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Solutions:
Raoult's law;
Molecular weight determination from lowering of vapor pressure,
Molecular weight determination from elevation of boiling point and
Molecular weight determination from depression of freezing point.
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Main topics in TMH Book chapter
COMPOSITION OF A SOLUTION
IDEAL LIQUID SOLUTION
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
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Raoult's Law
The vapor pressure and composition in equilibrium with a solution can yield valuable
information regarding the thermodynamic properties of the liquids involved. Raoult’s law relates
the vapor pressure of components to the composition of the solution. The law assumes ideal
behavior. It gives a simple picture of the situation just as the ideal gas law does. The ideal gas
law is very useful as a limiting law. As the interactive forces between molecules and the volume
of the molecules approache zero, so the behavior of gases approach the behavior of the ideal gas.
Raoult’s law is similar in that it assumes that the physical properties of the components are
identical. The more similar the components the more their behavior approaches that described by
Raoult’s law.
Using the example of a solution of two liquids, A and B, if no other gases are present the total
vapor pressure Ptot above the solution is equal to the sum of the vapor pressures of the two
components, P(A) and P(B).
Raoult's Law
The vapor pressure and composition in equilibrium with a solution can yield valuable
information regarding the thermodynamic properties of the liquids involved. Raoult’s law relates
the vapor pressure of components to the composition of the solution. The law assumes ideal
behavior. It gives a simple picture of the situation just as the ideal gas law does. The ideal gas
law is very useful as a limiting law. As the interactive forces between molecules and the volume
of the molecules approache zero, so the behavior of gases approach the behavior of the ideal gas.
Raoult’s law is similar in that it assumes that the physical properties of the components are
identical. The more similar the components the more their behavior approaches that described by
Raoult’s law.
Using the example of a solution of two liquids, A and B, if no other gases are present the total
vapor pressure Ptot above the solution is equal to the sum of the vapor pressures of the two
components, PA and PB.
f the two components are very similar, or in the limiting case, differ only in isotopic content, then
the vapor pressure of each component will be equal to the vapor pressure of the pure substance
Po times the mole fraction in the solution. This is Raoult’s law.
If the two components are very similar, or in the limiting case, differ only in isotopic content,
then the vapor pressure of each component will be equal to the vapor pressure of the pure
substance Po times the mole fraction in the solution. This is Raoult’s law.
P(i) = P(i)^0*x(i)
refer: http://www.tannerm.com/raoult.htm
The freezing point is the temperature at which the solid and liquid states the substance have the
same vapour pressure.
When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the freezing point of the solution is always
lower than that of the pure solvent.
The depression in freezing temperature is proportional to the molal concentration of the solution
(m).
ΔTf α m Or ΔTf = Kf*m
To find the molar mass of an unknown substance (nonvolatile compound), a known mass of it is
dissolved in a known mass of a solvent and depression in its freezing point (ΔTf)is measured.
weight of solute be Wb g
weight of the solvent be Wa g
Molar mass of the solute be Mb
Mb = Kf*Wb*1000/Wa*ΔTf
or
Mb = [Kf*Wb*1000]/[ΔTf * Wa]
Example:
Addition of 0.643 g of a compound to 50 ml of benzene (density 0.879 g/ml) lowers the freezing
point from 5.51°C to 5.03°C. If Kf for benzene is 5.12 K kg molˉ¹, calculate the molar mass of
the compound. (IIT 1992)
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(A) 0.5
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
Answer: A