Cee 315 Introduction PDF

Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
CEE-315
Reinforced Concrete Design-I
(3.0 credit)
Sourav Ray
Assistant Professor
Department Civil & Environmental Engineering
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
sourav.ceesust@gmail.com
.
REFERENCE BOOKS
 Text Books
 Design of Concrete Structures (7th & 14th Edition)
Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

by Arthur H. Nilson et. al.
 Structural Concrete (Theory and Design) by Nadim
Hassoun
 References
 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-08)
Introduction

(ABCD to Reinforced Concrete Design)
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) contd..
Mix Proportion
Cement : Sand : Crush

1 : 1.5 : 3
1 : 2 : 4
1 : 4 : 8
Water Cement Ratio (W/C)
W/C = 0.5 – 0.6
For a mix proportion of 1:2:4 and W/C = 0.5, if cement is 50 kg
Sand = 2 x 50 = 100 Kg
Crush = 4 x 50 = 200 Kg Batching By Weight
Water = 50 x 0.5 = 25 Kg
General Components of Concrete
 Aggregate-Coarse and Fine.

 Water
 Cement
 Supplementary cementing materials(SCMs)
 Chemical Admixture

Properties of Fresh Concrete
Fresh Concrete
 Mixture of Aggregate and paste
 paste 30 to 40 %
 Aggregate 60 to 70 %
-Coarse aggregate
-Fine aggregate
 Admixture
Function of aggregate in concrete
 Give volume to the concrete.
 Provide abrasion resistance.
 Voids in the coarse aggregate filled up with fine aggregate.
 Voids in the fine aggregate filled up with binding materials.

 Binding materials bind the aggregate with the help of water.
Function of water in concrete:

 To wet the surface of aggregate to develop adhesion.
 To prepare a plastic mixture of the various ingredients.
 Impart workability of concrete by placing in the desired
position.
 Hydration of the cementing materials to set & harden
the period of curing.
Revview of Con
Re onccrete Propert
ertiies
Workability related issues

Ease of placement
 Resistance to segregation
 Homogeneous mass

 Ability to flow
Workability of concrete
 The strength of concrete of given mix properties are very
seriously affected by the degree of its compaction.
 It is important that concrete should be transported, placed
without segregation.
 It a concrete satisfy these condition is said to be workable.
 Wet concrete are more workable then dry concrete.
Values of slump and workability for different concrete mixes
Slump Degree of Use for which concrete is suitable
Value inch workability
0-1 Very low Precast and vibrated concrete workability in roads, and
piles(vibrated by power operated machines)

1-2 low Road works (vibrated by hand operated machine).
Mass concrete in foundation (with vibration).
Lightly reinforced sections (with vibration).
2-4 medium Slabs (manually compacted), normal reinforced concrete

(manually compacted).
Heavily reinforced sections (with vibration).
4-7 High For sections with congested reinforcement (not normally
suitable for vibration).
Segregation
 Segregation is a term defines as the separation of the

constituent of a heterogeneous mix.
 Primary cause of segregation is the difference size of the
particles and specific gravity of the mix constituent.
 Segregation should be controlled by suitable grading, water

cement ratio, handling, transporting and placing of concrete.
Bleeding
 Bleeding is a term defines as water gain in concrete mix or
water tends to rise in concrete mix.
 Inability of the solid constituent of the mix to hold all of the
mixing water when settles down.
 As a result of bleeding top of concrete becomes wet.
 Bleeding water remixed during finishing off the top surface a
weak wearing surface will found.
Factor controlling properties of concrete
 Grading of the aggregate
 Moisture content of the aggregate

 Water/Cement ratio
 Proportioning of the various ingredients of
concrete
 Method of mixing
 Placing and compaction of concrete
 Curing of concrete
Water cement ratio
The proportion between the amount of water and cement used in a concrete
mixed is termed as the water cement ratio.
W/C= Wt of water/Wt of cement
The water in the concrete mix does three functions:
 To wet the surface of the aggregate.

 To impact workability.
 To combine chemically with cement.
Compressive strength is inversely proportional to the w/c

ratio.
 Quantity of water in a mix determines its strength.
 It will be found that there is a certain % of water below
which the water will not be sufficient to hydrate the
cement.
 Water-cement ratio- 0.4 to 0.6.
 High strength concrete- as low as 0.21.
Water cement ratio
 Cement requires a water/cement ratio of 0.23 for
hydration and 0.15 for filling the voids in gel pores.
 Therefore, theoretically a water/cement ratio of 0.38
would satisfy the requirement of water for hydration with

no capillaries.
 Practically a water/cement ratio of 0.5 will be required
for complete hydration in a sealed container.
Water cement ratio
Water cement ratio
Effect of water-cement ratio on 28 days compressive
strength
500
Compressive sstrength, kgf/cm2

For type I
450
portland
cement

400
350
300
250
200
0.4 0.5 0.6

0.7
Water-cement ratio, by
weight
Concrete Mixing
•Hand mixing does not produce a good concrete unless proper care is
taken through the period of mixing.
•Machine mixing produce a good concrete. It is necessary to know the
minimum mixing time to produce a good concrete.
•Generally 20 revolutions are sufficient for concrete mixing.

Placing & Compaction of concrete
• Concrete must be transported from the place of mixing to the place of

final placing as quickly as possible.
• Concrete should be deposited & not thrown or dumped from a distance

to avoid segregation.
• The distance should be 3ft.
• After placing the concrete, it should be compacted to eliminate
entrapped air.
• The compaction is done by a standard steel rod by forcing the corners &
edges to enable the spaces between the reinforcing bars.
• But now a day’s compaction is done by a vibration.
Curing of concrete
“As we discussed earlier, a water/cement ratio of 0.5 will be required

for complete hydration in a sealed container
container.. However, in practice,
water is lost from the paste by evaporation or by absorption of water

by aggregates, formwork, or subgrade
subgrade.. If this moisture loss brings the
internal relative humidity below about 80 80%%, hydration will stop and
strength development drops
drops.. Therefore, to ensure continued hydration
the loss of moisture would require replenishment or by some means
to prevent the loss itself
itself.. “
•The object of curing is to keep concrete saturated so that hydration of

cement can take place in a suitable environment.
• In case of water curing the concrete is covered with a layer of water for
a period of time & evaporation of moisture takes place from the surface
of water.
•The ideal way of curing concrete, its need to stay continually wet for 7
days, preferable 14 days.
Curing of concrete
Curing of concrete
Curing of concrete
Curing of concrete
Concrete is a mix of :

Water Cement Ratio (W/C)
:
Low W/C 0.3 0.7 High W/C
High Strength Low Strength
Low High
Workability Optimal ratios Workability
obtained by trial and
experience
Specified Compressive Strength Concrete, fc’
“28 days cylinder strength of concrete”
 The cylinder has 150mm dia and 300mm length.

 According to ASTM standards at least two cylinders
should be tested and their average is to be taken.
ACI 5.1.1: for concrete designed and constructed in

accordance with ACI code, fc’ shall not be less than 17.5
Mpa (2500 psi)
Grades of concrete

Grades lower than M15 shall not be used in reinforced
concrete, and grades lower than M25 are generally not
used for pre-
pre-stressed concrete
Concrete Cylinder Concrete Cube
Relevant ASTM Standards
 “Methods of Sampling Freshly Mixed

Concrete” (ASTM C 172)

 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete
Test Specimens in Field” (ASTM C 31)
 “Test Methods for Compressive Strength of

Cylindrical Concrete Specimen” (ASTM C
39)
Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality
ACI 5.6.3.3: Strength level of an individual class
of concrete shall be considered satisfactory if
both of the following requirements are met:

 Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive
strength tests equals or exceeds fc’.
 No individual strength test (average of two
cylinders) falls below fc’
 by more than 3.5 MPa (500 psi) when fc’ is 35 MPa (5000
psi) or less; or
 by more than 0.10fc’ when fc’ is more than 35 MPa
Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality (contd…)
Example
For Required fc’ = 20 MPa, if following are the test results of 7
samples
 19, 20, 22, 23, 19, 18, 24 MPa

Mean 1 = (19 + 20 + 22) / 3 = 20.33 MPa
Mean 2 = (20 + 22 + 23) / 3 = 21.67 MPa
Mean 3 = (22 + 23 + 19) / 3 = 21.33 MPa
Mean 4 = (23 + 19 + 18) / 3 = 20.00 MPa
Mean 5 = (19 + 18 + 24) / 3 = 20.33 MPa
1. Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive strength tests
equals or exceeds fc’.
2. None of the test results fall below required fc’ by 10%.
Considering these two point the quality of concrete is
acceptable
PLAIN & REINFORCED CONCRETE-1
Stress Strain Curve of Concrete

•The first portion of
curve, to about 40%

of the ultimate
strength fc’, can be
considered linear.
Crushing
Stress •The lower the
strength of concrete
fc’ 0.85fc’ the greater will be
the failure strain
0.4 fc’
0.0028 to 0.0045,
generally 0.003 Strain
Stress Strain Curve of Concrete

Modulus of Elasticity (contd…)

Secant modulus (Ec) is the one which is being used in design.

Ec = 0.043 wc1.5√fc’
wc = density of concrete in kg/m3
fc’ = specified cylinder strength in MPa
For normal weight concrete, say wc = 2300 kg/m3
Ec = 4700√fc’
Concrete Weight
Plain concrete Steel = 2.323 t/m3

Reinforced concrete = 7.850 t/m3
Lightweight = 2.400 t/m3
concrete = 1.6 - 2.0 t/m3
CREEP
 General definition: the of a solid
material to or

 occurs as a result of long-term exposure to high
levels of stress that are below the yield strength
of the material
 more severe in materials that are subjected to
heat for long periods, and near their melting
point. Creep always increases with temperature
 The rate of this deformation is a function of the
, ,
and the
CONCRETE CREEP
 Definition: Continuous deformation of a member
under sustained load

 Characteristics:
 The final deformation of member can be 3 –
4 times the short term elastic deformation
 Deformation is roughly proportional to the
intensity of loading and to the inverse of
concrete strength
 If load is removed, only instantaneous elastic
deformation will recover – the plastic
deformation will not
 There is a redistribution of load between
concrete and steel present
Creep (contd…)
How to calculate shortenings due to creep?

Consider a column of 3m which is under sustained load for
several years.
Compressive strength, fc’ = 28 MPa
Sustained stress due to load = 10 MPa
Specific creep for 28 Mpa fc’ = 116 x 10-6 mm per MPa
Creep Strain = 10 x 116 x 10-6 = 116 x 10-5 mm
Shortening due to creep = 3000 x 116 x 10-5
= 3.48 mm
Merits of Concrete Construction
1. Good Control over cross sectional dimensions and Shape
One of the major advantage of concrete structures is the full

control over the dimensions and structural shape. Any size and
shape can be obtained by preparing the formwork accordingly.
2. Availability of Materials
All the constituent materials are earthen materials (cement, sand,
crush) and easily available in abundance.
3. Economic Structures
All the materials are easily available so structures are economical.
4. Good Insulation
Concrete is a good insulator of Noise & heat and does not allow
them to transmit completely.
Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
5. Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete
there is a very good development of bond between steel and

concrete.
6. Stable Structure
Concrete is strong in compression but week in tension and steel as
strong in tension so their combination give a strong stable
structure.
7. Less Chances of Buckling
Concrete members are not slim like steel members so chances of
buckling are much less.
8. Aesthetics
concrete structures are aesthetically good and cladding is not
required
Demerits of Concrete Construction
1. Week in tension
Concrete is week in tension so large amount of steel is required.

2. Increased Self Weight
Concrete structures have more self weight compared with steel
structures so large cross-section is required only to resist self
weight, making structure costly.
3. Cracking
Unlike steel structures concrete structures can have cracks. More
cracks with smaller width are better than one crack of larger width.
SO WHAT IS A REINFORCED
CONCRETE?

WHAT IS REINFORCED CONCRETE?
 Principal materials used in many civil
engineering applications (buildings, retaining

walls, foundations, water retaining structures,
highways, bridges etc
 A composite material: reinforcing bars embedded
in concrete
 Concrete: high compressive strength, low tensile
strength
WHAT IS REINFORCED CONCRETE?
 Steel: high tensile strength, low compressive
strength

 Concrete + Steel:
 Economical structural material, strong in
compression & tension

 Concrete provides corrosion protection and
fire resistance
Reinforced Concrete (RC)
Structures
P
A Neutral
axis
compression zone

tension zone Concrete
A Steel Steel
bars bars
Section A-A
Concrete: high compressive strength but
low tensile strength
Steel bars: embedded in concrete (reinforcing)

provide tensile strength
Steel and Concrete in Combination
(1) Bond between steel and concrete prevents
slip of the steel bars.
(2) Concrete covering prevent water intrusion

and bar corrosion.
(3) Similar rate of thermal expansion,
Concrete: 0.000010 - 0.000013
Steel: 0.000012
Reinforcing Steel
Steel bars are:
 Plain

 Deformed (currently in use)
Deformed bars have longitudinal and transverse ribs. Ribs provide a good
bond between steel and concrete. If this bond fails steel becomes in
effective.
The most important properties for reinforcing steel are:
 Young's modulus, E (200 GPa)

 Yield strength, fy
 Ultimate strength, fu
 Size and diameter of bar

Steel Bars
Reinforcing Steel (contd..)
Stress Strain Curve for Steel

fu
yielding Strain Hardening
fy
Stress
fy/2
Strain
Reinforcing Steel (contd…)

Steel Grade Designation FPS

 Grade 300, fy = 300 MPa Grade 40
For hot rolled
steel bars
Cold twisted
Grade 520 steel bars are
available in
Grade 450 grade 420
Stress
Grade 300
For hot rolled steel bars
Strain
Reinforcing Steel (contd
(contd…)
…)

Fundamental assumptions for Reinforced Concrete's Behavior
 Strain in concrete is the same as in reinforcing bars at the same level,

provided that the bond between the concrete and steel is adequate
 Strain in concrete is linearly proportional to the distance from the neutral
axis.

 Modulus of elasticity for all grades of steel is taken as Es = 29 x 10 ^ 6 psi.
The stress in the elastic range is equal to the strain multiplied by Es.
 Plane cross sections continue to be plane after bending.
 Tensile strength of concrete is neglected because:
Concrete's tensile strength is about 1/10 of its compressive strength.
 Cracked concrete is assumed to be not effective. Before cracking, the entire
cross section is effective in resisting the external moments.
 The method of elastic analysis, assuming an ideal behavior at all levels of
stress is not valid. At high stresses, non-elastic behavior is assumed, which is in
close agreement with the actual behavior of concrete and steel.
Advantages of reinforced concrete
 It has relatively high compressive strength
 It has better resistance to fire than steel
 It has long service life with low maintenance cost

 In some types of structures, such as dams, piers and footings, it is
most economical structural material
 It can be cast to take the shape required , making it widely used in
pre-cast structural components
 It yields rigid members with minimum apparent deflection
 Yield strength of steel is about 15 times the compressive strength
of structural concrete and well over 100 times its tensile strength
Disadvantages of reinforced concrete
 It needs mixing, casting and curing, all of which affect the final
strength of concrete
 The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is relatively high
 It has low compressive strength as compared to steel (the ratio is

about 1:10 depending on material) which leads to large sections
in columns/beams of multistory buildings Cracks develop in
concrete due to shrinkage and the application of live loads.
Typical Structure
(1)
Spandre
l beam 2nd Floor Column

Beam Joist
1st Floor
Spread
Wall footing footing
STRUCTURAL DESIGN?
 Process of determining
, selection of and

determination of for the
structure to be built
 Aim: ensure that the structure will perform
satisfactorily during its design life
STRUCTURAL DESIGN PURPOSES?
 Fitness for purpose
 Safety and reliability

 Economy
 Maintability Serviceability::
Serviceability No excessive
deflection, no excessive
deformation and no cracking or
vibrations No excessive
reinforcement.. Must be able to
reinforcement
perform the function, it is built for.
FITNESS FOR PURPOSE
 Arrangement of spaces, spans, ceiling height,
access and traffic flow must complement the

intended use.
 The structure should fit its environment and be
aesthetically pleasing
SAFETY AND RELIABILITY
 Structure must be strong to safely support all
anticipated loadings

 Structure must not deflect, overturn, tilt, vibrate
or crack in a manner that impairs its usefulness
ECONOMY
 Overall cost of structure should not exceed the
client’s budget

 Designer should take into account: cost of
materials, buildability, construction time, cost of
temporary structures and maintenance costs
MAINTAINABILITY
 Structure should be designed to require a
minimum maintenance, can be maintained in a

simple fashion
SPECIFICATIONS
Developed by organizations such as AISC,
ACI ASCE, and EIT

Recommendations of good practice based
on the accepted body of knowledge
NOT legally enforceable

CODE OF PRACTICE
 document that gives recommendations for the
design and construction of structures

 Contains detailed requirements regarding loads,
stresses, strengths, design formulas and methods
of achieving the required performance of
complete structure
CODE OF PRACTICE FUNCTIONS
 Ensure adequate structural safety
 Simplify the task of designer

 Codes ensure a measure of consistency among
different designers
 Have legal validity, in that they protect the
structural designers from any liability due to
structural failures that are caused by inadequate
supervision, faulty material and construction
EUROCODE
 EN 1990: Eurocode – Basis of structural design
 EN 1991: Eurocode 1 – actions on structures

 EN1992: Eurocode 2 – Design of concrete
structures
Building codes-
codes- ACI, BNBC, IS, Eurocode
Specification & Codes
These are rules given by various organizations in order to
guide the designers for safe and economical design of
structures

Various Codes of Practices are
1. ACI 318-05 By American Concrete Institute. For
general concrete constructions (buildings)
2. AASHTO Specifications for Concrete Bridges. By
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials.
3. ASTM (American Standards for Testing and
Materials) for testing of materials.
Design Loads
 Dead Load
“The loads which do not change their magnitude and
position w.r.t. time within the life of structure”
Dead load mainly consist of superimposed loads and self load of

structure.
 Self Load
It is the load of structural member due to its own weight.
 Superimposed Load
It is the load supported by a structural member. For
instance self weight of column is self load and load of
beam and slab over it is superimposed load.
Design Loads (contd…)
 Live Load
“Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings
and traffic loads on bridges”

 They may be either fully or partially in place or not
present at all, and may also change in location.
 Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are
uncertain, and even their maximum intensities throughout
the life time of the structure are not known with precision.
 The minimum live loads for which the floor and roof of a
building should be designed are usually specified in the
building codes that governs at the site construction.
Densities of Important Materials
Material Density (Kg/m3)

PCC 2300
RCC 2400
Brick masonry 1900-1930
Earth/Sand/Brick ballast 1600-1800
Intensities of Live Loads (Table 1.1, Design of concrete structures by Nilson)

Occupancy / Use Live Load(Kg/m2)
Residential/House/Class Room 200
Offices 250-500
Library Reading Room 300
Library Stack Room 750
Warehouse/Heavy storage
1250
Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
In allowable strength design the whole F.O.S. is applied on
material strength and service loads (un-factored) are taken
as it is.

fc’
fu
Stress
fy
Stress
fc’/2
Concrete Steel
fy/2
Strain Strain
(Working Stress Design : WSD)

Concrete: Fa = 0.45f’c
Steel: Fa = 0.40Fy
DISADVANTAGES OF WSD:
- Not account for the variability of the resistances
and loads

- Lack of any knowledge of the level of safty
F.S. is not known explicitly
- Inability to deal with groups of loads where one

load increases at a rate different from that of the
others.
Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method

(contd...)
ΦSn ≥ U

Where
Sn = Nominal Strength
ΦSn = Design Strength
Φ = Strength Reduction Factor
U = Required Strength, calculated by applying load factors
For a member subjected to moment, shear and axial load:
ΦMn ≥ Mu
ΦVn ≥ Vu
ΦPn ≥ Pu
(Strength Design Method : SDM)
Ultimate Stress Design (USD)

Load Combinations
To combine various loads in such a way to get a critical situation.
Load Factor = Factor by which a load is to be increased x probability

of occurrence
1. 1.2D + 1.6L
2. 1.4D
3. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
4. 1.2D + 1.6Lr + (1.0L or 0.8W)
Where
D = Dead load
L = Live load on intermediate floors
Lr = Live load on roof
W = Wind Load
Strength Reduction Factor / Resistance Factor, Φ
Strength Condition Strength Reduction Factor

Tension controlled section 0.9
(bending or flexure)
Compression controlled section
Columns with ties 0.65
Column with spirals 0.7
Shear and Torsion 0.75

As per IS code
Thank You

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Shahjalal University of Science and Technology

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

 Aggregate-Coarse and Fine.

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Function of water in concrete:

Workability related issues

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

2-4 medium Slabs (manually compacted), normal reinforced concrete

 Segregation is a term defines as the separation of the

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

W/C= Wt of water/Wt of cement

The water in the concrete mix does three functions:

 To wet the surface of the aggregate.

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Compressive strength is inversely proportional to the w/c

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Compressive sstrength, kgf/cm2

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

0.4 0.5 0.6

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

• Concrete must be transported from the place of mixing to the place of

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

“As we discussed earlier, a water/cement ratio of 0.5 will be required

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

•The object of curing is to keep concrete saturated so that hydration of

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

 The cylinder has 150mm dia and 300mm length.

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

ACI 5.1.1: for concrete designed and constructed in

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

 “Methods of Sampling Freshly Mixed

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

 “Test Methods for Compressive Strength of

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Stress Strain Curve of Concrete

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Modulus of Elasticity (contd…)

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

 Economical structural material, strong in

compression & tension

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Steel bars: embedded in concrete (reinforcing)

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST

 Young's modulus, E (200 GPa)

Sourav Ray,CEE, SUST