Solving Differential Equations

R
R
EC
9
TE
D
PA
G
Differential
equations
E
PR
O
FS
O
9.1 Kick off with CAS
O
9.2 Verifying solutions to a differential equation

dy
C
9.3 Solving Type 1 differential equations, = f (x)

dx
N
dy
U
9.4 Solving Type 2 differential equations, = f (y)

dx
dy
9.5 Solving Type 3 differential equations, = f (x)g (y)
dx
d 2y
9.6 Solving Type 4 differential equations, = f (x)
dx2
9.7 Review
c09DifferentialEquations.indd 456 04/07/15 12:30 PM

9.1 Kick off with CAS
<To Come>
FS
O
O
PR
E
G
PA
D
TE
EC
R
R
O
C
N
U
Please refer to the Resources tab in the Prelims section of your eBookPlUs for a comprehensive
step-by-step guide on how to use your CAS technology.

9.2 Verifying solutions to a differential equation
Classification of differential equations
A differential equation (d.e.) is an equation involving derivatives. It is of the form
dy d2y
gax, y, , 2, .....b = 0.
dx dx
It contains the function y = f(x) as the dependent variable, x as the independent
variable, and various derivatives. In this topic, only differential equations that contain
functions of one variable, y = f(x) are considered.
Differential equations can be classified according to their order and degree. The order
of a differential equations is the order of the highest derivative present. The degree of
FS
a differential equation is the degree of the highest power of the highest derivative.
A linear differential equation is one in which all variables including the derivatives
O
are raised to the power of 1.
O
Some examples of differential equations are:
PR
dy d 2y dy
(a) = ky (b) a 2 + b + cy = 0
dx dx dx
‥ − tx# + 2x = t d 2y
(c) x (d) 2 + n2y = 0
E
dx
(e) xa
dy 3
b +3
dy
+ 5y = 0 G (f) D3t x = "x2 + 1
PA
dx dx
Note that (a) and (e) are first order; (b), (c) and (d)
are second order; and (f) is third order. Equation (e)
D
has a degree of 3, whereas all the others have a

degree of 1. Equations (a), (b), (c) and (d) are
TE
linear; (e) and (f) are non-linear. Note also that there
are many different notations for derivatives; for
EC
example, second-order derivatives can be expressed

as ‥
d 2x d 2x
x = 2 and D2t x = 2 .
R
dt dt
Differential equations are extremely important in the
R
study of mathematics and appear in almost every

O
branch of science. Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727)

C
and Gottfried Wilheim Leibniz (1646–1716) are both

credited with the discovery of calculus and differential
N
equations in the 1670s and 1680s.

U
Verifying solutions to differential equations

To check that a given solution satisfies the differential equation, use the process of
differentiation and substitution. Generally only first- or second-order differential
equations and a given solution will be considered in this chapter.
When setting out a proof, it is necessary to show that the left-hand side (LHS) of the
equation is equal to the right-hand side (RHS).
458 Maths Quest 12 SPECIALIST MATHEMATICS VCE Units 3 and 4

WorKeD
1 Verify that y = x3 is a solution of the differential equation
eXaMPLe
2
d 2y dy
x3 −a b + 3xy = 0.
dx2 dx
tHinK WritE
1 Use basic differentiation to find the first derivative. y = x3
dy
= 3x2
dx
d 2y
2 Find the second derivative. = 6x
FS
dx2
d 2y dy 2
3 Substitute for y, the first derivative and second derivative x3 −a b + 3xy
O
dx2 dx
into the LHS of the differential equation.
= x3 × (6x) − (3x2) 2 + 3x × (x3)
O
4 Simplify and expand, so that LHS = RHS = 0, thus proving = 6x4 − 9x4 + 3x4
PR
the given solution does satisfy the differential equation. =0
Differential equations involving unknowns
E
When we verify a given solution to a differential equation involving algebraic,
G
trigonometric, or exponential functions, there may also be an unknown value that
PA
must be determined for which the given solution satisfies the differential equation.
WorKeD
2 Given that y = ekx is a solution of the differential equation
D
eXaMPLe
d 2y dy
−2 − 8y = 0, find the values of the real constant k.
TE
dx2 dx
EC
tHinK WritE
1 Use the rule for differentiation of exponential y = ekx
d kx dy
functions, (e ) = kekx, to find the first derivative.
R
= kekx
dx dx
R
d 2y
2 Differentiate again to find the second derivative. = k2ekx
O
dx2
C
dy d 2y dy
3 Substitute for y, the first derivative and the second −2
− 8y = 0
N
dx dx2 dx
d 2y k2ekx − 2kekx − 8ekx = 0
U
derivative into the given differential equation.

dx2
4 Take out the common factor. ekx 1 k2 − 2k − 8 2 = 0
5 Factorise the quadratic equation involving ekx ≠ 0 ⇒ k2 − 2k − 8 = 0
the unknown. (k − 4)(k + 2) = 0
6 Solve the resulting equation for the unknown and When k = 4 or k = −2, then y = ekx is a
state the answer. d 2y dy
solution of −2 − 8y = 0.
dx2 dx
topic 9 DIfferentIaL eQuatIons 459

solutions to a differential equation involving products
When verifying solutions to a differential equation involving a mixture of algebraic,
trigonometric, or exponential functions, it may be necessary to use the product or
quotient rules for differentiation.
WorKeD
3 Verify that y = xe −2x is a solution of the differential equation
eXaMPLe
d 2y dy
+4 + 4y = 0.
2 dx
dx
FS
tHinK WritE
1 Use the product rule for differentiation to y = xe−2x
find the first derivative. dy
O
d d
= x (e−2x) + e−2x (x)
dx dx dx
O
dy
= −2xe−2x + e−2x
PR
dx
dy
2 Simplify the first derivative by taking out the = e−2x (1 − 2x)
common factor. dx
E
3 Find the second derivative, using the product
G
d 2y
dx2
= e−2x
d
dx
d
(1 − 2x) + (1 − 2x) (e−2x)
dx
PA
rule again.
d 2y
= −2e−2x − 2(1 − 2x)e−2x
dx2
D
d 2y
4 Simplify the second derivative by taking out = e−2x (−2 − 2(1 − 2x))
TE
dx 2
the common factor.
= e−2x (4x − 4)
EC
dy d 2y dy
5 Substitute for y, the first derivative and + 4 + 4y
dx dx2 dx
d2 y
R
the second derivative into the LHS of = e−2x (4x − 4) + 4e−2x (1 − 2x) + 4xe−2x
dx2
R
the differential equation.
O
6 Take out the common factor and simplify, = e−2x [(4x − 4) + 4(1 − 2x) + 4x]
C
so that LHS = RHS = 0, thus proving = e−2x [4x − 4 + 4 − 8x + 4x]

=0
N
the given solution does satisfy the

differential equation.
U
ExErCisE 9.2 Verifying solutions to a differential equation

1 WE1 Verify that y = x2 is a solution of the differential equation
PraCtisE
2
d 2y dy
x2 −a b + 2y = 0.
dx2 dx 2
d 2y dy
2 For the differential equation x4 −a b + 4x2y = 0, show that y = x4 is a
solution. dx2 dx
460 Maths Quest 12 sPeCIaLIst MatheMatICs VCe units 3 and 4

3 WE2 Given that y = ekx is a solution of the differential equation
d 2y dy
+ 3 − 10y = 0, find the values of the real constant k.
dx2 dx
d2 y
4 If y = cos(kx) is a solution of the differential equation + 9y = 0, find the
dx 2
values of the real constant k.
5 WE3 Verify that y = xe3x is a solution of the differential equation
d2 y dy
− 6 + 9y = 0.
dx2 dx
6 Given that y = Ax cos(2x) is a solution of the differential equation
FS
d2 y
+ 4y = 8 sin(2x), find the value of the real constant A.
dx2 2
d2 y dy
O
7 a Verify that y = x satisfies the differential equation x
4 4
−a b + 4x2y = 0.
Consolidate dx2 dx
O
2
dy
b If y = 2x − 3x + 5, show that a
2
b − 8y + 31 = 0.
PR
dx
2
dy dy
c Given the differential equation − 2x + 6y + 6x2 = 0, show that
dx2 dx
E
3x
y = x3 − 3x2 − + 1 is a solution.
2
G
d If y = ax3 + bx2 where a and b are constants, show that
PA
d2 y dy
x2 2 − 4x + 6y = 0.
dx dx
D
8 a Find the constants a, b and c if y = a + bx + cx2 is a solution of the differential

TE
d2 y dy
equation +2 + 4y = 4x2.
dx2 dx
b Determine the constants a, b, c and d if y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d is a solution of
EC
d2 y dy
the differential equation 2 + 2 + y = x3.
dx dx
R
c Show that y = xn is a solution of the differential equation

R
d2 y dy 2
x2y 2 − x2 a b + ny2 = 0.
O
dx dx
d2 y dy
C
d The differential equation x2

2
− 2x − 10y = 0 has a solution y = xn find the
dx dx
N
possible values of n.
U
d2x dx
9 a Given that x = e3t + e−4t show that + − 12x = 0.
dt2 dt
d2 y
b If y = Ae3x + Be−3x where A and B are constants, show that − 9y = 0.
dx2
c Find the values of real constant k such that y = ekx satisfies
d2 y dy
+5 − 6y = 0.
dx2 dx
d2 y dy
d Find the values of m where m ∈ C if y = emx satisfies + 4 + 13y = 0
2 dx
dx
Topic 9 Differential equations 461

d2 y
10 a If y = 3 sin(2x) + 4 cos(2x), show that + 4y = 0.
dx2
b Show that y = A sin(3x) + B cos(3x), where A and B are constants, is a solution
d2 y
of the differential equation 2 + 9y = 0.
dx
c If y = a sin(nx) + b cos(nx), where n is a positive real number, show that
d2 y
+ n2y = 0.
dx2
d2 x
d Given that x = a sin(pt) satisfies + 9x = 0, find the value of p.
dt2
FS
d2 y dy
11 a Show that y = ex satisfies the differential equation − 2x − 2y = 0.
2
dx 2 dx
O
b Verify that y = cos(x ) satisfies the differential equation
2
O
d2y dy
x 2− + 4x3y = 0.
PR
dx dx
c If y = ax + b"x2 + 1 where a and b are constants, show that

d2 y dy
E
(x2 + 1) 2
+x − y = 0.
dx dx
G
d Given that y = loge (x + "x2 − 9), show that (x2 − 9)
d2 y
+x
dy
= 0.
PA
dx2 dx
12 a Show that y = tan(ax), where a ∈ R \ {0 }, satisfies the differential
d2 y
D
equation = 2a2y(1 + y2).

dx2
TE
b Verify that y = tan2 (ax), where a ∈ R \ {0 }, is a solution of the differential

d2 y
equation 2 = 2a2 (3y2 + 4y + 1).
EC
dx
c Show that y = loge (ax + b), where a, b ∈ R, is a solution of the differential
d2 y
R
equation 2 + a2e−2y = 0.
dx
R
13 a Verify that y = tan−1 (2x) is a solution of the differential equation

O
d2 y dy
(1 + 4x2) 2 + 8x = 0.
C
dx dx
b Show that y = sin−1 (3x) is a solution of the differential equation
N
d2 y dy
U
(1 − 9x2) 2 − 9x = 0.
dx dx
x
c Verify that y = cos−1 a b is a solution of the differential equation
4
d2 y dy
(16 − x2) −x = 0.
dx2 dx

14 a A parachutist of mass m falls from rest in the
Earth’s gravitational field and is subjected to air
resistance. The velocity v is given by
mg
v= (1 − e−kt)
k
at a time t where g and k are constants. Show that
dv
+ kv = mg.
dt
b In a transient circuit, the current i amperes at a time
t seconds is given by i = 3e−2t sin(3t).
FS
d2 i di
Show that
2
+ 4 + 13i = 0.
dt dt
O
Verify that y = e3x cos(2x) satisfies the differential
15 a
d2 y dy
O
equation −6
+ 13y = 0.
dx2 dx
PR
b Find the real constants a and b if x = t(a cos(3t) + b sin(3t)) is a solution of the
d2 x
differential equation 2 + 9x = 6 cos(3t).
dt
E
16 a Given that y = xe−3x is a solution of the differential equation
d2 y
+a
dy
G
+ by = 0, find the values of the real constants a and b.
PA
2 dx
dx
b Show that y = ekx (Ax + B), where A, B and k are all real constants, is a solution
d2 y dy
D
of the differential equation 2

− 2k + k2y = 0.
dx dx
TE
17 a Given that y = Ax2e−3x is a solution of the differential equation

Master
d2 y dy
EC
2
+6 + 9y = 10e−3x, find the value of A.
dx dx
b If y = Ax2e−kx is a solution of the differential equation
R
d2 y dy
+ 2k + k2y = Be−kx, show that B = 2A.
R
2 dx
dx
O
π
c Show that y = sin(x) is a solution of Bessel’s equation,
C
Äx
d2 y dy
N
4x2 2 + 4x + (4x2 − 1)y = 0.

dx dx
U
18 Adrien Marie Legendre (1752–1833) was a famous French mathematician.

He made many mathematical contributions in the areas of elliptical integrals,
number theory and the calculus of variations. He is also known for the differential
equation named after him. Legendre’s differential equation of order n is given
d2 y dy
by (1 − x2) 2 − 2x + n(n + 1)y = 0 for ∣ x ∣ < 1, and the solutions of the
dx dx

differential equation are given by the polynomials Pn (x). The first few polynomials
are given by
P0 (x) = 1
P1 (x) = x
P2 (x) = 12 (3x2 − 1)
P3 (x) = 12 (5x3 − 3x)
P4 (x) = 18 (35x4 − 30x2 + 3)
a Verify the solution of the Legendre’s differential equation for the cases
when n = 3 and n = 4.
FS
b The Legendre polynomials also satisfy many other mathematical properties.
1 dn 2
One such relation is Pn (x) = [(x − 1) n]. Use this result to
O
n
2 n! dxn
obtain P2 (x) and P3 (x).
O
1
c The Legendre polynomials also satisfy 3 Pn (x)Pm (x) dx = 0 when m ≠ n and
PR
1
3 (Pn (x)) dx =
−1
2 2
. Verify these results for P2 (x) and P3 (x).
2n + 1
E
−1
9.3 Solving Type 1 differential equations, G

PA
dy
= f(x)
dx
D
Classifying solutions to a differential equation

TE
The solution of a differential equation is usually obtained by the process of

integration. Because the integration process produces an arbitrary constant of
integration, the solutions of a differential equation are classified as follows.
EC
A general solution is one which contains arbitrary constants of integration and

satisfies the differential equation.
R
A particular solution is one which satisfies the differential equation and some other
R
initial value condition, also known as a boundary value, that enable the constant(s) of
integration to be found.
O
In general, the number of arbitrary constants of integration to be found is equal to the

C
order of the differential equation. Throughout this course we study and solve special
types of first- and second-order differential equations.
N
dy
U
Type 1 differential equations, = f(x)

Direct integration
dx
dy
In this section we solve first-order differential equations of the form = f(x),
dx
y(x0) = y0. Differential equations of this form can be solved by direct integration.
Hence, it is necessary to be familiar with all the integration techniques studied so far.
Antidifferentiating both sides gives y = 3f(x) dx + c. This is the general solution,

which can be thought of as a family of curves. If we use the given condition x = x0
when y = y0, we can determine the value of the constant of integration c in this
particular case, which thus gives us the particular solution.
WorKeD dy
eXaMPLe 4 a Find the general solution to + 12x = 0.
dx
dy
b Find the particular solution of + 6x2 = 0, y(1) = 2.
dx
tHinK WritE
dy dy
FS
a 1 Rewrite the equation to make the subject. a + 12x = 0
dx dx
dy
= −12x
O
dx
y = −312xdx
O
2 Antidifferentiate to obtain y.
PR
3 Write the general solution in terms of a constant. y = −6x2 + c
dy dy
b 1 Rewrite the equation to make the subject. b + 6x2 = 0
E
dx dx
dy
G dx
= −6x2
y = −36x2dx
PA
2 Antidifferentiate to obtain y.
3 Express y in terms of x with an arbitrary constant. y = −2x3 + c

D
4 Substitute and use the given conditions to determine y(1) = 2:

TE
the value of the constant. ⇒ x = 1 when y = 2

2 = −3(1) 2 + c
EC
c=5
5 Substitute back for c and state the particular solution. y = 5 − 3x2
R
R
finding particular solutions

In Chapter 9, linear substitutions were used to integrate linear expressions. The
O
example presented here is a review of this process.

C
N
WorKeD dy
5 Solve the differential equation (4 − 3x) 2 + 1 = 0, y(1) = 2.
U
eXaMPLe
dx
tHinK WritE
dy dy
1 Rewrite the equation to make the subject. (4 − 3x) 2 +1=0
dx dx
dy
(4 − 3x) 2 = −1
dx
dy −1
=
dx (4 − 3x) 2

y=3
−1
2 Antidifferentiate to obtain y. dx
(4 − 3x) 2
3 Use index laws to express the integrand as a y = −3 (4 − 3x) −2dx

function to a power.
4 Use a linear substitution. Express dx in terms Let u = 4 − 3x.
of du by inverting both sides. du
= −3
dx
dx 1
=−
du 3
FS
1
dx = − du
3
y = −3u−2 −1
O
5 Substitute for u and dx. 3
du
O
y = 133u−2 du
PR
6 Use the properties of indefinite integrals to
transfer the constant factor outside the front of
the integral sign.
E
7 Perform the integration process, using y = −13 u−1 + c
3u du = n + 1u G
1 n+1
n
with n = −2 so that y=−
1
+c
PA
3u
n + 1 = −1, now add in the constant + c.
1
8 Substitute back for x. y=− +c
D
3 1 4 − 3x 2
TE
9 Substitute and use the given conditions to y(1) = 2

determine the value of the constant. ⇒ x = 1 when y = 2
EC
2 = −13 + c
c = 2 + 13
R
c = 73
R
−1 7
O
10 Substitute back for c, and state the particular y= +

solution. Although this a possible answer, this 3(4 − 3x) 3
C
result can be simplified.

N
−1 + 7 1 4 − 3x 2
11 Form the lowest common denominator. y=
U
3 1 4 − 3x 2
−1 + 28 − 21x
12 Expand the brackets in the numerator, do not y=
expand the brackets in the denominator. 3 1 4 − 3x 2
27 − 21x
13 Simplify and take out common factors y=
which cancel. 3 1 4 − 3x 2
3 1 9 − 7x 2
y=
3 1 4 − 3x 2

9 − 7x 4
14 State the final answer in simplified form. y= for x ≠
Note the maximal domain for which the 4 − 3x 3
solution is valid.
15 Note that as a check, we can use the given Substitute x = 1:
condition to check the value of y. This proves 9−7
y= =2
that we have the correct solution. 4−3
stating the domain for which the solution is valid

As seen in the last example, the maximal domain for which the solution is valid is
FS
important. When solving differential equations, unless the solution is defined for all
values of x, that is for x ∈ R, we are required to state the largest subset of R for which
the given differential equation and solution are valid.
O
O
WorKeD dy
PR
eXaMPLe 6 Solve the differential equation !3x − 5 + 6 = 0, y(7) = 2, stating the
dx
largest domain for which the solution is valid.
E
tHinK WritE
1 Rewrite the equation to make

dy
the subject. G !3x − 5
dy
dx
+6=0
PA
dx
dy
!3x − 5 = −6
dx
dy −6
D
=
dx !3x − 5
TE
y=3
−6
!3x − 5
EC
y = −63
1
3 Use the properties of indefinite integrals to transfer the dx
constant factor outside the front of the integral sign. !3x − 5
R
y = −63 (3x − 5) 2dx

R
−1
4 Use index laws to express the integrand, as a function
O
to a power.
Let u = 3x − 5.
C
5 Use a linear substitution. Express dx in terms of du by

inverting both sides. du
=3
N
dx
U
dx 1
=
du 3
dx = 13 du
y = −63u
−12 1
6 Substitute for u and dx. 3
du
y = −23u 2 du
−1
7 Use the properties of indefinite integrals to transfer the
constant factor outside the front of the integral sign.

1
8 Perform the integration process using y = −u 2 + c
3u du = n + 1u
1 n+1 y = −4 !u + c
n with n = −12, so that n + 1 = 12,
and add in the constant + c.
9 Substitute back for x. y = −4 !3x − 5 + c
10 Substitute and use the given conditions to determine y(7) = 2
the value of the constant. ⇒ x = 7 when y = 2
2 = −4 !16 + c
c = 18
FS
11 Substitute back for c and state the particular solution. y = 18 − 4 !3x − 5
dy −6
O
12 Determine the domain for which the solution is valid = for
from the differential equation. dx !3x − 5
O
3x − 5 > 0
PR
13 Solve the inequality for x to state the largest domain 3x > 5
for which the solution is valid for the given differential x > 53
equation. State the answer.
The solution y = 18 − 4 !3x − 5 is
E
valid for x > 53 .
G
PA
solving ﬁrst-order differential equations involving inverse
trigonometric functions
The results 3 dx = sin−1 a b + c, 3

D
1 x −1 x
dx = cos−1 a b + c and
TE
"a2 − x2 a "a − x
2 2 a
3
1 1 −1 x
dx = tan a b + c are important and are used throughout this chapter.
EC
a2 + x2 a a
R
WorKeD dy
7
R
eXaMPLe Solve the differential equation "16 − x2 + 2 = 0, y(0) = 0, stating the

dx
O

C
tHinK WritE
N
dy dy
1 Rewrite the equation to make the subject. "16 − x2 + 2 = 0, y(0) = 0
U
dx dx
dy
"16 − x2 = −2
dx
dy −2
=
dx "16 − x2
y=3
−2
"16 − x2

x
3 Perform the integration process using y = 2 cos−1 a b + c
4
3
−1 x
dx = cos−1 a b + c.
"a2 − x2 a
0 = 2 cos−1 (0) + c
c = −2 cos−1 (0)
π
c = −2 ×
2
c = −π
FS
x
5 Substitute back for c and state the y = 2 cos−1 a b − π
4
O
particular solution.
y= 3
−2
O
6 Determine the domain for which the solution dx
is valid from the differential equation. "16 − x2
PR
"16 − x2 > 0
x2 < 16
7 Solve the inequality for x to state the largest ∣x∣ < 4
E
x
domain for which the solution and the The solution y = 2 cos−1 a b − π is valid
differential equation is valid. State the answer.
G for ∣ x ∣ < 4. 4
PA
dy
Exercise 9.3 Solving Type 1 differential equations, = f(x)
D
dx
TE
dy
1 a WE4 Find the general solution of + 12x3 = 0.
PRactise dx
EC
dy
b Find the particular solution of + 6x = 0, y(2) = 1.
dx
dy
R
2 a Find the general solution of + 12 cos(2x) = 0.

dx
R
dy
b Solve the differential equation + 6 sin(3x) = 0, y(0) = 0, and express y in
O
terms of x. dx
C
dy
3 WE5 Solve the differential equation (5 − 4x) 2 + 1 = 0, y(1) = 2.
dx
N
dy
U
4 Solve the differential equation (7 − 4x) + 2 = 0, y(2) = 3.

dx
dy
5 WE6 Solve the differential equation !2x − 5 + 1 = 0, y(3) = 0, stating the
dx
dy
6 Solve the differential equation !x + 2 = 0, y 1 4 2 = 3, expressing y in terms
dx
of x, and state the largest domain for which the solution is valid.

dy
7 WE7 Solve the differential equation "64 − x2 − 6 = 0, y(4) = 0, stating the
dx
dy π
8 Solve the differential equation (16 + x2) + 4 = 0, y(4) = , stating the largest
dx 4
domain for which the solution is valid.
9 Find the general solution to each of the following
Consolidate
dy dy
a − 4x = 3 b − (3x − 5)(x + 4) = 0
dx dx
dy dy
c e2x + 6 = 2e4x d "x2 + 9 −x=0
FS
dx dx
For questions 10–18, solve each of the differential equations given and state the
maximal domain for which the solution is valid.
O
dy dy
10 a 3x − 2x2 = 5, y(1) = 3 b = 6(e−3x + e3x), y(0) = 0
O
dx dx
PR
dy dy π
11 a − 4 sin(2x) = 0, y(0) = 2 b + 6 cos(3x) = 0, ya b = 5
dx dx 2
dy dy
12 a − 8 sin2 (2x) = 0, y(0) = 0 b − 12 cos2 (3x) = 0, y(0) = 0
E
dx dx
13 a
dy
=
1
, y(0) = 0 G b
dy
+
1
dx 3 − 2x
= 0, y(2) = 1
PA
dx !4x + 9
dy 1 dy 8
14 a = , y(2) = 3 b = , y(2) = 5
dx (3x − 5) 2 dx 7 − 4x
D
dy dy
15 a (x2 + 9) − 3x = 0, y(0) = 0 b "x2 + 4 + x = 0, y(0) = 0
TE
dx dx
dy dy
16 a (x2 + 6x + 13) − x = 3, y(0) = 0 b (x2 − 4x + 9) + x = 2, y(0) = 0
EC
dx dx
dy dy
17 a sec(2x) + sin3 (2x) = 0, y(0) = 0 b csc(3x) + 9 cos2 (3x) = 0, y(0) = 0
R
dx dx
dy 1 dy
R
18 a + loge (2x) = 4, y a b = 1 b ex + x = 5, y(0) = 0

dx 2 dx
O
19 Solve the following differential equations and state the maximal domain for which
Master
C
the solution is valid.

dy dy
N
a (4x2 + 9) + 2x = 3, y(0) = 0 b "9 − 4x2 + 2x = 3, y(0) = 0

dx dx
U
20 a If a > 0 and b ≠ 0, solve the following differential equations, stating the
maximal domains for which the solution is valid.
dy dy
ii (a2 − x2) + b = 0, y(0) = 0
i "a2 − x2 + b = 0, y(0) = 0 dx
dx
dy
iii (a + bx) 2 + 1 = 0, y(0) = 0
dx
dy
b Solve the differential equation e2x + cos(3x) = 0, y(0) = 0.
dx

9.4 Solving Type 2 differential equations,
dy
= f(y)
dx
Invert, integrate and transpose
dy
Solving first-order differential equations of the form = f(y), y(x0) = y0 is studied in
dx
this section. In this situation it is not possible to integrate directly. The first step in the
solution process is to invert both sides.
dx 1 dx 1
From = , we obtain = .
FS
dy dy dy f(y)
dx
O
Integrate both sides with respect to y to obtain
x=3
O
1
dy + c.
f(y)
PR
This gives the general solution. The initial condition can be used to find the value of
the constant c. The resulting equation must be rearranged to express y in terms of x,
which gives the particular solution.
E
finding general solutions
G
Finding a general solution means finding the solution in terms of an
PA
arbitrary constant.
D
WorKeD dy
8
TE
eXaMPLe Find the general solution to the differential equation − 4 !y = 0.

dx
EC
tHinK WritE
dy dy
1 Rewrite the equation to make the subject. − 4 !y = 0
dx dx
R
dy
= 4 !y
R
dx
O
dx 1
2 Invert both sides. =
dy 4 !y
C
x=3
1
N
3 Integrate both sides. dy

4 !y
U
x = 143
1
4 Use the properties of indefinite integrals to dy
transfer the constant factor outside the front of !y
the integral sign.
x = 143y 2dy
−1
5 Use index laws to express the integrand,
as a power.

1
6 Perform the integration process using x = 14 × 21y2 + c
3u du = n + 1u
1 n+1
n
with n = −12, so that
n + 1 = 12, and add in the constant of

integration.
1
7 Simplify. x = 12y2 + c
x = 12 !y + c
1
=x−c
FS
8 Transpose to make y the subject. 2
!y
!y = 2x − 2c
O
9 Since c is a constant, 2c is also a constant. Let A = 2c.
!y = 2x − A
O
10 Square both sides and state the answer in y = (2x − A) 2
PR
terms of an arbitrary constant A.
E
G
Finding particular solutions involves solving the differential equation and expressing
y in terms of x, then finding the value of the constant of integration.
PA
WorKeD dy
eXaMPLe 9 Solve the differential equation + (4 − 3y) 2 = 0, y(2) = 1.
D
dx
TE
tHinK WritE
dy dy
1 Rewrite the equation to make the subject. + (4 − 3y) 2 = 0
EC
dx dx
dy
= −(4 − 3y) 2
dx
R
dx 1
2 Invert both sides. =−
R
dy (4 − 3y) 2
O
x=3
−1
C
(4 − 3y) 2
x = −3 (4 − 3y) −2dy
N
4 Use index laws to express the integrand as a

U
function to a power.
5 Use a linear substitution. Express dy in terms Let u = 4 − 3y.
of du by inverting both sides. du
= −3
dy
dy 1
=−
du 3
1
dy = − du
3

x = −3u−2
−1
6 Substitute for u and dy. du
3
7 Use the properties of indefinite integrals to x = 133u−2 du

transfer the constant factor outside the front
of the integral sign.
8 Perform the integration process using x = −13 u−1 + c
3u du = n + 1u
1 n+1
n
with n = −2, so that x=−
1
+c
3u
n + 1 = −1, and add in the constant + c.
FS
1
9 Substitute back for y. x=− +c
3(4 − 3y)
O
O
PR
2 = −13 + c
c = 2 + 13
E
c = 73
11 Substitute back for c. G x=−

1
+
7
PA
3(4 − 3y) 3
1 7
12 To begin making y the subject, transpose = −x
the equation. 3(4 − 3y) 3
D
1 7 − 3x
TE
13 Form a common denominator on the =

right-hand side. 3(4 − 3y) 3
EC
1
14 Cancel the common factor and invert 4 − 3y =
both sides. 7 − 3x
R
1
15 Rearrange to make y the subject. 3y = 4 −
7 − 3x
R
4(7 − 3x) − 1
O
16 Express the right-hand side of the equation 3y =

with a common denominator. 7 − 3x
C
28 − 12x − 1
N
17 Expand the brackets in the numerator. 3y =

4 − 3x
U
27 − 12x
18 Simplify and take out the common factor. 3y =
7 − 3x
3(9 − 4x)
3y =
7 − 3x
19 State the final answer in a simplified form 9 − 4x 7
y= for x ≠
and state the maximal domain. 7 − 3x 3

find c or rearrange to make y the subject?
When solving these types of differential equations, it is necessary to find the constant
of integration and also rearrange to make y the subject. Sometimes the order in which
we do these operations can make the processes simpler.
WorKeD dy
eXaMPLe 10 Solve the differential equation + 4y = 0, y(0) = 3.
dx
tHinK WritE
dy dy
+ 4y = 0
FS
1 Rewrite the equation to make the subject.
dx dx
dy
= −4y
O
dx
dx 1
O
2 Invert both sides. =−
dy 4y
PR
x = −3
1
4y
E
x = −143 dy
1
4 Take the constant factor outside the front of the integral sign.
5 Use 3 du = loge ∣ u ∣ + c to express x in terms of y and the

G y
PA
1 x = −14 loge a ∣ y ∣ b + c
u
constant of integration c.
D
From this point forward, we have two processes to complete:

TE
find c, and transpose the equation to make y the subject.

Method 1: Find c first, then transpose to make y the subject.
EC
6 Substitute and use the given conditions to determine the value y(0) = 3
of the constant. ⇒ x = 0 when y = 3
1
0 = − loge a ∣ 3 ∣ b + c
R
4
R
1
c = loge (3)
O
4
7 Substitute back for c and take out the common factor. x = −14 loge a ∣ y ∣ b + 14 loge (3)
C
N
x = 14 c loge (3) − loge a ∣ y ∣ b d

U
3
8 Use the logarithm laws to simplify the expression. x = 14 loge q r
∣y∣
3
4x = loge q r
∣y∣
3
9 Use the definition of the logarithm. e4x =
∣y∣

10 Invert both sides again in attempting to make y the subject. ∣y∣ 1
=
3 e4x
= e−4x
11 Because e−4x > 0, the modulus is not needed. State the y = 3e−4x
particular solution to the differential equation.
Method 2: Make y the subject and then find the constant c.
6 Rearrange to make y the subject. x = −14 loge a ∣ y ∣ b + c

1
loge a ∣ y ∣ b = c − x
FS
4
loge a ∣ y ∣ b = 4c − 4x
O
7 Since c is a constant, 4c is also a constant. Let B = 4c.
loge a ∣ y ∣ b = B − 4x
O
∣ y ∣ = eB − 4x
PR
8 Use the definition of the logarithm.
∣ y ∣ = eBe−4x
9 Since B is a constant, eB is also a constant. Let A = eB.
E
∣ y ∣ = Ae−4x
G
10 Substitute and use the given conditions to determine the value y(0) = 3
PA
of the constant. ⇒ x = 0 when y = 3
3 = Ae−0
3=A
D
11 Because e−4x > 0, the modulus is not needed. Substitute for A y = 3e−4x
TE
and state the particular solution to the differential equation.

EC

As discussed in the previous section, the solution to a differential equation should
include the largest domain for which the solution is valid.
R
R
WorKeD dy
O
eXaMPLe 11 Solve the differential equation 2 + "16 − y2 = 0, y(0) = 0, stating the

dx
C

N
tHinK WritE
U
dy dy
1 Rewrite the equation to make 2 + "16 − y2 = 0
dx dx
the subject.
dy
2 = −"16 − y2
dx
dy −"16 − y2
=
dx 2
dx −2
2 Invert both sides. =
dy "16 − y2

x=3
−2
3 Integrate with respect to y. dy
"16 − y2
y
4 Perform the integration process using x = 2 cos−1 a b + c
3
4
−1 x
dx = cos−1 a b + c.
"a − x
2 2 a
5 Substitute and use the given conditions y(0) = 0
to determine the value of the constant. ⇒ x = 0 when y = 0
0 = 2 cos−1 (0) + c
c = −2 cos−1 (0)
FS
π
c = −2 ×
2
O
c = −π
y
O
6 Substitute back for c. x = 2 cos−1 a b − π
4
PR
y
7 Rewrite the equation. 2 cos−1 a b = x + π
4
E
y x+π
cos−1 a b =
G 4 2
PA
y x π
8 Take cosine of both sides to make y = cosa + b
the subject. 4 2 2
x π
y = 4 cosa + b
D
2 2
TE
x π x π
9 Expand using trigonometric compound y = 4acosa bcosa b − sina bsina b b
angle formulas. 2 2 2 2
EC
x x
y = 4acosa b × 0 − sina b × 1b
2 2
R
x
10 State the particular solution. y = −4 sina b
R
2
O
y x+π
11 Determine the domain for which the cos−1 a b =
4 2
C
solution is valid.
The range of y = cos−1 (x) is [0, π],
N
but ∣ y ∣ < 4, so
x+π
U
0< <π
2
12 Solve the inequality for x to state 0 < x + π < 2π
the largest domain for which the −π < x < π
solution is valid. State the answer. x
The solution y = −4 sina b is valid for −π < x < π.
2

dy
Exercise 9.4 Solving Type 2 differential equations, = f(y)
dx
dy
1 WE8 Find the general solution to the differential equation !y + 4 = 0.
PRactise dx
dy
2 Find the general solution to the differential equation − tan(2y) = 0.
dx
dy
3 WE9 Solve the differential equation + (5 − 4y) 2 = 0, y(1) = 2.
dx
dy
4 Solve the differential equation + 4y − 7 = 0, y(0) = 3.
dx
FS
dy
5 WE10 Solve the differential equation + 3y = 0, y(0) = 5.
dx
O
dy
6 Given the differential equation − 5y = 0, y(0) = 3, express y in terms of x.
dx
O
dy
7 WE11Solve the differential equation "(64 − y2) − 6 = 0, y(0) = 8, stating the
PR
largest domain for which the solution is valid. dx
dy
8 Solve the differential equation 16 + y2 − 4 = 0, y(0) = 0, stating the largest
domain for which the solution is valid. dx
E
9 Find the general solution to each of the following.
Consolidate
dy y2 dy G dy y dy 4
PA
a = b =y+4 c = d =
dx 4 dx dx 4 dx y2
10 Solve each of the following differential equations.
D
dy dy
a + 5y = 0, y(0) = 4 b − 3y = 0, y(1) = 2
TE
dx dx
dy dy
11 a + 2y = 5, y(0) = 3 b − 3y + 4 = 0, y(0) = 2
dx dx
EC
For questions 12–18, solve each of the differential equations given, and where
appropriate state the largest domain for which the solution is valid.
R
dy dy
12 a = !y, y(1) = 4 b = y2, y(1) = 3
R
dx dx
dy dy
O
13 a = 4e2y, y(2) = 0 b + 6e3y = 0, y(1) = 0

dx dx
C
dy dy
14 a = (5 − 2y) 2, y(1) = 3 b + (7 − 3y) 2 = 0, y(3) = 2
N
dx dx
U
dy y 1 dy 1 π
15 a + 6 coseca b = 0, ya b = 0 b = 2 sec(2y), ya b =
dx 2 3 dx 8 12
dy dy
16 a − !4y + 9 = 0, y(0) = 0 b − 4y2 = 9, y(0) = 0
dx dx
dy dy
17 a + 4y = y2, y(0) = 3 b − 3y = y2, y(0) = 6
dx dx
dy dy
18 a + 7y = y2 + 12, y(0) = 0 b − 6y − y2 = 8, y(0) = 0
dx dx

dy
19 a If k and y0 are constants, solve the differential equation + ky = 0, y(0) = y0.
MastEr dx
b Given that a, b and c are constants, solve the differential equations
dy dy
i + ay = b, y(0) = c ii + ay = by2, y(0) = c.
dx dx
20 a Given that a and b are constants, solve the differential equations
dy dy
i = (ay + b) 2, y(0) = 0 ii = b2y2 + a2, y(0) = 0.
dx dx
b If a and b are constants with a > b > 0:
dy
i solve the differential equation = ( y + a)( y + b), y(0) = 0
FS
dx
ii find lim y(x).
x→∞
O
O
dy
PR
= f(x)g(y )
dx
separation of variables
E
dy
Differential equations of the form
dx G
= f(x)g(y), y(x0) = y0 are called variables
PA
separable equations, as it is possible to separate all the x terms onto one side of the
equation and all the y terms onto the other side of the equation.
dy
For = f(x)g(y), divide both sides by g(y), since g(y) ≠ 0. This gives
D
dx
TE
1 dy
= f(x).
g(y) dx
EC
Integrate both sides of the equation with respect to x.
3g(y) dx dx = 3f(x) dx
1 dy
R
Thus, 3 dy + c1 = 3f(x) dx + c2.

R
1
O
g(y)
3g(y) dy = 3f(x) dx + c, since c = c2 − c1.

1
C
N
After performing the integration, an implicit relationship between x and y is obtained.

U
However, in specific cases it may be possible to rearrange to make y the subject.
WorKeD dy x+4
eXaMPLe 12 Find the general solution to the differential equation = .
dx y2 + 4
tHinK WritE
dy x+4
1 Write the differential equation. =
dx y2 + 4

3 (y + 4) dy = 3 (x + 4) dx
2
2 Separate the variables and integrate both sides.
1 3
3 Perform the integration and add the constant 3
y + 4y = 12x2 + 4x + c
on one side only.
1 3
4 The general solution is given as an implicit
3
y + 4y − 12x2 − 4x = c
equation, as in this case it is impossible to
solve this equation explicitly for y.
FS
Finding particular solutions involves solving the differential equation, expressing y in
terms of x where possible, and then finding the value of the constant of integration.
O
O
WorKeD dy
13
PR
eXaMPLe Solve the differential equation + y = 6x2y, y(0) = 1.
dx
tHinK WritE
E
dy dy
1 Rewrite the equation to make
dx
the subject.
G dx
+ y = 6x2y
PA
dy
= 6x2y − y
dx
dy
D
2 Factor the RHS. = y(6x2 − 1)

dx
TE
3 y dy = 3 (6x − 1)dx
1 2
3 Separate the variables and integrate both sides.
EC
4 Perform the integration and add in the constant loge a ∣ y ∣ b = 2x3 − x + c

on one side only.
R

R

loge a ∣ 1 ∣ b = 0 + c
O
c=0
C
6 Substitute back for c and use definition of a loge a ∣ y ∣ b = 2x3 − x

N
logarithm to state the solution explicitly as y = e2x −x

3
U
y in terms of x. Note that the modulus is not

needed, as e2x −x > 0.
3

As previously stated, when solving differential equations it is necessary to state the

WorKeD dy
eXaMPLe 14 Solve the differential equation + 2x"16 − y2 = 0, y(0) = 4, stating the
dx
tHinK WritE
dy dy
1 Rewrite the equation to make + 2x"16 − y2 = 0, y(0) = 4
the subject. dx dx
dy
= −2x"16 − y2
dx
3 dy = 32xdx
−1
FS
2 Separate the variables and integrate
both sides. "16 − y 2
O
y
3 Perform the integration and add the cos−1 a b = x2 + c
O
constant on one side only. 4
PR
−1
cos (1) = c
c=0
E
5 Substitute back for c.
G y
cos−1 a b = x2
4
PA
y
6 Take cosine of both sides to make = cos(x2)
4
y the subject.
y = 4 cos(x2)
D
y
TE
7 Determine the domain for which the cos−1 a b = x2

solution is valid. 4
The range of y = cos−1 (x) is [0, π], but x ≠ 0 and
EC
1
is defined for ∣ y ∣ < 4, so 0 < x2 < π
"16 − y 2
R
8 Solve the inequality for x to state the The solution y = 4 cos(x2) is valid for 0 < x < !π.
R
largest domain for which the solution is

valid. State the answer.
O
C
dy
ExErCisE 9.5 Solving Type 3 differential equations, = f(x)g(y )
N
dx
x+2
dy
U
1 WE12 Find the general solution to the differential equation = .

PraCtisE dx y3 + 8
dy y2 + 4
2 Obtain an implicit relationship of the form f(x, y) = c for = 2 2 .
dx xy
dy
3 WE13 Solve the differential equation − y = 3x2y, y(0) = 1.
dx
dy
4 Given the differential equation + y2 = 2xy2, y(2) = 1, express y in terms of x.
dx

dy
5 WE14 Solve the differential equation − 2x"64 − y2 = 0, y(0) = 0, stating the
dx
dy
6 Solve the differential equation 2 − x(16 + y2), y(0) = 0, stating the largest
dx
domain for which the solution is valid.
7 Obtain an implicit relationship of the form f(x, y) = c for each of the following
Consolidate
differential equations.
2
dy x2 + 4 dy xy dy x2y2 dy xy2ex
a = b = c = d =
dx y2 + 4 dx y2 + 4 dx y2 + 4 dx y3 + 8
FS
For questions 8–16, solve each of the given differential equations and express y in
terms of x.
O
dy y2 dy
O
8 a − = 0, y(1) = 1 b + 12y2 sin(4x) = 0, y(π) = 1
dx x dx
PR
dy x dy
9 a + = 0, y(1) = 2 b + 6y2x2 = 0, y(1) = 3
dx y dx
dy dy y2
+ 18x3y2 = 0, y(−1) = 2 − = 0, y(1) = 2
E
10 a b
dx dx x2
11 a
dy
= y2e2x, y(0) = 1 G b
dy
+ 12x5y2 = 0, y(1) = 2
PA
dx dx
dy dy
12 a + y = 3x2y, y(0) = 1 b + 6x2y2 = y2, y(−1) = 2
dx dx
D
dy dy
13 a + 2xy2 = y2, y(1) = 2 + 8x3y4 = y4, y(0) = 1
b
TE
dx dx
dy dy
14 a x + 2y = y2, y(1) = 1 b x − 4y = y2, y(1) = 1
EC
dx dx
dy y2 + 4 y dy
15 a (4 + x2) − 2xy = 0, y(0) = 1 b − = 0, y(0) = 2
dx x2 + 9 x dx
R
dy dy
R
16 a − x(25 + y2) = 0, y(0) = 0 b + 4x"25 − y2 = 0, y(0) = 5

dx dx
O
y dy dv
17 For each of the following, use the substitution v = to show that =v+x ,
C
Master x dx dx
and hence reduce to a separable differential equation and find the solution.
N
dy dy
+ 3y = 4x, y(2) = 1 − y = 4x, y(1) = 2
U
a x b x
dx dx
y dy dv
18 Use the substitution v = to show that = v + x . Hence, reduce the
x dx dx
dy
differential equation x + ay = bx to a separable differential equation and find
dx
dy
the general solution to x + ay = bx for the cases when:
dx
a a = −1 b a ≠ −1.

d 2y
= f(x)
dx2
Integrate twice
d 2y
In this section, solutions of second-order differential equations of the form = f(x)
dx2
are required. This type of differential equation can be solved by direct integration,
dx 3
d 2y d dy dy
since 2 = a b. Integrating both sides with respect to x gives = f(x) dx + c1.
dx dx dx
FS
This is now in the Type I form and can be solved by direct integration.
Finding a general solution involves giving the solution in terms of two arbitrary
constants, which we usually denote as c1 and c2.
O
O
WorKeD d2 y
eXaMPLe 15 Find the general solution to the differential equation + 36x2 = 0.
2
dx
PR
tHinK WritE
d2 y d 2y
E
1 Rewrite the equation to make the subject. + 36x2 = 0
dx2 dx2
G d 2y
= −36x2
PA
dx 2
dx 3
dy
2 Integrate both sides with respect to x. = −36x2dx
D
dy
= −12x3 + c1
TE
3 Perform the integration.

dx
= 3 (−12x3 + c1) dx
dy
EC
4 Integrate both sides again with respect to x.

dx
5 Perform the integration and state the general y = −3x4 + c1x + c2
R
solution in terms of two arbitrary constants.

R
O

d2 y
C
To solve 2 = f(x) and obtain a particular solution, we need two sets of initial
dx
N
conditions to find the two constants of integration. These are usually of the
form y(x0) = y0 and y′(x1) = y1.
U
WorKeD d 2y
eXaMPLe 16 Solve the differential equation + 36x = 0, y(1) = 3, y′(1) = 2.
dx2
tHinK WritE
d2 y d 2y
1 Rewrite the equation to make the subject. + 36x = 0
dx2 dx2
d 2y
= −36x
dx2

dx 3
dy
2 Integrate both sides with respect to x. = −36x dx
= −18x2 + c1
3 Substitute and use the given condition to determine the y′(1) =2
value of the first constant of integration. dy
⇒ = 2 when x = 1
dx
2 = −18 + c1
c1 = 20
dy
4 Substitute back for c1. = −18x2 + 20
FS
dx
5 Integrate both sides again with respect to x. y = 3 (−18x2 + 20) dx
O
O
6 Perform the integration. y = −6x3 + 20x + c2
PR
7 Substitute and use the given condition to determine the y(1) = 3
value of the second constant of integration. ⇒ y = 3 when x = 1
3 = −6 + 20 + c2
c2 = −11
E
8 Substitute back for c2 and state the particular solution. y = −6x3 + 20x − 11
G
PA
simplifying the answer
We have seen earlier that answers can often be given in a simplified form.
D
WorKeD d 2y 2
17 Solve the differential equation + = 0, y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 0.
TE
eXaMPLe
dx 2
(2x + 9) 3
tHinK WritE
EC
d 2y d 2y 2
1 Rewrite the equation to make the subject. + =0
dx2 dx2 (2x + 9) 3
R
d 2y −2
=
R
dx2 (2x + 9) 3
O
=3
dy −2
2 Integrate both sides with respect to x. dx
C
dx (2x + 9) 3
= −23 (2x + 3) −3 dx
N
dy
3 Transfer the constant factor outside the front of
U
the integral and use index laws to express the dx

integrand as a function to a power.
4 Use a linear substitution. Express dx in terms of Let u = 2x + 9.
du by inverting both sides. du
=2
dx
dx 1
=
du 2
1
dx = du
2

= −23u−3 du
dy 1
5 Substitute for u and dx, and simplify.
dx 2
= −3u−3du
dy
dx
dy 1
6 Perform the integration, adding in the first = u−2 + c1
constant of integration. dx 2
dy 1
= + c1
dx 2(2x + 9) 2
y′(0) = 0
FS
7 Use the given condition to find the value of the
dy
first constant of integration. ⇒ when x = 0, =0
1 dx
0 = 162 + c1
O
1
c1 = −162
O
PR
dy 1 1
8 Substitute back for c1. = −
dx 2 1 2x + 9 2 2 162
y = 3a
1 1
−
E
9 Integrate both sides again with respect to x. b dx
2(2x + 9) 2 162
10 Simplify the integrand. Gy = 3a

1
b dx −
x
PA
2(2x + 9) 2 162
y = 3 a u b du −
1 −2 1 x
11 Use the substitution u = 2x + 9 again
2 2 162
D
y = 3u−2du −
1 x
TE
4 162
1 x
EC
12 Perform the integration and add in the second y = − u−1 − + c2

constant of integration. 4 162
1 x
R
13 Substitute back for u. y=− − + c2

4(2x + 9) 162
R
14 Substitute and use the given condition, y(0) = 0

O
to determine the value of the second constant ⇒ y = 0 when x = 0

of integration.
C
1
0 = −36 + c2
N
1
c2 = 36
U
1 x 1
15 Substitute back for c2 and state the particular y=− − +
solution. Although this is a possible answer, this 4(2x + 9) 162 36
result can be simplified.
81 − 2x(2x + 9) + 9(2x + 9)
16 Form the lowest common denominator. y=
324(2x + 9)

81 − 4x2 − 18x + 18x + 81
17 Expand and simplify the numerator y=
324(2x + 9)
−4x 2
y=
324(2x + 9)
−x2
18 State the particular solution in simplest form. y=
81(2x + 9)
Beam deﬂections
d 2y
One application of the Type 4 differential equations, 2 = f(x), y
FS
dx x
is called beam deflection. A cantilever or a beam can be fixed at
one end and have a weight at the other end. The weight at the
O
unfixed end causes the beam to bend so that the downwards
O
deflection, y, at a distance x measured along the beam from the
fixed point satisfies a differential equation of this type. In this
PR
situation the maximum deflection occurs at the end of the beam.
Another type of beam deflection is the case of a beam fixed at y
both ends. The weight of the beam causes the beam to bend so x
E
that the downwards deflection, y, at a distance x measured along
G
the beam from the fixed point satisfies a differential equation
of this type. In this situation we can show that the maximum
PA
deflection occurs in the middle of the beam.
D
WorKeD A beam of length 2L rests with its end on two supports at the same
eXaMPLe 18 horizontal level. The downward deflection, y, from the horizontal satisfies
TE
d 2y
the differential equation = kx(x − 2L) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2L, where x is the
dx2
EC
horizontal distance from one end of the beam and k is a constant related to
the stiffness and bending moment of the beam.
R
a Find the deflection, y, in terms of x and show that the maximum deflection
R
occurs in the middle of the beam.

O
b Find the maximum deflection of the beam.

C
tHinK WritE
N
d2 y
a 1 Expand. a = kx(x − 2L)
U
dx2
= k(x2 − 2Lx)
= k 3 (x2 − 2Lx) dx
dy
2 Integrate both sides with respect to x.
dx
dy x3
3 Perform the integration. =ka − Lx2 + c1 b
dx 3

y = k 3a
x3
4 Since the beam is fixed at both ends, x = 0 − Lx2 + c1 b dx
when y = 0, and y = 0 when x = 2L. 3
We cannot determine the first constant of
integration at this stage. Integrate both sides with
respect to x again.
x4 Lx3
5 Perform the integration. y=ka − + c1x + c2 b
4 3
6 To find the second constant of integration, c2, Substitute x = 0 when y = 0:
use x = 0 when y = 0. c2 = 0
FS
7 To find the first constant of integration, c1, use Substitute y = 0 when x = 2L:
y = 0 when x = 2L and simplify. (2L) 4 L(2L) 3
0 = ka − + 2Lc1 b
O
4 3
O
16L4 8L4
0 = ka − + 2Lc1 b
PR
4 3
2L3
8 Solve for the first constant and substitute c1 =
back. Simplify the result by taking a common 3
E
denominator. This gives the deflection, y, in x4 Lx3 2L3x
y = ka − + b
terms of x.
G 4
k 4
3 3
PA
y= (x − 4Lx3 + 8L2x)
12
dy k
9 Find the first derivative. = (4x3 − 12Lx2 + 8L2)
D
dx 12
k
TE
= (x3 − 3Lx2 + 2L3)

3
10 To show that the maximum deflection occurs in the Substitute x = L:
EC
dy dy k 3
middle of the beam, show that = 0 when x = L. = (L − 3L3 + 2L3)
dx dx 3
R
=0
So the maximum deflection occurs in
R
the middle of the beam.

O
k 3
b 1 To find the maximum deflection, substitute x = L b ymax = y(L) = (L − 4L3 + 8L3)
C
12
into the result for y.
5L3k
N
=
12
U
2 State the maximum deflection of the beam. The maximum deflection occurs in the
5L3k
middle of the beam and is .
12

d 2y
Exercise 9.6 Solving Type 4 differential equations, = f(x)
dx2
d 2y
1 WE15 Find the general solution to the differential equation + 30x4 = 0.
PRactise dx2
d 2y
2 Find the general solution to the differential equation + 36 sin(3x) = 0.
dx2
d 2y
3 WE16 Solve the differential equation + 24x2 = 0, y(−1) = 2, y′(−1) = 3.
dx2
d 2y π π
4 Solve the differential equation + 12 sin(2x) = 0, ya b = 4, y′a b = 6.
FS
dx2 4 4
d 2y 12
5 WE17 Solve the differential equation + = 0, y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 0.
O
dx 2 (3x + 16) 3
d 2y
O
12
6 Solve the differential equation
2
+ = 0, y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 1
dx "(2x + 9) 3
PR
7 WE18 A beam of length L has both ends simply supported at the same horizontal
level and the downward deflection, y, satisfies the differential equation
d 2y
E
2
= k(x2 − Lx) for 0 ≤ x ≤ L where k is a constant.
dx
G
a Find the deflection, y, in terms of x and show that the maximum deflection
PA
occurs in the middle of the beam.
b Find the maximum deflection of the beam.
8 A cantilever of length L is rigidly fixed at one end and in the unstrained position
D
is horizontal. If a load is added at the free end of the beam, the downward
TE
deflection, y, at a distance x along the beam satisfies the differential equation

d 2y
= k(L − x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ L where k is a constant. Find the deflection, y, in
dx2
EC
terms of x and hence find the maximum deflection of the beam.

9 Find the general solution to each of the following.
Consolidate
R
d 2y d 2y
a x3 + 4 = 0 b + (x + 4)(2x − 5) = 0
R
dx2 dx2
O
d 2y d 2y
c x3 + 2x − 5 = 0 d e3x + 5 = 2e2x
C
dx2 dx2
For questions 10–14, solve each of the given differential equations.
N
d2 y
U
10 a + 6x = 0, y(1) = 2, y(2) = 3
dx2
d2 y
b + 24x2 = 0, y(1) = 2, y(2) = 3
dx2
d2 y dy
11 a + 8(e2x + e−2x) = 0, x = 0, = 0, y = 0
dx2 dx
d2 y −2x = 5, x = 0,
dy
b ex + 4e = 0, y = 0
dx2 dx

d 2y
12 a + 64 sin(4x) = 0, y(0) = 4, y′(0) = 8
dx2
d 2y π π
b + 27 cos(3x) = 0, ya b = 3, y′a b = 9
dx2 6 6
d2 y
13 a + 32 sin2 (2x) = 0, y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 0
dx2
d2 y
b + 16 cos2 (4x) = 0, y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 0
dx2
d2 y 1
FS
14 a = , y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 0
dx2 (3x + 2) 3
d2 y 1
O
b + = 0, y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 0
dx2 "(2x + 9) 3
O
15 a At all points on a certain curve, the rate of change of gradient is constant.
PR
Show that the family of curves with this property are parabolas.
b At all points on a certain curve, the rate of change of the gradient is −12. If the
curve has a turning point at (−2, 4), find the equation of the particular curve.
E
16 a At all points on a certain curve, the rate of change of the gradient is
G
proportional to the x-coordinate, Show that the family of curves with this
property are cubics.
PA
b At all points on a certain curve, the rate of change of the gradient is 18x. If the
curve has a turning point at (–2, 0), find the equation of the particular curve.
D
d2 y 20
17 a Solve + = 0, y(0) = 0 and y′(0) = 0.
2
!4x + 9
TE
dx
d2 y 16
b Solve + = 0, y(0) = 0 and y′(0) = 0.
dx2 (4x + 9) 2
EC
18 a A diving board of length L is rigidly fixed at one end and has a girl of
weight W standing at the free end. The downward deflection, y, measured at
R
a distance x along the beam satisfies the differential equation

R
d2 y W
EI = (L − x) 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ L .
O
dx2 2
C
The deflection and inclination to the

N
horizontal are both zero at the fixed end,

and the product E I is a constant related
U
to the stiffness of the beam. Find the

formula for y in terms of x and determine
the maximum deflection of the beam.
b A uniform beam of length L carries a load of W per unit length and has
both ends clamped horizontally at the same horizontal level. The downward
deflection, y, measured at any distance x from one end along the beam satisfies
the differential equation
d2 y W L2
E I 2 = ax2 − Lx + b for 0 ≤ x ≤ L
dx 2 6

where W, E and I are constants. Prove that the maximum deflection occurs in the
middle of the beam, and determine the maximum deflection of the beam.
19 If a and b are positive real constants, find the particular solution to each of the
Master
following differential equations.
d2 y 1
a + = 0, y(0) = 0 and y′(0) = 0
dx 2
(ax + b) 3
d2 y 1
b + = 0, y(0) = 0 and y′(0) = 0
dx 2 (ax + b) 2
d x 9
20 a i Show that B R= .
FS
dx "9 + 4x2 "(9 + 4x2) 3
d2 y 9
ii Hence, find the general solution to + = 0.
O
2
dx "(9 + 4x2) 3
O
b i If a and b are positive real constants, show that
PR
d x a
B R= .
dx "a + bx2
"(a + bx2) 3
d2 y 1
E
ii Hence, find the general solution to
2
+ = 0.
dx "(a + bx2) 3
G
PA
D
TE
EC
R
R
O
C
N
U

ONLINE ONLY 9.7 Review www.jacplus.com.au
the Maths Quest review is available in a customisable • Extended-response questions — providing you with
format for you to demonstrate your knowledge of this the opportunity to practise exam-style questions.
topic. a summary of the key points covered in this topic is
the review contains: also available as a digital document.
• short-answer questions — providing you with the
opportunity to demonstrate the skills you have
developed to efficiently answer questions using the REVIEW QUESTIONS
most appropriate methods
FS
Download the Review questions document from
• Multiple-choice questions — providing you with the the links found in the Resources section of your
opportunity to practise answering questions using eBookPLUS.
O
CAS technology
O
PR
E
studyON is an interactive and highly visual online GUnits 3 & 4 <Topic title to go here>
PA
tool that helps you to clearly identify strengths
and weaknesses prior to your exams. You can then
confidently target areas of greatest need, enabling
Sit topic test
D
you to achieve your best results.

TE
EC
R
R
O
C
N
U

9 Answers
Exercise 9.2 11 a y = 4 − 2 cos(2x) b y = 3 − 2 sin(3x)
1 Check with your teacher. 12 a y = 4x − sin(4x) b y = 6x + sin(6x)
1
2 Check with your teacher. 13 a y = 2
(!4x + 9 − 3), x > −94
3 −5, 2 b y = 1 + 12 loge a ∣ 2x − 3 ∣ b , x ≠ 32
4 ±3 10x − 17 5
14 a y = ,x≠
5 Check with your teacher. 3x − 5 3
FS
6 −2 b y = 5 − 2 loge a ∣ 7 − 4x ∣ b , x ≠ 4
7
7 Check with your teacher.

3 x2 + 9
8 a a = 0, b = −1, c = 1 15 a y = 2 loge a b
O
9
b a = 1, b = −6, c = 18, d = −24
b y = 2 − "x2 + 4
O
c Check with your teacher.
1 x2 + 6x + 13
d –2, 5 16 a y = 2 loge a b
PR
13
9 a, b Check with your teacher.
c −6, 1
3
b y = loge q r
d −2 ± 3i "x2 − 4x + 9
E
1
17 a y = −8 sin4 (2x)
10 a−c Check with your teacher.
d±3
G b y = cos3 (3x) − 1
18 a y = 5x − x loge a 2 ∣ x ∣ b − 2, x ≠ 0
3
PA
11−14 Check with your teacher.
15 a Check with your teacher. b y = (x − 4)e−x + 4
b a = 0, b = 1 1 2x 1 9
19 a y = tan−1 a b + loge a b
16 a a = 6, b = 9 4x2 + 9
D
2 3 4
b Check with your teacher. 3 2x "9 − 4x2 2
TE
b y = asin−1 a b − 1b + , ∣x∣ <

17 a 5 2 3 2 3
b, c Check with your teacher. x
20 a i y = −b sin−1 a b, ∣ x ∣ < a
EC
18 Check with your teacher. a
Exercise 9.3
ii y =
b
2a
loge a
a−x
a+x
∣ ∣
b, ∣ x ∣ < a
R
1 a y = c − 3x4 b y = 13 − 3x2 −x a
iii y = ,x≠−
a(a + bx) b
R
2 a y = c − 6 sin(2x) b y = 2(cos(3x) − 1)
9x − 11 5 e−2x
b y = (2 cos(3x) − 3 sin(3x) − 2)
O
3 y = ,x≠
4x − 5 4 13
4 y = 3 + 2 loge a ∣ 4x − 7 ∣ b , x ≠ 4
C
1 7
5 Exercise 9.4
N
5 y = 1 − !2x − 5, x > 3
2
1 y = " (B − 6x) 2
6 y = 11 − 4!x, x > 0
U
1
2 y = 2 sin−1 (Be2x)
x
7 y = 6 sin−1 a b − π, ∣ x ∣ < 8 15x − 13 11
8 3 y = ,x≠
12x − 11 12
π x
8 y = − tan−1 a b 1
4 y = 4 (7 + 5e−4x)
2 4
7 5 y = 5e−3x
9 a y = 2x2 + 3x + c b y = x3 + 2x2 − 20x + c
6 y = 3e5x
c y = e2x + 3e−2x + c d y = "x2 + 9 + c
x
7 y = 8 cosa b, −6π < x < 0
6
π π
10 a y = 3 c 5 loge a ∣ x ∣ b + x2 + 8d , x ≠ 0
1
8 y = 4 tan(x), − < x <
2 2
b y = 2(e3x − e−3x)

4 4 1 3
9 a y = b y = Aex − 4 c y − − x =c
c−x y 3
x
1 8 1 2
4 3 d 2 y2 − − 2ex = c
c y = Ae d y = "12x + A y
1
10 a y = 4e−5x b y = 2e3x−3 8 a y = ,x≠0
11 a y = 2 (5 + e−2x)
1 2
b y = 3 (2 + e3x) 1 − loge a ∣ x ∣ b
1 3 4 1
12 a y = 4 (x + 3) 2 b y = ,x≠ b y =
4 − 3x 3 4 − 3 cos(4x)
1 17
13 a y = −2 loge (17 − 8x), x < 8 9 a y = "5 − x2, ∣ x ∣ < !5
b y = −13 loge (18x − 17), x > 17 3
18
b y =
5x − 8 3 7x − 23 10 6x3 − 5
14 a y = ,x≠ b y = ,x≠
FS
2x − 3 2 3x − 10 3 2 2x
10 a y = b y =
15 a y = 2 cos−1 (2x), ∣ x ∣ ≤ 3
1
9x − 8
4 2−x
b y = 2sin−1 (4x), ∣ x ∣ ≤ 4 2
1 1
11 a y = , x ≠ loge (!3)
O
3 − e2x
16 a y = x2 + 3x
O
π π 2
3
b y = 2 tan(6x), − <x< b y =
12 12 4x − 3
6
PR
3 −x 2
12 6 12 a y = ex b y =
17 a y = b y = 4x3 − 2x + 3
3 + e4x 3e−3x − 2
2 1
12(ex + 1) 13 a y = b y =
18 a y = 2x2 − 2x + 1 "3
6x4 − 3x + 1
E
4ex + 3
2 4x4 4
4(1 − e2x) 14 a y = , x ≠ ±1 b y = , x ≠ ±" 5
b y =
e2x − 2
, x ≠ loge (!2)
G 1 − x2
1
15 a y = 4 (x4 + 4)
5 − x4
2
b y = 3"2x2 + 9
PA
19 a y = y0ekx
5x2 !5π
b i y = ac −
b −ax b
be + 16 a y = 5 tana b, ∣ x ∣ ≤
a a 2 5
D
ac !2π
ii y = b y = 5 cos(2x2), ∣ x ∣ ≤
(a − bc)eax + bc
TE
2
b2x 1 8
20 a i y = ,x≠ 17 a y = x − ,x≠0
1 − abx ab x3
EC
a
ii y = tan(abx) b y = 2x a 1 + 2 loge a ∣ x ∣ b b , x ≠ 0
b
ab(1 − e−(a − b)x) 18 a y = x a c + b loge a ∣ x ∣ b b , x ≠ 0
b i y =
R
ae−(a − b)x − b bx c
ii −a b y = + a
R
a+1 x
O
Exercise 9.5
Exercise 9.6
C
y4 x2 1 y = c2 + c1x − x6
1 + 8y − − 2x = c
4 2 2 y = c2 + c1x + 4 sin(3x)
N
y
1
2 y − 2 tan−1 a b+ =c 3 y = −2x4 − 5x − 1
U
2 x 3π
+x 4 y = 3 sin(2x) + 6x + 1 −
3 y = ex
3
2
1 1 ± !13 −3x2 16
4 y = ,x≠ 5 y = ,x≠−
3+x−x 2 2 128(3x + 16) 3
!2π 6 y = 12!2x + 9 − 3x − 36, x > −2
9
5 y = 8 sin(x2), 0 < x <
2
k 4 5kL4
!2π 7 y = (x − 2Lx2 + L3x),
6 y = 4 tan(x2), 0 < x < 12 192
2 3
1 1 k kL
7 a y3 + 4y − x3 − 4x = c 8 y = (3Lx2 − x3),
3 3 6 3
b
1 2
2
y + 4 loge a ∣ y ∣ b − 12x2 = c

2 16 a Check with your teacher.
9 a y = c2 + c1x − , x ≠ 0
x b y = 3x3 − 36x − 48
x3 x4 5 9
b y = c2 + c1x + 10x2 − − 17 a y = 30x + 45 − 3"(4x + 9) 3, x > −4
2 6
5 ∣ 4x + 9 ∣ 4x
c y = c2 + c1x + 2 loge a ∣ x ∣ b + ,x≠0 b y = loge a , x ≠ −94
b−
2x 9 9
5
d y = c2 + c1x + 2e−x − 9 e− 3x W WL4
18 a y = (6L2x2 − 4Lx3 + x4),
24E I 8E I
10 a y = −x3 + 8x − 5
W x2 WL 4
b y = −2x4 + 31x − 27 b y = (x − L) 2,
24E I 384E I
11 a y = 4 − 2e2x − 2e −2x −x2 b
4 11x 41 19 a y = ,x≠−
b y = 5e −x − e −3x + − 2b (ax + b)
2 a
9 3 9
FS
12 a y = 4 sin(2x) − 8x + 4 1 ∣ ax + b ∣ x b
b y = loge a b− ,x≠−
b y = 3 cos(3x) + 18x − 3π + 3 a2 b ab a
O
13 a y = 1 − cos(4x) − 8x2 Check with your teacher.
20 a i
1
b y = 18 cos(8x) − 4x2 − 18 ii y = c2 + c1x − 4"9 + 4x2
O
x2 2 b i Check with your teacher.
14 a y = ,x≠− 1
PR
8(3x + 2) 3 ii y = c2 + c1x − "a + bx2
x 9 ab
b y = !2x + 9 − − 3, x > −
3 2
15 a Check with your teacher.
E
b y = −6x2 − 24x − 20
G
PA
D
TE
EC
R
R
O
C
N
U

Solving Differential Equations

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Solving Differential Equations

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

R

9.2 Verifying solutions to a differential equation

9.3 Solving Type 1 differential equations, = f (x)

9.4 Solving Type 2 differential equations, = f (y)

c09DifferentialEquations.indd 456 04/07/15 12:30 PM

c09DifferentialEquations.indd 457 04/07/15 12:30 PM

has a degree of 3, whereas all the others have a

example, second-order derivatives can be expressed

study of mathematics and appear in almost every

branch of science. Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727)

and Gottfried Wilheim Leibniz (1646–1716) are both

equations in the 1670s and 1680s.

Verifying solutions to differential equations

458 Maths Quest 12 SPECIALIST MATHEMATICS VCE Units 3 and 4

c09DifferentialEquations.indd 458 04/07/15 12:30 PM

Differential equations involving unknowns

derivative into the given differential equation.

topic 9 DIfferentIaL eQuatIons 459

c09DifferentialEquations.indd 459 04/07/15 12:30 PM

so that LHS = RHS = 0, thus proving = e−2x [4x − 4 + 4 − 8x + 4x]

the given solution does satisfy the

ExErCisE 9.2 Verifying solutions to a differential equation

460 Maths Quest 12 sPeCIaLIst MatheMatICs VCe units 3 and 4

c09DifferentialEquations.indd 460 04/07/15 12:30 PM

8 a Find the constants a, b and c if y = a + bx + cx2 is a solution of the differential

c Show that y = xn is a solution of the differential equation

d The differential equation x2

Topic 9 Differential ­equations 461

c09DifferentialEquations.indd 461 04/07/15 12:30 PM

c If y = ax + b"x2 + 1 where a and b are constants, show that

equation = 2a2y(1 + y2).

b Verify that y = tan2 (ax), where a ∈ R \ {0 }, is a solution of the differential

13 a Verify that y = tan−1 (2x) is a solution of the differential equation

462 Maths Quest 12 SPECIALIST MATHEMATICS VCE Units 3 and 4

c09DifferentialEquations.indd 462 04/07/15 12:30 PM

of the differential equation 2

17 a Given that y = Ax2e−3x is a solution of the differential equation

4x2 2 + 4x + (4x2 − 1)y = 0.

18 Adrien Marie Legendre (1752–1833) was a famous French mathematician.

Topic 9 Differential ­equations 463

c09DifferentialEquations.indd 463 04/07/15 12:31 PM

obtain P2 (x) and P3 (x).

c The Legendre polynomials also satisfy 3 Pn (x)Pm (x) dx = 0 when m ≠ n and

9.3 Solving Type 1 differential equations, G

Classifying solutions to a differential equation

The solution of a differential equation is usually obtained by the process of

A general solution is one which contains arbitrary constants of integration and

In general, the number of arbitrary constants of integration to be found is equal to the

Type 1 differential equations, = f(x)

464 Maths Quest 12 SPECIALIST MATHEMATICS VCE Units 3 and 4

c09DifferentialEquations.indd 464 04/07/15 12:31 PM

3 Express y in terms of x with an arbitrary constant. y = −2x3 + c

4 Substitute and use the given conditions to determine y(1) = 2:

the value of the constant. ⇒ x = 1 when y = 2

finding particular solutions

example presented here is a review of this process.

topic 9 DIfferentIaL eQuatIons 465

c09DifferentialEquations.indd 465 04/07/15 12:31 PM

3 Use index laws to express the integrand as a y = −3 (4 − 3x) −2dx

9 Substitute and use the given conditions to y(1) = 2

10 Substitute back for c, and state the particular y= +

result can be simplified.

466 Maths Quest 12 SPECIALIST MATHEMATICS VCE Units 3 and 4

8 a Find the constants a, b and c if y = a + bx + cx2 is a solution of the differential

Topic 9 Differential equations 461

13 a Verify that y = tan−1 (2x) is a solution of the differential equation

17 a Given that y = Ax2e−3x is a solution of the differential equation

Topic 9 Differential equations 463

Topic 9 Differential equations 469

Topic 9 Differential equations 473

Topic 9 Differential equations 477