTEND /BJECT File Edit Window Help Faint
methods actually loo here, but for now this ring message
Any class that doesn’t explicitly extend another than the ones shown about it. We’ll get into % java TestObject Gives you back the
Prints out a Stof the class
class, implicitly extends Object. with the name number we
is the way to thinktle later.) class that object was
3O SINCE $OG EXTENDS #ANINE IT DOESNT DIRECTLY EXTEND /BJECT class Cat and some other t.
the full story a lit instantiated from.
ALTHOUGH IT DOES EXTEND IT INDIRECTLY AND THE SAME IS TRUE rarely care abou
FOR #ANINE BUT !NIMAL DOES DIRECTLY EXTEND /BJECT
208 chapter 8 you are here4 209
Object and abstract classes interfaces and polymorphism
there are no
Dumb Questions Q: /+ BACK TO CLASS /BJECT Q: )F ITS SO GOOD TO USE Using polymorphic references of type Object has a price...
BEING NON
ABSTRACT SO ) GUESS POLYMORPHIC TYPES WHY
Q: )S CLASS /BJECT ABSTRACT THAT MEANS ITS CONCRETE (/7 DONT YOU JUST MAKE !,, YOUR "EFORE YOU RUN OFF AND START USING TYPE /BJECT FOR ALL YOUR ULTRA
m EXIBLE ARGUMENT AND RETURN
CAN YOU LET SOMEBODY MAKE AN METHODS TAKE AND RETURN TYPE TYPES YOU NEED TO CONSIDER A LITTLE ISSUE OF USING TYPE /BJECT AS A REFERENCE !ND KEEP IN MIND
/BJECT OBJECT )SNT THAT JUST /BJECT THAT WERE NOT TALKING ABOUT MAKING INSTANCES OF TYPE /BJECT WERE TALKING ABOUT MAKING
A: .O 7ELL NOT IN THE FORMAL AS WEIRD AS MAKING AN !NIMAL
*AVA SENSE ANYWAY /BJECT IS A INSTANCES OF SOME OTHER TYPE BUT USING A REFERENCE OF TYPE /BJECT
NON
ABSTRACT CLASS BECAUSE ITS OBJECT
A: !HHHH THINK ABOUT WHAT 7HEN YOU PUT AN OBJECT INTO AN !RRAY,IST $OG IT GOES IN AS A $OG AND COMES OUT AS A $OG
GOT METHOD IMPLEMENTATION WOULD HAPPEN &OR ONE THING
CODE THAT ALL CLASSES CAN INHERIT A: 'OOD QUESTION 7HY IS YOU WOULD DEFEAT THE WHOLE Make an ArrayList declared
AND USE OUT
OF
THE
BOX WITHOUT IT ACCEPTABLE TO MAKE A NEW POINT OF @TYPE
SAFETY ONE ArrayList<Dog> myDogArrayList = new ArrayList<Dog>();
to hold Dog objects.
HAVING TO OVERRIDE THE METHODS /BJECT INSTANCE "ECAUSE OF *AVAS GREATEST PROTECTION Dog aDog = new Dog(); Make a Dog.
SOMETIMES YOU JUST WANT A MECHANISMS FOR YOUR CODE 7ITH
TYPE
SAFETY *AVA GUARANTEES THAT myDogArrayList.add(aDog); Add the Dog to the list. able.
GENERIC OBJECT TO USE AS WELL AS to a new Dog reference vari
Q: 4HEN CAN YOU OVERRIDE AN OBJECT ! LIGHTWEIGHT OBJECT YOU WONT ASK THE WRONG OBJECT Dog d = myDogArrayList.get(0);
Assign the Dog from the listget() method declares a Dog return
the
THE METHODS IN /BJECT "Y FAR THE MOST COMMON USE OF TO DO SOMETHING YOU MEANT TO (Think of it as though ist<Dog>.)
AN INSTANCE OF TYPE /BJECT IS FOR ASK OF ANOTHER OBJECT TYPE ,IKE type because you used ArrayL
THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION WHICH ASK A &ERRARI WHICH YOU THINK IS A "UT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU DECLARE IT AS !RRAY,IST /BJECT )F YOU WANT TO MAKE AN !RRAY,IST
A: 3OME OF THEM "UT SOME OF YOULL LEARN ABOUT IN CHAPTER 4OASTER TO COOK ITSELF THAT WILL LITERALLY TAKE ANY KIND OF /BJECT YOU DECLARE IT LIKE THIS
THEM ARE MARKED final WHICH &OR NOW JUST STICK THAT ON THE "UT THE TRUTH IS YOU DONT HAVE
MEANS YOU CANT OVERRIDE THEM BACK BURNER AND ASSUME THAT TO WORRY ABOUT THAT FIERY &ERRARI Make an ArrayList declared
9OURE ENCOURAGED STRONGLY TO YOU WILL RARELY MAKE OBJECTS OF SCENARIO EVEN IF YOU DO USE ArrayList<Object> myDogArrayList = new ArrayList<Object>();
to hold any type of Object.
OVERRIDE HASH#ODE EQUALS TYPE /BJECT EVEN THOUGH YOU /BJECT REFERENCES FOR EVERYTHING Dog aDog = new Dog();
AND TO3TRING IN YOUR OWN "ECAUSE WHEN OBJECTS ARE
Make a Dog. (These two steps are the same.)
CAN
CLASSES AND YOULL LEARN HOW TO REFERRED TO BY AN /BJECT myDogArrayList.add(aDog); Add the Dog to the list.
DO THAT A LITTLE LATER IN THE BOOK REFERENCE TYPE *AVA THINKS ITS
"UT SOME OF THE METHODS LIKE Q: 3O IS IT FAIR TO SAY THAT THE REFERRING TO AN INSTANCE OF TYPE "UT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU TRY TO GET THE $OG OBJECT AND ASSIGN IT TO A $OG REFERENCE
GET#LASS DO THINGS THAT MUST MAIN PURPOSE FOR TYPE /BJECT /BJECT !ND THAT MEANS THE
WORK IN A SPECIFIC GUARANTEED IS SO THAT YOU CAN USE IT FOR A ONLY METHODS YOURE ALLOWED TO NO!! Won’t compile!! When you use ArrayList<Object>, the get() method
myD
m
Dog d = myDogArrayList.get(0);
WAY POLYMORPHIC ARGUMENT AND CALL ON THAT OBJECT ARE THE ONES returns type Object. The Compiler knows only that the object inherits from
RETURN TYPE ,IKE IN !RRAY,IST DECLARED IN CLASS /BJECT 3O IF Object (somewhere in its inheritance tree) but it doesn’t know it’s a Dog !!
YOU WERE TO SAY
Q: )F !RRAY,IST METHODS ARE %VERYTHING COMES OUT OF AN !RRAY,IST /BJECT AS A REFERENCE OF TYPE /BJECT REGARDLESS OF WHAT THE
GENERIC ENOUGH TO USE /BJECT A: 4HE /BJECT CLASS SERVES Object o = new Ferrari(); ACTUAL OBJECT IS OR WHAT THE REFERENCE TYPE WAS WHEN YOU ADDED THE OBJECT TO THE LIST
THEN WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO SAY TWO MAIN PURPOSES TO ACT AS A o.goFast(); //Not legal!
!RRAY,IST $OT#OM ) THOUGHT POLYMORPHIC TYPE FOR METHODS
) WAS RESTRICTING THE !RRAY,IST TO THAT NEED TO WORK ON ANY CLASS 9OU WOULDNT EVEN MAKE IT PAST
HOLD ONLY $OT#OM OBJECTS THAT YOU OR ANYONE ELSE MAKES THE COMPILER The objects go IN
AND TO PROVIDE REAL METHOD CODE Objects come out of
as SoccerBall,
THAT ALL OBJECTS IN *AVA NEED AT "ECAUSE *AVA IS A STRONGLY
TYPED
A: 9OU WERE RESTRICTING IT RUNTIME AND PUTTING THEM IN Fish, Guitar, and an ArrayList<Object>
LANGUAGE THE COMPILER CHECKS
0RIOR TO *AVA !RRAY,ISTS CLASS /BJECT MEANS ALL OTHER Car. acting like they’re
TO MAKE SURE THAT YOURE CALLING
COULDNT BE RESTRICTED 4HEY CLASSES INHERIT THEM 3OME OF generic instances
A METHOD ON AN OBJECT THATS
WERE ALL ESSENTIALLY WHAT YOU THE MOST IMPORTANT METHODS IN ACTUALLY CAPABLE OF RESPONDING of class Object. The
GET IN *AVA TODAY IF YOU WRITE /BJECT ARE RELATED TO THREADS )N OTHER WORDS YOU CAN CALL A ArrayList<Object> Compiler cannot
!RRAY,IST /BJECT )N OTHER AND WELL SEE THOSE LATER IN THE METHOD ON AN OBJECT REFERENCE assume the object
WORDS AN !RRAY,IST RESTRICTED BOOK ONLY IF THE CLASS OF THE REFERENCE But they come
TO ANYTHING THATS AN /BJECT that comes out is of
TYPE ACTUALLY HAS THE METHOD
WHICH MEANS ANY OBJECT IN *AVA OUT as though any type other than
7ELL COVER THIS IN MUCH GREATER
INSTANTIATED FROM ANY CLASS TYPE they were of type
DETAIL A LITTLE LATER SO DONT WORRY Object.
7ELL COVER THE DETAILS OF THIS NEW
IF THE PICTURE ISNT CRYSTAL CLEAR Object. Object Object Object Object
TYPE SYNTAX LATER IN THE BOOK
210 chapter 8 you are here4 211
When a Dog loses its Dogness interfaces and polymorphism
When a Dog won’t act like a Dog I don’t know what you’re Objects don’t bark.
talking about. Sit? Stay?
4HE PROBLEM WITH HAVING EVERYTHING TREATED bark? Hmmmm... I don’t 3O NOW WE KNOW THAT WHEN AN OBJECT IS
POLYMORPHICALLY AS AN /BJECT IS THAT THE OBJECTS recall knowing those. REFERENCED BY A VARIABLE DECLARED AS TYPE
APPEAR TO LOSE BUT NOT PERMANENTLY THEIR /BJECT IT CANT BE ASSIGNED TO A VARIABLE
TRUE ESSENCE 4HE $OG APPEARS TO LOSE ITS DOGNESS
o
DECLARED WITH THE ACTUAL OBJECTS TYPE
,ETS SEE WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE PASS A $OG TO t
!ND WE KNOW THAT THIS CAN HAPPEN WHEN D og
objec
Object
A METHOD THAT RETURNS A REFERENCE TO THE SAME A RETURN TYPE OR ARGUMENT IS DECLARED
$OG OBJECT BUT DECLARES THE RETURN TYPE AS TYPE AS TYPE /BJECT AS WOULD BE THE CASE
/BJECT RATHER THAN $OG FOR EXAMPLE WHEN THE OBJECT IS PUT When you get an object reference from
INTO AN !RRAY,IST OF TYPE /BJECT USING
!RRAY,IST /BJECT "UT WHAT ARE THE
an ArrayList<Object> (or any method
IMPLICATIONS OF THIS )S IT A PROBLEM TO that declares Object as the return type),
method HAVE TO USE AN /BJECT REFERENCE VARIABLE it comes back as a polymorphic reference
public void go() { though the e TO REFER TO A $OG OBJECT ,ETS TRY TO CALL type of Object. So you have an Object
lin e w on ’t work! Eventhe very same Dog tht
to bj ec $OG METHODS ON OUR $OG
4HAT
#OMPILER
Dog aDog = new Dog(); This ref er en ce rn ty pe O reference to (in this case) a Dog instance.
BAD Dog sameDog g
g = getObject(aDog);
returned 4HINKS
)S
!N
/BJECT
returned areferred to, the retu u assign the
L } argument compiler won’t let bjyoect. a
means the to anything but O Object o = al.get(index); bject has
T hi s is f in e. Class O so you can call
reference ) method, in Java.
public Object getObject(Object o) {
as a int i = o.hashCode(); hashCode(hod on ANY object
return o; nce to the same Dog, but t ha t m et
} We’re returning a refereThis part is perfectly legal. Note:
. o.bark();
o.ba
o.b
return type of Object get() method works when you have Won’t compile! Can’t do this!! The Object class has no idea what
this is similar to how the her than an ArrayList<Dog>. it means to bark(). Even though YOU know it’s
an ArrayList<Object> rat really a Dog at that index, the compiler doesn’t..
File Edit Window Help Remember
DogPolyTest.java:10: incompatible types
The compiler doesn’t know that the
found : java.lang.Object
thing returned from the method is hashCode
()
The compiler decides whether
actually a Dog, so it won’t let you you can call a method based
required: Dog
assign it to a Dog reference. (You’ll on the reference type, not the
Dog sameDog = takeObjects(aDog);
see why on the next page.) actual object type. o
1 error ^
D og t
objec
%VEN IF YOU KNOW THE OBJECT IS CAPABLE Object
hBUT IT REALLY IS A $OG HONESTv THE
COMPILER SEES IT ONLY AS A GENERIC /BJECT Object
The method you’re calling on a
&OR ALL THE COMPILER KNOWS YOU PUT A equals() reference MUST be in the class of
public void go() { This works (although it may not be very "UTTON OBJECT OUT THERE /R A -ICROWAVE getClass()
Dog aDog = new Dog();
that reference type. Doesn’t matter
useful, as you’ll see in a moment) because you OBJECT /R SOME OTHER THING THAT REALLY hashCode() what the actual object is.
GOOD Object sameDog = getObject(aDog); can assign ANYTHING to a reference of type DOESNT KNOW HOW TO BARK toString()
J } Object, since every class passes the IS-A test 4HE COMPILER CHECKS THE CLASS OF THE
REFERENCE TYPENOT THE OBJECT TYPETO o.hashCode();
for Object. Every object in Java is an instance
public Object getObject(Object o) { SEE IF YOU CAN CALL A METHOD USING THAT
of type Object, because every class in Java has
REFERENCE
The “o” reference was declared as type
return o; Object at the top of its inheritance tree. Object, so you can call methods only if
those methods are in class Object..
}
212 chapter 8 you are here4 213
objects are Objects interfaces and polymorphism
He treats me like an
Object. But I can do so
‘Polymorphism’ means When you put
much more...if only he’d see
‘many forms’. an object in an
me for what I really am. You can treat a Snowboard as a ArrayList<Object>, you
Snowboard or as an Object. can treat it only as an
)F A REFERENCE IS LIKE A REMOTE CONTROL THE
Object, regardless of
REMOTE CONTROL TAKES ON MORE AND MORE BUTTONS the type it was when
AS YOU MOVE DOWN THE INHERITANCE TREE ! you put it in.
REMOTE CONTROL REFERENCE OF TYPE /BJECT HAS
ONLY A FEW BUTTONSTHE BUTTONS FOR THE EXPOSED When you get a
METHODS OF CLASS /BJECT "UT A REMOTE CONTROL reference from an
OF TYPE 3NOWBOARD INCLUDES ALL THE BUTTONS FROM ArrayList<Object>, the
Get in touch with your inner Object. CLASS /BJECT PLUS ANY NEW BUTTONS FOR NEW reference is always of
METHODS OF CLASS 3NOWBOARD 4HE MORE SPECIlC
!N OBJECT CONTAINS EVERYTHING IT INHERITS FROM EACH OF ITS type Object.
THE CLASS THE MORE BUTTONS IT MAY HAVE
SUPERCLASSES 4HAT MEANS EVERY OBJECTREGARDLESS OF ITS
ACTUAL CLASS TYPEIS ALSO AN INSTANCE OF CLASS /BJECT4HAT /F COURSE THATS NOT ALWAYS TRUE A SUBCLASS MIGHT That means you get an
MEANS ANY OBJECT IN *AVA CAN BE TREATED NOT JUST AS A $OG NOT ADD ANY NEW METHODS BUT SIMPLY OVERRIDE Object remote control.
"UTTON OR 3NOWBOARD BUT ALSO AS AN /BJECT 7HEN YOU THE METHODS OF ITS SUPERCLASS 4HE KEY POINT IS
SAY new Snowboard() YOU GET A SINGLE OBJECT ON THE THAT EVEN IF THE OBJECT IS OF TYPE 3NOWBOARD AN
HEAPA 3NOWBOARD OBJECTBUT THAT 3NOWBOARD WRAPS /BJECT REFERENCE TO THE 3NOWBOARD OBJECT CANT SEE
ITSELF AROUND AN INNER CORE REPRESENTING THE /BJECT THE 3NOWBOARD
SPECIlC METHODS
CAPITAL h/v PORTION OF ITSELF
Object
)
equals() A single object d( turn
re
Snowboard s = new Snowboard(); ()
sh
getClass() on the heap. g ()
has
h
t
hashCode() Object o = s; rin
Co
)
t oS
toString() d( turn
re
de(
()
)
h Object
sh
g() ash
equ
t
rin
()
Co
al
s
s
()
s(
t oS
)
ge
la
de(
)
rol
getC
tA
Object
nt
Snowboard
ir
Snowboard inherits methods () o
equ
()
loseC
s
al
s
s
()
equals() from superclass Object, and s(
) a
get
et Cl
rol
getClass() g Snowboard
Ai
nt
adds four more.
r
hashCode()
() o
loseC The Snowboard remote control Sn je ct
toString() fewer methods here... ow b
(reference) has more buttons than oard ob
Snowboard
turn() an Object remote control. The o
shred()
Sn
ow b je ct
oard ob Snowboard remote can see the full
getAir() The Object reference can see only the
loseControl()
Snowboardness of the Snowboard
object. It can access all the methods Object parts of the Snowboard object.
There is only ONE object on the heap here. A Snowboard It can access only the methods of class
object. But it contains both the Snowboard class parts of in Snowboard, including both the
inherited Object methods and the Object. It has fewer buttons than the
itself and the Object class parts of itself. Snowboard remote control.
methods from class Snowboard.
214 chapter 8 you are here4 215
casting objects interfaces and polymorphism
So now you’ve seen how much Java
Wait a minute... what good
is a Dog if it comes out of an
cares about the methods in the
ArrayList<Object> and it can’t do Casting an object reference class of the reference variable.
any Dog things? There’s gotta be a back to its real type. You can call a method on an object only if
way to get the Dog back to a state the class of the reference variable has that
of Dogness... method.
Think of the public methods in your class as
your contract, your promise to the outside
o world about the things you can do.
D og t
objec
Object
I hope it doesn’t hurt. 7HEN YOU WRITE A CLASS YOU ALMOST ALWAYS EXPOSE SOME
)TS REALLY STILL A $OG OBJECT BUT IF YOU WANT TO CALL OF THE METHODS TO CODE OUTSIDE THE CLASS 4O EXPOSE A
And what’s so wrong with
staying an Object? OK, I can’t
$OG SPECIlC METHODS YOU NEED A REFERENCE DECLARED METHOD MEANS YOU MAKE A METHOD ACCESSIBLE USUALLY BY
fetch, sure, but I can give you
AS TYPE $OG )F YOURE SURE
THE OBJECT IS REALLY A MARKING IT PUBLIC
a real nice hashcode.
$OG YOU CAN MAKE A NEW $OG REFERENCE TO IT BY
COPYING THE /BJECT REFERENCE AND FORCING THAT )MAGINE THIS SCENARIO YOURE WRITING CODE FOR A SMALL
COPY TO GO INTO A $OG REFERENCE VARIABLE USING A BUSINESS ACCOUNTING PROGRAM ! CUSTOM APPLICATION
CAST $OG 9OU CAN USE THE NEW $OG REFERENCE TO FOR h3IMONS 3URF 3HOPv 4HE GOOD RE
Account
CALL $OG METHODS USER THAT YOU ARE YOU FOUND AN !CCOUNT
CLASS THAT APPEARS TO MEET YOUR NEEDS debit(double amt)
Object o = al.get(index);
PERFECTLY ACCORDING TO ITS DOCUMENTATION
ct back to ANYWAY %ACH ACCOUNT INSTANCE REPRESENTS credit(double amt)
Dog d = (Dog) o;
AN INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMERS ACCOUNT WITH THE
cast the Obknjeow is there.
d.roam(); aD og we double getBalance()
STORE 3O THERE YOU ARE MINDING YOUR OWN
BUSINESS INVOKING THE CREDIT AND DEBIT
METHODS ON AN ACCOUNT OBJECT WHEN YOU REALIZE YOU
NEED TO GET A BALANCE ON AN ACCOUNT .O PROBLEM
THERES A GET"ALANCE METHOD THAT SHOULD DO NICELY
o %XCEPT WHEN YOU INVOKE THE GET"ALANCE METHOD
D og t
objec THE WHOLE THING BLOWS UP AT RUNTIME &ORGET THE
Object
DOCUMENTATION THE CLASS DOES NOT HAVE THAT METHOD
9IKES
Cast the so-called ‘Object’ (but
we know he’s actually a Dog) to d "UT THAT WONT HAPPEN TO YOU BECAUSE EVERYTIME YOU
type Dog, so that you can treat USE THE DOT OPERATOR ON A REFERENCE ADO3TUFF THE
Dog COMPILER LOOKS AT THE REFERENCE TYPE THE TYPE @A WAS
him like the Dog he really is.
)F YOURE NOT SURE ITS A $OG YOU CAN USE THE DECLARED TO BE AND CHECKS THAT CLASS TO GUARANTEE THE
instanceof OPERATOR TO CHECK "ECAUSE IF CLASS HAS THE METHOD AND THAT THE METHOD DOES INDEED
YOURE WRONG WHEN YOU DO THE CAST YOULL GET A TAKE THE ARGUMENT YOURE PASSING AND RETURN THE KIND OF
#LASS#AST%XCEPTION AT RUNTIME AND COME TO A VALUE YOURE EXPECTING TO GET BACK
GRINDING HALT *UST REMEMBER THAT THE COMPILER CHECKS THE CLASS OF THE
if (o instanceof Dog) { REFERENCE VARIABLE NOT THE CLASS OF THE ACTUAL OBJECT AT THE
Dog d = (Dog) o; OTHER END OF THE REFERENCE
}
216 chapter 8 you are here4 217
modifying a class tree interfaces and polymorphism
Let’s explore some design options
What if you need to change for reusing some of our existing
the contract? classes in a PetShop program.
/N THE NEXT FEW PAGES WERE GOING TO WALK THROUGH
/+ PRETEND YOURE A $OG 9OUR $OG CLASS
SOME POSSIBILITIES 7ERE NOT YET WORRIED ABOUT
ISNT THE ONLY CONTRACT THAT DElNES WHO YOU
WHETHER *AVA CAN ACTUALLY DO WHAT WE COME UP WITH
ARE 2EMEMBER YOU INHERIT ACCESSIBLE WHICH
7ELL CROSS THAT BRIDGE ONCE WE HAVE A GOOD IDEA OF
USUALLY MEANS PUBLIC METHODS FROM ALL OF
SOME OF THE TRADEOFFS
YOUR SUPERCLASSES
4RUE YOUR $OG CLASS DElNES A CONTRACT
"UT NOT ALL OF YOUR CONTRACT YiX`e
%VERYTHING IN CLASS #ANINE IS PART OF YOUR gfn\i
CONTRACT 1 Option one
%VERYTHING IN CLASS !NIMAL IS PART OF YOUR We take the easy path, and put pet
CONTRACT Think about what YOU would do if YOU were methods in class Animal. t
%VERYTHING IN CLASS /BJECT IS PART OF YOUR the Dog class programmer and needed to the pe ere
Pros: put all d code up h
CONTRACT modify the Dog so that it could do Pet things,
All the Animals will instantly inherit metho heritance.
!CCORDING TO THE )3 ! TEST YOU ARE EACH OF too. We know that simply adding new Pet be- the pet behaviors. We won’t have to for in
THOSE THINGS#ANINE !NIMAL AND /BJECT haviors (methods) to the Dog class will work, touch the existing Animal subclasses
and won’t break anyone else’s code. at all, and any Animal subclasses Animal
"UT WHAT IF THE PERSON WHO DESIGNED YOUR created in the future will also get to
CLASS HAD IN MIND THE !NIMAL SIMULATION But... this is a PetShop program. It has more take advantage of inheriting those
PROGRAM AND NOW HE WANTS TO USE YOU CLASS methods. That way, class Animal can
than just Dogs! And what if someone wants
$OG FOR A 3CIENCE &AIR 4UTORIAL ON !NIMAL be used as the polymorphic type in
OBJECTS to use your Dog class for a program that has any program that wants to treat the
wild Dogs? What do you think your options Animals as pets Canine
4HATS /+ YOURE PROBABLY REUSABLE FOR THAT
might be, and without worrying about how Hippo
"UT WHAT IF LATER HE WANTS TO USE YOU FOR A Cons:
Java handles things, just try to imagine how
0ET3HOP PROGRAM 9OU DONT HAVE ANY 0ET So... when was the last time you
you’d like to solve the problem of modifying saw a Hippo at a pet shop? Lion? Feline
BEHAVIORS ! 0ET NEEDS METHODS LIKE BE&RIENDLY
some of your Animal classes to include Pet Wolf? Could be dangerous to give
AND PLAY
behaviors. non-pets pet methods. Dog
/+ NOW PRETEND YOURE THE $OG CLASS
PROGRAMMER .O PROBLEM RIGHT *UST ADD Stop right now and think about it, Also, we almost certainly WILL
SOME MORE METHODS TO THE $OG CLASS 9OU before you look at the next page where we have to touch the pet classes
Cat
WONT BE BREAKING ANYONE ELSES CODE BY like Dog and Cat, because (in Wolf
begin to reveal everything. our house, anyway) Dogs
ADDING METHODS SINCE YOU ARENT TOUCHING
THE EXISTING METHODS THAT SOMEONE ELSES CODE and Cats tend to imple- Lion
(thus rendering the whole exercise completely useless, robbing
ment pet behaviors Tiger
MIGHT BE CALLING ON $OG OBJECTS you of your One Big Chance to burn some brain calories) VERY differently.
#AN YOU SEE ANY DRAWBACKS TO THAT APPROACH
ADDING 0ET METHODS TO THE $OG CLASS
218 chapter 8 you are here4 219
modifying existing classes interfaces and polymorphism
3 Option three
Put the pet methods ONLY in the
classes where they belong.
2 Option t wo
We start with Option One, putting the pet methods Pros:
in class Animal, but we make the methods abstract, No more worries about Hippos greeting you at the
forcing the Animal subclasses to override them. door or licking your face. The methods are where
they belong, and ONLY where they belong. Dogs can
implement the methods and Cats can implement the LY in the
Pros: methods ON ,
methods, but nobody else has to know about them.
That would give us all the benefits of Option One, but with- ds Put the peastses that can be pets
out the drawback of having non-pet Animals running around metho Animal clof in Animal.
with pet methods (like beFriendly()). All Animal classes a ll t he petwith no all
Cons: instead
put ere, but ns. Make
would have the method (because it’s in class Animal), but up h mentatio abstract. Two Big Problems with this approach. First off, you’d
because it’s abstract the non-pet Animal classes won’t imple methods have to agree to a protocol, and all programmers of
inherit any functionality. All classes MUST override the pet pet Animal classes now and in the future would have
methods, but they can make the methods “do-nothings”. to KNOW about the protocol. By protocol, we mean Animal
the exact methods that we’ve decided all pets should
Animal have. The pet contract without anything to back it up.
Cons: But what if one of the programmers gets it just a tiny
Because the pet methods in the Animal class are all bit wrong? Like, a method takes a String when it was
abstract, the concrete Animal subclasses are forced to supposed to take an int? Or they named it doFriendly()
implement all of them. (Remember, all abstract methods instead of beFriendly()? Since it isn’t in a contract, Canine
MUST be implemented by the first concrete subclass the compiler has no way to check you to see if you’ve
Hippo
down the inheritance tree.) What a waste of time! Canine implemented the methods correctly. Someone
You have to sit there and type in each and every could easily come along to use the pet Animal
Hippo
pet method into each and every concrete non- classes and find that not all of them work Feline
pet class, and all future subclasses as well. quite right.
And while this does solve the problem of Feline Dog
non-pets actually DOING pet things And second, you don’t get to use
(as they would if they inherited pet Dog polymorphism for the pet methods.
functionality from class Animal), the Every class that needs to use
contract is bad. Every non-pet pet behaviors would have to Cat
Wolf
class would be announcing to the know about each and every
world that it, too, has those Cat class! In other words,
Wolf Lion
pet methods, even though you can’t use Animal
the methods wouldn’t Tiger
as the polymorphic
actually DO anything Lion
type now, because the
when called. Tiger
compiler won’t let you call
a Pet method on an Animal
This approach doesn’t reference (even if it’s really a
look good at all. It just Ask me to be friendly.
Dog object) because class Animal
seems wrong to stuff No, seriously... ask me.
doesn’t have the method.
everything into class Animal I have the method.
that more than one Animal type
might need, UNLESS it applies to
ALL Animal subclasses.
220 chapter 8 you are here4 221
multiple inheritance? interfaces and polymorphism
So what we REALLY need is: There’s just one problem with the “two superclasses” approach...
Æ A way to have pet behavior in just the pet classes
Æ A way to guarantee that all pet classes have all of the same It’s called “multiple inheritance”
methods defined (same name, same arguments, same return and it can be a Really Bad Thing.
types, no missing methods, etc.), without having to cross your
fingers and hope all the programmers get it right. That is, if it were possible to do in Java.
Æ A way to take advantage of polymorphism so that all pets can have But it isn’t, because multiple inheritance has a problem
their pet methods called, without having to use arguments, return known as The Deadly Diamond of Death.
types, and arrays for each and every pet class.
Deadly Diamond of Death
It looks like we need TWO
DigitalRecorder
superclasses at the top ner both int i
B ur ne r an d DVDBurorder,
ec
CD m DigitalR burn()
tract inherit fro erride the burn()
h ov
k e a n ew abs et, and
P
and bot oth inherit the “i”
We ma lass called t methods. method. B riable. ce
superc all the pe instance va CDBurner DVDBurner
“i” instanDBurner
give it Pet Animal hat the
Imagine tis used by both Cifferent
burn() burn()
variable Burner, with d ComboDrive
and DVDhat happens if of “i”?
values. W use both values
Canine
needs to
Hippo ComboDrive
Problem wit
Feline
Which burn()h multiple inheritance.
call burn() on method runs when you
Dog
the ComboD
rive?
Dog e
Cat Lion Wolf Pet anxtends both ! LANGUAGE THAT ALLOWS THE $EADLY $IAMOND OF $EATH CAN LEAD TO
SOME UGLY COMPLEXITIES BECAUSE YOU HAVE TO HAVE SPECIAL RULES TO
d Anim
al
DEAL WITH THE POTENTIAL AMBIGUITIES !ND EXTRA RULES MEANS EXTRA
nds Tiger WORK FOR YOU BOTH IN LEARNING THOSE RULES AND WATCHING OUT FOR
Cat now extenimal
THOSE hSPECIAL CASESv *AVA IS SUPPOSED TO BE SIMPLE WITH CONSISTENT
from both A it gets RULES THAT DONT BLOW UP UNDER SOME SCENARIOS 3O *AVA UNLIKE
AND Pet, so of both. # PROTECTS YOU FROM HAVING TO THINK ABOUT THE $EADLY $IA
the methods The non-pet Animals MOND OF $EATH "UT THAT BRINGS US BACK TO THE ORIGINAL PROBLEM
don’t have any inherited (OW DO WE HANDLE THE !NIMAL0ET THING
Pet stuff.
222 chapter 8 you are here4 223
interfaces interfaces and polymorphism
Interface to the rescue! Making and Implementing interface me
*AVA GIVES YOU A SOLUTION !N INTERFACE .OT A '5) INTERFACE NOT THE GENERIC the Pet interface abstract, so thods are implicitly public an
USE OF THE WORD INTERFACE AS IN h4HATS THE PUBLIC INTERFACE FOR THE "UTTON is optional (intyfapinctg in ‘public’ and ‘abstractd ’
CLASS !0) v BUT THE *AVA KEYWORD interface style’ to type e , it’s not considered ‘good
words in, but we
d just to reinforth did here
! *AVA INTERFACE SOLVES YOUR MULTIPLE INHERITANCE PROBLEM BY GIVING YOU rface’ instea been slaves to faceshiit, and because we’ve never
MUCH OF THE POLYMORPHIC BENEl TS OF MULTIPLE INHERITANCE WITHOUT THE PAIN
You say ‘inhetere
’ on...)
of ‘class
AND SUFFERING FROM THE $EADLY $IAMOND OF $EATH $$$
4HE WAY IN WHICH INTERFACES SIDE STEP THE $$$ IS SURPRISINGLY SIMPLE MAKE
methods are
public interface Pet { All interface they MUST end in
ALL THE METHODS ABSTRACT 4HAT WAY THE SUBCLASS MUST IMPLEMENT THE METHODS abstract, so emember, they have
REMEMBER ABSTRACT METHODS MUST BE IMPLEMENTED BY THE l RST CONCRETE public abstract void beFriendly(); semicolons. R
SUBCLASS SO AT RUNTIME THE *6- ISNT CONFUSED ABOUT WHICH OF THE TWO
INHERITED VERSIONS ITS SUPPOSED TO CALL public abstract void play(); no body!
}
Pet A Java interface is like a s’
100% pure abstract class.
nimal You say ‘implethmee nt me
Dog IS-AISA-A Pet followed by facena.
and Dog public class Dog extends Canine implements Pet { of th
e inter
abstract void beFriendly(); e are
in an interfac
abstract void play(); All methods any class that IS-A public void beFriendly() {...}
You SAID
public void play() {..}
abstract, so implement (i.e. override)
implement you are a Pet, so yo M
Pet MUST of Pet. UST
the methods contract. Nthote Pet methods. It’su yo
instead of se ice the curly braces ur
micolons.
public void roam() {...}
public void eat() {...} These are just norma
l
overriding meth ods.
To DEFINE an interface: }
public interface Pet {...}
there are no
Dumb Questions
TYPES YOU CAN PASS ANYTHING THAT TO EXTEND 9OU COULD JUST GIVE THEM
Use the ke
instead of yword “interface” Q: 7AIT A MINUTE INTERFACES DONT IMPLEMENTS THAT INTERFACE !ND THINK THE INTERFACE AND SAY h(ERE ) DONT
“class” REALLY GIVE YOU MULTIPLE INHERITANCE ABOUT ITWITH AN INTERFACE A CLASS CARE WHAT KIND OF CLASS INHERITANCE
BECAUSE YOU CANT PUT ANY DOESNT HAVE TO COME FROM JUST ONE STRUCTURE YOU COME FROM JUST
IMPLEMENTATION CODE IN THEM )F ALL INHERITANCE TREE ! CLASS CAN EXTEND IMPLEMENT THIS INTERFACE AND YOULL BE
To IMPLEMENT an interface: THE METHODS ARE ABSTRACT WHAT DOES ONE CLASS AND IMPLEMENT AN INTERFACE GOOD TO GOv
AN INTERFACE REALLY BUY YOU "UT ANOTHER CLASS MIGHT IMPLEMENT 4HE FACT THAT YOU CANT PUT IN
public class Dog extends Canine implements Pet {...} THE SAME INTERFACE YET COME FROM A IMPLEMENTATION CODE TURNS OUT NOT TO
COMPLETELY DIFFERENT INHERITANCE TREE BE A PROBLEM FOR MOST GOOD DESIGNS
followed A: 0OLYMORPHISM POLYMORPHISM 3O YOU GET TO TREAT AN OBJECT BY THE BECAUSE MOST INTERFACE METHODS
d “implements” POLYMORPHISM )NTERFACES ARE THE ROLE IT PLAYS RATHER THAN BY THE CLASS WOULDNT MAKE SENSE IF IMPLEMENTED
ULTIMATE IN FLEXIBILITY BECAUSE IF YOU TYPE FROM WHICH IT WAS INSTANTIATED
Use the keywor e name. Note that
IN A GENERIC WAY )N OTHER WORDS MOST
by the interfac ent an interface you USE INTERFACES INSTEAD OF CONCRETE )N FACT IF YOU WROTE YOUR CODE TO USE INTERFACE METHODS WOULD NEED TO
when you implem nd a class SUBCLASSES OR EVEN ABSTRACT SUPERCLASS INTERFACES YOU WOULDNT EVEN HAVE TO BE OVERRIDDEN EVEN IF THE METHODS
still get to exte TYPES AS ARGUMENTS AND RETURN GIVE ANYONE A SUPERCLASS THAT THEY HAD WERENT FORCED TO BE ABSTRACT
224 chapter 8 you are here4 225
interface polymorphism interfaces and polymorphism
Classes from different inheritance trees
can implement the same interface.
Robot
Pet Animal
tick
Make it S
BLUE
Agent IOLETS ARE T TWO
RE RED V IM PLEMEN
RoboDog 2OSES A E B U T
Canine
ONLY ON
%X TEND
VALUES
N FAMILY AVE
Class RoboDo Hippo IGHS IN O S CAN H
esn’t *AVA WE ! AVA CLAS ENT
come from thge do ARE N TS / NLY * AND THAT PAR
imal LASS IMPLE
inheritance treeAn
, 3INGLE 0 ARENT SUPERC
E P RE " U T YOU CAN ACES
Feline TERF
ONLY ON ES WHO YOU A
FIN HOSE IN
S AND T
gets to be a Pet!but it still
CLASS DE IPLE INTERFACE
T M U LT LA Y
Dog ME N CAN P
OLES YOU
DEFINE R
Cat Lion Wolf
How do you know whether to make a
class, a subclass, an abstract class, or
an interface?
Tiger
Make a class that doesn’t extend anything
(other than Object) when your new class doesn’t
pass the IS-A test for any other type.
7HEN YOU USE A CLASS AS A POLYMORPHIC TYPE LIKE AN THEIR METHODS IN A SEPARATE THREAD OF EXECUTION Make a subclass (in other words, extend a class)
ARRAY OF TYPE !NIMAL OR A METHOD THAT TAKES A #ANINE )MPLEMENT 2UNNABLE 9OU GET THE IDEA 9OULL
only when you need to make a more specific
version of a class and need to override or add
ARGUMENT THE OBJECTS YOU CAN STICK IN THAT TYPE LEARN MORE ABOUT 3ERIALIZABLE AND 2UNNABLE IN LATER
new behaviors.
MUST BE FROM THE SAME INHERITANCE TREE "UT NOT JUST CHAPTERS BUT FOR NOW REMEMBER THAT CLASSES FROM
ANYWHERE IN THE INHERITANCE TREE THE OBJECTS MUST BE ANY PLACE IN THE INHERITANCE TREE MIGHT NEED TO Use an abstract class when you want to define
FROM A CLASS THAT IS A SUBCLASS OF THE POLYMORPHIC TYPE IMPLEMENT THOSE INTERFACES .EARLY ANY CLASS MIGHT a template for a group of subclasses, and you
!N ARGUMENT OF TYPE #ANINE CAN ACCEPT A 7OLF AND A WANT TO BE SAVEABLE OR RUNNABLE have at least some implementation code that all
$OG BUT NOT A #AT OR A (IPPO subclasses could use. Make the class abstract
Better still, a class can implement when you want to guarantee that nobody can
"UT WHEN YOU USE AN INTERFACE AS A POLYMORPHIC multiple interfaces! make objects of that type.
TYPE LIKE AN ARRAY OF 0ETS THE OBJECTS CAN BE
FROM ANYWHERE IN THE INHERITANCE TREE 4HE ONLY ! $OG OBJECT )3 ! #ANINE AND )3 ! !NIMAL AND Use an interface when you want to define a role
REQUIREMENT IS THAT THE OBJECTS ARE FROM A CLASS THAT )3 ! /BJECT ALL THROUGH INHERITANCE "UT A $OG )3 ! that other classes can play, regardless of where
IMPLEMENTS THE INTERFACE !LLOWING CLASSES IN DIFFERENT 0ET THROUGH INTERFACE IMPLEMENTATION AND THE $OG those classes are in the inheritance tree.
INHERITANCE TREES TO IMPLEMENT A COMMON INTERFACE MIGHT IMPLEMENT OTHER INTERFACES AS WELL 9OU COULD
IS CRUCIAL IN THE *AVA !0) $O YOU WANT AN OBJECT SAY
TO BE ABLE TO SAVE ITS STATE TO A l LE )MPLEMENT THE public class Dog extends Animal implements
3ERIALIZABLE INTERFACE $O YOU NEED OBJECTS TO RUN Pet, Saveable, Paintable { ... }
226 chapter 8 you are here4 227
using super interfaces and polymorphism
Invoking the superclass the BULLET POINTS
version of Q: 4HERES STILL SOMETHING
version of a method superclass oes important stuff STRANGE HERE YOU NEVER
d
method lasses could use When you don’t want a class to be instantiated (in other words, you don’t EXPLAINED HOW IT IS THAT
Q: 7HAT IF YOU MAKE A CONCRETE SUBCLASS abstract class Report { that subc want anyone to make a new object of that class type) mark the class with the !RRAY,IST $OG GIVES BACK $OG
AND YOU NEED TO OVERRIDE A METHOD BUT YOU void runReport() { abstract keyword. REFERENCES THAT DONT NEED TO BE
// set-up report CAST YET THE !RRAY,IST CLASS USES
WANT THE BEHAVIOR IN THE SUPERCLASS VERSION OF
} An abstract class can have both abstract and non-abstract methods. /BJECT IN ITS METHODS NOT $OG
THE METHOD )N OTHER WORDS WHAT IF YOU DONT void printReport() {
If a class has even one abstract method, the class must be marked abstract. OR $OT#OM OR ANYTHING ELSE
NEED TO REPLACE THE METHOD WITH AN OVERRIDE // generic printing 7HATS THE SPECIAL TRICK GOING ON
BUT YOU JUST WANT TO ADD TO IT WITH SOME } An abstract method has no body, and the declaration ends with a semicolon (no WHEN YOU SAY !RRAY,IST $OG
ADDITIONAL SPECIlC CODE } curly braces).
class BuzzwordsReport extends Report { All abstract methods must be implemented in the first concrete subclass in the
A: 9OURE RIGHT FOR CALLING IT A
A: !HHH THINK ABOUT THE MEANING OF THE inheritance tree. SPECIAL TRICK )N FACT IT IS A SPECIAL
WORD @EXTENDS /NE AREA OF GOOD // DESIGN LOOKS void runReport() { ss version,
Every class in Java is either a direct or indirect subclass of class Object (java.lang. TRICK THAT !RRAY,IST $OG GIVES
AT HOW TO DESIGN CONCRETE CODE THATS MEANT TO super.runReport(); call supercelaback and
m
BE OVERRIDDEN )N OTHER WORDS YOU WRITE METHOD buzzwordCompliance(); th en co Object).
BACK $OGS WITHOUT YOU HAVING
lass- TO DO ANY CAST SINCE IT LOOKS LIKE
CODE IN SAY AN ABSTRACT CLASS THAT DOES WORK printReport(); do some subc f Methods can be declared with Object arguments and/or return types. !RRAY,IST METHODS DONT KNOW
THATS GENERIC ENOUGH TO SUPPORT TYPICAL CONCRETE specific stuf ANYTHING ABOUT $OGS OR ANY TYPE
IMPLEMENTATIONS "UT THE CONCRETE CODE ISNT } You can call methods on an object only if the methods are in the class (or interface) BESIDES /BJECT
ENOUGH TO HANDLE ALL OF THE SUBCLASS SPECIFIC void buzzwordCompliance() {...} used as the reference variable type, regardless of the actual object type. So, a
WORK 3O THE SUBCLASS OVERRIDES THE METHOD } 4HE SHORT ANSWER IS THAT THE
reference variable of type Object can be used only to call methods defined in class COMPILER PUTS IN THE CAST FOR YOU
AND EXTENDS IT BY ADDING THE REST OF THE CODE
4HE KEYWORD SUPER LETS YOU INVOKE A SUPERCLASS Object, regardless of the type of the object to which the reference refers. 7HEN YOU SAY !RRAY,IST $OG
VERSION OF AN OVERRIDDEN METHOD FROM WITHIN THE A reference variable of type Object can’t be assigned to any other reference type THERE IS NO SPECIAL CLASS THAT HAS
SUBCLASS METHODS TO TAKE AND RETURN $OG
without a cast. A cast can be used to assign a reference variable of one type to a
OBJECTS BUT INSTEAD THE $OG
If method code inside a reference variable of a subtype, but at runtime the cast will fail if the object on the IS A SIGNAL TO THE COMPILER THAT
BuzzwordReport subclass says: rrides heap is NOT of a type compatible with the cast. YOU WANT THE COMPILER TO LET
sub c lass m ethod (osiveon)
Example: Dog d = (Dog) x.getObject(aDog); YOU PUT /.,9 $OG OBJECTS IN
super.runReport(); class ver AND TO STOP YOU IF YOU TRY TO ADD
the super All objects come out of an ArrayList<Object> as type Object (meaning, they can be
the runReport() method inside ANY OTHER TYPE TO THE LIST !ND
runReport() referenced only by an Object reference variable, unless you use a cast). SINCE THE COMPILER STOPS YOU
the superclass Report will run buzzwordCompliance() FROM ADDING ANYTHING BUT $OGS
superclass methods en Multiple inheritance is not allowed in Java, because of the problems associated with
(including the overridd TO THE !RRAY,IST THE COMPILER
runReport() the “Deadly Diamond of Death”. That means you can extend only one class (i.e. you
ALSO KNOWS THAT ITS SAFE TO CAST
printReport() runReport() can have only one immediate superclass). ANYTHING THAT COMES OUT OF THAT
Report An interface is like a 100% pure abstract class. It defines only abstract methods. !RRAY,IST DO A $OG REFERENCE )N
OTHER WORDS USING !RRAY,IST $OG
super.runReport(); Create an interface using the interface keyword instead of the word class. SAVES YOU FROM HAVING TO CAST
BuzzwordReport
A reference to the subclass object THE $OG YOU GET BACK "UT ITS
Implement an interface using the keyword implements MUCH MORE IMPORTANT THAN THAT
(BuzzwordReport) will always call Example: Dog implements Pet BECAUSE REMEMBER A CAST CAN
the subclass version of an overridden Your class can implement multiple interfaces. FAIL AT RUNTIME AND WOULDNT YOU
method. That’s polymorphism. The super keyword is really a reference RATHER HAVE YOUR ERRORS HAPPEN
to the superclass portion of an object. A class that implements an interface must implement all the methods of the AT COMPILE TIME RATHER THAN SAY
But the subclass code can call interface, since all interface methods are implicitly public and abstract. WHEN YOUR CUSTOMER IS USING IT FOR
super.runReport() to invoke the When subclass code uses super, as in SOMETHING CRITICAL
superclass version. super.runReport(), the superclass version of To invoke the superclass version of a method from a subclass that’s overridden the
"UT THERES A LOT MORE TO THIS STORY
the method will run. method, use the super keyword. Example: super.runReport(); AND WELL GET INTO ALL THE DETAILS IN
THE #OLLECTIONS CHAPTER
228 chapter 8 you are here4 229
exercise: What’s the Picture? interfaces and polymorphism
(ERES YOUR CHANCE TO DEMONSTRATE YOUR ARTISTIC ABILITIES /N THE LEFT YOULL /N THE LEFT YOULL l ND SETS OF CLASS DIAGRAMS 9OUR JOB IS TO TURN
1dQ^OU_Q 1dQ^OU_Q
lND SETS OF CLASS AND INTERFACE DECLARATIONS 9OUR JOB IS TO DRAW THE ASSOCIATED THESE INTO VALID *AVA DECLARATIONS 7E DID NUMBER FOR YOU
CLASS DIAGRAMS ON THE RIGHT 7E DID THE lRST ONE FOR YOU 5SE A DASHED LINE FOR AND IT WAS A TOUGH ONE
hIMPLEMENTSv AND A SOLID LINE FOR hEXTENDSv
What’s the Declaration ?
Given: What’s the Picture ? Given:
(interface) Click 1) public class Click { }
1) Foo 1
1) public interface Foo { } public class Clack extends Click { }
public class Bar implements Foo { } Top
2
2)
2) Clack
2) public interface Vinn { }
public abstract class Vout implements Vinn { } Bar
Tip
3)
3) public abstract class Muffie implements Whuffie { } Fee
public class Fluffie extends Muffie { } 3) 3
public interface Whuffie { } 4)
Foo
4
Fi
4) public class Zoop { } 4)
public class Boop extends Zoop { }
Bar 5)
public class Goop extends Boop { }
Zeta
5
5) public class Gamma extends Delta implements Epsilon { }
Baz
public interface Epsilon { }
5) Beta
public interface Beta { }
Alpha KEY
public class Alpha extends Gamma implements Beta { }
EXTENDS
public class Delta { }
IMPLEMENTS
Clack CLASS
Delta
Clack INTERFACE
Clack ABSTRACT CLASS
230 chapter 8 you are here4 231
puzzle: Pool Puzzle interfaces and polymorphism
9OUR JOB IS TO TAKE CODE SNIPPETS FROM THE POOL AND
Pool PLACE THEM INTO THE BLANK LINES IN THE CODE AND OUT
%XERCISE 3OLUTIONS
PUT 9OU MAY USE THE SAME SNIPPET MORE THAN ONCE
Puzzle AND YOU WONT NEED TO USE ALL THE SNIPPETS 9OUR
GOAL IS TO MAKE A SET OF CLASSES THAT WILL COMPILE
AND RUN AND PRODUCE THE OUTPUT LISTED
What’s the Picture ?
(interface)
____________ Nose {
2) Vinn
public ___________ ________ extends Clowns { (interface)
________________________
3) Whuffie
} public static void main(String [] args) {
____________________________ Vout What’s the Declaration ?
abstract class Picasso implements ______{ Muffie
i[0] = new __________
_________________________
i[1] = new __________ 2) public abstract class Top { }
return 7;
} i[2] = new __________ public class Tip extends Top { }
} for(int x = 0; x < 3; x++) { 4) Zoop Fluffie
System.out.println(__________________ 3) public abstract class Fee { }
class _________ ________ __________ { } + “ “ + _______.getClass( ) ); public abstract class Fi extends Fee { }
} Boop
class _________ ________ __________ { } public interface Foo { }
___________________________ } /UTPUT File Edit Window Help BeAfraid
4)
return 5; %java ______________
public class Bar implements Foo { }
} 5 class Acts Goop public class Baz extends Bar { }
} 7 class Clowns
________Of76
.OTE %ACH SNIPPET 5) public interface Zeta { }
FROM THE POOL CAN BE 5) (interface) public class Alpha implements Zeta { }
Delta Epsilon
USED MORE THAN ONCE
CLASS public interface Beta { }
!CTS EXTENDS I
.OSE INTERFACE I (interface)
public class Delta extends Alpha implements Beta { }
/F IMPLEMENTS IX Gamma Beta
#LOWNS I;X= CLASS
0ICASSO CLASS
CLASS !CTS
PUBLIC INT I-ETHOD PUBLIC CLASS .OSE
/F ; = I NEW .OSE;= PUBLIC INT I-ETHOD [ ] /F
/F ; = I PUBLIC INT I-ETHOD [ II-ETHODX #LOWNS Alpha
.OSE ; = I NEW .OSE PUBLIC INT I-ETHOD [ ] IX I-ETHOD; = 0ICASSO
.OSE ; = I NEW .OSE;= I;X=I-ETHOD
I;X=I-ETHOD; =
232 chapter 8 you are here4 233
puzzle solution
interface Nose { public class Of76 extends Clowns {
public int iMethod( ) ; public static void main(String [] args) {
} Nose [ ] i = new Nose [3] ;
abstract class Picasso implements Nose { i[0] = new Acts( ) ;
public int iMethod( ) { i[1] = new Clowns( ) ;
return 7;
i[2] = new Of76( ) ;
}
for(int x = 0; x < 3; x++) {
}
class Clowns extends Picasso { } System.out.println( i [x] . iMethod( )
+ “ “ + i [x].getClass( ) );
class Acts extends Picasso { }
public int iMethod( ) { }
return 5; }
}
}
/UTPUT File Edit Window Help KillTheMime
%java Of76
5 class Acts
7 class Clowns
7 class Of76
234 chapter 8
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