Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1. The more personal a contact, the more e ective it is in turning out voters.
2. People are most strongly influenced by people they know and people that
3. The most e ective way to reach potential voters is to go to the places where
Personal Contact
Most field programs in the past were based on the assumption that young
decade reveals that young voters are just as a ected by political contact as other age
demographics.1 While this research tore down one assumption, it confirmed another:
personal contacts are far more e ective than impersonal methods. The findings of
Green and Gerber showed an 8-10% mobilizing e ect from door-to-door (in person)
contact and a 3-5% e ect from calls made by volunteers. Other less personal contact
methods such as calls made from professional phone banks, leafleting, and direct mail
all yielded a mobilizing e ect of 2% or less at a dramatically higher cost-to-vote ratio.
2
1
See Friedrichs, Ryan. Mobilizing 18-35 Year Old Voters: An Analysis of the Michigan Democratic Party’s 2002 Youth
Coordinated Campaign, 2003.; Green, Donald P. and Gerber, Alan S. Getting Out the Youth Vote: Results from
Randomized Field Experiments, 2001.; and Nickerson, David W. Hunting the Elusive Young Voter, Journal of Political
Marketing, Vol. 5 (3) 2006.
2
Analysis of Green and Gerber’s findings in Friedrichs 2003.
Influence and Similarity
A person is influenced the most by their family, friends, and neighbors. These
social bonds increase the pressure to say yes to a request and carry the strength of
trust. The eminent social psychologist Dr. Robert Cialdini of Arizona State University
Take, for instance, the growing number of charity organizations that recruit
volunteers to canvass for donations close to their own homes. They understand
This principle applies not only to charity requests but to political requests as well,
People are also more likely to comply with a request made by someone that is similar
to them. For example, you are more likely to do something that is asked of you if the
your decision. Cialdini highlights a study from the 1970s where “marchers in an
antiwar demonstration were found to be not only more likely to sign the petition of a
When it comes to electoral participation, young voters “need the authentic
3
Cialdini, Robert B. Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion. New York: Quill, 1993. (169)
4
Cialdini (173)
5
Nickerson (26)
Homes and Hangouts
The greatest challenge in reaching young voters for traditional field programs
is finding them. Millennials move more frequently and are more likely to rely solely on
a mobile phone than older generations.6 The key to reaching this important
demographic is to go to the places where young people live and hang out. University
progressive churches, bars, restaurants, co ee shops, and shopping centers are all
places that campaigns can engage peer-to-peer with young voters. As Michael
Connery described in Youth to Power, “concert halls and bars became the progressive
key is to contact and engage young voters using the context of their own lives.
PEER-TO-PEER TACTICS
The ideal location for peer-to-peer outreach will have a large concentration of
young people and an environment that is conducive to socializing and
communicating. A great way to find out where the best opportunities are is to ask your
young supporters: nobody knows where young people hang out better than a young
6
Pew Millennials Report (32)
7
Connery, Michael. Youth to Power: How Today’s Young Voters Are Building Tomorrow’s Progressive Majority. Brooklyn: Ig
Publishing, 2008. (158)
● High tra c areas of college and university campuses – Outside the
buildings. It is important to not focus solely on a single location but to
periodically switch locations so you reach a variety of di erent people.8 A
successful tactic that many Young and College Democrats chapters have used
is to help students move in to their residence halls during the first week of
● Outside of sporting events – Talk to young people as they enter and exit a
stadium for a sporting event. Using the principle of similarity mentioned
earlier, have your organizers wear clothing representing the home team.
● Community and cultural events – For example, in Phoenix there is a First
of Arizona reserve table space at the festival and have been extremely
sign-ups.
● County fairs and 4-H events – In rural areas county fairs provide a great
opportunity for reaching rural youth, which is one of the hardest
demographics to reach. 4-H clubs are also very popular with rural youth.
Tabling
8
Student PIRGs Activist Toolkit (6)
Tabling is a very popular tactic among campus organizers due to it being
particularly e ective on college and university campuses. However, tabling can be
The most common mistake made while tabling is for organizers to just remain
seated at the table waiting for people to come to them. The main purpose of the table
is for visibility and to hold campaign materials. While an organizer should always
remain at the table, other organizers should only use the table as a home base and
The campaign should also prioritize the actions that they want people to take,
whether it is registering to vote, signing a petition, signing up for an email list, or
completing a vote pledge. Once a person has taken your priority action, this may be
your foot-in-the-door for secondary and tertiary actions. Be careful not to be too
someone for taking an action. You want to ensure that people leave with a positive
In addition to your general campaign materials, the table should also have
plenty of voter registration forms as well as any other technical forms depending on
your jurisdiction (for example, in Arizona there are forms to request a ballot by mail
a resource for any election needs, including the ability to give polling place
Vote pledges are based on the power of commitment and consistency.
According to Dr. Cialdini, “once we have made a choice or taken a stand, we will
encounter personal and interpersonal pressures to behave consistently with that
commitment.”9 A vote pledge asks a voter to commit to voting in the next election.
The vote pledge was the primary tool in the Young Democrats of America organizing
arsenal during the 2008 election. The YDA vote pledge was not only a pledge to vote,
but a pledge to vote for Democrats throughout the ballot. The young people that
actually do so in order to be consistent: “Once a stand is taken, there is a natural
tendency to behave in ways that are stubbornly consistent with the stand.”10
pledge. This means that campaigns and organizations should not o er external
Social scientists have determined that we accept inner responsibility for a
behavior when we think we have chosen to perform it in the absence of strong
outside pressures. A large reward is one such external pressure. It may get us to
perform a certain action, but it won’t get us to accept inner responsibility for the
9
Cialdini (57)
10
Cialdini (67)
11
Cialdini (93)
Using incentives such as ra e tickets or free chum diminishes the sense of inner
An e ective vote pledge form must allow you to collect contact information
from the signers, specifically their name, address, email, and phone number. Hard
copies of vote pledge forms should also include a signature line, since the act of
Collecting the vote pledge is only the first step. With the information you have
and give them voting information such as the location of their polling place. Following
those people to the polls. Given the di culty of finding good contact information for
young voters due to increased mobility and exclusive use of cell phones, this data is
extremely valuable.
Voter Registration
to Win, frequently returns to the importance of expanding the electorate to winning
12
Werner, Carol M., Jane Turner, Kristen Shipman, F. Shawn Twitchell, Becky R. Dickson, Gary V. Bruschke and
Wolfgang B. von Bismarck. Commitment, behavior, and attitude change: An analysis of voluntary recycling. Journal of
Environmental Psychology, Volume 15, Issue 3, September 1995. Pages 197-208.
the election.13 To expand the electorate a campaign must register and turn out new and
unlikely voters.
in a campaign but will be better served focusing on turning out voters as the election
draws near. However, organizers should always have registration forms on hand
One tactic that has been successful with some youth organizations are Pledge to
pledge tactic, organizers get 17-year-olds to complete and sign a Pledge to Reg form
with their contact information so the organizers can follow up with them once they
Campaigns should always make photocopies of collected registration forms so
the new registrants can be later contacted with election reminders and polling
information. Organizers should also be trained to be able to quickly look over a
new young voters and following up with them to get them to the polls can be the
13
Plou e, David. The Audacity to Win. New York: Viking, 2009.
Get Out The Vote
The most important aspect of a youth GOTV e ort is to convey information to
contacts about when and where to vote.14 In The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell
visit the student health center and receive a tetanus vaccination. While information
packets with fear-inducing information about the disease had virtually no e ect,
researchers were able to increase the vaccination rate by 28% solely by “including a
map of the campus, with the university health building circled and the times that
shots were available clearly listed.”15 The interesting aspect of the study was that the
students that responded to the map already knew where the building was. According
to Gladwell:
The students needed to know how to fit the tetanus stu into their lives; the
addition of the map and the times when the shots were available shifted the
booklet from an abstract lesson in medical risk – a lesson no di erent from the
countless other academic lessons they had received over their academic career –
to a practical and personal piece of medical advice. And once the advice became
Your campaign needs to give young voters the information that puts voting in the
14
Gerber and Green 2001 (4)
15
Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Di erence. New York: Back Bay Books, 2002.
(97)
16
Gladwell (98)
context of their lives. A GOTV e ort on a college campus that has an on-campus
polling location could include a handout of a campus map with the polling location
circled with the times that the location is open. You can email young voters that were
Cultural Outreach
Successful cultural outreach does not happen overnight. In the past the
‘cultural outreach’ e orts of campaigns and organizations were just “campaign
rallies and civic drives in cultural drag, exploiting the culture to attain a specific goal.”
17
Using Malcolm Gladwell’s definitions from The Tipping Point, Michael Connery
argues that “a real cultural outreach strategy finds the mavens, connectors, and
salespeople within each subculture and uses them to change the entire culture itself
Biko Baker of the League Young Voters Education Fund highlights some of the
errors organizations make in organizing non-college youth. First, campaigns have to
earn the trust of young people in low-income communities: “you can’t just pop up in
a neighborhood and get respect. You have to earn it.”19 Second, the focus must be
more on organizing and less on just promoting your campaign or organization: “Low
income communities only respond when they see a real commitment to organizing
17
Connery (156)
18
Connery (157)
19
Baker, Biko. Doing REAL work with Non-College Youth. Future Majority. March 4, 2010.
and local leadership development.”20 Cultural outreach is a powerful tool in
organizing non-college youth, but to be successful you need to earn the respect of a
Cultural outreach requires active and continuous engagement in order to be
e ective. Because of this, many campaigns and organizations ignore cultural outreach
and instead focus solely on college students – the low-hanging fruit of youth
important opportunities to expand the electorate with new progressive voters and
20
Baker, 2010.