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Part 06
Pulse Modulation
Pulse Modulation
2
Pulse Modulation
In pulse modulation, various properties of pulse signals are varied according the analog
message signal
3
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) (1)
In PAM, the amplitudes of regularly spaced pulses are varied in proportion to the
corresponding sample values of a continuous message signal
Pulses can be of a rectangular form or some other appropriate shape
Two operations involved in the generation of the PAM
signal:
i l
1. Instantaneous sampling of the message signal
every Ts seconds (sampling rate is chosen in
accordance with the sampling theorem)
2. Lengthening the duration of each sample, so that it
occupies some finite value T
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Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) (2)
Reconstruction:
Reconstruction filter:
Message Spectrum M(f)
PAM introduces amplitude
PAM introduces amplitude
distortion and delay
Equalizer:
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Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) (3)
Comments on PAM:
1. The transmission of a PAM signal imposes stringent requirements on the amplitude and
p
phase responses of the channel, because of the relatively short duration of the
p , y
transmitted pulses
2. The noise performance of a PAM system can never be better than direct (i.e., base band)
g g
transmission of the message signal
3. Thus, for transmission over long distances, PAM would be used only as a means of
message processing for time‐division multiplexing
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Pulse Time Modulation (1)
Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM)
The samples of the message signal are used to vary the duration of the individual pulses
Also known as as pulse‐width modulation (PWM) or pulse‐length modulation (PLM)
p ( ) p g ( )
PDM is wasteful of power, in that long pulses expend considerable power during the
pulse while bearing no additional information
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
In PPM, the position of a pulse relative to its unmodulated time of occurrence
In PPM, the position of a pulse relative to its unmodulated time of occurrence is varied in
is varied in
accordance with the message signal
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Pulse Time Modulation (2)
Message
Pulse carrier
PDM
PPM