Grammar Essentials Graded Exercises in E

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Longman
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Grammar Essentials: Graded Exercises in English
Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, inc.

All rights reserved. -
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dixson, Robert James.

Grammar essentials : graded exercises in English / Robert J. Dixson—New ed.
p. cm.
New ed. of: Graded exercises in English. New ed. (9 1994.
lSBN 0-13-112696-2
1. English language—Textbooks for foreign speakers. 2. English
language—Grammar— Problems. exercises, etc. l. Title.
PE1128.D5145 2004
428.2'4—dc22 2003060494
ISBN: 0-13-112696-2
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To be, Present
Tense ..........................................................................
............ . .................................
To be, Negatives and Questions
A. An ..........................................................
Plural
Nouns .......................................... ...............................
.........................................
To have, Present
Tense .................... .....................................................
........................................
Simple Present
Tense ..........................................................................
............................................. 7
Possessive
Adjectives .....................................................................
........................................ 10
There is, There are,
Affirmatives ...................................................................
....................... 11
There is, There are, Negatives and Questions .......
Possessive Form of
Nouns ..........................................................................
.................................. 13
This/Thar;
These/Those ....................................................................
............................. 14
Obiect
Pronouns .......................................................................
........................................ ....15
Imperative
Form ...........................................................................
.................................................... 17
Simple Present Tense,
Negatives ......................................................................
......................... 19
Simple Present Tense, Yes-No
Questions ......................................................................
.......... 20
Simple Present Tense, Information
Questions ......................................................................
. 21
To be, Past
Tense ..........................................................................
............................................ 23
To be, Past Tense Negatives and
Questions . ......................................... 24
Past Tense, Regular
Verbs ...................................................................
Past Tense, Irregular

Verbs ..........................................................................
..................... 27
PastTense,
Negatives ......................................................................
.............................................. 31
Past Tense, Yes~No
Questions ......................................................................
.............................. 32
Past Tense, Information
Questions ................................................. , ..................
........................ 33
Review of Past and Present Tense, Negatives and
Questions .......................................... 34
Haitian of Past Tense, Regular and Irregular
Verbs .............................................................. 35
indirect Object, Position .................................................
Relative Pronouns, Who/Whom, Which, and That .........................
Future Tense, with

Will ...........................................................................
.... . .................... 39
Future Tense, Negatives with Will ...... .....
l ......................................................................... 40
Future Tense, Questions with
Will ...........................................................................
................... 41
Contents III
_ \rwwv . A ._.,
I-tf“ .
i
I
i
r
i
IV Contents
lnfinitives ......m ................................. 42

..... ............. ....................... 3
“Er-gent Continuous Tense. ........__ ........................ 44
Present Continuous TEE/5e, Negatives and Questions................... .. 46
Contractions, Affirmative ........................ ....47

Contractions, Negative ......... 48
Articles, Indefinite and
Definite .......................................................................
............... 49
Going to, Future
Tense ..........................................................................
.......................... w.........54
Going to, Past
Tense ..........................................................................
...................................... 55
Present Continuous Tense, Future
Time ...........................................................................
. 56
Modal Auxiliaries,
Negatives ......................................................................
.............................. 57
Modal Auxiliaries, Yes-No
Questions ......................................................................
................ 58
Modal Auxiliaries, Information Questions ..............
Short Answers ....................
Adjectives and
Adverbs ........................................................................
........ ' ................................ 62
Adjectives and Adverbs, Good,
Well ...........................................................................
............... 64
Adjectives and Adverbs, Comparative
Form ...........................................................................
. 66
Adjectives and Adverbs, Superlative
Form ...........................................................................
... 68
\M’Past Continuous
Tense \ ........................................................................
........................................ 70
Future Continuous
Tense ..........................................................................
.................................... 73
Much, Many, A lot
bf .............................................................................
........
Also, Too, Either ............................
Any, Some..........,..
Arnyone,*$omeone ...............................................................
............................................................ 80
Possessive
Pronouns .......................................................................
............................................. 81
RefleXiv'e
Pronouns .......................................................................
................................................. 84
Present Perfect
Tense ..........................................................................
.......................................... 87
Present Perfect Continuous
Tense ..........................................................................
.................. 90
Perfect Tenses, Negatives and
Questions ......................................................................
...... 91
Perfect Tenses, Information Questions ....................................
l ....................... 93
into, Past, Future, and Present Perfect

Forms .............................................................. 110
km, Negatives and
Questions ......................................................................
.................... 111
n .lnformation
Questions ......................................................................
........................ 112
7 , me
rather .........................................................................
......................................................... 124
l? 5 Ha
better .........................................................................
............................................................. 125
“k
Endings ........................................................................
............................................................ 126
I.
There ..........................................................................
.................................................... , .......... 130
' w of Verb
Tenses .........................................................................
....................................... 140
meson-
LL; ............................................................................
........................................... 143
Word Order ................................. 145
Still.
Anymore ........................................................................
........................................................ 146
Direct and Indirect
Speech .........................................................................
............................... 148
Indirect Speech,
Questions ............................... .................................. 150
Contents V
indirect Speech, Commands_.............

.4 Should Ought to, Past Form .-...........
Wave, May have 1..."... ................................................ 156
Conditional Sentences, Future

Possible .......................................................................
......... 158
Conditional Sentences, Present
Unreal .........................................................................
....... 159
Conditional Sentences, Dependent
Clauses ........................................................................
160
Conditional Sentences, Past
UnreaL .........................................................................
.............. 162
Present Tense, After if, When, Until,
etc. ...........................................................................
... 164
Either, Neither
Auxiliary Verbs
__..__.._____..._.. ............................................................
.......................... 169
Negatiiie Questions____._._........... ......
'. .............................................................................
.... 171
Subject Questions
........_.._____.“ .............................................................
......................... 172
Causative Form ........ ,
.....___.._.__._ ...............................................................
........................ 173
Exclamations................._ .................................................
..................................... 174
Emphasis
_...._..._...._.. ..............................................................
....................... 175
Position of Prepositions, Informal Usage

Punctuation, Comma ......._..........
Punctuation, Comma and

Semicolom... ...................................................................
............... 180
Special Usage
Notes ..........................................................................
........................................ 183
Quick Grammar
Reference ......................................................................
.................................. 190
Answers to
Exercises ......................................................................
............................................ 206
Index ..........................................................................
...................................................................... 223
VI Contents
The twenty—first century has brought a renewed emphasis on fundamentals

in language learning. Mastery of basic grammar is once again seen as a
critical building block of fluency. This workbook, first published almost
thirty years ago, continues to provide the tools that students need to achieve
grammar mastery.
Grammar Essentials, which was formerly published as Graded Exercises in

English, is not designed to replace a regular classroom text. Rather, it is
designed to supplement the text, to offer needed variety to a lesson, or
simply to provide additional drill materials on important points of grammar
and usage. Students will find it useful for self-study [an answer key is
provided at the back) or for further practice on points about which they do
not yet feel confident.
All explanatory material has been kept to a minimum. The grammar points
that students need to know are presented in simple language, with clear
examples, and students are then asked to complete exercises that provide
practice in the correct use of those points. Many of these exercises will seem
simple to a native speaker but provide real challenges to those studying
English as a foreign or second language. This book is not designed to test
knowledge. The exercises are not designed to find out how much a student
knows or does not know. Their purpose is simply to provide practice (lots
of practice!) on basic points of grammar and usage. These are practice
exercises—nothing more. They provide an additional means for students to
repeat materials that can be learned only through continuous use. For this
reason, many exercises have been made as simple and clear as possible, and
much direct repetition has been purposely introduced.
Grammar Essentials is organized in a step—byrstep manner, from easier

points to harder and more complex points. The structure echoes the
standard sequence of an integrated or four—skills course.
This new edition retains its original features—over 100 grammar points
presented, with over 2000 practice opportunities. Each page is tabbed, so
topics can be easily found, New to this edition is a 16—page Quick
Grammar Reference, which provides a fast, easy review of critical grammar
points, including parts of. speech, verb tenses, and an extensive list of
irregular verbs.
The editors and publishers of Pearson Longman hope that this book will
continue to provide help and encouragement to students of English, as
Robert]. Dixson intended it to do when he first wrote it almost three
decades ago. '
Introduction VII
Present Tense
I am we are
you are y'ou are
he is
she is they are
it is
Practice
flppl'y the correct form of the present tense of to be as in the example.
1. She is a good writer.

2. They old friends.
3. I a student.
4. John absent from work today.
5. We both students.
6. The weather today good.
7. The sky clear.
8. Henry and John brothers.
' 9. She and I cousins.
an. I sick today.
11. She a business person.
12. You a lawyer. -
13. Today Wednesday.
14. She and José both good writers.
15. The police officer on the corner ' busy with the traffic.
16. You old friends.

: Negativesdstioh—sm V
Form the negative of to be by placing not after the verb.
I am an employee. .
I am not an employee.
Form questions with to be by placing the verb before the subject.
They are absent from work today.

Are they absent from work today?
2:.: .7
Practice
m-jrrgfi#a4 n
a V
_ A 3 Change the following sentences from afiirmative to negative as in the

example.
1. She is in Japan no: 515655 ”03 in Japan HOW
2. You are angry.
. Ben and Liz are cousins.
. He is very serious.
. Both sisters are tall.
. They are members of the country club.
. He is a good tennis player.
3
4
5
6. She is a clever woman.
7
8
9
. Elaine is a pilot with an international airline.
10. The sky is very cloudy today.
11. The office of the supervisor is On the first floor.
12. It is cold today.
13. She is in her office.
14. The stamps are in my desk.
15. He is a smart man.

.F ‘ B ; Change the sentences in Exercise A from statements to questions as in
the example.
She is in Japan now. is she in Japan new?
r i 2 Grammar Essentials
lil" -'
¥;;jf .
',. »_ to on before any word beginning with a vowel sound.
a book a man a hotel

an apple an orange an hour
an old car an early train an ugly building
a useful tool a one-page memo a door
' 7.11 the following sentences with a or an.

__ Iis_a_ lovely day.
old building.
unusual man.
exception to the rule.
long trip, but it is easy trip.
large building.
honest man.
happy child.
used car.
tall tree.
egg.
apple.
old bus.
empty milk carton.
hour till lunch.
windy day.
new book.
one-story building.
- ' PLURAL noun

Most nouns form their plurals by adding 5. .
j
. door -—> doors doctor ——-> doctors '
l . 22...; pen —> pens apple —>apples
Nouns ending in s, 2, ch, sh, andx form their plurals by adding es.
_ . .7 box ——> boxes class —-> classes
f ; - aasll ——> crashes church —=> churches
‘_ _- Some nouns have Irregular plurals.
-.‘ ‘ . man —-> Hen foot ——n-— feet tooth ——>teeth
child —> dfldlen woman ——> women mouse —>mice
Practice
A 3 Give the plural forms of these nouns:
friend friends dish
salesman glass
.4 E _ buzz player
\ orange foot
'— B 3: Change the following sentences from singular to plural as in the

example.
1. The pencil is on the desk. The pencils are or! the desk,
2. The glass is in the kitchen.
3. The dish is new.
4. The bus is at the corner.
5. The child is in the garden.
6. The clock is on the wall.
7. The watch is new.
8. The picture is beautiful.
!I- Grammar Essentials
. thatend in y form their plurals in one oftwo ways: if a vowel precedes the y,
add 5
key —> keys toy ~—> toys
-- nant precedes the y, change the yto i and add es.
city —> cities lady —-> ladies country —> countries
'- muns that end in for fe form their plurals by changing their endings to ves.
_ wife —'~> wives leaf ———'> leaves half —-> halves

that end in o and are preceded by a consonant form their plurals by adding es.
hero —>- heroes potato —> potatoes 7
: . e
- plural form of the noun in parentheses.
_ (baby) need to take a nap. The babies need to take a nap.
- (knife) are in the drawer.

- (tomato) aren’t ripe.
(boy) like to play soccer after school.
Ibep my books on those (shelf).
can see many (volcano) in Hawaii.
- (leaf) fall off the trees in the autumn.

always put their (toy) in this box.
A ; Eke to eat (potato) with our dinner.

are a lot of (thief) in this neighborhood.
-. :,_ (key) are on the table.

' ~ to see the (butterfly) in my garden. .
Plural Nouns 5
H
(was,
“r- —- -.--—,.. ., W.
W~r
9
r
\ .
we have
you have you have
he has
she has they have
it has
Practice
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of to have.
1. You *1an
2. She
3. You and I
4. Lou
5. We
6. Helen
7. Grace
8
9
. They
. Both brothers
10. The dog

11. The office
12. |
13. Both children
a new car.
one sister-and two brothers.
many things in common.
a new wristwatch.
many friends in St. Louis.
a headache.
a date with George tonight.
a new telephone number.
red hair.
a long‘tail.
three large windows.
an account at that bank.

bad colds.
14. Dr. Smith many patients.

15. Ms. Jacobson, the lawyer, many clients.
16. We a large lunchroom at work.
17. The employee

18. The building
19. I
20. You
6 Grammar Essentials
3":
a new computer.
tWO entrances.
brown eyes.
green eyes.
SIMPLE-PRESENT TENSE.
;__' . - present tense describes an action which is a habit or a custom, or

something that is
i work we work
you work . you work
he works
she works they work
it works
[1.1! I e
A correct form of the present tense for the verb in parentheses.
- (read) the newspaper every day. She made the newepaper wiry day,
- (come) to work by bus.

i . 5 (walk) to the office.
7 (play) cards every afternoon.

' at lunch in the cafeteria every day.
._ -. - (work) very hard.

_.He) to sit in the sun.
"ii A dog (chase) the cat all around the house.
Smith (work) for a small airline.
' , - generally (sit) at this desk.
Ealways (play) tennis on Saturdays.
'_;_ 'ealways (cook) dinner at home.

.llaey (eat) lunch together every day. -
’Eny employees (ride) the bus to work. -
:_— f7 A (take) a lot oftrips together.

i. E always (travel) by car.
ffi. Ibu (attend) class twice a week.
'_ Q. It (speak) several foreign languages.
Simple Present Tense __7
Add sto most verbs to form the third person-singular.

Add es when the verb ends in o
. g0 —1> goes 7 » do ——> does
‘. E Add es when the verb ends in sh, ch, 5, x, or z
reach ——> readies wash —> washes fix —>- fixes
When a verb ends in a consonant plus y, change the yto iand add as
study —> “a cry —> cries marry —-> marries
Practice
, A 3 Give the correct form of the present tense for the verb in parentheses.
1. Pat (go) there twice a week. Pal: 4055 there twice a week.
2. Herb (do) the work of two people.
. i always (try) to arrive everywhere on time.
. George always (try) to do the same thing.

. The supervisor (wish) to speak with you.
. They (go) to the movies twice a week.
. We (watch) television almost every night.
3
4
5
6. Mr. Walker (teach) English and mathematics.
7
8
9
. Mary (play) the piano very well.
10. He (study) in the same class as l.
11. My father (watch) soccer on TV every weekend.
12. Susan (kiss) her children good-bye every morning.
13. I often (catch) cold.
14. Helen also (catch) cold very often.

15. She (do) all the work.
16. She (carry) her papers in a briefcase.
5
,“JL‘
subject in each of the following sentences from | to He. Use the correct form of
the
__I = lead. He likes to read.
7;“ sdence at a high school.

but.
' a'car.
‘1 "nToronto.
each English class.
to learn French.
7', - a new wristwatch.
, Spanish.
“‘34 to learn English.
1: r r a book every night.
" :. Mr. Smith on the street every day.-
a go to work by bus.
' - to learn ten new words every day.
' a lot of favors for Pauline.
" ‘i — the violin very well.
' a ‘ two brothers and two sisters.
1
’ . a: sit at this desk.
. myhomework assignments in the evening.
;' ' .is'ludy English three times a week.
. - the subject of each sentence in Exercise B to They. Use the correct form of
the verb.
. - toread. They like to read.

" v - the subject of each sentence in Exercise B to She. Use the correct form of
the verb.
. : bread. She likee to read.
Simple Present Tense 2
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
my our
. 5.3.. your your
' I his
ii her their
i . its
i ' _ i like myteacher.
E‘ f: Shewasheshercar.
We eat our dinner at six o’clock.
They are in their classroom.
Practice
the sentence.
1. She knows her lesson well.

2. I also know lesson well.
. Gail likes
. I feed pets once a day.
. You always get good grades on
3
4
‘ 5
i ' i: 6. My daughters clean

7. Mr. Bach drives to work in
8. Mary and I do
_ 9. Grace writes a letter to
' l -‘ 10. The dog wags
I 11. The children take
12. I always write the new words in
13. Each cat has
14. Both boys ride
15. You and Henry spend a lot oftime at
16. We need to paint house.
17. She always does well on all
gay.“ . 1
it? ”‘7‘" -
new ioh very much.
tail when it sees
bicycles to work.
Complete the following sentences with the possessive adjective which refers to
the subject of
examinations.
room every Saturday.
homework together.
aunt every week.
dinner dish.
toys to the park.

notebook.
own dish for food and water.
office.
examinations.
THERE
Affirmives ..
'1' [here is with singular nouns; we use there are with plural nouns.
. There is a book on the table. There are books on the table.
There is one man in the room. There are several men in the room.
" _ .r- the following sentences with There is or There are.
- - are no Australians in this class.

someone at the door.
a lot of students absent today.
a mailbox on the corner.
three lamps in the room.
two large windows in the room.
only one door.
a lot of desks in our office.
nobody in the room now.
a letter on the table for you.
several beautiful parks in this city.
twelve months in a year.
only one car in the parking lot.
no one at home.
dishes but no silverware on the table.
no stores in this section of town.
There Is, There Are 11
THERE IS, THERE ARE

' Negaiires and Questons
The negative forms of there is and there are are formed by placing not after the
verb. The
contracted forms isn’t and aren’t are generally used.
There is a pencil in my bag. ' There isn't a pencil in

There is not a pencil in my bag. ‘ " my bag.
There are two employees absent today. There aren't two
Thereare not two employees absent today. employees absent today.

The question forms of there is and there are are formed by placing the verb
before there.
There is a window in the room. There are four windows in the room. ,
Is there a window in file room? Are there four windows in the room?
Practice
A ’ Change the following sentences fi'om affirmative to negative. Use the
contracted form.
1. There is a flag at the top ofthe building. There isn’t a flag at the top of
the building.
2. There are two lamps in the room.
. There is a pillow on each bed.
. There are two police officers on each corner.
. There is a big parade today.
. There are many doctors in this area.
. There are ten new words in this lesson.
. There is a message for you on the hall table.
. There are enough chairs for everyone.
. There is a comfortable chair in each room.
11. There is a good restaurant near here.

12. There are telephones in every room.
B ) Change the sentences in ExerciseA to questions.
There is a flag at the top of the building. l5 there a flag at the 1300 0in the
bUlldltm?
Possessive FORM or nouNs "
TL — Item! ins foml the possessive by adding an apostrophe s (’5).
‘ flieboy‘s hat the girl --~> the girl’s ball .

——>the ladys parse the children ~—)-» the children’s games
’_ a - ends in 5, form the singular possessive by adding an apostrophe s (’5)

. possessive by adding only an apostrophe (’).
7‘ . boss —--> the boss’s chair the boys ———n- the boys’ hats
f ._ -_. —-—>» Charles: book the ladies —)- the ladies’ purses
f possessive is used even when the noun modified is not expressed.
She went to lonathan’s. (Jonathan’s home)
I have an appointment at the doctor’s. (the doctor’s office)
: _' i m .phe in the correct places in the following sentences.
fry: ns car is outside. Mrs. Reagan’s car is outside.
books at Lauras house.

her clothes in Chicagos best shops.
' - room is just down the hall.

Ell ladies dresses on this floor.
'r dids toys are all broken.
7 sell childrens toys in this store.
. a“ isa lot of competition between Bobs two sisters.
.95 to the doctors office oncea week.
' s. s Birthday is February 12.
g and Sallys father is in Europe.

.- — latksons daughter is eight yearslold.
I-
_ ' Mars in Rome and St. Pauls in London are both good examples of Baroque
. t I'.I re.
Possessive Form of Nouns 13
This indicates that something is near us;'that indicates that it is at a

distance.
This book is in my hand.

Thatbook is over there on the table.
The plural of this is these; the plural of that is those.
These books are in my hand.

”rose books are over there on the table.
Practice
Change the following sentences fi’om singular to plural.
1. This exercise is easy. These exercises are ears .
2. This room is too small for our furniture.

\—\_\‘
. That pen on the floor is Sarah’s. '

K
. This stack of CDs belongs to William.
\
__\‘_
. That boy on the other side ofthe street is George’s brother.
X
. That purse on the table is Elizabeth’s.
\k
. This is my chair.
\
. That is Henry’s pen.
\
10. This message is for you.
11. That letter on the table is for Ms. Thaler.

\
12. This is my pen, not Sandy’s.
6. That book is out of date.

7
13. That mountain in the distance forms part ofthe Rocky Mountains.
__\
14. This car belongs to my father.
——‘—\_\_\_\
15. That office at the end afthe hall is the administration office.
—\
16. This chair is very comfortable.
K
-. are used as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions.
She knows me well.
We give her our homework every day.
They giveit to us.
correct object pronoun form.
see (they, them) after work. i oft/3r; see them after work.
j ‘— near (we, us).
__ .—. go to lunch together with (she, her).
_' - 5 (we, us) English.
$5 near (l, me) during class.

. both of (they, them) well.
—. speak to (he, him) in English.
' isthe matter with (he, him) today?
explains the lesson to (we, us) each morning.
- - are some letters here for you and (I, me).
1 ,mnt to divide the money between (we, us).
f: ' ' Venezuelan lady knows (they, them) both well.

fir ihow her sister and (she, her).
'_ :Ijohnson often helps Susan and (I, me).
Object Pronouns l5
"(‘5
15. He sends (she-,hajaitofplesents.

16. She seldom speisbllgasliliSpanish.
17. He looksat (sinhlh'gfiechss. -
18. Shealwaysheunmfllih-ydais.
19. He aluminium-dame).
20. Hewallstotiflhmmenl
B ’Suhstitute firemabiedpmnounfordie wordonmrds in italics.

1. i see Mr: Park during coffee break every morning. 1566 him during 0017266
break WSW morning-
2. I sit near Grace and Frances during the lesson.
. All the boys like Maryvery much.
. I often see you and your sister at the supermarket.

. He always goes to the movies with his parents.
. Frank always waits for Al and me after work.
. He driVes Sue and Co! to work every morning.
3
4
5
6. I know both boys very well.
7
8
9
. i sit next to Carlos.
10. I also sit directly in front of Marsha.
11. He writes a lot of letters to his relatives.
. This book belongs to William.
. i know the dentist very well.
G5
. The doctor relies on her assistant.
"33’
‘_....‘-¢.
r—I
.l.‘
15. I understand Miss McGrady.
16. He always speaks to his students in English.
. «emu, 9,“-.. .., .

. 17. Everyone in our house plays cards except my brother.
.r...
18. He sends his parents money every week.
19. I talked to Mr. and Mrs. Nelson yesterday.
,“‘ “‘1?“ “u
20. She saw the women after school.
zany-r... ..
{fir
iterative form expresses a command or request. The subject you (singular or

plural) is
_‘" 1:1: 1 u but not expressed.
Come back later. Wait outside.
I .,....¢,-Ur_u«w¢_ _ l?4w_ ,. ..;~.:~4rr;..e.,i.m, “wmwufw
" wave of the imperative form uses don’t.
Don’t come back later. Don't wait outside.
-,rigt' ..-... .........Hz.-.
used at the beginning or end of an imperative sentence, makes it more polite.

.. tux-La «
Please come back later. Wait outside, please.
.tr e
, .1 - imperative form of the following sentences.
it: there. 9ft there.

_ ) this to Sally.
'"s - )the door.
: .. ) the door.
' in the outer office.
’- 3 him in the morning.

.1 him talk with her.
-I them talk.
)offthe light.
your feet on the chair.
-i ) this in the mailbox.
-—. -) your books there.
-i Alexandra know about this.
‘ ' - )jason with his homework.

‘4 _ —| . money.
Imperative Form 17
B , Give the negative imperative form of the sentences in Exercise A.
(Sit) there, Don’t sit there.
C ’ Make the sentences in Exercise A more polite by adding please at the

beginning or end.
(Sit) there. Please sit there. 5ft there, eleaee.
__ Igative of the simple present tense by putting do not or does not before the
verb. The
-'"i - forms don’t and doesn’t are generally used.
'f Imow ——> I don’t know we do not know ——> we don’t know
“I not know ——> you don’t know you do not know —» you don't know
, L, not know «n» he doesn’t know
‘— not know —i> she doesn't know
they do not know ——n- they don’t know

., mtknow new it doesn’t know
j after does not (doesn’ t), the verb does not have the s of the third person
singular
- statement.
‘1
1' " following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use both the full form and
the
1’ firm.
, on the tenth floor. leio not Work on the tenth floor. [don’t Work on the tenth
floor.
'1;— to study English.
mk English well.
‘1 ie leaves at ten o’clock.
everyone in the office.

'_, lunch in the cafeteria every day.
r. 5 comes to work late.

. five in Chicago.
' -u a fan in this room.
-_- and I cook together.
. wand everything he says.
- u. to visit San Francisco.
.1-‘,-i- his new job this week.
phys in the park every afternoon.
'_ .. Iames make mistakes in spelling.
I
A
Simple Present Tense 19
.w
sir“
.1.s~w—-_.,4._
...\ ... ,
13.1.... _ .. ..
v
4.. -c “1......- .-
TENSE
van; Questions
Form yes-no questions in the simple present tense by placing do or does before
the subject.
Do i study? _ ‘_Do we study?
Do you study? '~ Do you study?
Does he study?
Does she study? Do they study?
Does it study?
Note that after does, the verb does not have the third person singular s.
Practice
Change the following statements to questions as in the example.
,4
\DOOVO‘U'I-l—‘UJ
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
. Patricia goes to class twice a week. Does Patriots no to class unwise a week?
. They enjoy their cooking lessons.
. That company buys a lot of merchandise from us.

. It looks like rain.
. He drives to Washington once a week.
. The committee meets on the third floor.
. He seems to be very busy.
. This book belongs to her.
. You like New York.
. You speak French well.
He often goes out of town.
I take the Number 65 bus to my new job.
They sell newspapers there.
The store opens at nine o’clock.
It closes at five-thirty.
He eats a lot of vegetables.
‘ ; a question word.
“on questions in the simple present tense by placing do or does before the
subject
Valerie lives in Vancouver.

Where does Valerie live?
f _ or does to complete these present tense questions.
. doee Sam live?
We you go to the movies?
QT: e the plane leave?
f guage besides English your teacher speak?
you get up every morning?

the rest of your family get up?
they get up every morning?
Edna speak French?
you usually meet Lois after the lesson? _
it cost to fly from Havana to Madrid?
it rain during the'month of April in your country?
you generally pay for a pair of shoes?
your meeting last?
your meeting begin and what time does it end?
you live?
you feel today?
Ed go every day after work?
you eat lunch every day?
Simple Present Tense 21.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Information Questions
19. What you generally do over the weekend?
20. Which movie star you. like best?
21. Why Jane want to study Russian?

22. How often you go fora walk in the park?
' 1‘ \E) Change the following sentences to questions beginning with the question
word in parentheses.
1. They live in Boston. (Where) Where do they live?
2. The play begins at eight o’clock. (What time)
. They get home at six o’clock every night. (When)
. The travel agent speaks French poorly. (How well)

. Those books cost $18.95. (How much)
. They travel by car. (How)
. He comes here once a week. (How often)
. She feels good. (How)
\OOONam-bw
. Francine wants to learn English in order to get a better job. (Why)
10. They meet on the comer every morning. (Where)
11. We go to the movies twice a week. (How often)
12. The children go to the playground after lunch. (Where)
13. We learn ten new words everyday. (How many)

14. They eat lunch in the cafeteria. (Where)
15. He drives a small car. (What kind of car)
16. This plate belongs on the shelf. (Where)
17. The committee meets in Room 10. (Where)

18. She teaches us cooking. (What)
19. It rains in the spring. (When)
20. He gets up at seven o’clock every morning. (What time)
“—X
t ‘ . 21. She goes to bed at ten o’clock. (When)
3
.mxw
Past Tense
l was ‘ we were
you were _ you were
he was
she was they were
it was
'- - form of the past tense of to be as in the example.

#85 absent from work yesterday.
in the same office as Wendy last year.
in the same class last semester.
I n r open this morning.
‘ ows closed.
not at work yesterday.
sister m sic k.
busy all day yesterday.
tired after our long walk.
hungry after so much exercise.
a lot of members absent from the meeting yesterday.
present, butl " not.
J“ ‘- yesterday very warm.
pleased to receive your. memorandum.
not satisfied with my memorandum.

.:-... in the last lesson easy.-
not able to get in touch with Mr. Reese yesterday.
_, .- night very strong.
attentions 5&3 Questions“ .. '
Form the negative of the past tense of_ to be by placing not after the verb. The
contracted forms
wasn’t and weren’t are generally used. '
I was not —> Iwasn’t " . we were not —-> we weren’t
‘ _ you were not —> you weren't - you were not —-— you weren’t
he was not —> he wasn’t

she was not -—> she wasn’t they Were not -——> they weren’t
it was not —a- it wasn’t

Form questions in the past tense of to be by placing the verb before the
subject.
They were here yesterday. Were they here yesterday? 3
Practice
: ._II A Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use both
the full form and the
..-- __ I. V contracted farm.
1, You were tired last night, You were not: tired last: night. You weren’t:
tired laoi: night.
2. These doors were closed.
. The exercises were easy to do.
. The man was a stranger to her.
. It was a pleasant day.
. The sea was very rough.
. He was a tall man.
. There were ten new words in the lesson.
\DGONO\U1.L\Lo
. Sarah was a good swimmer.

10. She was very intelligent.
11. They were both Americans.
12. She was a good tennis player.
13. You were a happy child.
14. He was always angry.
I Past Tense Negatves and Questlos
_' , were friendly enemies.
' was an old friend of the family.
.. thesentences in ExerciseA to questions.
; ‘ tired last night. Were you tired last night?
To Be 25
Form the past tenSe of regular verbs by adding ed to their simple form.
f I worked we worked
i you worked . 5 you worked
he worked
she worked they worked
it worked
Note these spellings:
live —» lived study —-a> studied ‘
Practice
Supply the past tense form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. We (work) in our garden all day yesterday. We worked inour harden all day
VEST/emfiy
2. i (listen) to the stereo until twelve o’clock last night.
. Meg and I (talk) on the telephone yesterday.
. He always (want) to learn English.
. They (live) in France for many years.
. The meeting (last) about two hours.
. We (change) planes in Seattle.
3
4
S
6. We (expect) to go to China in June.
7
8
9
. We both (like) the movies last night very much.
10. I (wait) almost two hours for Gertrude.
11. They (paint) their house white.

12. She (arrive) late to the meeting.
13. We (watch) television until eleven o’clock last night.
14. She (study) in our class last semester.
15. | (mail) your letter on my way to work.
l rregular Verbs
77 » verbs, like regular verbs, have the same form in all persons of the past
tense.
I ate we ate
you ate you ate
he ate, she ate, it ate they ate
mm»? swam 4. r
"x and practice the past tense forms of these irregular verbs:
.i‘ —> began feel —+ felt hear -—-> heard sell ——> sold
.r cost give -—> gave put —-1» put Speak —> spoke
.—> drank go —-—> went read ——> read tell —-> told
ate have —-> had see —- saw write .—-> wrote
. 7 past tense form of the verbs in parentheses.
r Mrs. Rockwell (come) to visit us last night. Mr. and Mrs. Rockwell came to
. \
w last night.
: :~. 1) us about their plans for their new home.

_ > \h
,--. 1 er was warm, so we (sit) on our front porch.

. ' ' T ' '
7. your coat in the closet.
_ _’ 'ng last night (begin) at eight and ended at ten.
“K
' _. home last night and (write) several letters.
__ ; you on the street yesterday.

1 (cost) $15.50.
ily lunch in the cafeteria yesterday.

K
a little wine at the party last night.

a
5 your message and also (tell) him my ideas on the subject.
1 = finally (sell) her house.
j‘ the President speak on television last night.
Past Tense 27
v
‘M
- nun-um... ..., .
. 37.". ...‘ .. ...
.—..V
.‘7’
. m...
Tran—r
Irregular verbs
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
My father (know) Mr. Evans well even before he (come) to live in this town.
Kim (feel) well yesterday, but today she feels sick again.
We (go) to the park yesterday and I (get) wet when it rained.
| (read) the novel several years ago.
You (have) a cold last week.
Senator Jordan (speak) to our club last month.
C kMemorize and practice the past tense forms of these irregular verbs:
become —> became find —> found send —>— sent

break ——> broke forget ~—> forgot sing —> sang
bring -—> brought keep —> kept stand —> stood
buy —> bought leave —+ left take —> took
catch —-)~ caught lose —-— lost teach —> taught
do —-> did make —-——> made think —->thought
fight —-— fought ring ——> rang understand ——> understood
~ M“"‘1",.,.~.~n «'ls;~
fl D‘i-Supply the correct’past tense form of the verbs in parentheses.
i.
. Sue (bring) her cousin to the party last night.
. He (become) president of the company five years ago.
. I (lose) my book'yesterday but (find) it later.
. The telephone (ring) twice, but no one answered it.
. George (think) about his troubles continuously.
The plane (leave) Buenos Aires last night at midnight. The plane left Buenos
Airee
last night at midnight.
. I (forget) to bring my notes to the meeting this morning.
. We (make) good time on our trip from Houston to Mexico City.

. The two men (fight) bitterly over the division ofthe money.
. The Kanes (send) their three children to summer camp.
. Last year Professor Levy (teach) us both English and mathematics.
WIrregualr Verbs I I
i lily) the property in 1990 and (sell) it in 2003.
-.> I) part ofthe money and (give) the rest to his two brothers.
r (do) their best but never (catch) the real bank robbers.
- n (sing) in French; consequently, we (understand) none of the words.
- —- - on the corner and waited for Mel for two hours.
'~ my stereo, so yesterday I (take) it to the repair shop.
_ and practice the past tense forms of these irregular verbs:
blow ——> blew hurt ——> hurt shoot ——> shot

cut ———> cut ' lend we» lent shut —> shut
drive —->L drove mean —> meant sleep —> slept
fall ——a-- tell meet —-~ met spend —> spent
find —> found pay —> paid steal ———> stole
fly —>- flew ride —-> rode throw —> threw
grow —> grew run ~——> ran win ——>~ won
hit —>.hit say ——> said wake —+ woke
hold ——> held shake —> shook wear —> wore
, _ [be following sentences with the past tense form of the irregular verbs in
fall (fall) from his bike and hurt his arm.

(pay) sixteen dollars for this book. , .
(shake) hands and then (say) good night.
[ r of the wind was so great that it (blow) down‘several trees in our yard.
. -r (throw) a slow ball and the batter (hit) it fora home run.
(sleep) very well last night. "
(meet) Ivy on the corner of Oak Avenue.
(find) her lost book.
Past Tense 29
PAST TENSE ”J
. ' II'rgueMl'asVel'b "
. Alma (wear) her new silk dress to the party last night.
. The drunken driver first (cut) in front of us and then (run) his car
over the curb.
. We (drive) to Washington in Noel’s new car.

. He I (hold) the bird in his hand for several minutes.
. Our team (win) the first game but , (lose) the second.
. We (shut) all the windows and locked all the doors before we
out.
. We rented two horses and (ride) all around the park on horseback.
Negatives
_-- negatives by placing did not before the verb and by changing the verb to its
’ The contracted form didn’t is generally used.
I did not go.
go -—> I didn’t go
go -——> you didn’t go
_.' r go —-;> he didn’t go
not go —> she didn’t go
r go —'> it didn‘t go
2:
I didn’t go.
we did not go ~—> we didn’t go
you did not go —> you didn’t go
they did not go —» they didn’t go
7; _ chicken for dinner. They did not: eat chicken for dinner.
’1; cat chicken for dinner.
, lie about it.
a wing sentences from affirmative to negative. Use both the full form and the
: - books on the table.

- . in Mexico City.
’ -I saw Eliot yesterday.
‘ n his work well.
' g lasted a long time.
' cost $13.95.
her husband worked together.
' very well.
.2 a their home.
_- 7: George about that matter.
_ - to the meeting alone:
;"1 er at the concert last night.
‘_ Bermuda by boat.
." her your message.
Past Tense@
simple form.
Form past tense questions by placing did before the subject and by changing the
verb to its
, . Shewemhome.
- é f Didlmrk?
1 2 Didyouwork?
7 I ' ‘ harem:
7' Didshewk?
Didflleywodt?
Y Didshe go home?
Did we work?
Didyouwork?
Didtheywork?
Practice
2. He gave her a lot of presents.
Change the following past tense statements to questions as in the example.
1. She lived in Peru for two years. Did she live in Peru for two years?
. They stayed in Korea all summer.
‘. She told them all about her trip.
. You moved here in February.
. We went home late last night.
. They came to the party together.
3
4
5
6. Terry flew to Minneapolis.
7
3
9
. Carla and Dave knew each other as children.
'2 l 10. He worked in that firm for many years.

11. She felt much better after her operation.
12. The meeting began on time.
13. I passed all my examinations.
14. They put him in the advanced class.
15. I gave you my cell phone number.
@ Grammar Essentials
16. The crowd waited a long time to see the President.
, ation questions in the past tense by placing did before the subject, changing
the
" .. simple form, and adding a question word.
She Went home at 9:30.
What time did she go home?
‘ following past tense statements to questions beginning with the question word
in
45%
"i . e arrived at ten o’clock. (What time) What time did Marianne arrive?
.. a-d their home last week. (When)
7 -~ ting began at eight-thirty. (What time)
V . ts cost three dollars. (How much)
"-‘n for the car by check. (How)
ed ten th0usand dollars in the stock market. (How much)

(,2: in the first row. (Where)
, - to them last night. (When)
-—~ ‘ng lasted two hours. (How long)
.- at eight o’clock. (What time)
2 her at two o’clock. (What time)
to Denver to see some friends. (Why)
,_V-* ’ ned it to him three or four times. (How many times)

i1 2- lunch in the park. (Where)
‘r there for five years. (How many years)
: . mail on Mr. Agee's desk. (Where)
2 r- I for them for an hour. (How long)
T home around midnight. (What time)
/ 5-1 to the meeting with Peg. (Who)

7 to the park after the lesson. (Where)
Past Tense :33)

. N.)
Negatives and Questions
Practice
& Change the following sentences from afinnatirie to negative.
. They live in Texas. They do not live in Tame. They don’t live in Texas.
. There are eleven months in a year.
. The plane arrived at ten o’clock.
. It is six o’clock now.
. He went to Chicago by plane.
. The two boys are in Ms. Collier’s office.
. The magazine cost two dollars.
. They live in Sao Paulo now.
. They lived in France for ten years.
. He got up at five o'clock this morning.
. They sat in the park for two hours.
. She speaks English.

. The meeting begins at nine o’clock.
. She drinks ten cups of coffee every day.
. They began to work in June.
. I am ten years old.
. They plan to finish the work in July.
. We got sick last week.
. The stores were closed because of the holiday.
a Change the sentences in Exercise A to questions.
They live in Texas. Do they live in Texas?
Q Change the sentences in Exercise A to questions beginning with a question

word.
They live in Texas. Where do they live? Why do they live in Texas?
‘ Regularnd lrategblr Versb I I I“
_ tense form of regular verbs adds ed to the simple form.
- E work ——> worked study —-> studied cry ——> cried
i
5::— ~- form of irregular verbs must be memorized.
L tell ——> told go ——> went
‘ the following sentences with the past tense form of the verbs in parentheses.
_ e caught (catch) the thief after the robbery.

. nts (write) the sentences on the blackboard.
(forget) to bring his notes to the meeting.
(arrive) an hour late.
(answer) all the doctor’s questions.
- ry (make) some mistakes in the letter.
(ring) ten minutes ago.
I (wait) for Beth for half an hour.
-» ts (go) to class when the bell (ring).
(cost) more than twenty thousand dollars.
tar
(try) to get to work on time yesterday.
(have) a very good time at the picnic.
(plan) to take their vacation in June.
(take) his vacation in May last year.
(send) a present to his mother.
(need) a new umbrella for ‘months; she finally (buy) one last
(speak) to the students’ parents.
(tell) them that they (have) to study harder.
(break) a lot of dishes last week.

. ,/ \
K/ 2
Review of Past TensJL35
'INDIRECT OBJECT
I Position
If the indirect object follows the direct object, we use the preposition to or
for. If the indirect
object precedes the direct object, we do not use a preposition.
He gave the money to me. He gave me the money.
i bought a present for you. I bought you a present.

Practice
3 ‘& Restore the following, putting the indirect object before the direct
object.
I 1. He sent several letters to her. He sent; her several letters.
2. She brought the magazines to me.
. She sent flowers to them.
. He told the whole story to us.
. I cooked dinner for Wctoria.
. I took the presents to her.
. He sold his property to a friend.
3
4
5
6. We wrote several letters to them.
7
8
9
. He gave a piece of the candy to each child.
10. Don’t show these pictures to anyone.
11. He bought several new dresses for his wife.
12. They sent some postcards to us from South America.

tmr'zflhm . a: -
B 3 Restote the following, putting the indirect object after the direct object.
1. She gave me the money. 5he nave the money to me.
2. i sent her many presents.
. Please hand me that magazine.
. Don’t tell herthe news yet.
. You made your sister a sweater.
axon—bk»
. Don’t show Flo these things.
INDI .ZCT .
7. He wrote me a letter on Wednesday.
8. She told us the whole story.
9. The teacher gives us a lot of homework.
10. You made me a promise that you must keep.
indirect Obiect 37
RELATIVE PRONOUNS _
Who/Whom, Which: and That
Who refers to people. Which refers to specific animals or things. That refers to
animals, things,
or people as a class. The object (direct-or indirect) form of who is whom. Which
and that both
have the same form whether subject or object,
The man who called you is here.
The girl whom you saw is my sister.
To whom did you give the key?
is this the book which you ordered?
' ~ The magazine which is on the table is old.
- The Native Americans that lived here were called Sioux.
These are the colors that we like.
Practice
Complete the following sentences with who, whom, which, or that.
1. Was itiennifer who said that?

2. This is the report the president wanted.
3. The girls are in my class are all good students.
4. Our teacher, is an American, speaks English perfectly.
5. The car Hernando used belongs to his uncle.
6. The teacher with 1 studied mathematics last year died last week.
7. To did you sell your furniture?
8. is this the program you always watch on TV?
9. The movies we saw this summer were all good.
10. These are the kinds of exercises help us learn English.
“l 11. The lamp you broke is my brother’s.
‘_‘ if. 12. She is one ofthe workers went on strike.
‘f 13. She was the pilot flew our 747.
. 14. it is the little things in life count.
". expressed with will and the simple form of the verb. The contracted forms are
go —> I’ll go we will go —> we’ll go
L. will go —* you’ll go you will go ——> you’ll go

ll go —> he’ll go
_ "will go —-> she’ll go they will go —-> they’ll go
go ——> it’ll go
V?e:”v*m7§wvex 1w “awn .r
_, hilawing sentences with will and the verbs in parentheses. Use both the full
form
. . ed form.
V-=vl (call) you tomorrow. He’ll sell you tomorrow.
(see) us in the morning.

(be) happy to see you.
(help) you with that work.
(clean) off the table right away.
(close) early today.
(leave) the tip.

(find) the book that you need.
(spend) a lot of money there.
(be) in New Orleans.
(blow) that sign down.
(meet) you in Grand Central Station.
7:1 (pay) the bill.

(learn) a great deal inrthat course.
(remain) in Tokyo about a month.
(be) tired after the long drive.
‘7 (give) you that money tomorrow.

(do) well in that job.
Future Tense 39
FUTURE TENSE
Negatives with Will “
Place not after will to form a negative statement. The contracted form of will
not is won’ t.
i will not stop —+ i won't stop we will not stop —> we won’t stop
you will not stop ——> you won’t stop - you will not stop —-> you won’t stop
he will not stop —-> he won’t stop
she will not stop ——> she won’t stop they will not stop m—a» they won‘t stop
it will not stop —a> it won’t stop

Practice
Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use both the full
form and the
contracted form.
. They will arrive on time. They will not arrive on time. They won’t arrive on
time.
. We will tell Tim about it.
. i will be back in an hour.
. The weather will be cool tomorrow.
. He will be able to meet us later.
. These exercises will be easy for you.
. We will eat in the same restaurant again.
. You will get tired of that work.
. We will be there before Wednesday.

. i will do well in that job.
. They will sign the contract tomorrow.
. They will finish the work in April.
. The meeting will last an hour.
. The stores will close at noon today.
. it will cost a lot of money to remodel that house.

. We will be ready to leave in an hour.
i—uiihs wiri-
Place will before the subject to form yes-no questions.
Will I go? Will we go?

Will you go? Will you go?
Will he go? ,
Will she go? Will they go?
Will it go? '
We» _,
Add a question word to form an information question.
Where will they go? When will they go? Why will they go?
Practice
, A 3 Change the following sentences to questions.
2
3
4
5
6.
7
8
9
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
. They’ll arrive on Wednesday. Will they arrive on Wednesday?

. i’il be back at three o‘clock.
. The stores will be open until six o’clock.
. it’ll cost $200 to fix the computer.
. The plant will die because of lack of sunlight.
They’ll spend two months in France.
. She’ll meet us in the supermarket.
. They’ll pay their bill next week.

. The meeting will begin at eight o’clock.
it’ll last an hour.
She’ll leave a message on the table for him.
You’ll return in October.
There will be three new members in the club.
The meeting will be over at three o’clock.
They’ll write to us on Wednesday.
B i Change the sentences in Exercise A to questions beginning with question

words.
They’ll arrive on Wednesday. When Will they arrive?
Future Tense 41
mrmrrrves
Use infinitives to complete the meaning of various verbs.

He wants to see you.
We tried to call you.
Use infinitives to complete the meaning of various adjectives and adverbs.
These exercises are easy to do.
It was impossible to open that door.
Use infinitives either alone or after in order to express the idea of purpose.
He went there to see his friend.
We came early in order to get good seats.
Practice
Using infinitive constructions, complete the following sentences in your own
words.
. I’ll be glad to help you with your homework,
. He went here in order . . We both like
. She wants . . You need
. I prefer . . Itold him
. It is easy . . You don’t want
. We hope . . It is hard
. They are afraid . . They expect
. You went there . . It is possible
. You went there in order . . We are too weak

. | forgot . . I know how
. It was impossible . . Did you forget
It takes expresses a period of time which is necess
is always followed by an infinitive.
_-It takes me forty-five minutes to get ready in the morning. (Present)
It took as three weeks to finish the prefect. (Past)
It will (It’ll) take you a half-heur to change that tire. (Future)
ary in order to complete some action. [rm
Practice
Change each of the following sentences so that it begins with a present tense,
past tense, or
future tense form of it takes as required by the meaning.
1.
2.
\OWNO‘KU'I-L‘w
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
. She learned to speak English well in only one year.

. I wrote my paper in thirty minutes.
. The train went around the mountain in three hours.
. They finished the bridge in one year.
. The package reached him in two days.
. You’ll get there in about an hour.
. We’ll paint the bathroom in two hours.
She walked to work in ten minutes, it took her ten minutes to walk to work.
I finished my work in an hour.
. We walk to school every morning in about fifteen minutes.
You’ll paint the kitchen in only one and one-half hours.

lwash and dress each morning in less than fifteen minutes.
The clown puts on his makeup in halfan hour.
He learned to swim in just a few days.
She recovered from her illness in two months.
l’ll run to the corner store and get what you need in just two or three minutes.
It Takes 43
qt. ‘-
i.—
.
:
"i n. t-l,"".. '
glut um ‘.i'.“'
Form the present continuous tense 'b
participle (ing form) of the main verb. The contracted forms are generally used.
! am working -—-)> I'm working we are working ——-> we’re working
you are working -—> you’re working you are working —-> you’re working
he is working —-—> he’s working
she is working ——> she’s working they are working —> they’re working
it is working —+ it’s working
The present continuous tense describes an action that is going on at the present
moment.
He is talking with her now. it’s mining. J
Practice
Complete the following sentences with the present continuous tense form of the
verbs in
parentheses.
1. They are waiting (wait) for us on the corner now.
2. The bus (stop) for us now.
3. Listen! l'think the telephone (ring).
4. i see that you (wear) your new suit today.
5. Look! It (begin) to rain.
6. Listen! Someone (knock) at the door.
7. Please be quiet! The baby (sleep).
8. Look! The cat (try) to climb that tall tree.
9. Janet (do) well in her studies.

10. The leaves (begin) to fall from the trees.
11. John (have) lunch in the cafeteria now.
12. Listen! That’s Eve who (play) the piano.
13. At present they (travel) in South America.
14. For the time being, Mr. Collins (act) as manager ofthis department.
15. All the big stores (have) sales this month. ‘
y placing the appropriate form of to be before the present

Note the difference between the simple present tense and the present continuous
tense. The
present tense describes actions that occur every day or all the time, while the
present
continuous tense describes actions that are happening now.
Peter talks to Anne all the time. _ (Present)
Peter is talking to Anne at this moment. (Present Continuous)
Practice
Supply the simple present tense or the present continuous tense as required by
the meaning of
the sentence.
. Mr. Hansen often travels (travel) to Atlanta on business.

. Our club (meet) two times every week.
. Mr. Cole I (teach) us at present. He (substitute) for Mr.

Russell, who is our regular teacher.
. Every hour our churchbell (ring). Listen! I believe it

(ring) now.
. Stella (watch) TV now. I believe that she always

a show at this time. '
. Listen! Someone (knock) at the door.
. Jay never (come) to work on time.
. At this moment I (read) sentence number 8 in the exercise.

. The wind always #— (blow) hard in this section oftown.
. For the time being, while Mr._Press is away, Ms. Brennan (acts) as
manager of our department.
. This store ‘ (have) a big sale on shoes today.

. Kurt seems to be very busy. l guesshe , (study) for his science test.
. | (get) up at seven o’clock every morning.
. Ed usually (stay) in a hotel when he (come) to town, but

tonight he (stay) with us.
. The sun always (rise) in the east. Look! It (rise) now.
. Mr. and Mrs. Bush (build) a new home on Hollywood Boulevard.
Present Continuous Tense 45

I‘
Negatrves and Questions
Form present continuous tense negatives by placing not after the auxiliary to
be. The contracted
forms are generally used.
She is studying English.
She is not studying English. She isn’t studying English
Form present continuous tense questions by placing the to be auxiliary before

the subject.
F They are working. Are they working? J
Practice
. A ? Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.
1. The telephone is ringing. The telephone io not ringing. The telephone isn’t
ringing.
2. It is beginning to rain.
. The sky is getting very dark.
. She is working on the fourth floor at present.
. The maid is cleaning the room now.
. They are taking a walk in the park.
. You are having lunch outside.
. John is doing well in his studies at present.
\omwo‘mgw
. We are laughing at what you said.
10. They are traveling in Europe at present.
11. lam taking dancing lessons.
12. The leaves are beginning to fall from the trees.
. 1'
.-lll.
..n
13. Ali the birds are flying south.
1— 14. Ellen is writing a series of articles on the economic situation.

- .
Ni- : B ; Change the sentences from Exercise A to questions.
3|. _ . _
I The telephone is ringing. is the telephone i‘ii’iqtl’iq?
.3;
if
- 1 i
i 46 Grammar Essentials
"I
Affirmative
These contracted forms are used more frequently than their full forms in spoken
English.
I am —-> i’m lwill ——>- I’ll
You are -—~> You’re You will ——> You’ll
He/She/lt is ——->— He’s/She’s/lt’s He/Shellt will—a» He’ll/She’ll/it'll
We are ——> We‘re We will ——1- We’ll
They are ——> They’re I They will ——> They’ll

Note that the following types of contractions with objects or proper nouns as
subjects of the
sentence appear in spoken English but generally not in written English.
The telephone is ringing. The telephone’s ringing.
_ The Reagans are on vacation. The Reagans're on vacation.
Practice
' Give the contracted forms of the verbs in these sentences.
1. She is a good employee. She’e a good employee.

. They are waiting for us on the tenth fioor.
. lwill be back before noon.
She is very busy.
. It is raining hard.
We are old friends.
. They are planning to leave next week.
6. She will surely finish the work today.
8
9
. it is almost three o’clock.

10. We are coming next Friday. I
. You will lose my keys if you play with them.
12. it is just leaving the station now. I
13. There is someone at the door. I I
14. They will remain in Japan all summer.
Contractions 117 _
CONTRACTlON
m We.”
.9 ,wu;:.. ____._ mmm may-Iv! .,e-nw cm '-,...x .
Negative
These contracted forms are used more frequently than their full forms in spoken
English.
are not —> anenh do not —-,> don’t
is not -—n- isn’t V i does not —- doesn’t
was not -—> wasn't did not —> didn’t
-3 were not —)— weren’t will not —» won’t
Practice
Use the contracted forms of these negative verbs.
1. He did not come to the meeting yesterday. He didn’t, come to the meeting
yesterday
2. They do not speak English well.
. She is not studying science at present.
. He is not a good manager.
. They are not satisfied with their new apartment.
. You did not talk to the manager.
. She does not spend much money on entertainment.
3
4
5
6. He does not appreciate your help.
7
8
9
. You are not the only person who feels that way about Melissa.
—E—__
10. We were not pleased with the results ofour examinations.
, 11. George was not at the meeting last night.
12. She and her husband do not get along well.

13. i will not be back before six.
' - . - 14. There were not many employees absent from work today.
1:. ‘ 15. They will not leave for Paris before next month.
3:; 16. You are not doing that exercise correctly.
I
- 3i
T
17. There are not any good shows on television tonight.
W , “ Indefiniteand Definite
A and on are indefinite articles. They refer to objects that have not been
specifically identified.
A book is On the table.
. The indefinite article (a or an) is used only with singular nouns.
There is a book on the table. There are books on the table.
The is a definite article. It refers to a particular object.
The black that i am reading is on the table.

The definite article (the) is used with both singular and plural nouns.
The book that i am reading is on the table.
The books that I am reading are on the table.
The is also used with definite noncountable nouns (nouns that don’t usually have
a plural form).
The gold in this ring is very old.
Indefinite noncountable nouns don’t take an article.
Gold is an important metal.
Practice
‘ Complete the following sentences with the correct article.
1. The chair you are sitting in is very comfortable.

. There is pencil (no particular pencil) on the desk.
. There is customer (no particular customer) outside who wishes to see

Mrs. Winston.
customer whom Mr. Garptelephoned this morning is here now.

. I want to find good book (no particular book) to read tonight.
book which I am reading now belongs to Leslie.
book which gave me the greatest pleasure was Les Miserables.
good book (any good book) is always a pleasure for me.
Articles 49
' ARTICLES
' ”In-definite ‘ahdfiéfini‘ié" V '
1. No article is used before the name of persons, countries, streets, cities, or

towns when they
are used as proper nouns.
They live in Northbrook on Whitehall Court.
Ms. Draper is going to Poland.
lfsuch words are used as adjectives, they are preceded by an article.
Chicago is a large city.

The Chicago fire was very interesting.
Broadway is very interesting.
The Broadway merchants held a meeting.
Names of rivers, seas, mountain chains, and countries are preceded by the when
they
contain an adjective or some qualifying word.
the Mississippi River the Ural Mountains
the Pacific Ocean the United States
2. No article is used when a noun is modified by someone’s name.
Nancy’s book Pope John Paul’s speech i
No article is used when a noun is modified by a possessive pronoun.
his hat my book }
3. Superlative adjectives (adjectives ending with ~est) are preceded by the.
If Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. I
Practice
Some of the blank spaces below require articles; others do not. Fill in the
articles where
needed.
The air in this room is not fresh.

fresh air is needed by all growing children.
telephone rings very often in our office.
. I always get on bus at same corner every morning.
. Look! Lou is waving to us from across street.
some women from Peru visited us.
tea will not keep you awake at night.
. However, coffee seems to keep some people awake.
tea in this pot is very weak.
coffee which comes from Latin America is very good.
cotton is one of most important products of South.
. The U.-S. Constitution guarantees right to free speech.
. Some of important products which we import from India are

tea, cotton, and rice.
copper is good conductor of electricity.

. Plenty of rain and sun are necessary for raising of
cotton.
sun is shining now, but part of sky is still dark.
. At times everyone must take medicine.

medicine which doctor prescribed helped my cough.
. He likes to study history.
. In that course, we study history of all western European countries.

milk is my daughter’s favorite drink.
. l spilled milk which was on the table.
Articles
I Indef'lnternd Definitei ‘
- j _ B )Some of the sentences require articles; others do not. Fill in the

articles as required.
. We went to thd Statue of Liberty this summer.

5 ,
. When you go to Chicago, be sure to visit Sears Building.
. She works in building on corner of Fifth Avenue and 72nd Street.
. New York City is largest city in United States.
traffic on Madison Avenue is very heavy.
Pittsburgh is center of steel industry of

Pennsylvania.
Hudson River forms boundary between New York State

and New Jersey.
Middle East is rich in natural resources.
. On our trip to South America, we plan to stop off at Haiti and
‘12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17:
Dominican Republic.
Great Wall of China is visible from outer space.
rivers of eastern part of United States flow toward

Atlantic Ocean.
machines which we ordered from ' Pittsburgh arrived this morning.
The distance from Washington, D.C., to Minneapolis is about one

thousand miles.
largest river in Germany is Rhine.
subways in Mexico City are very quiet.
Bering Strait was once land mass.
climate of southern Italy is very warm.
C § Fill in the articles where needed.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The chair on which you are sitting is uncomfortable.

fire which destroyed building started on roof.
My family bought new stove last week. It has timer,

clock, and light for oven.
Please tell me about book that you are reading.
Windef'nite and Definite
. i enjoyed speech by Mr. Chin last night. He spoke about

life in _‘_‘ China.
. We all had good time at ‘ dance last night.
price of gold is rising, but price of silver is
falling.
. Much of silver which we use in United States comes from

Montana.
drinking water often varies in taste, according to locality. drinking

water in New York City is very good.
. They sell interesting magazines at that store.
. We often go to 200 and watch animals.
candidates for mayor debated crime problem.
. Please open windows. air in this room is not good.
. They plan to visit Russia this summer. I understand Russian

language is difficult to learn.
. Mr. and Mrs. Ames are now traveling in South America. They plan to visit
Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Argentina.
. They will arrive in Caracas around noon.
Articles 53
$9
Another way (in addition to will +,the simple form of the verb) to express the
future is to use
the appropriate form of to be going to and the simple form of the verb. The
contracted forms are
generally used. {-
lam (I’m) going to see we are (we’re) going to see

you are (you’re) going to see you are (you’re) going to see
he is (he’s) going to see i I
she is (she’s) going to see they are (they're) going to see
it is (it’s) going to see
Practice
Complete the following sentences with the going to form of the future using the
verbs in
parentheses. Use both the full form and the contracted form.
1. They are going to, he going 1:0 (visit) us next weekend.
2. We (eat) out tonight.

3. I (leave) for Nairobi on Tuesday.
4. They (wait) for us after the show.
5. We (get) up early tomorrow morning and go fishing.
6. She (drive) to California.
7. We (go) to Canada on our vacation.
8. You (have) an exam in mathematics tomorrow.
; 9. They (go) to Europe by plane.
_ 10. Mike (take) Alex to the dance tonight.
I 11. it (be) difficult to reach him at this late hour.
12. I believe it (rain).
13. Henry (study) to be a doctor.
14. You (stay) home tonight and watch television.
15. Mr. and Mrs. Blake (build) a summer home on Merritt Island.
16. He (start) his new job next weeki
17. They (move) the plant to the suburbs.
7’ 54 Grammar Essentials
‘4'
_ Past Tense
The past form of going to indicates an action which was planned or intended but
which did not
happen. Use the appropriate past tense form of to be going to and the simple
form ofthe verb.
l was going to speak we were going to speak

you were going to speak you were going to speak
he was going to speak
she was going to Speak they were going to speak
it was going to speak
Practice
Substitute the past tense form of going to for the verbs in italics.
1. I intended to do it yesterday, but I was too busy. l we aoina to do it

yesterday, but i
was too busy.
. We intended to go swimming, but the weather was too cold.
. lplanned to spend the evening on my homework but fell asleep right after
dinner.—
. They intended to spend the whole year abroad, but their money ran out.
. We planned to go by car but finally decided to go by plane.
. You planned to give a big reception but then decided against it.
. They planned to get married in lune but then waited until October.
. At first he intended to ask Sally to the dance, but finally he invited lane.
. I intended to rewrite my exercises but didn't have enough time.
. I planned to return your book today but left it at home.-
. They planned to leave for Europe last week, but Mrs. Ortiz was too ill to go.
. At first she intended to put the boy in the elementary class, but later she
put him in an
advanced section. '
. We planned to go to a movie last night but were too tired.
. I intended to write to you several times, but something always interfered.
Going To 55
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Future Time __ 7
The present continuous tense, is often used to describe future plans which are
definite. An
adverb of time often accompanies such‘usage.
She is leaving for Mos'cow next week.
They are returning to their homelands when the semester ends.
Practice
Complete the following sentences by using the present continuous tense of the
verbs in
parentheses.
. When are you leaving (leave) for Rome?

I hear that Charlene '5 bat/ma (leave) next Saturday.
. My brother (come) to visit me next week.
. What time you (go) to the movies tonight? Ron says that he
(go) at nine o’clock.
. Coretta (fly) to England next Saturday.
. When Ms. Green (come) to see you?
. Tony says that he (leave) for San Antonio on the fifteenth.

. | (go) to the seashore on my vacation.
. Mr. Schwartz (arrive) on Flight 109 this evening.
. Where you (go) on your vacation? your wife

(go) with you?
. Mr. Zane (leave) for Utah in the morning.

. Some friends (come) to visit us tonight.
. She (go) to Denver on Wednesday, but her husband

(go) until next week.
13. What bus your friend (arrive) on?
14. He (come) in on a Trailways bus which arrives at eight o’clock.

15. Mr. Wyler (fly) to Dallas on Saturday.
16. I _ (leave) for Houston in the morning.
17. What train Mr. North (leave) on?

Negatives
Modal auxiliaries such as can, may, must, and should accompany main verbs. Form
their
negatives by placing not after the auxiliaries. The contracted forms can’ t,
mustn’t, and
shouldn’ t are generally used, but note that no contraction is used with may.
She can speak English.
She cannot speak English. She can’t speak English.
We must go there.
We must not go there. We mustn’t go there.
He may go to the movies.
We should meet tomorrow. We shouldn’t meet tomorrow.
We should not meet tomorrow.
Practice
Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use both the full
form and the
contracted form (except for may).
. We can meet you later, We cannot; meet: you later. We can’t meet: you later.
. You may sit here.
. We should tell her about it.
. He may leave on Wednesday.
. They can go by plane.
. We must wait here.
. I can understand him easily.
. She should sit near the window.
. We must do the same thing again.
. She can play the piano well.

. He can understand everything I say. .
. You should watch television every night.
. She may pass her examination.
. You can see him later.
. You may fish here.
Modal Auxiliaries 57
-' .‘MODAL AUXILIARIES .
. Wrong
Form yes~no questions with modal auxiliaries by placing the auxiliary before the
subject.
_ She can speak English Can she speak English?
. . ; ,
We should go there. _, Should we go there?
Practice
Change the following statements to questions.
1. They should obey the rules. Should they obey the rules?
. They both can speak English well.
. Betsy should spend more time on her English.
. We may sit in these chairs.
. They can meet us at two o’clock.
. I may call you later.
. He should eat less meat.

. He may tell her.
. We should speak to her about it.
. They may leave now.
. You could go by plane.
. You could send them a fax.
. I should stay at home more.
. Allan may wait in his office.
. AI can go with us to the beach.
. She could leave immediately.
MODA - UXlLIARIES
Information Questions
Form information questions with modal auxiliaries by placing the auxiliary
before the subject
and adding a question word.
We should leave soon. When should we leave?
He could be at the office. Where could he be?
Practice
Change the following sentences to questions beginning with the question words in
' parentheses.
. He can see her later. (When) When can he see her?

. The babysitter could wait here. (Where)
. You may study here. (Where)
. You can eat here. (Where)
. I can understand English very well. (How well)
. You should be here at three o’clock. (What time)
. We should tell her about the sale. (What)
. He can meet us in the store. (Where)
. The children must come home early. (When)
. They can hang their coats in the closet. (Where) ‘

. I shduld tell her the truth. (What)
. You must be here at one o’clock. (What time)

. Karen should sit near the blackboard. (Where)
. We should finish this before 3:00. (What time)
. Gabriel can speak five languages. (How many)
. You must do this first. (What)
Modal Auxiliaries 59
NEORT‘ ANSWERS
Short answers are the most common way of answering yes-no questions. A short
answer
consists of the subject of the sentence 'and an auxiliary verb or part of to be.
Can you play the piano? «i 'Yesvll can. y No, l can‘t.
Does she know the answer? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
Are. they coming? Yes, they are. Ila. they aren’t.
Pronouns generally replace nouns in short answers.
Will Ms. Wong be here soon? Yes, she will. , llo. she won’t.
Did it rain yesterday? Yes, it did. In, it didn’t.
Practice
& Give affirmative short answers to these questions.
1. Can you speak Spanish? Yes, loan.
. Do you live in Maine?
. Does your teacher speak Russian?
. Does your teacher live in Florida?
. Will you be in class tomorrow?
. Will Ali be in class, too?
. Are you going out tonight?
. Is it raining now?
. Does it often rain in Oregon?

. Is the lesson, over?
. Is the time up?
. Did you study your lesson?
. Did you go to the movies last night?
. Is the weather warm today?
. Was it warm yesterday?
. Did your friend visit you last night?
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
B i Give negative short answers to the questions in Exercise A.
Is today Friday?
sneer Anserj-Rsx
Was yesterday Thursday?
Will tomorrow be Sunday?
May I open the window?

Can you fly an airplane?
Did it rain yesterday?
Did you study yesterday?
Were you busy yesterday?
Will you be busy tomorrow?
Is Washington a beautiful city?
Can you speak Spanish? Mo, Ioan’t.
Short Answers 61
_--;AojE-crIves AND ADVERBS
Descriptive adjectives modify nouns.
a large tree an open door _

flu,. ’1 . u».....,'
Adverbs of manner modify verbs. They tell how we do something.
He speaks slowly. They work rapidly.
We can form many adverbs by adding ly to an adjective.
soft softly
careful carefully
easy (y to i) easily
We can use a few words like fast, hard, late, and low as either adjectives or
adverbs without any
changes in form.
He is a hard worker. He works hard.
Practice
Supply the appropriate form of the adjective or adverb.
1. She is a careful (careful) student. She always does her homevIIork

carefully (careful).
. The baseball player hit the ball (hard).
. Come (quick). We need your help.
. You should drive (slow) along this dangerous road.

. The old man walks very (slow).
. Pam is a very (slow) learner.
. Her brother, on the other hand, learns (rapid).
. Mr. Gonzalez has a (permanent) visa.
. He hopes to remain in this country (permanent).
. This is an (easy) exercise.
11. I can do all of these exercises (easy).
. Ada works very

. You walk very
. We are both
ADJECTIVES AND AD ERBS
_ . -__.. Wmmum
(hard) in her new job.

(fast).
(serious) employees.
. We both study English very (serious).
. I agree with you

. This apple is very
. She always speaks
. My sister plays the violin
(complete) in that matter.

(soft).
(soft) to the child.
(beautiful) kitten.
(beautiful).
Adjectives and Adverbs 63
' ' I'ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ,
Good is an adjective and must modify a noun.
She Is a good stadent.
Well is usually used as an adverb.
She works well.
Well is occasionally used as an adjective. It is used as an adjective only when

it means to be in
good health.
John was sick, but now he is Ill/ell.

Practice
Supply good or well in the following sentences.
. He does his work well .
. He plays the piano very
. He is a pianist.
. This pen does not work
. Our lunch today was very
. These exercises are ' I for us.
. l was sick for a few days, but now I am
. How do you feel? , thank you.
. This new pen writes '
. It is really a very pen.

11. When you don’t feel ,take a long walk. It is often a medicine.
12. We congratulated him on his . work.
13. Ray plays tennis
14. His brother is also a tennis player.
15. The movie last night was really
16. She speaks French
I 5 ADIECTIVES AND oncnes
student of mathematics.
. Everything that she does, she does
. Dave dances
20. His sister is also a
. I don’t understand him
. The weather today is very
dancen
when he speaks so rapidly.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
'-_-: Comparative Form
The comparative farm'of one—syllable adjectives and adverbs adds er.
cold —> colder soon —> sooner

smart —> smart'e‘r ‘ . fast —_-> faster
The comparative form of two-syllable adjectives and adverbs ending in y usually

adds er
(the y changes to i).
happy as, happier
eaSy —)-. easier
The comparative form of adjectives and adverbs oftwo or more syllables usually
uses more.
difficult —> more difficult quickly —-> more quickly
beautiful —> more beautiful carefully —> more carefully
Some adjectives and adverbs are irregular.
good —_> better well —> better
had —> worse . badly —a— worse
The comparative form of adjectives and adverbs is followed by than.
She is taller than her sister. ‘

He drives more carefully than his brother [does].
Practice
A 3 Complete these sentences by supplying the comparative form of the adjective

or adverb in
parentheses. Be sure to include the word than.
.1. He is younger. (young) than I[am].

2. Carmen is much (old) expected.
3. Alaska is , (big) Delaware.
4. This book is (good) the last one we used.
ADJECT_ V S AND ADVERBS
Comparative form ‘
. The weather this winter is (bad) the weather last winter.

. This exercise is (difficult) the last one.
. This metal is (valuable) gold.
. Jane is (attractive) . her sister.
. He goes there (often) l.
. They go to the movies (frequently)
. i get up every morning much r (late) you.
B Complete these sentences by supplying the comparative form of the adjective or

adverb In
parentheses. Be sure to include the Ward than
1. She speaks more (rapidly) than I.

2. He prepares his homework (carefully) most students.
. She works (hard) ' her sister. ‘
. We stayed (long) we expected.
. Ourtroops fought (bravely) anyone expected.
.' The time passed (quickly) I expected.
. The speaker spoke (loud) was really necessary.
. They arrived (soon)
. The weather today is ‘ (warm) the weather yesterday:
. lohn’s car was much (expensive) my car.
. This contract is (satisfactory) the previous one.
. This street is even (wide) the highway.
. These exercises are (complicated) some ofthe others.
. The climate of Caracas is (good) that of Maracaibo.
. Lil is much (clever) her brother.
. This summer is (hot). ‘ last summer.
.She spoke _ (fluently): » I expected.

SuperlativeFomrm
The superlative form of one—syllable adjectives and adverbs adds est.
cold —> coldest ' . soon —> soonest
smart —-> smartest fast ——-> fastest
The superlative form of two-syllable adjectives and adverbs ending in y usually

adds est (the y
changes to i).
pretty —-> the prettiest
funny —-> the funniest
The superlative form of adjectives and adverbs of two or more syllables usually
uses most.
difficult ——> most difficult quickly —> mast quickly
beautiful --—> most beautiful carefully —> most carefully
"H
The superlative form of some adjectives and adverbs is irregular.
'2'. I: ‘ good —>~ best well _;.. bESt
bad —> worst badly ——> worst
The superlative form of all adjectives and adverbs is preceded by the.
She is the tallest girl in the class.
He drives the mast carefully of anyone in the family.
Practice
'1 Supply the superlative farm of the adjective or adverb in parentheses. Be

sure to use the word the.
. She speaks the most: rapidly (rapidly) of any of my friends.
i 1
2. This is (expensive) book that I own.
3. George is (bad) student in the class.
4. The Herald is (important) newspaper in the town.
5. Robin works (hard) of all the ballerinas in the troupe.
: ..ADJECTlVES ANDADVERBS
, . wwwawme‘y-H -
(Superlative Form
. He is (ambitious) man thatl know.
. 0f thethree brothers, Malcolm wakes up (late).
. Rebecca swims (gracefully) ofall the team members.

. She is (intelligent) person that I know.
. The story which you told was (sad) at all.
. January is (cold) month of the year.
. Which is (good) route from Miami to New York?
We Wmmsmm away“ swam: enema-w
Form the past continuous tense with the past tense of to be and the present
participle (l'ng
form) of the main verb. -
l was working .‘ ' i we were working

you were working ' you were working
he was working
she was working they were working
it was working
A—Iw . v. M. MHerww-e, systems. , awe—“V7“; ._. _ __ 9;”..an
The past continuous tense describes a past action which was going on when
another action
took place.
I was sleeping when you called.
They were eating dinner when we arrived.
.. a. ., «3m,
Practice
AISUpply the correct past continuous tense form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. They were 3313ng (eat) in the restaurant on the corner when I saw them.
. lt (rain) when I left home.
. When you telephoned, l (have) dinner.
. They (travel): In Australia when they heard the news.
. The baby (sleep) soundly when I went to wake him.
. He just (order) breakfast when I went to his hotel room.
. I got sick while we (drive) to my grandmother’s. .
. He . (work) in California when his father died.
. I (take) a nap when you called.
. She (talk) with Mr. Samuels when I saw her in the hall.
. The accident happened while they (travel) in Greece.
. The flight attendant fell as he (get) into a taxi.
13. The car (travel) at high speed when it approached the corner.
.PAST counuuous TENSE . :
V’ffiw’. mm, .w
B ’ in the following sentences, supply the past tense or the past continuous
tense form of the verbs
in parentheses as required by the meaning.
1. I studied (study) very diligently last night.

2. l was studying (study) last night when you called me on the phone.
. While I (go) home last night, I saw a bad'accident.
(go) home last night by bus.
(drive) to an amusement park yesterday.
(drive) at about forty miles an hour when the accident happened.
(have) our dinner when you phoned.
(have) our dinner in a restaurant last night.
. Whilel (come) to work this morning, I met an old friend.
. l - (come) to work in a taxi this morning.
11. The wind (blow) hard when i came to work this morning.
12. The wind (blow) hard this morning.
13. (rain) hard' last night.
14. (rain) hard when i left the office at five o’clock.
15. The sun (shine) brightly when i got up this morning.
16. The sun (shine) brightly this morning.
17. At seven o’clock, when you telephoned, I (read) the newspaper.
18. | (read) two books last week.
19. I (sleep) soundly when the phone rang.
20. I (sleep) soundly last night.
21. June (play) the piano when I arrived.
C } Supply either the past tense or the past continuous tense form of the verbs
in parentheses as
‘ required by the meaning. . -
1. As I was walking (walk) home yesterday, I met (meet)a woman who asked
(ask) me for directions to the subway. -
2. It (rain) hard when I (leave) home this morning.
Past Continuous Tense 61>
. Pete (fall) and (hurt) himself when he (ride) his bicycle

yesterday. ' —
. At five o’clock, when I (gall)i the Kennedy's home, they (have) dinner.
. Sophia (drive) to workwhen she (hear) the news on the radio.
. We (sit) on our front porch when Ms. Gold (drive) up in her new car.
. As Terri ‘ (get) out of the taxi, she (slip) and (break) her leg.
. Mr. Cash (drive) at about forty miles an hour when the accident
(happen). '
. Your message (come) just as I (leave) my home.

. Last night, just as we (leave) for the movies, some friends (drop) by.
11. Nelson (talk) with his boss when I last (see) him.
12. At noon, when you (telephone), | (work) in my garden.
D } Change each of the following sentences from the past tense to the
pastcantinuous tense. Add any .
words, phrases, or clauses which you may need in order to complete the meaning
of the sentence.
1. I studied my English lesson last night. I was studyina my Enalish lesson last
night,
when my friend called me.
. I talked to Maurice Cooper this morning.
. Tony walked home from work yesterday afternoon.
. She ate her dinner.
. I finished my work.
. Larry spoke to Ms. Watkins about a raise.
. I wrote a letter last night.
. He lived in Africa.
. They got off the bus at Broad Street.

. We had lunch with Mr. and Mrs. Chambers.
. Chris left home this morning.

. Dr. Berger had a haircut.
. Sharon typed her term paper.
. I visited the Andersons.
15. The puppy cried.
@Grammar Essentials
Form the future continuous tense by using will be and the present participle
(ing form) of the
main verb. The contracted forms are generally used.
Singular: I will be working —> I’ll be working

You will be working —)-» You’ll be working
He will be working —- He’ll be working
She will be working —> She’ll be working
It will be working —-—> It’ll be working
We will be working —> We’ll be working
You will be working ——> You’ll be working
They'will be working —> They’ll be working
ywvz' .:.: ”mm”. ”rm”. , ..
The future continuous tense describes an action that will be going on when
another action takes place.
I will be studying when you return this evening.
They’ ll be traveling in Germany by the time you arrive here.
Practice
Supply the future continuous tense of the verbs in parentheses.
. If you come at noon, we will be eating (eat) lunch.
. At this time next month, we (travel) in South America.
. At ten o’clock tomorrow morning, l (have) my music lesson.
I (wait) on the corner for you at the usual time.
. Ifyou call her at six, she probably (practice) the piano.
. It probably (rain) when you get back.
. Ifyou come before six, I (work) in‘ my garden.
. Tomorrow afternoon at this time, we , (fly) over the Caribbean.
\DOO‘xIO‘U'I-PWNH
. Don't call him after seven. He (watch) his favorite television program. _
. Don’t call her after lunch. She (take) her usual afternoon nap.
I.-
O
. At this time next year, he (study) at the University of Illinois.

Future Continuous Tense 73
.4
[—-
MUCH, MANY, A LOT or. 7
Much is used with noncountable nouns;‘that is, things that cannot be counted and
do not have
a plural form. ’ '
These nouns do not normally have plural forms. , -
much sugar
much rain . much coffee 1
Much is usually used in negative sentences and questions.
' I don’t have much money.
Do you need much time?
Many is used with plural countable nouns.
many cups of sugar
many students
A lot ofis used interchangeably with much and many. A lot ofis the most commonly
used term
of these three.
_ a lot of sugar a lot of books a lot of love fit
In questions with How, much and many are used.A lot ofis not used.
How much milk did you buy?
.How many chairs will we need? 7
Practice
., A } Complete the following sentences with much or many.
1. There aren’t many large factories in this town.
. He doesn’t spend time on his English.

3. Does this factory produce different kinds of products?
4. Does she spend money on clothes?‘
. Is there oil in Venezuela?
5
6. He doesn’t drink milk.
7. Does he have
8.
9.
' 1o.
11.
12.
13.
.14.
There aren’t
There isn’t
How
How
How
How
MUCH, MANY L
mummy . mm ‘
friends in this office?

mountains in that part of the ‘country.
milk in this pitcher.
time do you spend on your English every day?
windows are there in your office?
times a week do you go to the movies?
money do you spend on magazines each month?
He doesn’t make mistakes in spelling.
B in which of the sentences in Exercise A can you substitute a lot of for much
orrmany?
Much, Many, A Lot Of 75
Also and too change to either in negative sentences.
I want to come too.
I don’t want to come either. _
They also want this book. 7
They don’t want this book either:-

Practice
_ A ) Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.
1. Mary likes to study with our group, too. Mary doefifl’t like 150 My With our
smut? either-
. John also likes to play tennis.
. They also want to move to the Suburbs.
. Richard will also come.
. He eats in that restaurant too.
. We can also play baseball.
. He also likes American food.
. She is able to hear him too.
. My parents like to listen to the radio too.
10. Mr. Johnson is also a tennis player.
11. Molly can also play this game.
12. This book was also expensive.
‘ B }Change the following sentences from negative to affirmative.
1. Mike doesn't know her well either. He also knows her well. He knows her well
too.
2. She doesn’t like to watch television either.
3. Helen cannot swim well either.

4. The manager wasn’t able to speak to him either.
5. They don’t want to live in the suburbs either.
6. My sister won’t be back before noon either.
7. He doesn’t come to work by bus either.
8. Rachel isn’t a friendly person either.
Also, Too, Either 77
Use any in negative sentences; use some in affirmative sentences.
Gerald took some books home with him.

Gerald didn’t take anybooks home with him.
Practice
A? Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.
1. There are some extra chairs' In the next room. There aren 1: any extra chairs
in the
next room.
. We saw some good shows in New York.
. He made some mistakes in addition.
. They have some pretty dresses in that store.

. The teacher taught us some important grammar rules.
. We learned some new words in class yesterday.
. There are some flowers in the yellow vase.
. There are some rich men in this town.
. We have some good neighbors.
B E Change the following sentences from negative to affirmative.
1. I didn’t see any good shows on TV last night.l saw some good shows on TV
last: night.
. Don’t pour me any coffee.
. We don’t need any more chairs in this room.
. There aren’t any tables in the hall.
. She doesn’t want any oranges.
. They didn’t tell us about any of their experiences.
. There aren’t any good seats left for the play tonight.
. You won’t need any winter clothes in San Diego.
. Idon’t have any more money.
Alyson ‘
C , Complete the following sentences with some or any.
1.
2.
1o.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23'.
24.
I don’t have any money with me.
Please give me more coffee.
3. I’m sorry, but there isn’t more coffee.
4. The baby is asleep. Please don’t make noise.

5. We need oranges for breakfast.
6.
7
8
9
I’m sorry, but I didn’t have time to prepare my lessons last night.
. There aren’t seats available in the waiting room.

. He never makes mistakes in spelling.
. I wanted to buy fresh eggs, but there weren’t ' in the store.
I didn’t have stamps, so I went to the post office to buy

They are having trouble with their new car.
I never have trouble with my car.
The teacher won’t find mistakes in Pat's addition.
She will surely find in my addition.
I tried to borrow money from him, but he said he didn’t have

She never gives the poor clog water to drink.
Don’t give money to Ron. He doesn’t deserve
There aren't patients in the waiting room at the moment.

Please put water in that vase; the flowers are dying.
I wanted some fruit, but nobody had

Sandy says she never has fruit.
There are famous museums in Mexico City, but we didn’t have time to visit
He never gives his patients candy.
The doctor gave me medicine for my cough.
Any, Some
" {SOMEONE
we flew-view!» «Wu» mm
Use anybody, anyone, anything, and anywhere in negative sentences.

Use somebody, someone, something; and somewhere in affirmative sentences.
We heard someone entet the darkened room.
e didn’t hear anything in the dark.
Practice
. g A > Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.
1. He told us something about his trip. H6 0"th 136” U5 anything 350% ME trip-
. There is someone at the door.
. You left something on the hall table.
. Bob will bring someone with him.
. I lost the book somewhere downtown.
. There is somebody in the next room.
. Bobbie went somewhere last night with her boss.
. He has something important to say to you.

B > Change the following sentences from negative to afiirmotive.
1. He doesn’t know anything about the plan. He knows something about the plan.
2. There isn’t anything wrong with Toby’s ear.
. There wasn’t anyone at the door.
. We haven’t spoken to anybody about it.
. There doesn’t seem to be anybody in the office.
. My keys aren’t anywhere in this room.
. I don’t think there is anything wrong with the printer.
. They didn’t find her anywhere.
I possas'sn‘ mangan-
l—my—mine we—our—ours
you—your—yours you—your—yours
he—hi'S—his
she—her—hers th-ey—their—theirs
it—its-Jts
This is my ring. That is our truck.
This ring‘is mine. f This truck is ours.

Practice
A i Substitute the appropriate possessive pronouns for the word in italics.
. This pen is mypen. This pen is mine.
. These seats are ourseats.
. This umbrella is her umbrella.
. These pencils are your pencils.
. That computer is my father’s computer.
. That overcoat is his overcoat.
. These magazines seem to be your magazines; they are not my magazines.
. I believe this pen is herpen; it is not mypen.
. Is this notebook your notebook or Sarah’s?
. Is this dictionary your dictionary or William's?
. This pair of scissors is herpair ofscissors.
. These seats are their seats; they are not our seats.
. This book is your book,- the one over there on the desk is my book.
. He drives his car to work every day and I drive my car.
. You take care of your things, and I’ll take care of my things.
. Their home is pretty, but our home is prettier.

Possessive Pronouns 81
'"VEPR nouns -
17. His pronunciation is bad, and my pronunciation is too.

18. His car was expensive, but your car was more expensive.
I ' ' 1 B g In the following sentences substitute the verb tolbe for the verb to
belong. Then introduce a
possessive pronoun or the possessive form of the noun.
. This book belongs to him.Thie book i5 hie.

. This pencil belongs to Anthony. This pencil to Anthony’s.
. That notebook belongs to her.
. That umbrella belongs to me.
. l’m sure this pen belongs to Adrian.
. No, it belongs to Miss Jefferson.
. These magazines belong to them.
. These pencils belong to us.
. These books belong to them.
. This book doesn’t belong to me.
. This pen belongs to him.
. I think this desk belongs to Mrs. Jones.
. That car belongs to Robert.
. These green apples belong to us, but those yellow ones belong to them.
. I think this pencil belongs to me, but the yellow one belongs to you.
. This box of candy must belong to him.

. This umbrella belongs to the teacher.
. These seats belong to them.
. That black sports car belongs to our landlord.

. This watch doesn’t belong to me; it belongs to my father.
. The red sweater belongs to me; the blue one belongs to Virginia.
. That bicycle belongs to Jim’s little brother.
'PoSSEs'sivceI-{to o. Ms
C > Complete the following sentences with either a possessive adjective or a

possessive pronoun.
1.
leremylost hi5 pen.Willyou please lend him yours ?
. l was on time for class, but Helen was late for
. They have methods of travel and we have
. We naturally prefer methods, and they naturally prefer
. I found notebook, but lack couldn’t find
. They think that home is the prettiest on the block, and we think
. i left pen at home. May I borrow for a moment?
. He drives to work in car, and she drives to work in
. Tell William not to forget to bring tennis racket, and don‘t forget to bring
. They swim in pool and we swim in
. l have vacation in June and Fern has in july.
. lfound umbrella, but Jill couldn’t find
. We were late for class, and Hope and Gwen were also late for
. Ted enjoys work and [enjoy
. Each student in the school has own desk and own locker.
. I borrowed money from all friends, but Peg refused to borrow any money
from
. We have a television set in bedroom, and the boys have another set in
. Where are you going on vacation? i hope to spend in Europe.

. They have ideas on such matters, and we have
. We spend money in one way; they spend in another way.
.1
Possessive Pronouns 83
myself .. ‘ ourselves
yourself yyourseives
himself": . ‘
herself V themselves
itself
Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence. The subiect and
object are the
same person (people).
The man wounded himself. The woman burned herself.
Practice
Supply the necessary reflexive pronouns.
1. The little girl hurt herself when she fell.
. We protect from the rain with an umbrella.

. My son taught to sew.
. Both boys taught to swim.
. We all enjoyed at the concert last night.
. The children are amusing with the kitten.
. The policewoman shot by accident.
. Did you enjoy at the party last night?

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
. You will cut with that knife if you are not careful.
. I once cut badly with the same knife.
H
O
. I blame for all that trouble.
H
1.;
. She likes to look at in the mirror.
.4
N
. My father cuts every morning when he shaves.
H
W
. joy cut on a piece of glass.
,4
.h
. My daughter is not old enough to dress
9
U1
16. The dog hurt when it jumped over the fence.
Reflexive pronouns are also used to give emphasis to some person or thing
mentioned in the
sentence.
I myself will do the work.

The car itself was undamaged.
They are going to have to fix the motor themselves.

we“
Practice
Supply the necessary reflexive pronouns.
1. Claude himself will make all the preparations for the trip.
. I will have little to do.
. Amy said that she saw the man enter the office.
. The policeman shot the thief.
. We made the first offer to buy the business.
. The president will deliver the principal address.
. She says that she will be responsible for the debt.
. I refused to take part in the matter.
. The boys will cut the grass once a week.
. The captain led the attack against the enemy.
. The pupils decorated the classroom with flags and flowers.
. The detective committed the murder.
. I don’t like that restaurant.
. It was you who recommended it so highly.
. They will provide the money.
. Jack mailed the letter. "
. They arranged the'matter invthat form.
. You must speak to him about it.

. Janet said that she would arrange for the flowers
. I don’t want to do it, but I guess I’ll have to go
Reflexive Pronouns ~85
Reflexive pronouns used with by mean alone or without help.
She lives by herselfi _ :.._ ' (She lives with no other people.)
He built this house by himslelf. 4‘ 13(No one helped him.)
Practice
In place of the word alone, substitute the preposition by and the required
reflexive pronoun.
. He went for a walk in the park alone. H6 Wfi‘flt 1C0!” a walk in the park by
Wmfifilf
. They made the long trip through the woods alone.
. I don’t like to go to the movies alone.

. Kim, however, prefers to go to the movies alone.
. Joe likes to take long walks in the woods alone.
. The old man lives alone in a cabin in the woods.
. Hal works alone in a small office.
. My aunt, although she is elderly, prefers to live alone.
. Do you like to eat alone?
. I went to the opera last night alone.
. The girls study alone in one group and the boys study alone in a second group.
. One shouldn’t spend too much time alone.
. She sits alone and stares out the window all day long.
. I can finish this work alone.
. He prefers to do his homework alone.
. The dog found its way home alone.
. He plans to make a trip to Canada alone.
. The wagon seemed to roll down the street alone.
. We always enjoyed steering the boat alone.

. You should try to answer the questions alone.
- PRESENT PER-redraw! ‘ ‘
Form the present perfect tense with have (has) and the past participle of the
main verb. The
past participle of all regular verbs is the same as the past tense form: walked,
talked, studied,
etc. The past participles of irregular verbs are often very irregular and must
simply be
memorized. (See Quick Grammar Reference for complete list.)
I have worked we have worked
you have worked you have worked
he/ she/ it/ has worked they have worked
The present perfect tense often describes an action that happened at an

indefinite time in the past.
I have read that book. They have moved to Los Angeles.
The present perfect tense also describes an action that was repeated several
times in the past.
I have read that book several times. He has studied this lesson overand over.
w» u». r . l...
Practice
Supply the present perfect tense form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. I have epoken (speak) to him about it several times.
2. We (finish) all our homework.
. He (visit) us many times.
. She (return) my book at last.
. I am afraid that I (lose) my car keys.
. We (be) in Florida many times.
. It (rain) a lot this year.
. We (learn) many new words in this course.
. We (tell) Ed what you said. “
(hear) that story before. .

(lend) money to therh several times.
(go) to Tokyo to work.
The simple past tense is most often used when a sentence mentions or implies the
exact time of
an action. When the present perfect tense is used to describe an action which
happened at an
indefinite time in the past, the sentence does not Usually mention the exact time
of the action.
Past: He went to Boston yesterday.
Present Perfect: He has gone to Boston several times.
Past: I was here last night. i
Present Perfect: I have been here before.
Past: I visited that museum when I was downtown last week.
Present Perfect: I have visited that museum.
Practice
Supply either the simple past tense or the present perfect tense form as
required by the
meaning.
1. I went (go) to bed late last night; I have done (do) this many times lately.
. Mr. Ashe (go) to Chicago last week.
| (read) that book several times.
. I first (read) it while I was on my vacation last summer.
I . (be) in Norfolk many times.

. Mr. Dale (have) little experience in teaching that subject.
. Billy (fall) as he was crossing the street.
I (see) Diane a few days ago.
sopoxrcxgw-bw
. When the bell rang, Wade (jump) from his seat and (run)
from the room.
10. I (try) that restaurant again and again, but I do not like the food there.
11. When I was young, I often (go) fishing with my father.
12. I (complete) my paper at last.

PRESENT eERrEcrfENsE
The present perfect tense also describes actions that began in the past and have
continued up
to the present.
He has worked here for two years. (He is still working here.)
They have iived here since lune. (They are still living here.)
Note the difference in meaning between the following sentences:
He has worked here for two years. (He is still working here.)
He worked here for two years. (He doesn’t work here anymore.)
Practice
Supply either the simple past tense or the present perfect tense form as
required by the
meaning.
1. I moved (move) to Pine Street in March; I have lived (live) there for three
months now.
. We (live) in Washington from 1995 to 2000.
. Before he came to the United States, Emil (work) as a carpenter.
. Since coming here, however, he (work) as a clerk.
. My former teacher was Miss Coe. I . (study) with her for one year.
. My present teacher is Mr. Ming. I (study) with him for six months.
. Juanita Chavez speaks English well because she (speak) English

all her life.
. Earl (work) hard all his life. (He is dead.)

. Eric (work) hard all his life. (He is alive.)
. Ms. Pate (leave) New York last month and (work) in

Pittsburgh since then. 3 ' 7 ,4
. Gail, who is now in college, 2 J (study) English-for ten years.

. I myself (study) English steadily since 1998.
. Henry, who is now in the hospital, (be) there for several weeks.
. When I saw her, Linda (feel) ill.
Form the present perfect continuous tense with have (has) been and the present
participle of
the main verb. '
l have been working ' we have been working

you have been working: ~_ you have been working
he has been working
she has been working they have been working
it has been working
The present perfect continuous tense describes an action that began in the past
and has continued
up to the present. In many cases it can be used interchangeably with the present
perfect tense.
They have lived here for five years.
They have been living here for five years.
Practice
Change these present perfect tense verbs from the simple to the continuous form.
1. He has worked in that firm for many years. He: has been working in that firm
for many years.
. They have talked for more than an hour.
. I have traveled all over Europe.
. He has slept for more than ten hours.
. It has rained all day long.

. He has studied English for many years.
. We have used this textbook since January.
. She has taught science for ten years.
\OOO‘slmU'I-L‘wN
. They have lived in Dallas since 2001.
. The two nations have quarreled for many years.
H
O
. She has taken good care of her pets.
.4
l.-
H
N
. They have looked everywhere for the thief.

. He has done very little work recently.
l.-
U.)
. Lynn has worked very hard recently.
H
.b
. You have argued about that for more than an hour.
H
U'l
' - ran-masts " “I

” Nregeamiatvs'Questions
Form negatives with the present perfect and present perfect continuous tenses by
placing not
after have (has). The contractions haven’t and hasn’t are generally used.
They have not lived there long. They haven’t lived there long.
It has not been raining. It hasn’t been raining.
Form yes—no questions with these perfect tenses by placing have (has) before the
subject.
Have they lived there long? Has it been raining?
Practice
. A Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use bath the
full form and the
contracted form.
1. You have worked very hard at your job.You have not worked very hard at your
lab.
You haven’t worked very hard at. your job.
. She has been teaching there many years.
. It has been snowing.
. I have spoken to Ms. Wolfabout it.
. You have been studying computer science.
. He has been the best student in the class.

. She has been taking music lessons.
. They have been discussing the matter all day long.
. She has been sick since Wednesday.
. They have returned home.
. He has known her a long time.
. )oel has found his pen.
. You have been absent from class all week.
. He has told her all about it.
. Garvin has left for San Francisco.
. They have been having trouble with their new car.
'iS'EnEECfrTr-znsesf,
”ustion's' I H h ' ' '7
17. He has been feeling welt recently.
18. They have been married a long time.
3 l
B ) Change the sentences in Exercise A to q‘ues‘tions.
You have worked very hard at your job. Have you worked very hard at YOU!" I'Ub?
PERFECT Tenses -‘
Informat'on Questions“,-
Form information questions with the present perfect and present perfect
continuous tenses by
placing have (has) before the subject and adding a question word.
How long has Gabriel worked here?
How long have we been waiting?
Practice
Change the following sentences to questions beginning with How long.
1. He has been working for that firm for ten years. How long has he been working
for
that; firm?
. They have been married for five years.
. They have been living in that same house for twenty years. - "
. He haslbeen absent from work for two weeks.
. She has been stndying computer science since June.
. They have been arguing for more than an hour.
. They have been friends for years.
. He has been teaching computer science ever since he graduated from college.
. It has been raining like this for an hour.
. She has been a citizen since January.
. He has been attending that college for four years.
. They have occupied that same apartment for ten years.

. He has been doing that same kind of work for many years.
. She has been in the hospital for two months.
. They have been driving that same car ever since I have known them.
. The dog has been lying in that corner since this morning.
. He has been manager of the department since February.
. She has been waiting for him for an hour.
For shows the length of time ofthe action.
Since shows the time that the action;began.* ,‘
He has worked there for six months.
. .-. ,_.
He has worked there since February.
Practice
1.
2.
. We have been planning this trip for a year.

. It has been raining steadily for eight hours.
. l have not smoked a cigarette for two years.
. We have been waiting for you for two hours.
10.
. I have not seen him for severaldays.
. I have not eaten anything for two days.
, A) Change these sentences to introduce since in place of for. Then make

whatever other changes
- are necessary.
She has been sick for three days. She hae been 5in ainae Wednesday.
We have been living here for three years.

. Sue has worked for that firm for six months.
He has been in the hospital for almost a month. '
. B ; Change these sentences to introduce for instead of since. Then make

whatever other changes
are necessary.
1.
2.
. We have lived in the same house since 2002.
. They have been friends since high school.
. it has been snowing steadily since last night.
He has been absent since Monday. He tree been 3175th for three days. I
We haven’t seen them since February.
. They have been living with her parents since they were married.
* 7 Fan, SINCE .. I. 3.-
. N. ”n "a ,«L, .WW wx rmwn-va’tfiyvr'mtfié: .; mw—wm - rmwuw‘a
7. He has worked for that firm since 1997.
8. l have not seen her since last week.
9. The dog hasn’t eaten anything since Wednesday.

10. They haven’t sent him any money since last summer.
Yet means so far; it is used in negatives and questions.
Sean hasn't call‘e‘d yet: : ,3 Has Sean called yet?-
Already means by this time or previously; it is used in affirmative statements

and questions.
They have already left. Have they already left?
Practice
hA) Complete the following sentences with yet or already as required by meaning.
. Martha hasn’t called us yet; .
. They have mailed the check.
. Is it time for us to leave ? No, not
. Sal has bought the tickets for the game.

. We have 5* signed the contract.
. We have been to Mexico three times.

. But you haven’t visited Taxco flu. ’ .
. Has lim gotten his new car ?
. Has the meeting begun ? No, not
. Have the police found the thief ?
. They haven't even started to look for him
. The plane has left the airport.
BgGive a negative answer with yet to the following questions.
1. Has Mel left yet? No, Mel hasn’ 1: left; yet:

. Has the mail arrived yet?
. Have you finished your homework yet?
. Has Mr. Dole returned from lunch yet?
. Have you paid that bill yet?
. Has the meeting begun yet?
Athena-v,- var ‘
7. Has George found a job yet?
8. Has the boat sailed yet?
9. Have you bought the tickets for the game yet?
10. Have you ridden in Pam’s new car yet?
C } Give an affirmative answer with already to the questions in Exercise B.
Has Met left yet? Yes, Mel has already left.
Use the verb say for direct quotations.
Maryanne said, “I am very busy."
Yale said tonne, “I don’t feel well.”
r " ' '

Use the verb say for indirect quotations when the person to whom the words are
spoken is not
mentioned.
Maryanne said that she was very busy.
Use say to or tell for indirect quotations when the person to whom the words are
spoken is mentioned.
Bill said to his boss that he needed to leave early.
Christine told me that she didn’t feel well.
Note these idiomatic uses of the verb tell.-
to tell a lie to tell the truth to tell time tell apart
to tell a story to tell a secret to tell about something
Practice
& Supply the correct form of say or tell in these sentences.
1. Carol said that she was going to Saratoga for the weekend.
. Carol me that she was going to Saratoga for the weekend.
. I my boss that I could not finish my work in time.
. Paul me all about his trip. He it was exhausting.
. Please me about the movie that you saw last night. Ruth that she
liked it very much.
. Grace to me, “I shall never speak to him again.”

7. I William that I could not go to the movies with him.
. The boy his mother a lie, and she punished him severely. I believe he will
always the truth in the future.
9. The teacher us that she was too busy to see us after class.
. These twin brothers look so much alike that I cannot them apart.
. Mr. and Mrs. Sula us all about their recent trip to Japan. They
Japan was a very interesting and picturesque country.
12. William to me, “Is it necessary to write all my papers in ink?”
13. me just what you yesterday about your vacation plans. He

that he wanted to go with you.
14. James always the truth because his parents have trained him never to
a lie.
15. Chan she was too tired to go to the park with us.
16. The teacher the class that she was not satisfied with their work.
17. My boss me that I could take my vacation in July.
18. Can you me how i can reach Pennsylvania Station?
19. Fred English is difficult for him.
20. I have him the same thing several times.
21. William that the book belonged to Ms. Manley.
22. I him that I thought it belonged to Patrick.
23. As part of his speech, the president the audience several funny stories.
24. It was Kay who - us the secret other success.
25. Will you please me what time it is?
26. Who you that Mr. Reese was a former army officer?
B} Change these sentences to introduce tell in place of say. Then make whatever
other changes
are necessary.
1. He said that he did not feel well. He told me that he did not: feel wall.
2. Gene said that he could not attend the meeting.
. She said that she had a bad headache.
. Joseph said that he was too busy to see us.
. George said that he didn’t have enough money to buy the tickets.
. I said that I was going to buy the tickets. I
. The student said that he didn’t know the meaning of many words in the lesson.
Say, Tell 99
film-same Macro-MM. x
8. The man said that there were plentyof seats available.
9. The stockbroker said that he expectedto make a lot of money.
10. The man said that he was German by birth;
11. He also said that he was a good friend of Lolita’s.
12. Jean said that she had a lot of work to do.
._ C Change these sentences to introduce say instead of tell. Then make whatever
other changes
are necessary.
1. He told us that he was too tired to go out. He said that he was too tired to
no out.
. She told us that she knew how to speak French well.
. I told him that I was too busy to see him.
. We told him that there were many things worse than 1055 of hearing.
. The manager told us that she was not satisfied with our work.
. The doctor told me that I must rest more.
. He told me that he knew her well.

. I told the children that they should not make so much noise.
. We told them that the train was late.
. I told him that it was useless to wait any longer.
. He told the girls that he was not married.
. I told the teacher that I enjoyed the lesson very much.
Form the past perfect tense with had and the past participle of the main verb.
I had gone
you had gone
he had gone
she had gene
we had gone
you had gone
they had gone
it had gone
The past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before
another past
action. It is often used in conjunction with the past tense.
By the time we arrived, they had already gone.
Gertrude said that she had seen that movie before.
Practice
Supply the past perfect tense form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Fernando told us that he had looked (look) everywhere for the book.
2. Carla (leave) by the time we arrived.
. The police reported that they finally (capture) the thief.

. I met them before I (go) a hundred yards. I
. Isaw that we (take) the wrong road.
. He knew that he
. I felt that l
. He asked me why I
(make) a serious mistake.

(meet) the man somewhere before.
(leave) the party so early.
. He wanted to know what (happen) to his briefcase.
. Previously she (be) a very good manager. '
. It was clear that he -\ (give) us the wrong address.
(prepare).
(do) with the money?
. The teacher corrected the reports Which I

. What did he say she
. He said he
. I was sure that l

(have) his lunch.
(see) the man before.
Past Perfect Tense 101
As. . . as expresses equality of comparison. The phrase may be used with both
adjectives and
adverbs and in both positive and negative sentences. Negative sentences can also
use so . . . as.
She is astall as he. she is not astall as he. She is not so tall as he.
He is as old as I. Hefisinqt as ’old as I. ' He is not so old as I.

She works as hard as he. She does‘no‘t work as She .does not work so
hard as he. hard as he.
He can run as fast as He cannot run as fast as He cannot run so fast as

I can. I can.
Practice
Supply the phrase as . . . as or not so . . . as. Also change all adjectives to

their corresponding
adverb forms where necessary.
. Reggie is as (tall) are his brother.
. Our apartment is (large) yours.
. This street is (wide) Broadway.
. Stephen is not - (intelligent) his sister.
.' I don’t get up every morning (early) my parents.

. She sings (beautiful) she plays.
We came (quick) we could.
. We drove there (fast) we could.
2
3
4
5
6
7.
8
9
. He doeSn’t speak English (good) his sister.
,4
O
. Helen doesn't prepare her homework (careful) she should.

P.
p
. He doesn’t attend class (regular) he should.
r-l
N
. He didn’t arrive (early) we expected.

. Sharon can do the work (easy) I.
J...‘
w
. He doesn’t work (hard) the other employees.
IAI-I
U't-D
. I came (soon) possible.
._s
O\
. I don’t believe that it is (cold) today it was yesterday.
. Her pronunciation is not (good) yours.
H.
N
18. We visit them (often) we can.
“SEQUENCE or Tense-s ; _“ °
"1 -mvmmflmnm§ . g.ww.¢gmmyg ' '
Ifthe main verb of a sentence is in the past tense, all other dependent verbs
are usually in the
past tense too.
I think I need more time.
I thought I needed more time.
He‘soys he will bring the money tomorrow.

He said he would bring the money tomorrow.
She thinks John is. working downtown.
She thought John was working downtown.
They say-they have known her for a long time.

They said they had known her for a long time;
Note the irregular past tense forms of the following modals:
will ' would
can could
may _ might
Practice
_ A 3 Change each of the following sentences to past time.
1. The newspaper says the President will arrive in the morning. The newegager
said the
President would arrive in the rnarninn.
. She says she cannot do this work.
. She says her name is Smith.
. i think I can finish this report by five o'clock. f.
. The meteorologist predicts that it will rain tomorrow.
. Mr. Wik says he is very busy.
. She complains that she has a headache.
. He thinks he may finish his work by two o’clock.
. I do not think I can complete this report on schedule.
Sequence of Tenses 103
's
salience or TENSES i T
u Wm M. we:
10. He promises that the error will not occur again.
11. He says the mail will certainly be here-by noon.
12. The students think they are making sufficient progress.
13. They say the weather will probablyhe co‘ld‘ next week.
14. I think it will rain today.
15. He hopes he can get there on time.
'16. I don’t think I will see you again.
17. She says she may be late.
18. I think he is out oftown.
19. Does she say he can’t do it?
20. He complains that nobody believes a word he says.
21. I am certain that the price will go up soon.
22. She tells me that prices are sure to rise.
23. He promises faithfully that he will deliver the goods.
24. He hopes he may reach home before night.

25. He says that he has known her for many years.
26. She says she has lived here three years.
27. She thinks she can get here by noon.
28. He says he is taking English lessons from Ms. Campbell.
29. The jury declares that the prisoner isn’t guilty.
30. They feel sure the battle will be over before tomorrow.
31. I wonder what changes the new chairman will introduce.
32. He swears he has never seen the man before.
B 3 Change the following sentences from the past tense to the present tense.
1. He said he would leave in the morning. H6 533/9 he Will lea/6 “1 ”16 morning.
. They thought they had found the thief, but they were mistaken. '
. He thought the mail would surely be here by noon.
. The paper said it would rain today.
SEQ
rmnewwuwmcnvemmyw -- -_,.
. She said her name was Garcia.
UENCE OF TENSES
-- @anwmww.mmmnm '
. He said that he was too busy to come to class.
. I did not think he could finish that report today.

. He said he’d be here by noon.
. I did not think she’d come.
. Did he say he’d call again?
. She promised she’d try to do better work.
. He told me he thought prices were going up.
. He said he had found the book.
. She said she couldn’t understand what I meant.
Sequence of Tenses 105
e... L», ,
May indicates possible future action.
Heinay leave tomorrow. (He hasn’t decided yet.)
Practice
' w Change each of these sentences to introduce may.
it)
1.
It is possible that he’ll return later. He may return later.
. Perhaps she’ll help us with this Work. She may help us with this work.
. It is possible Len will be at the meeting tonight.
. Perhaps Loretta will lend us the money.
. Perhaps she will call you later. ,
. Possibly Frank will offer to lend his car.
. Possibly the weather will get warmer tomorrow.
. It is possible that she is sick.

. It is possible you will feel better later.
. Perhaps it will not rain this afternoon.
. It is possible that we shall be late for the meeting.
13.
14.
'. Perhaps he will not want to go with us.
Possibly they will go by plane.
Perhaps they will go to South America instead of to Europe on their vacation.
Answer each of these questions using may. Also add I’m not sure at the end of
your answen
‘1.
Will Lois help us with the work? She may help us with the work. I’m not sure.
. Will Ian pass all his examinations?
. Will David be back by noon?
. Will Mary drive us to the beach?
. Are you going to the movies tonight?
. Are you going to Europe on your vacation?
106. Grammar Essentials
-MAY
ransom (mmmwmwmwwmwz aawwwvww
7. Will Nell wait for us after the lesson?
8. Will you see Liz tomorrow?
“ 9. Will Fran lend us the money which we need?
10. Are the Kleins going to take the children with them to Toronto?
Should and ought to are used to express advisability. They have the same meaning
and can be
used interchangeably. The contraction shouldn’t is commonly used.
Albert should spend morgtime studying.
Albert ought to spend more timeistudying.
You shouldn’t smoke so much. You should notsmoke so much.
You ought not to smoke so much.
Practice
- i _ ' _' A; Complete the following sentences with should. In negative

sentences, use the contracted form.
. She should 135x (try) to finish her projects on time.
. They not (make) so much noise.
. I (spend) more time on my English.
. He not (eat) so much.
. You (learn) as many new words as possible.
. You (ask) permission before doing it.
. He (get) more physical exercise.
. You really (go) to see a doctor.
. Someone (tell) him all about it.
. No one (spend) as much money as she does.
. She not (waste) so much time on unimportant details.
. I (write) them aletter, but I don’t have anything to say.

not (work) so hard.
(rest) more and try to build up your strength.
. We (pay) more attention to what the teacher says.
B} Complete the sentences in Exercise A with ought to.
She ought to 13:1 (try) to finish her projects on time.
.- .Wuaevmz
Have to and must express necessity or strong obligation. Have to is the more
commonly used term.
You must go home. You have to go home.
Linda must work tonight.
Practice
Substitute the correct form of have to for must in the following sentences.
‘1.
. They must stay there at least an hour.

. You must mail that package today.
. He must have more practice in conversation.
. They must help her with that work.
. You must speak to him about it today.
. He must spend more time on his homework.
. You must write them a letter.
. We must leave before Helen gets here.
. We must learn at least ten new words every day.
. I must take this package to the post office.
. You must insure it.
. Roger must give you a receipt.
. They must spend more time on their English.
. You must pay more attention to pronunciation.
. You must help her in every way possible,
He must leave at once. He has to leave at once.

Have To, Must 109
wmw »
Warm»: WWW-”WW“; ~1qu
I: _ Wastffuture, and Present Per ect Forms f
Use have to, not most, to express obligation or necessity in the past, future,
and present perfect
tenses.
I had to work last 'night.
I will hat/9 to work tomorrow.
l have had to work every night this week.
7:7“65: , n : Mn»- .m- .eww,
Practice
A} Change have to to the past tense in these sentences.
. He has to get up early. He haa‘ to net up early.
. She has to have more money.
. Boris has to have an interpreter with him at all times.
. Everyone has to work overtime.
. He has to learn English quickly.
. I have to go tothe post office.
. She has to return later.
. He has to see the doctor a second time.

. We have to lend him some money.
. You have to spend more time on your homework.
. They have to leave for New York immediately.
. We have to stay there all summer.
13. You have to send it by air express.
14. He has to give me a receipt.
B 3 Change have to in the sentences in Exercise A to the future tense. Add any
words which may be
necessary to complete the meaning.
He has to get up early. He’ll have to net up early if he wante to be there on

time.
1 10 Grammar Essentials
HAVE TO
WNeatvies Questio" ns ' '
Use the negative form of have to to express lack of obligation or necessity.

Form negatives with
have to by placing do not, does not, did not, or will not before have. The
contracted forms
don’ t, doesn’ t, didn’ t, and won ‘tare generally used.
. Herb has to work tonight, Herb doesntt have to work tonight.
She’ li have to pay by-_c.heck. She won’t have to pay by check.
Form questions with have to by placing do, does, did or will before the subject.
Herb has to work tonight. Does Herb have to work tonight?

She‘ll have'to pay by check. Ill/ill she have to pay by check?
Practice
} Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.
1. The nurse had to work" In the Recovery Room. The huree dieih’ t: have to work
in the
Recovery Room.
. They’ll have to buy their tickets early.
. I have to cash this check today.
. He had to pay the doctor before leaving the office.
. They had to go by train.
. She has to take a make-up examination.
. He has to write many business letters.
. We’ll have to take an earlier flight.
9. They had to wait a long time for an answer to their letter.
10. They have to learn many new words every day.
11. I have to go to the dentist again next week.
1_2. We had to wait in his office a long time.
B ’ Change the sentences in ExerciseA to questions.
The nurse had to work in the Recovery Room. Did the nurse have to work in the
Recovery Room?
Have To 111
HAVE TO
. mmwwwww www meuu m x .m-
Information QuestIons
Form information questions with have to by placing do, does. did or will before
the subiect and
adding a question word.
How long will we have to wait for the package?

7 ; W ._ '1! .
Practice
parentheses.
. He had to leave at six o’clock. (What time) What time did he have to leave?
. They had to wait there for two hours. (How long)
. The children had to stay indoors because it was raining. (Why)

. They had to leave the party early because Jay was sick. (Why)
. He has to go to Denver on Sunday. (When)
. He will have to stay there for a month. (How long)
. They had to pay $15 for their medicine. (How much)
. l have to go to the dentist again next week. (When)
. You will have to come back at five o’clock. (What time)
. He has to go to the post office to buy some stamps. (Why)

. Each student has to learn ten new words every day. (How many new words)
. She has to go there twice a week. (How often)
. They had to leave $20 as a deposit. (How much)
. He has to leave at three o'clock. (What time)
. You have to sign your name at the bottom ofthe page. (Where)
. Mary has to do all the housework now because her husband is ill. (Why)
. I’ll have to ask my parents for the money. (Whom)
PREPOSITIONS ‘_
A preposition is used before a noun, pronoun, or gerund to show place, time, or

direction.
Prepositions include:
about .
above
across
after
against
along
among
around
at
before
behind ‘ toward
I below under
beside of until
between off up
by ' ' ' on upon

down - out , with.
during over ' within
'for ' since
from through
in to
Practice
A i Supply the correct prepositions for the following sentences.
1. This book belongs
. We all went ,
. We bought this car
. We plan to trade it
to Theodore.
a walk the park.

August.
a new one the spring.
. We looked everywhere the pen which Guy lost.
. Nan usually sits
this desk.
. | make a lot of errors spelling. .
. The man walked quickly the 'room ahd{Sat down.
. She spends a lot
. We read
time ' her English.
the accident the newspaper this morning.
. I must write a letter my aunt.
. She went
. Lea sits
the corner store . some groceries.

front meat the meeting.
Prepositions 113
'3' PREPOSITIONS
14. The boat moved slowly the coast.
15. Everyone laughed William’s story.
16. The woman smiled metpleasantly.
17. He thanked me my interest I - . l the matter.
18. How much did they pay their’new home?
19. They buy everything credit.

20. They told me all their trip South America.
21. He left the office once, as soon ashe heard the accident.
22. Please put those papers that drawer.
" B 5 Supply the correct prepositions for the following sentences.
1. She almost got run over When she walked in front of a fast-moving car.
. The book is the desk.
. He walked the room.
. He looked the window.
. I put the letter his hands.
. The ship is now five miles the port.
. The Rocky Mountains are west the Mississippi River.
. Heat changes ice water.
. Sit that chair.
. Do you usually have dinner home or a restaurant?
. He arrived Hawaii five o’clock.
. Our office is six blocks - the station.
. I heard it the radio.
. We stopped overnight Pittsburgh.
. Wait for us the corner 36th Street.
. I’ll meet you front the building.
. Shelly sat here me.
. He arrived five o’clock a taxi.
. The wind blew the paper the window.
PkEPOSlTIO‘NS . V.
20. The dog jumped the fence.

21. I saw him the corner Broadway and 42nd Street.
7‘ 22. The ball rolled the table the floor.
23. He walked quickly the door.
24. He sat down the table and began to write his notebook.
25. We walked the street and looked all the shop windows.
‘9 Supply the correct prepositions for the following sentences.

1. I won't be back for several hours. You should eat without: me.
2. Everyone had finished dinner ten o’clock.
. Will you lend me your pen a few minutes?
. It has been raining steadily yesterday.
. l have known Daphne many years.
. I will wait for him three o’clock.
. The game lasted three hours.
3
4
5
6. France has been a republic 1871.
7
8
9
. Yesterday I bought a new tie lvy’s. the same time, I bought a new
shirt.
. I did not finish my work time to show it the teacher.

. l have been working on this an hour.
. | get up seven o'clock every morning and go to bed twelve.

. I told him I would be there an hour.
. I am usually quite tired the end the day.
. His health is improving day day.
. | see him time time.
. Once awhile I walk i ‘ wohk.
. His office hours are nine five.
. Did anyone call me my absence?
. Al arrived seven o’clock sharp.
. The train will leave five minutes.
Prepositions 115
22. He didn’t arrive until late the afternoon.

23. I get up six o’clock and have my breakfast
24. l have not been there ‘ last summer.
D} Supply the correct prepositions for the following sentences.
. I usually come to work by subway.

. I will do that pleasure.
.He spoke a low voice.

. The car was traveling full speed.
. Shall we go the bus or a cab?
. I am sorry, but I don’t agree you.
. She is afraid animals.
. The messenger has just left a box of flowers
. He was a hurry.
. The plane flew directly our house.
. He is going to ask Grace 3 date.
. Some workers are paid the day, others the week.
. There is something wrong this telephone.
. Please write your signature ink.
the way, have you seen Elvira lately?
. lwent there mistake.

. Bill and Gina fell love each other.
. Slowly the airplane came . sight.
. it is dark here. Please turn the light.

. They are both very fond music.
. There is not enough room all of us.
22. I explained him that the elevator was out order.
23. This is an exception the rule.
24. It will be impossible me to go you the theater.
25. There is a great difference that book and this one.
{PASSIVE or
The passive voice shows that the subject is receiving the action of the verb.
Form the passive
voice by using the appropriate form of to be and the past participle of the main
verb.
Tense Active Voice Passive Voice
Present Amy writes a letter. A letter is written by Amy.

Past Amy wrote a letter. A letter was written by Amy.
Future Amy will write a letter. A letter will be written by Amy.
Present Perfect _ Amy has written a letter. A letter has been written by Amy.
Practice
& Change the following sentences from the active voice to the passive voice. Be
sure to keep the , _.
same tense. E-
1. Wayne delivers the mail every day. The mail is delivered by Wayne every day.
-
. Fire destroyed that house.
. The audience enjoyed the concert very much.

. Bob took that book from the desk.
. Walter will eat the cake.
. Beth has finished the report.
. Ms. Duke will leave the tickets at the box office.
. The messenger has just left a box of flowers for you.

. The police easily captured the thief.
. Many people attended the lecture.
11. The movie disappointed us very much.
12. Mr. Jones manages the export division.
13. John returned the money last night. ' . ~ 3'
‘ Change the following sentences from the passive voice to the active voice. Be
sure to keep the
same tense. "
1. That book was written by Andy Murphy. Andy Murphy WWW that book.
2. The entire city was destroyed by the fire.
3. The town was captured by the enemy.
Passive Voice 117
a. The money has been stolen from my purse by someone.
5. The book was found by Mary.
6. The book has been returned by john
7. The book Is read by many people all over the World.
8. The mail lS delivered by Paula.
(JChange the following sentences from active to passive. Do not change the
tense.
1. The teacher corrects our exercises at home. Our exercises are corrected an:
borne
by the teaoher
. They started a dancing class last week.
. Mr. Smith saw the accident.

. He left the report on the desk.
. Everybody will see this film soon.
. He has just finished the report.
. An economic. crisis followed the war.
. Somebody has taken my briefcase.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
. The teacher returned our written work to us.
H
‘ O
. Valerie buys books from that store.
. She had finished the report by noon.

{The mad dog bit the little boy.
H
H
H
N
. The wind blows the fog away by midmorning.
H
U)
. The committee will choose you as its representative.
H
.b
. The maid broke the plate and the glass.
H
U1
. Tall trees lined the street.
H
ax
. The newspapers reported the event immediately.
H
‘Nl
H
00
. We heard the sound of music.
. The police have arrested five suspects.
H
\O
. The neighborhood children played with our dog.
M
O
. The doctor ordered him to take a long rest.
. Lightning struck the house.

PASSiVE VQICE
Form the passive voice of can, have to, may, must, ought to, and should with be
and the past
participle of the main verb. '
l have to finish this work. This work has to be finished.
You can see it now. It can be seen by you now.
He should type his term paper. His term paper should be typed.
Form the passive voice in the continuous tenses with being and the past
participle of the main verb.
She is climbing-the mountain. The mountain is being climbed by her.
r'z e... w
Practice
Change the following sentences from the active to the passive voice.
1. We may finish the leftovers in the refrigerator. The lettevare in the

refrigerator
may be finished.
. They should send it to us at once.
. The mailman is deiivering the mail now.
. He. has to finish it today.
. The police are holding him for further questioning.
. They may organize a new group next week.

. You ought to write that letter today.
. The citizens are defending the city bravely.
. They cannot hold the meeting in that‘room.
. They may deliver the merchandise while we are out.
. He has to pay the bill before the first ofthe month.
. He may pay the bill for us.
. Congress is debating that question today.
. For the time being, Karen is teaching that group.
. You ought to water the plant once a week.
. The company is shipping the merchandise today.
. We must warn them of the danger.
Passive Voice 119
” veganas’aa attains“ '
Form negatives in the passive voice by placing not after the auxiliary verb. The
contracted forms
are often used.
The film Was not directed by Steven Spielberg.

The bricks worth be deliriered before Tuesday.
Form questions in the passive voice by placing the auxiliary verb before the
subject.
Was the film directed by Steven Spielberg?

Will the bricks be delivered before Tuesday? .
Add a questiOn word to form information questions.
When will the prize be awarded?
Practice
Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use the full form
and the
contracted form.
1. He was sent to Los Angeles. He were not sent: to Lee Annelee. He wasn't sent:
to L05 Annelee.
. This must be finished today.
. The letter has already been sent.
. The book was published in 1982.
. The class is taught by Ms. Smith.
. The merchandise is being sent today.
. The thief has been caught by the police.

. The fire was started by an arsonist.
. The chairs have been put in Room 10.
. The jewels were stolen by one ofthe servants.
. The book will be published in the spring.
. The lectUre was attended by many people.
13. The first prize was won by Maria.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
PASSIVE vorcc
Negatvsie and Questions;
The accident was caused by Vance’s carelessness.
Our exercises will be corrected each night.
The house was completely destroyed by the fire.
The tickets have been purchased.
The bridge was designed by a French architect.
w Change the sentences in Exercise A to questions.
He was sent to Los Angeles. Was he sent to toe Angeles.?

‘ C § Change the following sentences to questions beginning with the question
word in parentheses.
1.
. The mail is delivered at ten o’clock. (When)

. The contract must be signed by Mr. Smith. (Who)
. The tickets will be left at the box office. (Where)
. San Francisco was nearly destroyed by earthquake in 1906. (When)
. The building was destroyed by fire. (How)

. The merchandise will be delivered next week. (When)
. The money had been stolen by the workers. (Who)
. The child was finally found in the park. (Where)
. He was injured in an airplane accident. (What)
. The book was published in France. (Where)
. He was operated on for appendicitis. (What)
. The city was captured by the enemy in June. (When)

. The money was put into the safe. (Where)
. The bridge will be finished this year. (When) ‘ (I

. it was designed by ‘a French engineer. (Who)
The house was built in 1975. (When) When was the houae built?
. The boy was punished because he had run away. (Why)

. The note was left on the table. (Where)
Passive Voice 121

. SUPPOSED T0
Supposed to used with the simple form of the main verb expresses anticipation or
expectation.
This term has a present and a past tense.
Ms. Garcia is supposed to be here. (Present)
we: were supposed to arrive last night, but we were delayed. (Past)
w...
Practice
Supply the correct form of (to be) supposed to.
. Doris and I were euppaeed to send (send) the plans last night.
. The ship (sail) two hours ago.
. She (come) at four o’clock yesterday afternoon.

. He (be) here now.
. lilly (bring) the books with her.
. That letter (write) yesterday.
. I (mail) this package last Saturday.
. He ‘ (leave) for Europe next week, but he may have to postpone his trip
until next month.
. He (take) his lesson at ten o’clock, but we haven’t seen him.

. Which room is the club (meet) in?
. Next week, the bridge club (meet) in Room 10, but the other club
(meet) on the tenth floor.
. Which line am I (write) my name on?
. I’m sorry that I must leave so soon, but I (be) at the consulate at twelve
o’clock.
. Ann wants to know whether she (take) her pill at ten o’clock or twelve
o’clock.
. The catalogue (publish) next spring.

Used to describes an action that was customary or that happened for some time in the past but that
does not happen at the present time.
We lived in Maryland before we moved here.
We used to live in Maryland.
I taught English for years; now I’m retired.
I used to teach English.
Used to is followed by the simple form of the verb.
Practice
In each of the following sentences, change the italicized verb to introduce used to.
. I walked to work. I used to walk to work.
. I never made so many mistakes in spelling.
. The accounting department was on the 18th floor.
. Tom was a good employee and worked hard.
. I bought all my clothes in that store.
. This building was occupied by a large insurance firm.
. Betty had charge of the transportation division.
. Gary played the violin.
. Laura went to the concert every week.
. He never did his work poorly.
. He took a great interest in his piano lessons.
. All meetings were held in the auditorium.
. Marcus was the official interpreter for the Company.
. | used my computer a great deal. _ —
. Mr. Earl worked in this office.
. I never caught cold.
. It was my custom to practice the piano every day.

Would rather followed by the simple form of the verb means to prefer. The
contracted form
’d rather is generally used. Note the position and use of than.
I would rather watch T)! than) go to a movie.

She’d rather walk than'take a taxi.
We’d rather go to the cabin this weekend. (An implied comparison

with any other choice) ‘
Practice
Change these sentences to introduce would rather. Use both the full form and the
contracted
form. Be sure that rather appears only once in each clause.
1. I prefer to wait outside rather than in here. I would rather wait outside
than in here.
l’d rather wait outside than in here.
. They prefer to walk to school.
. We prefer to spend the summer at home instead of in the country.

. The doctor says that he prefers to examine you in his office.
. I prefer not to mention it to him at this time.
. I prefer to eat at home rather than in a restaurant.
. He prefers to meet us downtown.
. I prefer to speak with her in private.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
. I prefer to drive a small car rather than a big one.

. Jean prefers to study in this class instead of in the advanced class.
.4
O
i-\
H
. I prefer to do all my homework before I leave school.
p—I
N
. He prefers to live in a large city like London.
H-
W
. i prefer to live in a small town.
. I prefer to work in my garden rather than play golf.
._.
4s
. I prefer to see a good movie rather than go to the opera.
I-‘H
O\U‘I
. He prefers to attend a large college; I prefer to go to a small one.
- 7- aim-nus, .
m, .
7 5‘ ”An-gem "
Had better with the simple form of the verb means it would be better or it would
be advisable.
The contracted form ’d better is generally used. Note that this term expresses a
future thought
even though it is in a past form.
You had better see a doctor. You’d better see a doctor.

Add not to form the negative.
They had better not forget their homework again.
Practice
Change these sentences to introduce had better. Use the full form and the
contracted form.
1. It would be better if you came back later. You had better come back later.
You’d better come back later.
. It would be better if she rested a while.
. It would be better if Betty gave you back the money.
. It would be better if she didn’t see him again.
. It would be advisable for them to save their money.
. It would be better ifyou didn’t mention this to anyone.
. It would be advisable for you to send an invitation.
. It would be better if you didn’t tell Carmen about this.
. It would be advisable for you to tell them the truth.
. It would be better if Neil prepared his homework more carefully.

. It would be advisable for you not to drive so fast on this road.
. You shouldn’t give them too much information.
. You should notify the police at once. _
. I advise you to spend more time on yo'ur*piarto l’essons.

Tag endings ask a question or invite confirmation of some fact we already know.
Tag endings
contain a pronoun and an auxiliary verb but not a main verb. Use a negative tag
ending after an
affirmative sentence. ' ‘
Cyril can speak English, can’t he?
She’s an Amefican, isn’t she?

You live in Virginia, don’t you?
They’ll be at the party, won’t they?
Practice
Add the correct tag ending to the following sentences.
. She goes shopping every day, M?

. He has been studying English a long time,
. Matthew is a gOod student,
. She plays the piano well,
. She can play the piano well,
. You played tennis yesterday,
. The traffic is heavy today,
. The traffic was also heavy yesterday,
. You always buy your clothes at a department store.

. They go for a walk in the park every Sunday,
. You’ll be back before noon, ?
. You have read that book,
. They are very old friends,
. It takes more than an hour to get there.
. The bus stops at this corner,
. They are traveling in Quebec now,
. I gave you what you wanted,
. She was unkind to you,
. You could drive that truck,

Use an affirmative tag ending after a negative sentence.
Carl can’t speak English, can he?

She Isn ’t an American, isshe?
You don’t live in Virginia, do you?
They won’t be at the party, will they?
Practice
“Add the correct tag ending to the following sentences.
1. Catherine doesn’t like to study geometry, does 5416 ?

. You haven’t ever been in South America,
. You won’t mention this to anyone,
. The traffic today isn’t very heavy,
. The traffic wasn’t heavy yesterday either,
. They didn’t'go by plane, ?
. Beth didn’t say anything to you about it,
. He wasn't driving fast at the time, ?
. She doesn’t know how to dance, ?
. Joe won’t be back before noon, ?
. The bus doesn’t stop near here,
. You didn’t write those letters,
. I haven’t paid you yet,
. Helen isn’t going with you, ?
. You haven’t had your lunch yet, .
. He can’t speak English, l ? " . {l
. I shouldn’t drive so fast on this road,
. We won’t have enough money to get In,
. They wouldn’t give you the information,
@Ad
1.
d the correct tag endings to thesesentences.
Gregory left class early today, . i‘o‘idn’t he ?
. He is an excellent student, r _’ ?
. She has never gotten in touch with you,
. Today is Wednesday, ?
. You live in Minnesota, ?
. You were absent yesterday,

. Both men look very much alike,
. They don’t know each other,
. This street runs north and south,
. We won’t have to stand in line,
. You mailed that letter,
. You didn’t forget to put a stamp on it,
. She can speak French well,
. He never comes to class on time,
. The train is supposed to arrive soon,
____—_——'
. This bus stops at the airport, ?
. She is making good progress in French,
. Your sister has been sick a long time,
. This is your umbrella, ?
. There is someone at the door,
. The telephone rang, ?
22.
23.
They paid you what they owed you, ?
You’ll call me in the morning, ?
24. It hasn’t come true yet,
25.
My mother has spoken to you, 7
__—_——'
TAG ENDINGS
C > Add tag endings to the following sentences.
. 1. He speaks English well, doesn’t he ?
l . She writes a lot of letters,

. He is a busy man, ?
. He makes a lot of mistakes in pronunciation,
. Steven spends a lot of money on clothes,
. He always comes to class on time,
. Tony is out of town, ?
. There are a lot of students absent from class,
. They are good friends, ?
. They watch television every night,
11. You enjoy your computer science class,
12. The mail is delivered at ten o’clock,
13. You spend a lot of time with them,
14. She has to work very hard,
15. He is too old to play football,
16. You have piano lessons twice a week,
17. The plane arrives at noon,
18. They visit you every Sunday,
19. You get up early every morning,
20. He sits in the front row,
21. She works in the import department,
22. He is a good salesman, ?
. . g.
. D 3 Change the sentences in Exercise C to the past and'add the tag endings.
He spoke English well, didn’t he ?
\ E } Change the sentences in Exercise C to the future with will and add the tag
endings.
He will speak English well, won’t he ?
. in
'- Ir, THERE-
The impersonal pronoun it is used in expressions of weather, time, and distance.
it is cold'today. f it is ten o’clock.
It is a lopg’livayfrqm hereto California.
it is also used with the verb to be, an adiective, and an infinitive.
It is easy to learn English grammar.
it was difficult to find your address.

There is and there are are used to express the existence of an object or
objects.
There is a fly in' the room.
There are twelve people on that jury.
Practice
é) Complete the following sentences with It is or There is.
1. it is raining very hard.

‘ plenty of time to do that later.
a strange man in Bertha’s office.
easy to understand why he is angry.
time for you to take your medicine.
a new moon tonight.
a cat in one of your flower beds.
2.
5 .
6. almost ten o’clock.

7
impossible to finish that work in such a short time.

10. warm in this room. I
11. ‘ hard to hear the music from the back of the room.
12. ten miles from here to the university.
13. a mailbox on the corner.
14. a long line of cars ahead of us.
.7 .1‘LL1LéMb. . in: ,.. a
IT, THERE .
15. important to continue studying English.
16. a lot of static on our radio.
'17. easy to understand her accent.
. B a Complete the following sentences with it or There.
it is raining very hard.
is a letter for you on the hall table.

is almost three o’clock.
is very cold today.
are several Germans in our English class.
is very hot in this room.
is difficult to speak English well.
is not a cloud in the sky.
is beginning to snow.
is hard to learn English in such a short time.
are a lot of beautiful homes on this street.
is unfortunate that you can’t come with us.
was midnight when we got home.
is no place like home.
was nice to see you.
is a long way from here to Honolulu.
are a lot of people in the park this afternoon.
was almost eight o’clock when they arrived.
were a lot of employees absent today.
is Tuesday. ‘f
is someone at the door. ' _ _
is very unpleasant to work in this cold room.
is dangerous to drive so fast.
are only twenty-eight days in February.
' It, There 13]
I -' C } Change the following sentences so that each one begins with It.
. Learning English is not easy. it i? not Belay 130 learn Emilfih-
. Learning new words every clayi‘is important.
. Studying with Mr. Nathan is very rewarding.
. To pay so much money for a car that is old is foolish.
. To drive so fast is dangerous.
. Traveling in foreign countries is interesting.

. To be able to speak a foreign language is often helpful.
. To blame Rocky for that mistake is unfair.
. Studying grammar is not interesting for a lot ‘of students.
. Understanding grammar is important.
. Getting up early in the morning is almost impossible for me.
. Going by bus is faster than going by car.
. To sing in such a low key is not easy for a soprano.
. To explain this matter to him will be difficult.
. Working twelve hours a day at your age is foolish.
. Spending the afternoon at the beach will be pleasant.
. To call her at this late hour would be unwise.
. Eating quickly is not satisfying.
. Accepting their apologies is not easy.
. Being comfortable in such hot weather is difficult.
21. Competing for the top prize is not easy.
D > Change the following sentences so that each one begins with There is or
There are.
1. A new magazine is on the hall table. There is a new magazine on the hall
table.
2. A lot oftrees are in the park.

3. Two strange men are in the living room.
4. Several people are waiting to see Dr. Quarles.
. A letter for you is in the mailbox.
. A storm is approaching.
. A lot of dark clouds are in the sky.
. Two policemen are on the corner.
. A dog is in the garden.
. Two children are playing on your front lawn.
. Only one window is in the room.
. Two tall trees are in front of the house.
. A blackboard is in every room.
. Several pictures are on the wall of each room.
. A lot of birds of various colors are in the trees.
. A vase of flowers is on the table.
. An inch of snow is on the ground.

. Curtains are on each window.
. A lot ofinteresting people are in my English class.
. A mailbox is on the corner.
. The report is on his desk.
. Two tickets to the new show are waiting for you at the box office.
. Some contracts are in his briefcase.
It, There 133
WWoMmWwwweaa/e
A gerund is a form of verb that functions as a noun and ends in ing. Certain
verbs, like enjoy,
mind, stop, consider, appreciate, and finish can be followed by gerunds but not
infinitives.
He'enjoys studying English.

I finished reading the lesson.
He has stopped trying to
Practice
In the sentences below, supply the gerund form of the verb shown in parentheses.
1. I am considering moving (move) back to Montreal.
. i enjoy (study) with Ms. Kinsey.
. Mr. Kent stopped (go) to his English class.
. Do you mind (wait) a few minutes in the hall? _
. We are considering (buy) a new computer.
. Did you enjoy (travel) through Canada last summer?
. Ask that salesman whether he minds (come) back this afternoon.
. Mr. Lamb enjoys (listen) to the radio.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
. Mr. and Mrs. Michaels have stopped ' (use) their camcorder.
H
O
. They resent (hold) the classes in the evening instead of the morning.
H
H
. We will avoid (receive) visitors after 2:00 p.m.
. They have finished (paint) our apartment at last.
H
N
. Paul was driving fast and couldn't avoid (hit) the other car.
._.
U)
. Joey denied (take) the book.
a
.P
. You shouldn’t risk (go) out if you have a cold.
I-| H
O\U1
. He admitted (make) the mistake after we questioned him for a long time.
GERUNDS
-' m1 IMWK m. .1.an fiw—V- ”Him—.7131“? m...
Gerunds may also be used after most prepositions but not after to when it is
part of an infinitive.
lane is fond of exercising.
We use this pot for brewing herb tea.
Gerunds are used after certain expressions, for example, to be worth, no use,
and to have fun.
The new Lucas film is worth seeing.
it’s no use trying to call them at this hour.
Did you have fun playing soccer yesterday?
Practice
Supply the gerund form of the verb in parentheses.
. Were you successful in seeing (see) Ms. Vaughn?
. ls Kay fond of (swim)?
. He needs much more drill in (spell).
. There’s no use (call) Mr. Dennis. He’s not at home now.
. There is little chance of (see) him today.
. That salesman has left. He got tired of (wait) for Ms. Moreno.
. That book is well worth ‘ (read).
. We had fun (visit) you last summer.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
. It is a question of (find) the right person for the job.
H
O
. Mr. Spock always takes great pleasure in (help) others.
H
H
. Do you think that lecture is worth (attend)?
H
N
. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson are thinking of (move) to Colorado.
. He insisted on (help)’me with the report.

l-‘I-II
kw
. May had fun (dance) at the party.‘
. Mr. Peters spoke this morning about ' (start) a new class.
up
G\U‘r
. He has no intention of (leave) the class at this time.
H
\J
. We are all looking forward to i (see) Ms. Robertson next week.
H
00
. is there any possibility of ; (see) Mr. Black this morning?

" Gerunds 135
_o,IGERUNDS
armaments» mmrwwwu-wvuer‘thwriwaif re.» A ~ .: WNW.» . not» We
. B } Using a gerund construction, complete the following sentences in your own

words.
1. She is not interested in learning aorépeak English
. We both enioy
. We went straight home instead of

. ldon’t feel like
. He has no intention of
. Do you think that book is worth
. We congratulated him on
. Did you have fun
. He is tired of
. He left suddenly without
. Thank you for
. He insisted upon
. I can’t imagine
. We are considering
. He says he doesn’t feel like
. They have stopped
. There is little chance of
. He hasn’t had any experience in
. You can’t blame him for
. We all need more practice in
. We finally succeeded in
. They are thinking of
. They are both very fond of
. In the middle of our discussion, the man suddenly burst out .

. Have you finished ?
. Mrs. Belkamp has suggested
. if we don’t hurry, we’ll miss

. The Cresseys had to postpone
. Did the prisoner escape
. Would you mind
GERUNDS AND lNFlNlTi‘VES.
Certain verbs can be followed by either gerunds or infinitives. Some ofthese

verbs are start,
begin, continue, like, neglect, hate, cease, love, and prefer.
He has begun to take English lessons.
He has begun taking English lessons.
She will continue to study in that class.
She will continue studying in that class.

Practice
. A % Complete each of the following sentences with a gerund.
1. Micky prefers taking (take) biology this semester.

2. He likes (take) lessons from Miss Dixson.
. | neglected (tell) Mr. Hall about that report.
. They prefer (meet) at five o’clock instead of at six.
. Joe will start (work) in that department next week.
. Meg loves (work) for Mr. Harris.
3
4
5
6. But he will continue (take) frequent trips to the Midwest.
7
8. He prefers (leave) on the fifteenth.
. He hates (leave) the East Coast.
10. When will Mr. Hale start (come) to class?
11. Ava likes (study) in the fourth grade.
12. Mr. Hope prefers (take) private lessons.
13. We hope to begin I‘ ; (increase) our sales in the spring.
14. The enemies have continued ‘ (build) up their armies.
15. Mary hates (do) secretarial work.
‘ B 3 Complete each of the sentences in Exercise A with an infinitive.
Micky prefers to take "(take) biology this semester.
Gerunds and lnfinitives
- FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
a» u
Form the future perfect tense with will have and the past participle of the main
verb. The
contracted form ’ll is often used. . '
I will have worked we \iiiillhave worked i’ll/we’ll have worked
you will have worked you will have worked you’ll have worked
he/she/ it will have worked they will have worked he'll/she’ll/it’ll/they'll

have worked
The future perfect tense describes an action that will be a past and complete
action at a certain
point in the future.
By next September I’ll have worked here thirty years.
We will have finished this book in June.
.w w... *
Practice
Complete the following sentences with the future perfect tense form of the verbs
in
parentheses.
1. I am sure they will have completedkomplete) the new road by June.

2. He says that before he leaves he (see) every show in town.
3. Ifyou don't make a note of that appointment, you (forget) it by

next week.
. By this time next month, all the roses (die).
. By January first, all our work for the year . been (finish)
and our report been (turn) in.
. By the time you arrive, I (finish) reading your book.
. | - (be) in this country for two years on January 12.
. By this time next year, you (forget) all your present troubles.
. A century from now, wars, 1 hope, (become) a thing of the past.

. Perhaps by that time, we (learn) that it is better to cooperate than to
fight.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
11. If he hasn’t begun to study yet, he certainly

all his lessons by tomorrow.
12. I hope that by this time next year a peace treaty

(sign).
13. When you are my age, you (learn) a lot.
14. Ayear from now he (take) his medical exams and begun to practice.
Future Perfect Tense
Practice
_: ' , A} Complete the following sentences with the correct tense of the verbs
in parentheses.
1. Daryl always cornea (come) to work on time.
2. Mr. Jones (teach) us at present. He (substitute) for Mr.

Holt, who is our regular teacher.
. I (work) in my garden when you called me last night.

(take) our finals next week.
(come) to work on the bus this morning.
(come) to work this morning, I (meet) a boy who

(try) to sell me a watch.
(be) to the Grand Canyon several times.
. Listen! I think the telephone (ring).
. Bob said that he (see) that movie before.
. I (read) that novel three or four times.

11. By this time next year, we (complete) all the exercises in this book.
12. The telephone (ring) just as I (leave) my house.
13. The sun (shine) brightly when I got up this morning.
14. Our class (begin) every morning at 8:30 and (end) at 10:00.
15. We occasionally (go) to the movies on Sunday.
16. Listen! Somebody (knock) at the door.
17. Up to now, nothing (hear) from the search party.
18. Marjory, who is now in the fourth grade, (study) English for three years.
19. Ruth (study) French for a few months last year.
20. My brother-in-law (come) to visit me next week.

‘ Bi Complete these sentences with the correct tense of the verbs in
parentheses.
1. The magician was doing (do) tricks on the stage when we entered.
2. The newspaper says that the police in New Orleans finally (catch) the
bank robber.
EVIEW OF VERB TENSES
. Look! That child (cross) the street against the light.
she usually (walk) along Spencer Street at the same

time every morning?
. She said that she (leave) before she heard the news.
. By this time next week, Rod and Alan (visit) their grandmother.
. By March 15, i (be) here one year.-
. Deborah handed in the report which she (write).
. Lee usually (study) very hard. In fact, whenever I (see)

him he (study) something.
. Have you any idea what she (do) when I (call) her
tomorrow?
11. What you (do) when I called you last night?
12. Since when Harry (be) manager of this department?

13. He (be) appointed last June and (be) in charge ever since.
14. Where you (go) on your vacation next month?
15. He cooked the rabbit which he (shoot) in the woods.
16. The sun (shine) when I got up this morning, but by ten o'clock it
(disappear) behind the clouds.
17. The U5. Civil War (begin) in 1861 and it (end) in 1865,
but not before thousands of men (lose) their lives.
. C '2} Complete these sentences with the correct tense of the verbs in
parentheses.
1. Tod felt (feel) refreshed by the lemonade he had drunk (drink) with us
earlier.
. Friends who (tell) us the truth are often less appreciated than those who
(flatter) us.
. What did you do when you discovered that you (lose) your wallet?
. While we (drive) to Milwaukee, we (have) two flat tires.
. The minute the bell rang, the students ‘ I (jump) from their seats.
. When we got home from work, we discovered that they (come) and
fan.)
. Ms. Sheldon (trip);as she (enter) the room.

Review of Verb Tenses 141
__ REVIEW OFVERBTENSES
. Sidney (choose) captain: of the baseball team by the other players.

. That movie (see) by millions of people around the world.
. Lilian noticed that we ;,(téike) the wrong road.
. My mother (not see) well atter'dark, so she never (drive)

at night.
. She (not dance) for a long time because she (break) her
leg last month.
. | , (go) to Greece on my last vacation.
. Where you (go) on your last vacation?
. Where you (go) on your next vacation?

. Where you usually (go) on your vacations?
. What you (do) right now?
Posiiin '
Place adverbs of time (yesterday, last week, next month, etc.) at the beginning
or end ofa
sentence.
I saw Ms. Anderson yesterday.
On Wednesday you are due in court,
Place adverbs of frequency (often, usually, generally, rarely, ever, etc.)

before the main verb
except when the main verb is a form of to be.
He always comes to class late. She is never late for class.
Does he always come to class late? Is she always late for class?
Note that in sentences with auxiliary verbs, adverbs of frequency are after the
auxiliary verbs
but before the main verbs.
He. has always come late to class.
We don't usually eat in the cafeteria.
Practice
Place the indicated adverb in the correct place in these sentences.
1. Isaw Mr. Manchester in the cafeteria. (yesterday) i saw Mr. Manchester in the
cafeteria yesterday.
. Sam has been a very careful worker. (always)
. He goes to Boston on business trips. (often)
. He stays with me. (seldom)
. We’ll see you. (on Friday)
. She played the piano. (last night)
. Hers planning to visit us at our home. (tonight)
. She has spoken to me. (never) _ -
. Alice asks for help. (rarely)
. Al is late for class. (always)

. He has prepared his lessons. (always)
Adverbs 143
-. ADVERBS 2
Position '
. We went for a walk in the park. (on Sunday)
. We go for a walk in the park on Sunday. (usually)
. Do you go for a walk on Sunday? (ever)

. i go for a walk on Sunday. (never) at l
. I spoke to Ellen about that matter. (on Tuesday)
. He promised to give me an answer. (in the morning)
. Have you visited Chicago? (ever)
. Do you eat in the cafeteria? (usually)
. Have you eaten in the cafeteria? (ever)
. Have you finished writing your exercises? (yet)
. I have spoken to him about that. (often)
. Have you spoken to him about that? (ever)
. Has he been late for his classes? (always)
. I have been to Mt. Vernon, Washington’s home. (never)

. l have read that book. (twice)
. I have read it. (never) Have you read it? (ever)
. Mr. and Mrs. Smith visited their daughter in college. (last week)
. He is too busy to eat lunch. (often)
. He is leaving for Denver. (tomorrow)
. Does she forget her key? (sometimes)
. Does she get up early? (generally)
. Has he been taller than his sister? (always)
. Nobody has a bad word to say about Kay. (ever)
. He will finish his work. (tomorrow)
. He does his exercises carefully. (rarely)
. Belinda is going to leave for California. (tomorrow)
. I met him there. (yesterday)
WORD ORDER
Word order is very important in English sentences. The normal word order for an
English
statement is subject, verb, indirect object, direct object, adverbial modifiers.
Be careful not to
separate a verb and its direct object with an adverbial modifier.
Wrong: I saw yesterday my friend.
Correct: 1 saw my friend yesterday.
Practice
Reconstruct the following sentences and put them into good English form.
1. Jacob has been two years in this country. Jacob has been in this country two
years.
. He is studying now engineering at Columbia University.
. He was so excited he well couldn’t think.
. The light was so bright that we had to cover from time to time our eyes.
. She said that he had had already three operations.
. I even didn’t know that it was you who was calling me.
. Throw me from the bus a kiss.
. Karen went to see the mayor in a new skirt.
. Louise comes sometimes to our house for the lesson, and i go sometimes to
hers.
. | used to like a lot the theater, but now | go every night to the movies.
. Of course, always I speak German with my family and friends.
. He is studying now French as well as English.
. He has been two years here; perhaps it is more even than that.
. It was so cold that summer that we had to wear now and then our overcoats.
. l have every day to write a lot of letters in English.
. He said that he had seen already that movie:
. He comes seldom to the lesson on time.

. Simon gave me this morning your message.
. Please read slowly the whole sentence.
. We went last night to the theater. -
Word Order 145
STILL, ANYMORE
Still means even up to the present time. It indicates some continuing action.
Still usually comes
before the main verb. , - "' '
He is still working in thatteffice. They still the in that house. . I‘}

I ._ .-,, .. ,_ '3 ,, ‘.. . . . . .H . ». ~ . - 4..-
Anymore indicates that an action that went on in the past has been discontinued.
We usually
place anymore at the end of a negative sentence.
He isn’t werking in that office anymore.
They don’t live in that house anymore.
Practice
' Complete the following sentences with still or anymore.
1. He doesn’t study in this class anymore .

2. She is working as a clerk in a department store.
. He is teaching geography in that same school.
. Sue is the best student in the class.
. Ann is not the best student in the class
. We never see you at the school dances
. They don’t live near us
. l seldom see George
. We are good friends, although we rarely see each other.
. Do they spend each summer in Mexico City? .
. He thinks that he is the best teacher in the department.
. Dr. Jones is not our doctor
. 1 thinkthat Helen is the most interesting person in the whole school.
. They are bitter enemies, although they never see each other.
B 3 Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.
1. We are still good friends, We are not need friends anymore.

2. He is still president of the club.
STILL ANYMORE
. They still live on State Street.
. They still visit each other regularly.
. He is still in love with her.
. They are still living in Quito.
. We still see them at the club on Saturday night.
. It is still raining.
Still, Anymore 147 ‘
N ”react-since , '-
A direct quotation gives the words of a speaker exactly as spoken.
Tammy said, “I am leaving tomorrow."
f ' I I.
An indirect quotation reports on someone’s words indirectly. The pronouns used
in an indirect
quotation are different from those in a direct quotation. (Review page 103 for
sequence of
tenses using to say.)
Tammy said that she was leaving tomorrow.
When an indirect object is used in a sentence being changed from direct to

indirect speech, say
to is often changed to tell.
Direct: Barbara said to Phyllis, “I have a cold.’_’
Indirect: Barbara told Phyllis that‘she had a cold.
Practice
w Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.
. Carolyn said, “I will be here at noon.” Carolyn said she would be here at
noon.
. David said, “The plane will probably get in late.”
. The boss said, “I have to finish this report by tonight.”
. The doctor said, “She’ll get well quickly.”
. The teacher said, “Everyone has to write a three-page paper for tomorrow.”
. Richard said, “I saw that movie last week.”
. ianie said, “I‘ve read that book."
. Suzanne said to her boyfriend, “I can’t go tonight."
. William said to me, “I'll finish this tomorrow.”
. She said to him, “The lights aren’t working.”
. I said to the waitress, “This bill is wrong.”
. The boy said, “I’m only eight years old.”
. Henry said, “I can meet them later.”
. Ms. Bremer said, “I don’t do business that way."

DIRECT AND lNDIRECT SPEECH
@ Change the following sentences to indirect speech.
. She said, “I need a vacation.” She said she needed a vacation.

. The teacher said, "The students need more practice in speaking.”
. The students said to the teacher, “These exercises are difficult for us.”
. Meredith said, “I don’t feel well.”
. The teacher said to me, “Nobody can do that work as well as you.”
. Roberto said, “l’ll be back soon.”
. The teacher said to us, “I may be a few minutes late.”
. Virginia said, “I have already seen that movie.”
. Steven said, "I’ll see you this evening.”
. James said to us, “The baby is sleeping.”
. The children said, “We don’t want to go home yet.”
. Janet said to me, “I got your message last night.”
.Direct and Indirect Speech 149
INDIRECT SPEECH-
wi, ,m-n. , r-rvwxl W was.
' Questions
Questions in indirect speech are expressed as statements.
Direct: Peter' asked, “Where does Tanya live?”
Indirect: Peter;I asked .where Tanya lived.
gm, Wm,m.ww..g,smear-rent»;
“.We“. . m, . aw“, .-
Questions in indirect speech which are not introduced by a question word require
the
introduction of whether or if.
Peter asked, “Does Tanya live near here?”
Peter asked whetherTanya lived near here.
Practice
NE Change the following sentences to indirect speech.
1. I asked the clerk, “How much does this cost?” I asked the clerk how much this
cost.
2. Mr. Carter asked me, "Where are you going?”
. Amy asked, “Are you going to eat in the cafeteria?”
. Roz asked, “Did you mail that letter for me?”
. Della asked me, “Where are you going on your vacation?"
. I asked her, “00 you like my new hat?”
. He asked me, “How are you today?”
. | asked the salesclerk, “What is the price of this tie?”
. She asked me, “When will you get back from your trip?”
. He asked her, “What time is it?”
. The passenger asked, "When will we land?"
. Then he asked, “Does it take longer to go by bus or by train?” -
. She asked me, “What time is it?”

. He asked me, “How long have you studied English?”
INDIRECT SPEECH
Questions '
B ; Choose the correct form.
. She asked me where (was I, I was) going. Ehe asked me where l was noma-
. I don’t know what (is his name, his name is).
. Ask him what time (is it, it is).
. The mail carrier wants to know where (she lives, does she live).
. He asked me how much (did my car cost, my car cost).
. I don’t know where (did he put, he put) those magazines.

. He wants to know where (do we have, we have) our English lesson.
. I wonder what time (it is, is it).
. Ask him how old (is he, he is).
. He asked me how old (was I, I was).
. Find out where (does she live, she lives).
. I asked her where (she lived, did she live).
. We asked her whether (was she, she was) married.
. Nathan asked me how long (had I studied, I had studied) English.
. He didn’t say where (he was, was he) going.

. Ask him where (is Helen, Helen is).
. I forgot where (did I put, I put) it.
. I don’tknow where (does he live, he lives).
. He asked me when (I would, would‘l) return.
. Brooke asked me where (was I, I was) going.
21. | asked him what time (could he, he could) meet us.
22. The supervisor asked me why (was I, I was) late for work. ,
3 C } Change each of the following questions to an indirect statement. Begin

each one with the
' . words given after it in parentheses. “
1. Where is the director’s office? (I don't-know Where the director’s office

is.)
2. Where did Miss Dale go? (He wants to know .)
3. What time is it? (I wonder .)
Indirect Speech 151
tuniREC SPEECH
Questions
. Which file is the letter in? (Mr. Ames wants to know
. How much does this cost? (I would .like to know
. How is he getting along? (The director wantsto'know
. When is he leaving for the coast? (Nofone seems to know

. When will Mr. Saki get back? (He asked me .)
. What is the price of this book? (She said she didn’t know
. Where is he? (Do you know ?)
. Did he finish his test? (The teacher asked
. Does he live in Berkeley? (Ask him
. Where did you put it? (I forget
. What does it mean? (I asked him .)

. Where is she going? (I don’t know .)
. What time is he coming back? (He didn’t tell me
. Where is it? (I haven’t any idea .)
. Did she take it with her? (I really don’t know
. How well does she speak Englis . (/He wants to know
. Is he coming back tmy?fi/nft)sure .)
. Where is he going? (He didn’t tell anyone
. Did he return the book? (I don’t know
INDIRECT SPEECH
Express orders or commands in indirect speech by using the infinitive form.
He said to me, “Come back later.”
He told me to come back later.
She'said to me, "Don’t wait for'me."
She told me not to wait'for her.
Practice
> Ag Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.
1. My husband said to me, “Wait for me outside." My husband told me to wait: for
him
outside.
. The police officer said to us, “Don’t make so much noise.”
. He told me, “Try to come on time.”
. He begged us, “Please send me some money at once.”
. He asked us, “Please sit down for a few minutes."

. She said to me, “Don’t forget what I have told you."
. The teacher asked us, “Please be more careful when you write your reports.”
. He said to me angrily, “Don’t make the same mistake again.”
a B 3 Change the following sentences to indirect speech.
1. Wait outside in the hall. The teacher told me to wait outeieie in the hell.
2. Stay after class.
Don’t make so much noise.
Look out the window, but don’t open it. .
Stop talking to Anna.
Be quiet while I am talking.
3.
4.
5.
6. Sit up straight in your seat.
7.
8.
Pay more attention to what I say. .
Indirect Speech
SHOULD ouonr TO
If Past Form
Form the past tense of should and ought towith have and the past participle of
the main verb.
You s'hohld study more.
You should have studied more.

He ought to finish his werk.
He ought to have finished his work.
Note that the past tense forms of should and ought to have a negative force.
They indicate that
something was not done.
Practice
& Change the following sentences to past tense.
1.
1o.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
. You should go to the beach with us.

. She ought to prepare her work more carefully.
. You should type your exercises.
. You ought not to say such things to him.
. You should visit Hawaii.
. She ought to be put in the beginner’s class.
2
.3
4
5
6.
7
8
9
. The package should be sent air express.
He Should study more before his exam. He ehouiei have etueiieei more before hie
exam.
We ought to call him.

You should speak to them in English.
They ought to buy a dog to protect the place.

He should tell her about it.
You should pay more attention to the grammar rules.

We should go to the beach instead of spending all day at home.
You Ought to put some money in the bank each week.
You shouldn't be so generous with your money.
SHOULD, OUGHT T0
W
'ueswwqwmm. W. ,W«W~4rmvm._ ‘ _ c.
Past Form
B 3 Using the past tense form of should, complete the following sentences in
your own words.
1.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
. He sent the letter by regular mail, but he

. Marsha came at eight o’clock, but she
. I went to the bus station to meet them, but I
. He gave Julie the money, but he
. She spoke to them in English, but she
. He took a business course in college, but he
. You prepared Lesson 10, but you '
. I watched TV last night, but I
John went to the movies last night, but he should have stayed at home and
prepared
hie ieeeone
. You waited for me on the corner oquniper Street, but you .
Lucy put the letter on Ms. Doe’s desk, but she
We drove to New York, but we
He went into business with his father, but he
They spent their entire vacation in London, but they

I called him at his office, but I
He invested all his money in stocks, but he
She gave the message to Mr. Sanders, but she
He spent all his money on a new car, but he
_ C } Repeat Exercise 3 using the past tense form of ought to.
John went to the movies last night, but he ouaht to have stayed at: home and
'greiaareal hie ieeeone
Should, Ought To 155
75 j -':M'USTHA.VE. MAYHAVE _ _
Must have (contracted as mast’ ve) indicates a strong probability that something
happened in
the past. It is followed by a past participle.
May have (no contracted form) indicates a possibility that something happened in
the past. It is
also followed by a past participle. "l '
Samantha must’ve gone home. (She probably went home.)
Samantha may have gone home. (It is possible that she went home.)
Practice
. I' -- A} Supply must have in the following sentences. Use both the full form
and the contracted form.
'. -_ Use the past participle of the verb in parentheses.
1. I can’t find my book. I must: have left muet’ve left (leave) it on the bus.
2. She (take) the magazine with her. It’s not here.

. They don’t answer their telephone. They (go) away somewhere.
. Roy (study) hard before his examination.
. She speaks English fluently. She (study) a long time.
. You (see) her; she walked in front of you.
or .
. The bank been (rob) by professionals; they left no clues.

. He (come) by taxi. ‘
In... gm...,..\...-v:.‘..'..-;.,..iu. .-
V5) Supply may have in the following sentences.

1. She may have taken (take) the book by mistake.
2. They (call) while you were out.
3. I (leave) my keys at home or I (lose) them somewhere.

I'm not sure.
. They (be) wealthy at one time, but I/doubt it.

5. They now think that the jewels (steal) by one ofthe neighbors.
. The storm (delay) the plane.
- ii _'_ ' MUSTHAVE, MAYHAVE _
C } Using must have, complete each of these sentences in your own words.
. They don’t answer their phone; they met have acne away on their vacation
. I can’t find my notebook; I
. William got very good grades this semester; he
. They seem to know a lot about Latin America; they
. He speaks English very well; he
.lMy umbrella has suddenly disappeared; Felix
. Daphne and Mark aren’t playing volleyball anymore; they

. Sam didn’t attend the meeting last night; he
. The streets are wet; it
. The plan worked perfectly; they
‘21} Answer each of the following questions using may have. Add I’m not sure orl
don’t know for
sure at the end of your answen
1. Did John bring his car to school today? John may have brought his ear to
school
today. i’m not sure. -
. Did Professor Wiley learn Spanish in South America?
. Did Helen call while I was out?
. Was Mr.,Reese born in Europe?
. Did Mary and Helen have an argument?
. Did he pass all his exams?
. Did Grace go shopping this afternoon?

. Were they married in Seattle?
. Did it rain during the night?

. Did the New York Yankees win the World Series last year?
a‘_r‘
Must Have, May Have 157
A conditional sentence has two clauses, a dependent clause beginning with ifand
a main
clause. _ .
If you stud'y‘, you will ‘pass your exam.
In a future possible conditional sentence, the dependent clause is in the

present tense and the
main clause is in the future tense.
Practice
Supply the correct form of the verb in parentheses in order to make future
possible conditions.
Use contracted forms wherever possible.
1. If Melissa studies hard, she ’il pass (pass) her finals.

2. If I finish my work in time, | (go) to the concert.
. Ifl see Henry, I (give) him your message.
. If he works hard, he (get) the raise.
. Ifyou don’t hurry, we (be) late for the meeting.
. If he fails the test, he (have) to repeat the course.
. If the weather is nice tomorrow, we (go) to the beach.
3
4
5
6. if he tries hard, he (find) a job somewhere.
7
8
9
. If Naomi arrives on time, | (talk) to her.

10. Ifl have time tomorrow, I (go) Shopping with you.
11. If I (find) the book, I will give it to you.
12. If the weather (be) warm, we will go to the park tomorrow.
13. Ifyou (turn) out the light, we will be in the dark.
14. If you (save) your money, you will be able to go on a vacation.
15. If you (drive) slowly, you won’t have any accidents.
16. IfJack (call), I' will speak with him.
17. If Susan (learn) how to swim, she can go with us to the beach on Sundays.
' CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
In a present unreal conditional sentence, the dependent clause is in the past

tense and the main
clause uses would, should, could, or might. The contracted forms ’d and n’t are
often used.
If you studied, you would pass your exam.
if you Studied, you’d pass your exam.
If I knew better, I wouldn’t make these mistakes.
Practice
Supply the form of the verb in parentheses in order to form present unreal
conditions. Use the
full form and the contracted form.
. Ifl knew her well, I would speak, ‘d speak (speak) to her.
. If he attended class regularly, he (make) good progress.
. If we had the money, we (take) a trip to South America.
. If he went to bed earlier, he not (feel) so tired.

. If he drove more carefully, he (have) fewer accidents.
. IfJohn paid his debts, we (respect) him more.
. Ifl knew English better, I (read) some English novels.
. If he prepared his homework every night, he (get) better grades.

. Ifl (own) an automobile, I would take a trip to california.
. If she (work) harder, she would probably get a better salary.

. Ifl (know) how to drive, I would buy a car.
. It Louis knew more grammar, he (make) fewer mistakes.
. If he not (waste) so much time in class, he would make better progress.

1 , r‘»
Conditional Sentences 159
' "ailmentnrusse'"
Dependent clauses of present unreal conditional sentences use the past tense
forms ofall verbs
except to be. To be uses were in all persons in these clauses.
I were ‘ 7;; ' we were

you wer’ie .. . . 1 you were
he were
she were they were ‘
it were
Ifl were you, I would study.

If he Were here, he would answer your question.
Practice
w Supply the form of the verb in parentheses to make present unreal conditions.
1. Ifl were (be) you, I wouldn’t mention it to her.

2. Iftoday (be) Saturday, I Would not have to work.
. Ifi (be) in your position, I Would think twice before doing that.
. If today (be) a holiday, we could go to the beach.
. Ifthe weather ‘ (be) not so hot, I am sure she would feel better.
. If Pete (be) here, he would help us with this work.
. If you ‘ (be) a millionaire, how would you spend your time?
. If George were here with us, I (feel) more comfortable.
. Ifthey were really poor, they not (be) able to live as they do.
. IfI were in Paris now, I (go) to some of the summer concerts.
11. IfJiII were here, she (know) what to do.
12. Ifl were you, | (tell) everyone the truth about the matter.
13. Ifl were a millionaire, I (live) on the French Riviera.
14. If he were more ambitious, he (try) to find a better job.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
B } Complete the following sentences in your own words.
1. I don’t have a car, but if I had one I would drive to California on my

vacation
2. I am not in Florida now, but ifl
. I don’t like to swim, but ifl
. I don’t have enough money to buy a new car, but if I
. I can't type well, but ifl
,. lam not in your position, but if I
. I don’t speak English perfectly, but if I
. I don’t know how to play the piano, but ifI
. Randy doesn‘t have much free time, but if he
'. He never does his homework, but if he
. I am not a millionaire, but ifl
. Today isn’t a holiday, but if it
__ C gin your own words, what would you do or what would happen . . .
1. if you never did your homework? h“! never did my homework, I' would Fail all
my tests.
2. if you came to class late everyday? ‘
. if you found a large sum of money on the street?
. if you lost your purse or wallet?
. if you were ten years younger than you are?
. if you failed all your exams?
. if you knew English perfectly?
. if you had a lot of free time?
Conditional Sentences 161
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
i Fagi'"iiniéal
In a past unreal conditional sentence, the dependent claEse is in the past

perfect tense and the
main clause uses would have, should have, could have, or might have. The
contracted forms
’d have and ’ve are often used.
If you had studied, you would have passed your exams. '
If you had studied, you’d have passed your exams.
If you had studied, you would’ve passed your exams.
if I had known, I wouldn’t have made that mistake.
Practice
, A i Supply the correct form of the verb in parentheses in order to make past
unreal conditions. Use
full forms and contracted forms.
1.’ It I had known her, I would have spoken, id have spoken, would’ve spoken
(speak) to her.
2. If he had learned the truth, be ‘ (be) very angry.
. Ifl had known that youneeded me, I (come) at once.
. Ifthey had invited us, naturally we (go) to the party.
. If you had worn your overcoat, you , not (catch) cold.
. IfI had had your address, I (write) to you.
. Ifyesterday had been-a holiday, | i (go) to the beach.
. Ifyou had asked me, | (help) you.
. Ifl (know) about this yesterday, I would have worried all day long.
. Ifthe weather (be) nice yesterday, we would have gone to the beach.
. I would have looked you up ifl . (know) you were living in Kansas.
. I wouldn’t have gotten wet ifl (wear) a raincoat. V
. If he (study) more, he would have gotten better grades.
«mums; Hmm HM
Past Unreal
. B 3 Complete the following sentences in your own words.
1. She didn’t make reservations, but if she had made them, we all could have
attended
the grand opening
2. I dIdn t know your name, but ifI
. Ioan didn’t have a car last winter, but if she
. We didn’t have their phone number, but if we
. Lucille didn’t get her car tuned up, but if she

. I wasn’t aware ofthe problem, but ifl
. I didn’t know how to speak English at that time, but ifl , .

. He didn’t study English before he came here, but if he
6. I didn’t have enough money to take a vacation last summer, but ifl
7
10. He didn't come to class on time, but if he
11. He didn’t wear his overcoat, but if he
12. There was no doctor present at the time ofthe accident, but ifthere
. C ; In your own words, what would you have done or what would have happened. .
.
1. if you had come to class late? The teacher would have been angry ifl had come
to
class late. " ‘
. if yesterday had been a holiday?
. if you had failed all your tests last semester?
. if you had overslept this morning?
. ifyesterday had been your birthday?
. if it‘had been raining when you left home this morning?

. ifyesterday had been Sunday?
. if you had missed the bus this morning? ‘
Conditional Sentences ’163

_ i Afterlf, min, Untrletc
When dependent clauses introduced by if describe a future possible condition

(review page 158),
they use the present tense. Similarly, when dependent clauses introduced by as
long as, as soon '
as, before, unless, until, when, and while describe a future condition, they
also use the present
tense. ‘ i" - . V
f I,
If it rains, we’ll go inside.

When it rains, we will go inside.
As soon as it rains, we’ll go inside.
F Ifthe telephone rings while I’m out, please answer it.
Practice
Supply the proper form of the verbs in parentheses.
. We will stay outside until it rains ' (rain).
. Ifthe weather (be) nice next Sunday, we will go to the mountains.

. Ifthe workers (go) on strike, production will be greatly reduced.
. Please watch my bag while I (get) my ticket.
. Please call me as soon as you (get) back from your trip.
. I won’t go unless they (invite) me.
. If the river (rise) much higher, there will be a flood.
. Don’t leave and” (call) you.
. If it (rain) next Saturday, I may have to cancel my trip.
. When the weather 7 (get) warmer, we can go swimming.
. I plan to wait here until the mail (arrive).
. If you not (arrive) on time, you will not get a seat.
. When you (see) the light turn red, be sure to stop your car.
. If you (sit) in the sun too long, you may get burned.
. Give him this memorandum as soon as you (see) him.

164‘ Grammar Essentials
WISH
:eruumwwuwWWWW , .
Wish usually suggests a situation that is unreal .or contrary to fact. After
wish—as in unreal
conditional statementsnuse a past tense clause to suggest present action and a
past perfect
tense clause to suggest past action.
Present: | wish she were here now.
Past: I wish I' had known about this yesterday.
-—'—‘—‘—‘—wwrwwwn«as-swimwear )0 uwwmmww a W‘NVWS‘MOV mm a was l! I r‘-"‘—‘_

—————wr mm ware-w w swo‘w‘wwd 'y : waxyVnwrfiawxgwwvuwymwww~fr
The expressions! wish you would and I wish you wouldn’t are used to express
polite commands
or requests.
I wish you would stay here. I wish you wouldn't go home.
Practice
_ A} Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. I wish I owned (own) a video recorder.
. Ed wishes he (be) a mechanical engineer.
. I wish I (go) to the movie with you last night.
. I wish I (have) today off so I could go swimming.
. I wish I ' (have) yesterday off so I could have gone swimming.
. | wish I (be) in Florida now.
. | wish you (live) near me. ‘
. | wish that, for just a day, I (be) President ofthe United States.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9.
I wish I (can) help you, but I can’t.
.4
O
. | wish I (study) harder when I was young.
B Begin these imperative sentences with | wish you would orl wish you wouldn’t,
making them
more polite.
1. Come back in an hour. l wish youhould some back in an hour.
. Mail this letter right away, Kevin.
. Be creative in your writing.
2
3
4. Don’t make any mistakes.
5
. Help me with this problem.
Wish 1’65
I __r_oo,.so-
In order to avoid repetition of earlier words or phrases, use too or so and an

appropriate
auxiliary verb in affirmative sentences.
He speaks English and she speaks English.

if He speaks English and she does too.
He speaks English and so does she.
I went to New York and Jay went to NewYork.
I went to New York and Jay did too.

I went to New York and so didIay.
Practice
A } Shorten the following sentences by using a verb phrase with too.
1. He wants to go there, and she wants to go there. H6 wants to no there, and

she
does too.
. Liz left right after lunch, and Bob left right after lunch.
. She is going to the concert, and I am going to the concert.
. Kay will be here at ten o’clock, and I will be here at ten o’clock.
. My watch is fast, and your watch is fast.
. She wanted to go to a movie, and I wanted to go to a movie.

. She is making good progress, and her brother is making good progress.
. Evan has gone back to Europe, and his wife has gone back to Europe.
. Bert was arrested, and his assistant was arrested.
. He saw the accident, and I saw the accident.
. Beth liked the movie, and I liked the movie.
. Nan will be there, and her sister will be there.
. We go to the beach every weekend, and they go to the beach every weekend.
14. Mark can speak French, and she can speak French.
15. I have had lunch, and Cy has had lunch.
B EShorten the sentences in Exercise A by using a verb phrase with so.
He wants to go there, and she wants to go there. He wants to no there. and so

does
she. '
to»
_- EIT ER, NEITHER
Use either and neitherto avoid repetition in negative sentences.
He do‘ésn’t bowl, and she doesn’t bowl.

Ije ‘tloesn’t bowl, and she doesn’t either.
He doesn’t-bowl, and neither does she.
I didn’t go to Boston, and Hal didn’t go to Boston.

I didn’t go to Boston, and Hal didn’t either.
I didn’t go to Boston, and neither did Hal.
Practice
, A §Shorten the following sentences (avoiding repetition) by using a verb

phrase with either.
1. He doesn't want to go‘, and she doesn’t want to go. He doesn’t want: to no,
and she
doesn’t either.
. Grace didn’t like the movie, and I didn’t like the movie.
. She won’t be here, and her sister won’t be here.
. She hasn’t ever been in China, and I haven’t ever been in China.
. Lew hadn’t seen the movie, and I hadn’t seen the movie.
. He would never say such a thing, and I would never say such a thing.
. Margaret can’t swim, and I can’t swim.
. He doesn’t know her well, and Idon’t know her well.

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
. Your watch isn’t right, and mine isn’t right.
H
o
. I don’t like to dance, and my wife doesn’t like to dance.
9
la
. Mr. Rogers wasn’t at the meeting, and Mr. Barker wasn’t at the meeting.
H
N
. I couldn’t hear the speaker, and my friend couldn’t hear the speaker.
. You won’t enjoy that movie, and your son won’t enjoy that movie.
H
w
14. We don’t have a television set, and they don’t have a television set.
B BShorten the sentences in Exercise A by using a verb phrase with neither.
He doesn’t want to go, and she doesn’t want to go. He doesn’t want to no. and
neither does she.
AUXILIARY VERBS
In sentences describing two opposite situations, avoid repetition with but and
an appropriate
auxiliary.
She liked the movie. I didn’t like the movie.
She liked the movie, but I didn’t.
He can't speak English. His wife speaks English.

He can’t speak English, but his wife can.
Practice
. A § Complete the following sentences by adding the necessary auxiliary verb.
. She dances well, but her sister doesn’t; .
. I know how to swim, but Francis
. She can speak French, but her husband
. I’ll be there, but Jimmy
. They didn’t like the movie, but we
. Alex agrees with you, but I .
. George used to be the best student in the class, but now Ralph
. At first I didn’t like the new manager, but now I
. Henry won’t be able to attend the meeting, but Alice

. I have never been in Australia, but my wife
. Ben has seen the movie, but I
. He enjoys living in Florida, but his wife ,
. She knows how to swim, but her friend! ‘
. She is a serious student, but her sister , -
. My husband likes golf, but I
. They are going to the beach, but I
. They don’t have classes tomorrow, but we
,_..ss_._h_
AUXILIARY VERBS
18. He knows her, but I

19. Gail likes to study mathematics, but I '
20. She is good at mathematicsfibut I 7' ';
- -_ '_ ' , B :3 Complete the following sentences with the necessary

auxiliaries.
. Eunice isn’t going to the party, but I am .
. Michael will be there, but Michele

. Alexandra will go, and so her husband.
. Winnie speaks Chinese, and so Penny.
. Patrick isn’t going to the party, and neither his brother.

. You say you’re not going to the party, but I'm sure you
. Sandy has gone away for the summer, and so Kevin.
. Polly went to the movies last night, and Carson , too.
. She isn’t a good driver, and he either.
. He can’t go, but I
. I can’t swim, and she either.
. She says she knows him well, but I don’t think she
. I knew Scotty wouldn’t come, but I thought Karen
. At first they thought they couldn’t go, but now they think they
. She won't drive at night, but I
. At first I didn’t like living in the United States, but now I
. I haven’t seen that play, but my daughters
. Professor Schultz can’t speak German and neither her husband.

. Mr. Schultz can speak Russian, but his wife
. My parents like living in California, but I
. Cindy doesn’t want to go, and neither
f NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
Negative questions are usually formed by placing a contracted form of to be or

an auxiliary verb
and not before the subject. When a question word is used, it is placed before
the contraction.
She is here today. ' Isn’t she here today?

Peter saw them. Didn’t Peter see them?
Why isn't she. here today? Why didn’t Peter see them?
Practice
w Change the following sentences to negative questions. Use only contracted
forms.
1. Maurice didn’t attend the meeting. Didn’t: Maurice attend the meeting?
2. Conrad isn’t changing the oil in his car now.

. Helene won’t be here today.
. She won’t be here tomorrow either.
. Andrea didn’t take the accounting test yesterday.
. We don’t like to get up early.
. They aren’t going with us to the movie tonight.
6. Colleen doesn’t like to study in the morning.

7
. Mr. Donahue didn’t bring the food.
10. It isn’t raining.
11. It wasn’t raining this morning either.
12. It hasn’t rained all week.
13. The Starskys aren’t moving to Cleveland.

‘ B 3 Change the sentences in Exercise A to questions beginning with Why.
Maurice didn’t attend the meeting. Ill/by didn’t Maurice attend the meeting?
Negative Questions 171
’ "SUBJECT'Qu-E-srrons . _
Form subject questions by substituting who, what, or which for the subject of a
sentence or for
the modifiers of the subject. '
Stephanie lites-here. 1 Who lives here?

The vase is on the table. What is on the table?
The blue ribbon is his. . Which ribbon is his?
Practice
parentheses.
1. Grace broke the dish. (Who) Who broke the dish?
2. February comes before March. (Which month)
. Coffee is one of the chief exports of Brazil. (What)
. Lee drove the car. (Who)
. His carelessness caused the accident (What)
. The red umbrella belongs to her. (Which umbrella)

. The black notebook is hers. (which notebook)
. The Number 5 bus goes to the airport. (Which bus)

. The Reillys live next door to them. (Who)
. Mexico is south ofthe United States. (Which country)
. She is the best student In the class. (Who)
. Decreased demand causes a fall in prices. (What)
. Bob has your book. (Who)
. The Atlantic Ocean is east of the United States. (What ocean)
. George won first prize in the contest. (Who)

. This book is mine. (Which)
. That woman is my mother. (Who)
. Bernard is doing his homework now. (Who)
" CAu ATIVE FORM __
An appropriate form of to have or to get plus the past participle is used to

show that the subject
caused someone else to perform an action. -
I often have my shoes shined. I often get my shoes shined.

He had the work done by an expert. He got the work done by an eXpert.
Did she have her house painted? Did she get her house painted?
Practice
A 3 Change these sentences to the causative form first with have and then with
get.
1. I cut my hair once a month. i have my hair out once a month. I get my hair
out once
a month.
. We’ll change the oil in our car soon.

. I should clean and wax the kitchen floor.
. You typed those letters yesterday.
. They checked the oxygen level in their fish tank.
. Phil is going to dry clean his winter coat.
. Did she repair her computer?
. I should repair the hole in my shoes.
B iAdd apast participle plus your own words to form causative farm sentences.
1. We should have our house repainted thfo summer
. I'm going to get this watch
. She had her suit
. They had their portrait
. You always get your rugs
. I wanted to have the wedding
. The twins go to Claude’s to get their hair. -
. He always gets his teeth
Causative Form 173
__ - EXan-Mnrrons-V : - I
To emphasize a noun, use what or whata and an exclamation point (i).

C What beauty! ‘ , Whata beautiful painting! t
To emphasize an adjective or adverb in a sentence, use how and an exclamation

point.
( How fantastic! How well she swims! How tall he is! ]
Practice
Change these sentences to exclamations which emphasize some part of them. Use
what, what
a, or how and an exclamation point.
1. David reads fast, How fast David reads!
2. It’s a beautiful day.
3. He is a good-looking boy.
. Gail plays golf well.
. They speak English fluently.
. It is hot today.
. It is a hot day.
4
5
6. Pauline is tall.
7
8
9
. You have good taste in clothes.
10. That’s a gorgeous car.

11. She is a lucky card player.
12. We’re having beautiful weather now.
13. Penny looks very old.
14. It was an interesting movie.
15. The lake is very wide.
16. That was very strange behavior.
1,-u.-s...-‘:.I.'.... 1......“ '1'... :. ...'I . .. . .
EMPHAS‘ S
Show emphasis in affirmative statements by adding do, does, or did to show

strong feeling. Use
the simple form of the verb.
She knows him. She does know him.
I called you. ' I did call you.
Show emphasis in imperative statements by adding do.
Sit down. Do sit down.

Practice
Make these sentences more emphatic by changing the italicized verb.
1. She lives on a houseboat. I’m sure of it. She does live on a houseboat. I’m
sure of it.
2. I wrote that letter. I am positive of it.
. Ed took the book. He told me so.
. But we studied that exercise.
. You’re mistaken. I want to learn English.
. I did it yesterday.
. Call me again sometime.
. I maintain that she lives in West Virginia.
\OOO‘JO‘U'I-bu)
. Sam didn’t visit me, but he called me on the phone.
10. Columbus didn’t reach the Indies, but he reached a new continent.
11. Maps were very poor then, but they showed that the earth was round.
12. Rick doesn’t study hard, but he attends class regularly.
13. I didn’t go away on my vacation, but I had a good rest.
14. Bring Sue with you the next time you come.
a u . . ‘I
15. Vr51t us again sometime. .‘
16. She really seems to enjoy her new guitar.
Emphasis 175
POSITION 0F PRE POSITIONS
Informal Usage I
In everyday conversation, avoid beginning a question with a preposition. Put the

preposition at
the end of the sentence.
“that are they looking at?
What country does he come from?
Practice
Supply the necessary propositions at the end of these sentences.
1.
2.
3
4
5
6.
7
8
9
1o.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
What are they talking about ?

What are you thinking
. What country was he born

. Whom (who) do you wish to speak
. What kind of car are you looking
Whom (who) does this book belong
. What are they going to use the money

. Which restaurant do you want to eat
. Which shop did she buy the dress
Whom (who) was the book written

Which hotel did he go ?
Whom (who) did they sell their house
Which magazine do you want to look
What is the guide pointing
Which room do you have your lesson

Where did all that dirt come
What are you smiling
POSITION 0F PRE POSITIONS
Informal Usaem
Informal usage permits moving a preposition with a relative pronoun object to

the end of the sentence.
This is the textbook which I was talking about.
ianice was the accountant whom. you spoke to.
In sentences with this construction, the relative pronoun may be dropped

altogether.
This is the textbook I was talking about.
lanicei was the accountant you spoke to.
Practice
“y Change the pre‘position’s position from before the relative pronoun to the
end of the sentence
or clause.
1. This is the book about which everyone is talking. This is the book which
everyone is talking
about.
. The man to whom you were speaking is Dr. Evans.
. This is the room in which they found the clue.
. He is the kind of salesman from whom it is difficult to get away.

. The person to whom you should speak is Miss Williams.
. It is a subject on which we will never agree.
. The thing about which they were arguing was really of little importance.
. It is a place in which you feel at home.
. It was Bob for whom we had to wait so long.
. It was Liz from whom he borrowed the money.
. The room in which we study is on the second floor.
. This is the street on which they live.
. I finally found the book for which I was looking.
i r
. The students with whom she studiesiare mainly from South America.
. The fellow with whom I roamed was from Chicago.
B 3 Change the position of the preposition and drop the relative pronoun in the
sentences in Exercise A.
This is the book about which everyone is talking. This is the book everyone is
talking about.
Position of Prepositions 177
'PUNCTUATEON
was r“ -*"",.fi(u
Comma
Commas separate words, phrases, or clauses in a series.
We'need1_book5,' pencils; and chairs.

We ptayed r‘ejmts, took walks, and went swimming.
Commas set off days of the week, dates, addresses, and geographical names.
He lives in Chicago, Illinois.

It happened on Friday, October-9, 1998.
Commas set off parenthetical expressions, words in direct address, and

appositives.
He was, to be sure, an excellent diplomat.

And so, my friends, you can see the reSults.
Mr. Santini, our neighbor, was hurt recently.
Practice
Punctuate the following sentences.
1. We study history mathematics geography and reading. We stud}: historic
mathematics, eo rs h , and readin .

. Roberta the mechanic repaired our car and also fixed our refrigerator.
. We cannot of course reveal our sources.

X
_____
. Johnnie Reese the president of our class spent the night at our house.
. He did not in the first place tell the whole story.

K
. She was born in Scranton Pennsylvania on March 23 1973 and she has
lived there ever since.
. We cannot after all live forever.
. By the way do you remember Zan’s address?

———__\_
. Marlene Henry’s cousin is visiting him at his home in Madison Wisconsin.
. Where were you Mr. Jones on the morning of February 12 2001?

11. The old Amos Building a famous landmark ofthe town was recently torn down.
As a matter of fact it was torn down on February 12 Lincoln's birthday.
12. The most popular summer sports are tennis swimming and hiking.
' 13. Yesterday I met quite by accident two former schoolmates Palmer and
Stewart.
14. I last saw them on graduation dayJune 20 1998.
Punctuation 179
' ' .- 'PU'Ncrunrion _
Nonrestrictive clauses do not limiter define; they are parenthetic and are set
off by commas.
Dick, whit is clever, passes all his exams. :-
San Francisco, where we met. is a beautiful city.
Restrictive clauses identify or define the antecedent noun. They are not
parenthetical and are
not set off by commas.
Any boy who is clever passes all his. exams.
The place where we met is a beautiful city.
Practice
Punctuate the following sentences.
1. Amy who is lazy does not deserve to pass. Amy, who l5 lazy, doe-‘5 HOT!
deserve t0 P555-
2. Any student who is lazy does not deserve to pass.
. Any girl who has brown hair will be all right for the part ofthe heroine.
. Mary who has brown hair was selected for the part ofthe heroine.
. Little Teddy’s hands which were covered with tar were very hard to clean.
. The man who said that is a liar.
. Mr. Pace who told the story was obviously lying.
6. Any passenger who enters the engine room does so at his or her own risk.
7
. Wednesday when my brother is usually out of town will be a good day to call.
10. Mr. Hemmingway who was bored with the real estate business decided
to move to Glen Acres which was formerly a swamp.
. The man who was laughing was probably the one who played the practical joke;'_
. Her hair which she painstakingly combed every morning was very neat.
. The profit which you can expect on so cheap an article is very small.
. We heard a noise that resembled the cry ofan injured animal.
. The George Washington Bridge which spans the Hudson River has been repaired
recently.
Comma and Semicolon '
Use a comma before a conjunction joining two independent clauses.
In the North there are many wheat fields, but cotton fields predominate in the
South.
We had trouble reaching him, but at last he answered.
if two independent clauses are closely related in meaning, but are not connected
by a
conjunction, join them with a semicolon.
In the North there are many wheat fields; in the South cotton fields predominate.
We had trouble reaching him; at last, hOWever, he answered.
Practice
A 3 Punctuate the following sentences.
1. Chicago is my favorite city but Philadelphia has more diversity. Chicago is

my favorite
city, but Philadelphia has more diversity.
. The general manager will talk to you soon and will give you the information.
. Smith is a very good automobile mechanic and his prices are low.
. She kept the money for more than a month and then finally returned it.
. She kept the book for a long time but she finally returned it.
. She kept the letters for a long time then she finally returned them.
. There were six ambassadors and their entrance was a gaudy spectacle.
. Andy didn’t go but his wife did.
. Maxine was pleased with the results but her husband wasn’t.
. Gloria and Edith were cautious but Archie bet on the small horse and won more
than a hundred dollars.
. Betty plays the piano and Ginger plays the violin.
. Frank plays the saxophone Alexis plays the comet.

. His clothes were filthy but everyone knew-that he was still the boss.
. I got to the meeting on time but no one was there.
. it’s cold in the winter it’s hot in the summer.
Punctuation 181
" Comma and Semicolon" ' V I
I. -' - ' B 3 Punctuate the following sentences.
1.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
The changes which we are pladning will Soon be completed then we will be able to
serve you, The changes which We are planning will soon he completed; then we
will
be able to serve you.
. Jenny and Miss Smith came into the room looked around whispered to each other
and
then strangely enough walked out.
. William’s store which sells many fancy groceries was recently repainted as a
consequence it now looks very nice indeed.
. lam sure that Mary will like our new house which was built by that famous
architect
Mr. James.
. We drove from Harrisburg Pennsylvania to Albany which is the capital of New

York State.
. Joan and Ellen stopped and watched Henry and Joseph running and jumping.
. We Ida Ethel and I considered going but later we changed our collective minds
and
decided to stay at home and rest.

x
. The man whom I saw yesterday was Ben Reese’s brother Tim Reese who is an eye
specialist.
. SaturdayJanuary 16 2003 was the coldest day that we had however the next day
Sunday seemed even colder to me but of course I am very sensitive to cold.
. Everyone climbed into the wagon then we started out and soon we were far out
in the
country it was lovely.
. At eleven John adjourned the meeting no decision having been reached by that
time.
. I believe that Mr. Davis should be notified at once yet We all realize that the
duty is not
a pleasant one.
Cities that don’t have good public transportation systems are considered
impossible to
live in by Dr. Reynolds who doesn’t own a car.

\\
Commas I noted are useful punctuation marks.
\
Come here at once I need you immediately!
\_
Did you see her yesterday are you going to see her tomorrow?
When will We finish this exercise Robert? 2

\\x_
SPECIAL USAGE NOTES
Advice/Advise
Advice is a noun, advise is a verb.
The counselor advised me to take a writing course; I’ll follow her advice.
As far as/Until
As far as refers to distance; until refers to time.
She walked as-‘far as the corner and then turned back.
She said she could stay only until ten o'clock.
Beat/ Win
One beats teams or opponents; one wins games.
Tracey won the tennis match by beating Sandra-in three sets. -
Do/Make
The differences between these verbs are idiomatic. Both have the meaning to
accomplish or to
perform. Note these uses:
This morning I made the. bed and then made breakfast. Afterwards I did the
dishes. I
always do the housework before I do my exercises.
I made a phone call, but I madea mistake when l dialed. V
lit/Into
in suggests position within a certain space; into suggests action toward a

certain point.
I made- sure there was water in the pool before I dived into it.
.i .1‘ l"
Rob/Steal
One steals an object; one robs a person oft-hing.
They robbed the bank and then stole a car to get away.
Special Usage Notes 183
. . __ SPEC AL'USA-GE-NOTES
Pour/Spill
Spill suggests‘an accidental or unintentional action; pour suggests an

intentional one.
L As I was pouring my téa into myicup, | spilled some on the floor.
Practice
Choose the word in parentheses which correctly completes each sentence.
. We rode the bus (as far as, until) the waterfront. We rode the bus as far as
the
waterfront.
. I hope I don’t (do, make) a mistake on my final exam.
. What do you (advice, advise) me to do?
. Unknowingly, she walked right (in, into) their trap.
. My sister usually (beats, wins) me when we play Ping-Pong.

. James tripped and (poured, spilled) his soup.
. Yesterday someone (robbed, stole) my briefcase.
. This class lasts (as far as, until) 9:30.

. Stephanie is always ready to give us her (advice, advise).
. The bartender carefully (poured, spilled) the martini from the pitcher.
. Did the thieves (rob, steal) your parents’ home again?

‘xg—
. The money was already (in, into) the drawer.
. Did you (do, make) lasagna for dinner last night?
. Who (does, makes) the dishes in your house, you or your brother?
. I don’t usually (beat, win) when I play chess, but I’m learning.
. I (advice, advise) you to (pour, spill) some ofthe milk out of that bowl in
order to avoid »-
(pouring, spilling) it.
. Who (robbed, stole) the calculator I left (in, into) my desk?

. He rode with me (as far as, until) Lake Ontario.
SPECIAL USAGE NOTE-S
.qu“w<h~=w;wwqux WWMWWmm-mm '
Beside/Besides
Beside means next to; besides means in addition to.
Besides me, three others went
Jim. ~_ .. \‘caV’mf
on the trip. I sat beside Bart on the bus.
Few/Less
less time
1255 sugar
- a few
although in
He has many enemies and few friends.

He is not completely alone. He still has a few friends.
Forget/Leave
One can leave something in a particular place, but one cannot forget something
in a particular place.
I have forgotten my book. I left it at home.

(Not: I have forgotten my book at home.)
lilo/Not
No is an adjective used to mo
dify nouns. Not is an

much, many,
adverb used to modify verbs and before

any, enough, and any article or num
eiral modifying a noun.
She has no money-and does hilt speak their- language.
Not many people came; there were probably not even 50 there.
SPECIAL USAGE NOTES
Too / Very
Very means much or to a large degree. Too always suggests something in eXcess,
more of
something than we need or can use. T00 is' often followed by an infinitive
construction.
This book is very big, but it will fit in my pocket.

This book is too big to fit in my pocket.
Used to/ To be used to (See also page 123.)
Used to describes a habitual past action which is no longer in force. To be used

to means to be accustomed to. Notice that to be used to is followed by a noun
construction because the to in this case is not the sign of an infinitive but a
preposition.
John used to study with Miss Smith.
John is used to studying with Miss Smith and therefore doesn’t wish
to change teachers.
Practice
1.
\oooximmbwru
H
O
5.1
H
12.
. This soup is (too, very) hot to eat.
. I (left, forgot) my coat at school today.
. There are (no, not) Spanish speakers in our class.
Victor spends (few, little) time on his English. WOT/0f“ EPSMQ ”13118 WW6 0’7
hi5 English.
. I (am used to, used) riding on the subway; I don’t mind it.
. This is a (too, very) heavy chair, but I think i can move it.
. Now that we have five children, we have (few, less) room than before.
. Four girls (beside, besides) Sally left for camp on the bus.
. Connie sits (beside, besides) me in my chemistry class.
. There are (no, not) many Spanish speakers in our class.
. There is (no, not) enough support for our program; thus, we do (no, not) have
the
money to remain open.
Steve is so silly that he often (leaves, forgets) his own name. ‘
' ; SPECIAL USAGE NOTES
Borrow/Lend
One borrows something from someone or something; one lends something to someone
or
something.
Lend me your pen, please; I only want to borrow it for a minute.
Despite/In spite of
Despite and in spite of have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably.
Note, however,
that when a clause rather than a noun follows these prepositions, the
construction despite the
fact or in spite of the fact must be used.
He came despite'the rain.
He came despite the fact that it was raining.
He came in spite of the rain.
He came in spite of the fact that it was raining.
Teach/Learn
Learn means to “gain knowledge”; teach means “to instruct someone else.”
I I learned French last year; now I’ll teach it to you.
lnfinitives without To
lnfinitives without to are used after the verbs let, make, hear; see, and feel.
L He let me borrow his bicycle. She made us wait an hour.
Negative Openings
lfa sentence begins with a negative word, an auxiliary verb (or some form of to
he) must
precede the subject, as in interrogative sentences.
Never have] heard such music.
Not once did he mention your name.
mfiwmflmanamwmeuqrmsw' r. .a , . a:
Singular and Plural Forms in Measurements
Use the singular form of such words as foot, dollar; year, etc., when such words
are used as
adjectives; use the plural form when such words are used alone as nouns.
He signed a five-year contract.
This contract runs for five years.

emWi‘e'fi'wa'fi'tkthmW' , . .. .. VWWW:
Practice
1. The painters are-using a twenty (feet, foot) ladder to climb up that

building. The gaintera
are using a twenty—foot ladder to climb up that building.
2. i want to (borrow, lend) your car for an hour. Will you please (borrow, lend)
it to me?
. (Despite, Despite the fact) the heat, we decided not to go to the beach.
. I missed class yesterday so i wonder if you would (borrow, lend) me your
notes. k
. Who (taught, learned) you how to ice-skate?
. We went for a walk (despite, despite the fact) that the weather was bad. ._
. Never (l have seen, have I seen) Justin so angry.
. Amanda is going to (teach, learn) me how to play tennis.
9. What have you (learned, taught) from your teacher this year?
10. I saw the thief (to take, take) the money.
11. Not once (the speaker mentioned, did the speaker mention) the subject of
foreign aid.
12. The doctor made us (wait, to wait) two hours in her office.
SPECIAL USAGE NOTES
. Nowhere (you could find, could you find) a more generous person.
. Kareem is a seven (feet, foot) tall basketball player. When he was fifteen
years old he
was already six (feet, foot) tall.
. (In spite of, in spite ofthe fact) that he was ill, Gerald attended each
session of the
conference.
. I haven’t heard them (make, to make) a sound for hours.
. I work in a thirty-four (story, stories) building.
. My sister never has enough money; she is always (lending, borrowing) some from
me
until her next paycheck.
Special Usage Notes
Pails of Speech I
There are 8 parts of speech in English. I
Part of Speech
Description ,2 ,.
Examples
Noun
Nouns refer to
people, places,
or things.
The young driver turned her new

g quickly into a busy street.
Bang! She hit a huge yellow fl and

came to a stop.
Adjective
Adjectives describe
nouns.
The young driver turned her by car

quickly into a busy street. Bang! She hit
a huge yellow bus and came to a stop.
Verb
Verbs refer to an
action or a state of
being (is).
The young driver turned her new car

quickly into a busy street. Bang! She E
Adverb
Adverbs describe
verbs, adjectives,
and other adverbs.

Conjunction
Conjunctions join
two parts of a
sentence or phrase.

a huge yellow bus M came to a stop.
Pronoun
Pronouns replace
nouns.
The young driver turned Ler new car

quickly into a busy street. Bang! & hit
Preposition
Prepositions
introduce phrases of
time, place, or how
something is done.
The young driver turner her new car

quickly m a busy street. Bang! She hit
Interjection
Interjections express
strong emotions or
sensations.

QUICK GRAMMAR REFERENCE
ems-.- rues”! W"

Structures
vmm- R's/WW - - "
will?
Subject + Verb
A sentence can consist simply ofa subject (a noun or pronoun) and a verb.
Subject Verb
m
Fernando arrived.
m
- Alex - left.
Subject + Verb + Direct Object
A sentence can consist ofa subject, a verb, and a direct object. A direct object
answers the
question, what? (He had what? He had a letter. lulio wanted what? lulio wanted
ice cream.)
Some verbs, like have, are always followed by a direct object.
Subject _' Verb Direct Obiect'

veronique 7 threw the ball.
Evan liked Susan.
He had a suitcase.
Subject + Verb + Indirect Object
Sentences can also have indirect objects. An indirect object answers the
question, to whom? (He
wrote to whom?He wrote to junko. lunko gave the letter to whom?lanko gave Aoko
the letter.)
If the indirect Object appears after the direct Object, you must use to.
If the indirect object appears after the verb but before the direct object, you
do not use to.
Subject Verb Direct Object indirect Object

He gave the suitcase to his brother.
Subject _ Verb 9 ’ «3,. lhdirect Object Direct Object
He gave his brother the suitcase.
He gave I him the suitcase.
Quick Grammar Reference 191
i
>'_ub r.:“
' l
I—l
lll,‘ ll
. 1i];
‘ Tun
“sweetheartagate...
Simple Sentences . _ .
Simple sentences have only one clause.f(A clause-is a group of words with a
subject and a verb.)
But simple sentences can have more than one subject, verb, and direct object.
These are called
compound subjects, verbs, and direct objects.
One subject Compound Compound Compound

One verb Subjects Verbs Direct Objects
Chen is busy. He and his He goes to He likes

friends go out school and also music and
on weekends. works. movies.
Compound Sentences
Compound sentences have two or more clauses joined by a coordinating

conjunctibn. Some
common coordinating conjunctions are and, but, and or. The two clauses of a
compound
sentence are always separated by a comma.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Chen works hard at school, and he gets good grades.
V He stbdies'during the week, but he has fun on weekends.

He and his friends see a movie, or they go to a concert.
Complex Sentences
Complex sentences have two clauses joined by a subordinating conjunction. Some

common
subordinating conjunctions are when, because, and that.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Chen feels tired when he gets home at night.
He is tired becauSe he worked hard.
He wishes that he could go to a movie.
Common Nouns and Proper Nouns

Common nouns refer to any person, place, or thing.
People _ Places Things
child library television
police officer city baseball
,. ~~ >3 W. _ w~_ .. .. ,. n _, ,_ .m “'Mrrwmrm»

Proper nouns refer to the names of specific people, places, and things. Proper
nouns are always
written with a capital letter.
People ' Places Things
Tiger Woods Brazil Microsoft Corporation
Shakira Toronto Academy Awards
Albert Einstein Yankee. Stadium - _ Philadelphia Orchestra
Count and Noncount Nouns
You can count some things: four apples, two trees, three houses. These are count
nouns.
You can’t count other things: some water, lots of grass, a handful of flour.
These are noncount nouns.
Count nouns can be singular (just one) or plural (more than one).
i ate an apple. She ate two apples.
Noncount nouns can only be singular.
(Some words, such as information and advice are noncount nouns in English, but
they are count
nouns in some other languages.) '
Some, 0 little, lots are examples of words that can be used with noncount nouns
to reflect
quantities. Do not use a or on with noncount nouns.
Con'ect" { incorrect
some money . a money

lots of mail ‘ one mail
a little advice an advice
’ ‘Quick Grammar Reference 193
A and an can only mean one. Use nan
d an With count nouns when the noun is indefinite. Use on

before a vowel sound and a before a c
on‘sonant sound.
[i ate an apple and a banana. (It can be any apple or banana.)
The is an article that is used with s
pecific count or noncount nouns. The listener knows

specifically which person, place, 0
r thing the speaker is talking about.
i ate an apple. Then I ate a banana. The apple was better.
(We know which apple the

speaker-is talking about. It is the apple she just ate.)
I bought some water and some soda. The water was cold. (We know which water the
speaker is talking about. It is the water he just bought.)
Q: '_ :":"j'.otnck.'-GRAMMAR REFERENCE

,. ,. ... g! .
Most nouns form their plural by adding —5 to the noun.
Singular Noun Plural Noun
computer computers
tree trees
Canadian Canadians
Some nouns have spelling changes before adding —5.
Rule Singular Plural
If a noun ends in the letters 5, sh, ch, orx, brush brushes

add —es to the noun. box boxes
If a noun ends in a consonant plus y, party parties

change the yto iand add —es. _ _ baby ‘ babies
For some nouns ending in for fe, change leaf leaves

the fto v and add --5. life lives
(Exceptions: belief—beliefs; chief—
chief; roof— roofs.
Some nouns have irregular plural forms.
Singular Noun Plural Noun
man ' men
woman I I women
child _ children
foot _ feet
tooth _ teeth
mouse mice
fish '. fish
deer .57 " deer
REFERENCE" 1 A
«W w «saw.
- Pronouns
Pronouns take the place of nouns. '
Robert In} bpught a present In] for his niece [n].
He [p] gave it {pj to‘her [p].
M :M’fiw’f‘» nus-x9»: . . a.”
Subject Pronouns
Singular Singular Example Plural Example
fist Person I i am late. -We are late. _
2nd Person you You have enough You all have enough
time. time.
3rd Person he, she, it He was late, too. They were late, too.
mummy-«MW- «arm, , . a“. .. .M w .-
Singular Plural Singular Example Plural Example
:lst Person me us She likes me. She likes all of us.
2nd Person you you She doesn’t like you. She doesn’t like any
of you.
3rd Person him, her it them i like her. i like them.
,WmmxmmeiWMtxoeaweewn'2s‘“fli~":’:‘fl‘*fi”fi"¢1‘-‘~‘”Ewetz& 2“ mu. m.
Possessive Pronouns
Singular Plural Singular Example Plural Example
:lst Person mine ours That bag is mine. Those bags are ours.
2nd Person yours yours it’s not yours. The tickets are
yours.
3rd Person his, hers, its theirs It’s his. The bags over there
are theirs.
awe-v,.muwzmvmw‘.wwgwe-zmmww, .. «« ~ , . . .' ,, _' cu . . . .. «Wt
-' _' QUICK GRAMM RREFERENCE
Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
ist Person
Singular
myself
_.Plural
ourselves
Singular Example Plural Example
I cut myself. We climbed that

mountain ourselves.
2nd Person
I yourself
yourselves
Did you hurt Did all of you do the

yourself? work yourselves?
3rd Person
himself
herself
itself
themselves
it turned itself off. All the players put

- their hats away
themselves.
“ii.
. _ __ ou CKGRAM-MARREFER " 'CE'
' ' I Cmparati aclnSperlative Adjectre Forms
Comparative Adjectives ; .
Adjectives that are used to compare two things have special forms. Sometimes We
add —er.
Sometimes we use more in front of the adjective. These forms are called
comparative adjectives.
Adjective Comparative
One-syllable adjectives tall taller

Rule:'add —er nice nicer
Adjectives that end in y pretty prettier

Rule: change y to iand funny funnier
add -er
Adjectives with two or more beautiful more beautiful

syllables interesting more interesting
L Rule: use more
Superlative Adjectives
Adjectives that are used to compare three or more things have special forms.
Sometimes we add
—est. Sometimes We use most in front ofthe adjective. These forms are called
superlative adjectives.
Adjective Superlative
One syllable adjectives tall the tallest (of many)

Rule: add -est nice the nicest (of all)
Adjectives that end in y pretty the prettiest

7 Rule: changeyto i and funny the funniest
add -esf
Adjectives with two syllables beautiful the most beautiful

Rule: Use most interesting the most interesting
irregular Comparatives and Superlatives
Adjective Comparative Superlative
good better best
bad worse worst
far farther farthest
Pla
All verbs except to be have three principal parts. You can make all other verb
forms from those
three parts.
Example Uses
Present play Simple present tense: I play.

Add —5 for third person singular: He. she, it
plays.
Infinitive: to play
Present participle (add ~r‘ng): playing
Gerund (add —ing): playing

Past Simple past tense: We played.
Past participle Present perfect tense: They have played.
Past perfect tense: They had played.
Perfect modals: I could have played.
Passive voice: It is played.
Principal Parts of Regular Verbs
For most verbs, add —ed to the present form to make the past and past participle
forms. Some
verbs have special spelling rules for these forms.
Rule Example
If a verb already ends in 9, just add —d. hope—hoped
If a verb ends in a single vowel plus a single wrap—wrapped

consonant, double the consonant and add wed.
lfa verb ends in a single consonant plus y; carry—carried

change the yto iand add —ed.
irregular verbs"
To Be
Some important verbs do not follow standard rules. The most important of these
is to be. To be
is irregular In all ofits principal parts.
he. she, it
Present is
Past
they '
are
were
Past
Participle
been
Has, 00, Go
Three verbs are irregular only in the third person singular of the present
tense.
he, she, it
has
does
goes
Con1in'tegriarmonlr Vebsr
Many common verbs are irregular in their past and past participle forms.
P RES E N T
arise
awake
bear
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bind
bite
bleed
blow
break
bring
build
burst
cast
catch
choose
cling
come
cost
creep
cut
deal
dig
do
draw
dream
Clri n k
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
fi nd
fling
fly
forget
forgive
freeze
get
give
go
PAST
arose
awake
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bet
bound
bit
bled
blew
broke
brought
built
burst
Cast
caught
chose
clung
came
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamed
(dreamt)
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flung
flew
forget
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
PAST
PARTIC: PLE
risen
awakened
born
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet
bound
bitten
bled
blown
broken
brought
built
burst
cast
caught
chosen
clung
come
cost
crept
Cut
dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamed
(dreamt)
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flung
flown
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
gotten
given
gone
PRESE NT
grind
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
lay
lead
leave
lend
let
lie
light
lost
make
mean
pay
read
ride
ring
rise
run
see
seek
sell
send
set
shake
shave
shine
shoot
show
shrink
shut
sing
sink
‘ sit
sleep
slide
slit
PAST
ground
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
left
lent
let
lay
lit
lost
made
meant
paid
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
saw
sought
. sold
sent
set
shook
shaved
shone
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
slid
slit
PAST
PARTICIPLE
ground
grown
hung
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
left
lent
let
lain
in
lost
made
meant
paid
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
seen
sought
sold .
sent , ‘2 j
set
shaken
shaven
shone
shot
shown
(showed)
shrunk
shut
sung ;
sunk
sat
slept
slid
slit . LI
.-.- n..- _...._..,
Quick Grammar Reference 201 55*:
Common Irregular Verbs
PAST 7 ' PAST

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE . J . PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE
speak spoke spoken 4 I K A teach taught taught
speed sped sped tear tore torn
spend spent spent tell told told
Spin spun spun think thought thought
split split split throw . threw thrown
spread spread spread understand understood understood
spring sprang sprung wake woke woke
stand stood stood wear were worn
steal stole stolen weave wove , woven
stick stuck stuck wed wed wed
sting stung stung weep wept wept
strike struck struck wet wet wet
string strung strung win won won
swear swore sworn wind wound wound
sweep swept swept wring wrung wrung
swim swam swum write wrote written
take took taken
Present Tenses
Simple Present Present Present Perfect
She works. is working. has worked. has been working.
We work. are working. have worked. have been working.
have been working.

PastTenses
Simple Past Past Perfect
Past _ Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
I worked. was working. had worked. had been working.

You worked. were working. had worked. . had been working.
He
She worked. is working. had worked. had been working.
We worked. . were working. _ had worked. had been working.

You worked. were working. 7 had worked. had been working.
They worked. Were working. had worked.
had been working.
" vars Tenses
have been working.
Present Continuous Perfect Continuous

i work. am working. have worked.
You work. are working. have Worked. have been working.
He
You work. are working. have worked. have been working.

They work. are working. have worked.
..-._1_. ._
Vfwmkmé
FutureTenses
Simple
Future
Future
Continuous
Future
Perfect
Future Perfect
Continuous
will work.
will be working.
will have worked.

will work.
will be working.
will have worked.
will have been working.-
will have been working.
will work.
will work.
will be working.
will have worked.
will be working.
will have worked.
will have been working;
will work.
will work.
will be working.
will have worked.

will be working.
will have worked.
The present continuous and going to + verb also express the future.
Active andflPamsive iioelc
Verbs that can take direct objects can be active or passive. Use the active
voice when you are
focusing on who did the action. Use the passive voice when
when it is not important to know who did the action, or whe
done rather than on the doer.
you don’t know who did the action,

n you are focusing on what was
Active:
Passive:
the active verb.
Pablo Picasso painted “Guernica” in 1937.
“Guernica” was painted by Pablo Picasso in 1937.
Form the passive voice with to be in the same tense as the ac
tive verb and the past participle of
Tense
Simple Present
Present
Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect
Continuous
Simple Past
Past
Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Continuous
Simple Future
Future
Continuous
.Future Perfect
Future Perfect
Continuous
Active Verb
paint/ paints
arn/is/are painting
has] have painted
have/ has been painting
painted
was/were painting
had painted
had been painting
will paint
will be painting
will have painted
will have beer; painting
Passive Verb
am/is/are painted
am/is/are being painted

has/ have been painted
has/ have been being painted

was/were painted
was/Were being painted
had been painted

had been being painted
will be painted
will be being painted
will have been painted
will have been being painted
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Grammar Essentials: Graded Exercises in English

Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, inc.

No part ofthis publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

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Past Tense, Irregular

Relative Pronouns, Who/Whom, Which, and That .........................

Future Tense, with

lnﬁnitives ......m ................................. 42

Present Continuous TEE/5e, Negatives and Questions................... .. 46

Contractions, Affirmative ........................ ....47

into, Past, Future, and Present Perfect

indirect Speech, Commands_.............

Wave, May have 1..."... ................................................ 156

Conditional Sentences, Future

Position of Prepositions, Informal Usage

Punctuation, Comma and

The twenty—first century has brought a renewed emphasis on fundamentals

Grammar Essentials, which was formerly published as Graded Exercises in

Grammar Essentials is organized in a step—byrstep manner, from easier

she is they are

1. She is a good writer.

16. You old friends.

Form the negative of to be by placing not after the verb.

Form questions with to be by placing the verb before the subject.

They are absent from work today.

_ A 3 Change the following sentences from aﬁirmative to negative as in the

2. You are angry.

. Ben and Liz are cousins.

. Both sisters are tall.

. They are members of the country club.

. He is a good tennis player.

. Elaine is a pilot with an international airline.

10. The sky is very cloudy today.

11. The office of the supervisor is On the ﬁrst ﬂoor.

12. It is cold today.

13. She is in her ofﬁce.

14. The stamps are in my desk.

15. He is a smart man.

She is in Japan now. is she in Japan new?

',. »_ to on before any word beginning with a vowel sound.

a book a man a hotel

a useful tool a one-page memo a door

' 7.11 the following sentences with a or an.

- ' PLURAL noun

child —> dﬂdlen woman ——> women mouse —>mice

A 3 Give the plural forms of these nouns:

friend friends dish

'— B 3: Change the following sentences from singular to plural as in the

2. The glass is in the kitchen.

3. The dish is new.

4. The bus is at the corner.