"BE" PRESENTE: AFIRMATIVO

USO:
Para conectar el sujeto con el resto de la sentencia.

FORMA:
am, is, are (en el the Present Tense)
[SUBJECT + BE + REST OF SENTENCE]

I am
You are
He is
She is
It is

We are
You are
They are
EJEMPLOS:
"My name is Maurice."
"I am your waiter."
"We are hungry."

"BE" PRESENTE: PREGUNTAS SI/NO

USO:
Realizar preguntas cuya respuesta sea "yes" o "not".
.
FORMA:
El sujeto y el verbo cambian de lugar.

Afirmativa: They are at work.

Pregunta Si/No: Are they at work?
Afirmativa: That store is expensive.
Pregunta Si/No: Is that store expensive?
EJEMPLOS:
"Are you angry?"
"Is Bob in France?"

"BE" PRESENTE: CONTRACCIONES

USO:
Unir el sujeto y la forma de "BE" y convertirlos en una palabra. Se utiliza en
conversación.
FORMA:
FORMAS AFIRMATIVAS

Regular Form Contracted Form

 I am I'm
You are You're
He is He's
She is She's
It is It's

We are We're
You are You're
They are They're

FORMAS NEGATIVAS

Forma regular Forma contraida

I am not I'm not
You are not You're not You aren't
He is not He's not He isn't
She is not She's not She isn't
It is not It's not It isn't

We are not We're not We aren't

You are not You're not You aren't
They are not They're not They aren't
EJEMPLOS:
"Who's next?"
"I'm next!"
"No, you aren't. We'renext!"

"BE" PRESENTE: RESPUESTAS CORTAS

USO:
Para responder a una pregunta si/no. n.
FORM:
[SI + SUJETO + BE]

(nunca con contracciones)

[NO + SUJETO + BE + NOT]
(con frecuencia con contracciones)

AFIRMATIVO
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he is.
Yes, she is.
Yes, it is.

Yes, we are.
Yes, you are.
Yes, they are.
NEGATIVO
No, I'm not.
No, you're not. No, you aren't.
No, he's not. No, he isn't.
No, it's not. No, it isn't.

No, we're not. No, we aren't.

No, you're not. No, you aren't.
No, they're not. No, they aren't.
EJEMPLOS:
"Is this your dog?"
"Yes, it is."
"Is this your dog?"
"No, it isn't."

THIS/THAT THESE/THOSE

USO:
Indicar objetos específicos.
FORMA:
"This"/"That"
se utilizan con sustantivos en singular
"These"/"Those"
se utilizan con sustantivos en plural
"This"/"These"
se emplean con sustantivos cercanos al hablante
"That"/"Those"
se emplean con sustantivos que no están cerca del hablante
EJEMPLOS:
"Is this your hat?"
(Un sombrero específico cercano a la persona que habla.)
"No, that is my hat."
(Un sombrero específico que está un poco más lejos.)
"Are these your gloves?"
(Guantes específicos que están cerca.)
"No, those are my gloves."
(Guantes específicos que están más lejos.)
"I'm going to visit friends this Friday."
(El viernes específico, más cercano en el tiempo.)

SUSTANTIVOS: SINGULAR/PLURAL

USO:
Indicar dos o más unidades del mismo objeto.
FORMA:
Añadir una "s" al sustantivo.

 a dollar many guitars

 a guitar two dollar
Muchos sustantivos cambian su ortografía al hacer el plural.
Cuando un sustantivo termina en "s", "ss", "x", "sh" o "ch", añadir "es".
a watch watches
NOTA: "es" se pronuncia "ez"
Cuando un sustantivo acaba en consonante + "y" cambiar la "y" por "i" y añadir
"es".
 a baby
 babies
Cuando un sustantivo termina en "o", a veces añadir "es".
 a potato
 potatoes
PERO
 a radio
 radios
Cuando un sustantivo acaba en "f" o "fe", cambiar la "f" por "v" y añadir "es" o "s".a shelf shelves
A veces la forma plural del sustantivo parece totalmente distinta:
a foot / feet
a woman / women
a man / men
a mouse / mice
a person / people
a child / children

THERE IS / THERE ARE

USO:
Indicar que algo existe o está presente.
FORMA:
Singular: [THERE IS + RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN]
Plural: [THERE ARE + RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN]
Interrogaciones: [IS/ARE THERE + RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN]
EJEMPLOS:
"Are there any cookies left?"
"There is one more left."

ARTICULOS

USO:
"a" y "an" se utilizan con todos los sustantivos contables en singular.
"the" se utiliza para referirse a un sustantivo específico, singular o plural.
FORMA:
Con las palabras que comienzan por consonante se utiliza la forma "a". Las
palabras que comienzan por vocal utilizan la forma "an".
EJEMPLOS:
"Give me a sandwich please."
(Sandwich es singular y puede contarse.)
"This is a dog."
(Dog comienza por "d", una consonante.)
"This is an orange."
(Orange comienza por "o", una vocal.)
"I want the English book."
"I want the English books."
("the" se utiliza igualmente con sustantivos en plural o en singular.)
"I want water, please."
"I want the water, please."
(Water no puede contarse, por tanto solo puede utilizarse "the" y no "a".)

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: AFIRMATIVO

USO:
Describir acciones que están ocurriendo ahora o en el futuro.

FORMA:
[SUJETO + BE + VERBOing + RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN]

I am waiting for you.

You are eating my cake.
He/She/It is sleeping now.

We are going tomorrow.

You are walking too fast.
They are studying English this year.
EJEMPLOS:
"I am trying to study."
"He is eating an apple."
"Our secretary is eating lunch."
"We are meeting them tonight."

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: PREGUNTAS SI/NO

USO:
Realizar preguntas que requieren "sí" o "no" como respuesta
FORMA

El sujeto y la forma de "BE" cambian de lugar.

Enunciado: He is sleeping.
Pregunta SI/NO: Is he sleeping?

Enunciado: They are working now.

Pregunta SI/NO: Are they working now?
EJEMPLOS:
"Are you listening to me?"
"Is your sister moving to New York?"

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: RESPUESTAS CORTAS

USO:
Responder a una pregunta sí/no.
FORMA:
[YES + SUJETO + BE] (nunca se utiliza con contracciones)
[NO + SUJETO + BE + NOT] (a menudo se utiliza con contracciones)
AFIRMATIVA
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he is.
Yes, she is.
Yes, it is.

Yes, we are.
Yes, you are.
Yes, they are.
NEGATIVA

No, I'm not.

No, you're not. No, you aren't.
No, he's not. No, he isn't.
No, it's not. No, it isn't.

No, we're not. No, we aren't.

No, you're not. No, you aren't.
No, they're not. No, they aren't.

EJEMPLOS:
"Marie, are you enjoying the party?"
"Yes, I am."
"Are we leaving now?"
"No, we aren't."

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: NEGATIVO

USO:
Describir una acción que no está ocurriendo ahora o en el futuro.
FORMA:
[SUJET + BE + NOT + VERBO+ing (+ REST)]

I am not driving.
You are not listening.
 She is not working.
He is not working.
It is not working.

We are not studying.

You are not waiting.
They are not talking.
EJEMPLOS:
"It is not raining anymore."
"I am not going to the party tonight."

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: PREGUNTAS -WH

USO:
Realizar preguntas que comienzan con las siguientes palabras de interrogación: WHAT,
WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW
FORMA:
[PALABRA DE INTERROGACIÓN + BE + SUJETO + VERBOing + RESTO]
NOTA: el sujeto y la forma de "BE" cambian de lugar.
They are working at home now.
Are they working at home now?
Where are they working now? (Wh-Question)
EJEMPLO:
"What are you doing now?"
"I'm watching a movie on TV."

Verbos
ask pedir
listen escucha
look over revisar
meet reunirse
say decir
study estudiar
talk about hablar sobre
think pensar
turn around Giro de vuelta
write Escribir

"BE" PRESENTE: NEGATIVO

USO:
Hacer una sentencia negativa
FORMA:
Agregar "not" despues del verbo "BE".
[SUJETO + BE + NOT + RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA]

I am not
You are not
She is not
He is not
It is not

We are not
You are not
They are not
EJEMPLOS:
"This dress is not my size."
"They are not happy."

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: CAMBIOS DE ORTOGRAFIA

USO:
La ortografía de algunos verbos cambia cuando se añade "ing".
FORMA:
En la mayoría de los verbos que terminan en consonante- vocal-consonante, se
duplica la última letra:
stop - stopping
En los verbos que acaban en "e", eliminar la"e" antes de añadir "ing":
have - having
give - giving
EJEMPLOS:
"I'm having a great time in Paris."
"The bus driver is stopping the bus."

Las consonantes son b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, y, z.

Verbos

beautiful hermosa
busy ocupado
clean limpiar
cool fresco
excellent excelente
fast rápido
fine bien
great estupendo
interested in interesado en
new nuevo
 SUSTANTIVOS: POSESIVO

USO:
Mostrar a quién o a qué pertenece una cosa.

FORMA:
Añadir " 's " al nombre de la persona, lugar o cosa a la que pertenece el
sustantivo. En los sustantivos en plural, colocar el " ' " después de la "s".
EJEMPLOS:
"The boy's pizza."
(La pizza pertenece al niño.)
"The boys' pizza."
(La pizza pertenece a los niños.)

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: CONTRACCIONES

USO:
Unir el sujeto y la forma de "BE" y convertirlos en una palabra. Se emplea en
conversación.
FORMA:
FORMAS AFIRMATIVAS

Forma Regular Forma Contraída

I am going. I'm going.
You are going. You're going.
He is going. He's going.
She is going. She's going.
It is going. It's going.
We are going. We're going.
You are going. You're going.
They are going. They're going.
EJEMPLOS:
He is taking the bus.
He's taking the bus.
FORMAS NEGATIVAS

I'm not working.

You're not working. You aren't working.
He's not working. He isn't working.
She's not working. She isn't working.
It's not working It isn't working.

We're not working. We aren't working.

You're not working. You aren't working.
They're not working. They aren't working.

EJEMPLOS:
"Frank is not driving to work today."
"Frank isn't driving to work today."
"Frank's not driving to work today."
Verbos

fifty percent off cincuenta por ciento de descuento

for sale en venta

free gratis

furniture store tienda de muebles

low prices precios bajos

open abierto

price precio

product producto

regular price precio regular

sale venta

PRONOBRES: SUJETO

USE:
Hacer referencia al sujeto de una oración en lugar de utilizar nombres propios.
FORMA:
Para referirse a personas: I, you, he, she, we, they
Para referirse a cosas: it, they
EJEMPLO:
"I am Mack."
"She is Matilda."
"He is little Spike."
"We are your new neighbors."

PRONOMBRES: OBJETO

USO:
Hacer referencia al objeto de una oración en lugar de utilizar un nombre propio.
FORMA:
Para referirse a personas: me, you, him, her, us, them
Para referirse a cosas: it, them
EJEMPLOS:
"Do you know him?"
"No, but I know her; she's my boss!"
 PRONOBRES: POSESIVO

USO:
Indicar pertenencia sin utilizar el nombre del propietario.
FORMA:
ADJETIVO
Seguido siempre por el sustantivo al cual describe: my, your, his,
her, its, our, their
SUSTANTIVO
Sin el sustantivo al cual que describe: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
EJEMPLOS:
"Is it your turn?"
"No, it's his."
"It's not my turn, it's hers."

bus autobús

bus fare billete de autobús

bus stop parada de autobús

car coche

conductor conductor

late tarde

take a taxi toma un taxi

train tren

wait for esperar

walk caminar

BE PASADO: FRASES

USO:
Conectar el sujeto con el resto de la oración y hablar acerca del pasado
AFIRMATIVO

FORMA:
[SUJETO + WAS/WERE + RESTO]

I/She/He/It was in the kitchen.

You/We/They were late.
NEGATIVO

FORMA:
[SUJETO + WAS/WERE + NOT + RESTO]

WASN'T/WEREN'T
I/She/He/It was not angry.
I/She/He/It wasn't here.

You/We/They were not early.

You/We/They weren't on time.

EJEMPLOS:
"Diana was at home yesterday."
"She wasn't at school."
"They were late to work."
"They weren't early."

BE PAST: PREGUNTAS

PREGUNTAS SI/NO

USO:
Realizar preguntas cuya respuesta es "sí" o "no".
FORMA:
El sujeto y el verbo cambian de lugar.

Afirmativa: They were at home.

Pregunta Si/No: Were they at home?
Negativa: He wasn't at school.
Pregunta Si/No: Wasn't he at school?(Se utilizan siempre con contracciones.)

Respuestas: Yes, I was.

No, I wasn't.

PREGUNTAS-WH

USO:
Realizar preguntas que comienzan con estasexpresiones interrogativas:WHAT, WHEN,
WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORMA:
Preguntas acerca del SUJETO:
[PALABRA-WH + BE PAST + RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA]
Afirmativa: Juan was at home.
pREGUNTA -Wh: Who was at home?
Preguntas acerca del RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN:
[WH-WORD + BE PAST + SUBJECT + REST OF SENTENCE]
Afirmativa: He was in Philadelphia.
Pregunta - Wh Where was he?
Afirmativa: He was there in 1990.
Pregunta - Wh: When was he there?
EJEMPLOS:
Police: "Where were you last nightat 9:30?"
Man: "I was at home all night."
Police: "Was Big Bob with you?"
Man: "No, he wasn't. I was alone."

Verbos

comprar buy
cerrado closed
entrega delivery
grandes almacenes department store
tienda de regalos gift shop
buen negocio good business
orden order
paga pay
ahorrar dinero save money
gerente de la tienda store manager

SUSTANTIVOS y QUANTIFICADORES:
SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLES y CUANTIFICADORES

USO:
Los cuantificadores son palabras o frases
que indican el número o la cantidad de
un objeto. Algunos cuantificadores se emplean tanto con sustantivos como con incontables. Otros
solo se utilizan
con sustantivos contables o incontables
pero no con ambos.
RECUERDA: Los sustantivos incontables toman solo la
forma singular del verbo!
some (enunciado):
"There is some water in your glass."
any (preguntas y sentencias negative):

"Is there any money in the handbag?"

"There isn't any time left."
a lot of

"There is a lot of butter on your bread."

much

"I haven't got much money."

"How much milk do you want?"
a little

"I only want a little juice."

 NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS:
COUNT NOUNS and QUANTIFIERS

USE:
Quantifiers are words or phrases which show the number or amount of an object. Some
quantifiers are used with both count and non-count nouns. Some other quantifiers are
used only with either non-count nouns or count nouns, but not with both.
some (statements):
"There are some books on the shelf."
any (questions and negative sentences):

"Are there any girls in your class?"

"There aren't any onions in the salad."
a lot of

"There are a lot of red apples."

many

"I haven't got many friends."

"How many chairs are in that classroom?"
a few

"He has a few books."

EXAMPLE:
"Are there any small nails down there, Harry?"
"Sorry, there aren't any, but I have some big nails.
Is that OK?"

hornear bake

cocinar cook

libro de cocina cookbook

vaso cup

plato dish

congelar freeze

Fresco fresh

comida meal

plato plate

servir serve
 PRESENTE SIMPLE: ENUNCIADOS

USO:
Hablar de acciones, estados o hechos que suceden en cualquier momento, de forma
repetida o continuamente.
AFIRMATIVA

FORMA:
La tercera persona del singular añaden una -s final.
[SUJETO + VERBO(s) + RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN
I/You/We/They work in a bank.
He/She/It has brown eyes.
ORTOGRAFIA

Los verbos que acaban en ss, sh, ch, x, o añaden la terminación es a la tercera persona
del singular.kisses,matches, goes, watches
Para verbos que terminan en la consonante + y,cambian la y por la terminación
-ies:carry/carries,try/tries, copy/copies
NOTA: el presente simple se utiliza también con adverbios y frases
adverbiales: Always, Never,Often,Sometimes, Usually, Every day/week, On
Sundays, Twice a month, year, etc.
EJEMPLOS:
"I often go to basketball games."
"He never watches TV."
"My brother goes to the health club twice a week."
"I always have coffee for breakfast."
NEGATIVA

FORMA:
[SUJETO+ DO NOT/DON'T+ VERBO+ RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN] DOES
NOT/DOESN'T)

I/You/We/They don't drive in the city.

He/She/It doesn't have brown eyes..
EJEMPLO:
"Bill calls Mary, but he doesn't call me."

PRESENT SIMPLE: YES/NO QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

USE:
To ask questions about actions in general time that need an answer of "yes" or "no".
FORM:
Put DO or DOES in front of the subject.
[DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + REST]
Does he/she/it like milk?
Do I know him?
AFFIRMATIVE: She likes milk.
YES/NO QUESTION: Does she like milk?
ANSWERS

USE:
To answer a yes/no question.
FORM:

[YES, SUBJECT + DO/DOES]

Yes, I/you/we/they do.
Yes, he/she/it does.
[NO, SUBJECT + DON'T/DOESN'T]
No, I/you/we/they don't.
No, he/she/it doesn't.
EXAMPLES:
"Do you work on Saturdays?"
"Yes, I do."
"Does he work on Saturdays?"
"No, he doesn't."

PRESENTE SIMPLE: Preguntas Wh

USO:
Realizar preguntas acerca de acciones en tiempo general

que comienzan con los siguientes interrogativos: WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO,
WHY, HOW.
FORMA:
Preguntas acerca del SUJETO:

[WHO-WHAT + VERBO + RESTO]

Who lives here?

Preguntas acerca del RESTO DE LA ORACION:
[WH-WORD + DO/DOES... VERBO...]

When do you go home?

Where does he live?
EJEMPLOS:
"Who lives in that house?"
"The Porters."
"What does Jack want to do?"
"Go to the movies.
"Where do they work?"
"At the bank."
dar direcciones give directions

en frente de in front of

a la izquierda en left at

mapa map

cerca near

cerca de next to

opuesto opposite

a la derecha en right at

calle street

giro turn

COMPARACIÓN: IGUALDAD

USO:
Comparar dos personas o cosas que son semejantes.
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVA:
[AS + ADJETIVO + AS]
Bob is as tall as Marty.
NEGATIVA:
[NOT AS + ADJETIVO + AS]
Her hair is not as long as mine.

COMPARACIÓN: COMPARATIVOS

USO:
Comparar una o más persona(s)/cosa(s)con otras personas/cosas. .
FORMA:
[FORMA COMPARATIVA DE ADJETIVO + THAN]
John is older than Bart.
Betty is more beautiful than Barbara.
La mayoría de adjetivos añaden la terminación -er:

long/longer, old/older, tall/taller

Los adjetivos que acaban en -e toman la terminación -r:

nice/nicer, late/later
Los adjetivos que acaban en vocal + consonante

duplican la consonante:

fat/fatter, big/bigger, hot/hotter

En los adjetivos que acaban en y, eliminar la y; añadir la terminación -ier:

happy/happier, easy/easier
La mayoría de los adjetivos de dos o más sílabas
forman el comparativo con more:

intelligent - more intelligent

beautiful - more beautiful
Los adjetivos "good" y "bad" tienen una forma comparativa irregular:

good - better
bad - worse
EJEMPLOS:
Todd: "Samurai Sam is winning. He's stronger than Viking Vick."
Ron: "Yes, and he's more popular, too!"

COMPARACIÓN: SUPERLATIVOS

USO:
Comparar una o más personas o cosas con
un grupo.
FORMA:
[THE + FORMA SUPERLATIVA DE ADJETIVO]

John is the tallest boy in the class.

They are the most beautiful shoes in the store.
La mayoría de los adjetivos adquieren la terminación -est: long/longest,
old/oldest
Los adjetivos que acaban en -e toman -st: nice/nicest, late/latest
Los adjectives que terminan en una vocal + consonante duplican la
consonante: fat/fattest, big/biggest, hot/hottest
Los adjetivos que acaban en y eliminan la y; añaden la terminación -iest:
happy/happiest, easy/easiest
La mayoría de los adjetivos de dos o más sílabas

forman el superlativo con most:

honest - most honest
beautiful - most beautiful
The adjectives "good" and "bad" have an irregular superlative form:

good - best
bad - worst
EJEMPLOS:
"Come to Mad Mo's. We have the cheapest,
the biggest, the most terrific store in New York! We are the best!"
atleta athlete

baloncesto basketball

bicicleta bicycle

campeonato championship

ejercicio exercise

juego game

jugador player

carrera race

estadio stadium

ganar win

SUSTANTIVOS y CUANTIFICADORES:
SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES/INCONTABLES

USO:
Los cuantificadores son palabras o frases que indican el número o la cantidad de un
objeto. Algunos cuantificadores se emplean tanto con sustantivos contables como con
incontables. Otros sólo se utilizan con sustantivos contables o incontables, pero no con
ambos.
USADOS CON AMBOS SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES E INCONTABLES:
some (dichos):

"There are some books on the shelf." (CONTABLE)

"There is some fruit on the table." (INCONTABLE)
any (frases negativas y preguntas):

"Are there any girls in your class?" (CONTABLE)

"There aren't any onions in the salad." (CONTABLE)
"Is there any butter?" (INCONTABLE)
"There isn't any homework today." (INCONTABLE)
a lot of:

"There are a lot of red apples." (CONTABLE)

"There is a lot of noise in here." (INCONTABLE)
USADAS CON SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES SOLAMENTE:
many

"I haven't got many friends."

"How many chairs are in that classroom?"
a few

"He has a few books."

USADAS CON SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLES SOLAMENTE:
much

"I haven't got much time."

"How much milk do you want?"
a little

"I only want a little juice."

dieta diet

comer ligero eat light

energía energy

libre de grasas fat-free

saludable healthy

perder peso lose weight

bajo en grasa low-fat

ensalada salad

libre de sal salt-free

edulcorante sweetener

PASADO SIMPLE: ENUNCIADOS

USO:
Hablar acerca de acciones y hechos del pasado.
AFIRMATIVO

FORMA:
El pretérito simple de los verbos regulares acaba en -ed.

[SUJETO + VERBO+ed + REST]

EJEMPLOS:
"Joe walked home alone last night."
"We played football last week."
SPELLING

Los verbos que acaban en -e solo añaden -d: live/lived.

Los verbos que acaban en consonante + y cambian la y por i:

carry / carried try/ tried

NOTA: el pretérito simple se utiliza a menudo con adverbios: Yesterday, Last
week/month/year, A... ago.
NEGATIVO

FORMA:
Poner did not (didn't) antes del verbo.
[SUJETO + DID NOT + VERBO + RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN]
/DIDN'T
They did not call me last week.
Ruth didn't study last night.
EJEMPLOS:
"He didn't work at all last week."
"I didn't like the movie last night."

PASADO SIMPLE: VERBOS IRREGULARES

FORMA:
Algunos verbos tienen formas irregulares en el pretérito simple. Tiene que
aprendérselos de memoria.

Estos son algunos de los verbos

verbos frequentes :
come - came put - put
do - did read - read
drink - drank say - said
eat - ate sell - sold
find - found sit - sat
get - got sleep - slept
drive - drove speak - spoke
go - went take - took
have - had tell - told
hear - heard think - thought
know - knew understand - understood
leave - left wear - wore
make - made write - wrote
meet - met

PASADO SIMPLE: PREGUNTAS

PREGUNTAS SI/NO

USO:
Realizar preguntas acerca de acciones/hechos del pasado cuya respuesta es "sí" o "no".
FORMA:
Put DID / DIDN'T delante del sujeto.
[DID / DIDN'T + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO]

Did you walk yesterday?

Didn't they Buy the book last week?
 PREGUNTAS - WH

USO:
Realizar preguntas acerca del pasado que comienzancon estos interrogativos: WHAT,
WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORMA:
Questions about the SUBJECT:
[WHO/WHAT + PAST VERBO + RESTO]

Who told him?

What made that noise?
Preguntas acerca del RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA:
[PALABRA-WH + DID + VERBO...]
When did you leave school?
Where did they buy that?
EJEMPLOS:
John: "Did you ask the boss about money?"
Rose: "Yes, I did."
John: "Well, what did she say?"
Rose: "She said no."

alone solo

angry enojado

best mejor

easy fácil

pretty bonita

quick rápido

special especial

strong fuerte

wonderful maravilloso

worst peor
 PRESENTE SIMPLE: PREGUNTAS CON COLETILLA

USO:
Realizar una pregunta sí/no cuando ya answer is already expected.
FORMA:
Añadir una pregunta corta de dos palabras al final de la frase.
Si se espera un "sí":
[ORACIÓN AFIRMATIVA + DON'T/DOESN'T + SUJETO]
You drive, don't you?
Carl paints, doesn't he?
Si se espera un "no":

[ORACIÓN NEGATIVA + DO/DOES + SUJETO]

You don't smoke, do you?
Mary doesn't drive, does she?
EJEMPLOS:
"You like coffee, don't you?"
"Yes, I do." (La respuesta esperada es un "si")
"She doesn't work here, does she?"
"No, she doesn't."(La respuesta esperada es un "no".)

MODALES y SEMI-MODALES: CAN

USO:
El modal CAN se utiliza con verbos y añade un significado especial. Como la mayoría
de los modales,CAN tiene más de un significado.

SIGNIFICADO:
"Joe can speak French." (HABILIDAD)
"You can leave early." (PERMISO)
"It can be hot here." (POSIBILIDAD)
FORMA:
Al igual que otros modales, CAN va antesdel verbo y tiene solo una forma.
AFIRMATIVO
[CAN + VERBO]
John can swim quickly.
You can go to the movies with your friends.
NEGATIVO
[CAN + NOT + VERBO]
Diane can't swim.
Beth cannot meet us tonight.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
[CAN + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO DE LA ORACION]
Can you help me?
Can Ileave now?
Respuestas:
Yes, you can.
No, you cannot/can't.
PREGUNTAS - WH
[PALABRA-WH + CAN... VERBO...]
When can you help me?
EJEMPLOS:
Danny: "Can you open it?"
Keith: "No, I can't. I can't open it."
Danny: "Let's ask Butch. He can do it."
tía aunt

prima cousin

picnic familiar family picnic

lucha fight

que te diviertas have fun

teléfono de casa phone home

relativo relative

reunión reunion

tío uncle

joven y viejo young and old

MODALES y SEMI-MODALES: HAVE TO

USO:
El semimodal HAVE TO se utiliza con verbos y añade un significado especial.
SIGNIFICADO:
"He has to leave early." (OBLIGACION).
FORMA:
Al igual que otros modales y semimodales, HAVE TOva delante del verbo. Tiene
la misma forma que los verbos regulares.
AFIRMATIVO:
[HAVE TO + VERBO + RESTO]
He has to leave early.
They have to do their homework.
NEGATIVO:
[DO/DOES (NOT) + SEMI-MODAL + VERBO + RESTO]
The boys don't have to work today.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO:
[DO/DOES(NOT) + SUJETO + HAVE TO + VERBO + RESTO]
Do I have to leave now?
Doesn't she have to study for her test?
Answers:
Yes, I do.
No, she doesn't.
PREGUNTAS - WH:
[WH-WORD + (DO/DOES + SUJETO) + HAVE TO + VERBO + RESTO]
Who has to leave?
When do you have to call your parents?
EJEMPLOS:
Mother: "It's time for bed, Michael."
Rick: "Aw, Mom. Do I have to go to bed now?"
Mother: "Yes, you do. It's late and you have to goto school tomorrow."

MODALES y SEMI-MODALES: MAY

USO:
El modal MAY se utiliza con verbos y
añade un significado especial. Al igual que la mayoría de modales,
MAY tiene más de un significado.
SIGNIFICADO:

"You may leave early."(PERMISO)

"They may buy a new house." (POSIBILIDAD)
FORMA:
Al igual que otros modales, MAY va antesdel verbo y solo tiene una forma.
AFIRMATIVA
[MAY + VERBO]
John may go with you.
They may visit us later.
NEGATIVA
[MAY + NOT + VERBO]
You may not leave the table.
We may not go to the party later.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
[MAY + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO]
May we leave now?
May I help me?
Respuestas:
Yes, you may.
No, you may not.
PREGUN TAS - WH
[PALABRA-WH + MAY... VERBO...]
When may we leave?
EJEMPLOS:

Girl: "Mom, may I have a cookie?"

"Okay, but only one. Your brother may
Mother: want one, too."
break descanso

desk escritorio

factory fábrica

high salary salario alto

meeting reunión

office oficina

start a business iniciar un negocio

suit traje

summer job trabajo de verano

write a report escribe un reporte

MAS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): BE ABLE TO

AFIRMATIVO

USO
Se utilizan para hablar de una capacidad en el presente, futuro y pasado. Su significado
es muy parecido al de los modales CAN y COULD.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + BE(presente/pasado/futuro) + ABLE TO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"He worked hard and was able to pass the exam."
"Mary broke her leg just two months ago but she's already able to walk again."
"She needs time to decide, but she'll be able to give you an answer tomorrow."
NEGATIVO

USE:
Se utiliza para hablar de una incapacidad o imposibilidad de hacer algo en el pasado,
presente o futuro.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + BE (presente/pasado/futuro)
+ NOT + ABLE TO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"The store was closed, so I wasn't able to buy the book."
"Sorry, we won't be able to fix your car until next week."
PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS

USO:
Se utiliza para realizar preguntas acerca de la capacidad en el presente, pasado y futuro.
PREGUNTAS YES/NO

FORM:
[Q: BE (todo los tiempos) + SUJETO + ABLE TO + VERBO...?]
[A: Yes,+ SUJETO+ BE.
No, + SUJETO+ BE NOT.]
EJEMPLOS:
"Were you able to buy that book for me?"
"Yes I was. Here it is!"
WH-Q PREGUNTAS

FORMA:
About the SUBJECT of the sentence
[WH-WORD + BE ABLE TO+ VERBO...?]
About the REST of the sentence
[WH-WORD + BE + SUBJECT + ABLE TO + VERBO...?]
EXAMPLES:
"Who was able to finish their homework on time?"
"When will you be able to pay back the loan?"
"We'll be able to pay you next month."

GERUNDIOS: COMO OBJETOS

USO:
El objeto del verbo, por lo general, es un sustantivo o un pronombre.
Sin embargo, los objetos de algunos verbos, pueden ser GERUNDIOS.
Algunos ejemplos de este tipo de verbos son: enjoy, allow, like, finish, hate, love y
prefer.
EJEMPLOS:
"Eric loves collecting comic books."
"Sandy prefers buying only fresh meat and vegetables."
"She enjoys meeting new people."
"John dislikes going to big parties."
"We do not allow smoking in our office."
"I hate getting lost in foreign cities."

GERUNDIOS: DESPUES DE LAS PREPOSICIONES

USO:
Por lo general, una preposición va seguida de un sustantivo o un pronombre. Si va
seguida por un verbo, el VERBO es un gerundio.
EJEMPLOS:
"Mary left without saying goodbye."
"James had an accident after drinking too much."
"Always lock the door before going to bed."
"He read the newspaper while having breakfast."
college Universidad

course curso

examination examen

fail fallar

high school escuela secundaria

learn aprender

pass pasar

subject tema

test prueba

training formación

MAS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): MUST

USO:
Se utiliza para hablar de una necesidad, obligación o responsabilidad fuerte de hacer
algo. Con frecuencia existe muy poca diferencia entre MUST y HAVE TO (consultar
Módulo 2) En el inglés formal escrito, MUST se utiliza en avisos públicos acerca de
reglas o reglamentos oficiales. Must también puede emplearse para expresar seguridad
acerca de una situación debido a hechos o circunstancias existentes.
AFIRMATIVO

FORMA:
[SUJETO + MUST + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"I have a terrible toothache; I must go to the dentist."
"We must try to help Nicky; she's our oldest friend."
"All workers must wear safety helmets in work areas!"
"Jack must be on his way. There was no one home when I called his
apartment."
NEGATIVO

USO:
Tanto en el inglés oficial como en el informal empleamos la forma negativa MUST
NOT (con frecuencia abreviada como MUSTN'T) para hablar acerca de algo incorrecto
o prohibido. Recuerda que no es igual a la forma negativa de HAVE TO, que sólo
significa que algo no es necesario.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + MUST + NOT (MUSTN'T) + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"You mustn't pull the dog's tail, dear; he'll bite you."
"We mustn't forget to pay back that loan."
"Workers must not smoke in work areas!"
PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS

USO:
Se utiliza para preguntar si algo es necesario u obligatorio. La forma interrogativa de
HAVE TO significa lo mismo y es más habitual.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO

FORMA:

[P: MUST+ SUJETO+ VERBO...?]

[A: Yes, + SUJETO+ MUST
No, + SUJETO+ NEEDN'T]
EJEMPLO:
"Must I go to school today, Mom?"
"Yes, you must."
PREGUNTAS - WH

FORMA:
Acerca del SUJETO de la oración:
[Wh-Word + MUST + VERBO...?]
ABOUT REST OF SENTENCE:
[WH-WORD + MUST + SUBJECT + VERBO...?]
EJEMPLOS:
"What must happen before we can leave?"
"When must you take the test?"
"Next Friday."

MAS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): HAD TO

AFIRMATIVO

USO:
Se utiliza para hablar de la necesidad, obligación y responsabilidad en el pasado. HAD TO es el
pasado tanto de HAVE TO como de MUST.
FORM:
[SUJETO + HAD TO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"I had to stay up all night to write this paper!"
"We had to run to catch the train."
NEGATIVO

USO:
Se utiliza para hablar acerca de algo que no era necesario u obligatorio en el pasado.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + HAVE TO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"Monday was a holiday, so I didn't have to go to work."
"I didn't have to study Latin in high school."
PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS

USO:
Se utiliza para realizar preguntas sobre tareas y obligaciones en el pasado.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO

[Q: DID + SUJETO + HAVE TO + VERBO...?]

[A: Yes,+ SUJETO (pronombre)+ DID.
No, + SUJETO (pronombre)+ DIDN'T]

EJEMPLO:
"Did you have to borrow money to buy the car?"
"Yes, we did."
PREGUNTAS -WH

Acerca del SUJETo of the sentence:

[PALABRA-WH + HAS/HAD/HAD TO+ VERBO...?]
Acerca del RESTO de la oración:
[WH-WORD + DID + SUBJECT + HAVE TO + VERB...?]
EXAMPLES:
"Who had to wash the car this week?"
"What did you have to do to get the loan?"
"I had to fill out a form for the bank."

MAS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES):

MUST NOT/DON'T HAVE TO

USO
Aunque MUST y HAVE TO tienen significados parecidos en oraciones afirmativas, no
pueden intercambiarse en las negativas.

MUST NOT (MUSTN'T) se utiliza para indicar que algo está prohibido o no permitido.

DON´T HAVE significa "no es necesario hacer algo"

EJEMPLOS:
"You mustn't run in here; this is a hospital."
"You don't have to run; the bus is waiting for you."

apply aplicar

appointment cita

approval aprobación

bank manager gerente de banco

career carrera

company empresa

full-time tiempo completo

interview entrevista

location ubicación

overtime a través del tiempo

 MAS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): SHOULD
AFIRMATIVO

USO:
Se utiliza para hablar de una responsabilidad u obligación que es mucho más débil que
MUST o HAVE TO. También se emplea para dar un consejo a alguien.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + SHOULD + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"You should study for your test tonight instead of watching TV." (duty)
"I'm terribly tired."
"You should work less!" (advice)
NEGATIVO

USO:
Podemos utilizar SHOULD NOT (SHOULDN'T) como una forma más débil de
MUSTN'T, para aconsejar o advertir a las personas de que no hagan algo.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + SHOULD NOT (SHOULDN'T) + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"You shouldn't eat so much candy. It'll make you fat!"
"You shouldn't throw candy wrappers on the street. Put them in the trash can
instead."
PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS

USO:
Se utiliza para preguntar si algo es necesario, correcto o útil, o para pedir consejos a
alguien.
PREGUNTAS YES/NO

FORM:

[P: Should+ SUBJECT+ VERBO...?]

[A: Yes, + SUBJECT+ SHOULD
No, + SUBJECT+ SHOULDN'T]
EXAMPLE:
"Should I answer Peter's letter?"
"Yes, you should!"
PREGUNTAS-WH

FORMA:
Acerca del SUJETO de la oración
[PALABRA-WH + SHOULD + VERBO...?]
Acerca del SUJETO de la oración
[WH-WORD + SHOULD + SUJETO + VERBO...?]
EJEMPLOS:
"Who should bring the drinks?"
"Where should we go to buy the local pottery?"
"Well, don't go to the big tourist shops. You should go to the small shops in the
villages."

INFINITIVOS: DESPUES DE VERBOS

USO:
Cuando dos verbos de la misma oración tienen el mismo sujeto, el segundo actúa como
objeto del primero. Dependiendo del primer verbo, es posible que el segundo sea un
infinitivo.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + VERBO 1 + (NOT) + Infinitivo...]
EJEMPLO;
"Tina decided to study Russian."
Existen dos grupos principales de verbos que pueden ir seguidos de un Infinitivo:
ACTITUD DEL SUJETO: Agree, Choose, Decide, Hope, Offer, Promise, Refuse,
etc.
EJEMPLOS:
"Patrick agreed to cook dinner."
"Jane chose to stay at home."
"We decided not to buy a new house."
"I hope to win first prize next year."
CAPACIDAD DEL SUJETO: Attempt, Fail, Learn, Manage, Try, Be able to, etc.
EJEMPLOS:
"Ben attempted to start the car."
"Anne failed to finish her paper on time."
"We learned to ski when we were on vacation."

GERUNDIOS: DESPUES DE VERBOS

USO:
Los GERUNDIOS se utilizan como el objeto de la mayoría de los verbos transitivos, en
lugar de un sustantivo o un pronombre. En algunos casos, un objeto-verbo toma la
forma de infinitivo, pero normalmente es un gerundio. Ten en cuenta que un
GERUNDIO también puede seguir a BE.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + VERBO + GERUNDIO]
EJEMPLOS:
"Smith admitted stealing the jewels, but denied killing the security guard."
"I avoid arguing with my boss."
"Frank enjoys watching horror movies."
"We must finish painting this wall today."
"I can't imagine eating snails."
"Cats don't like swimming."
"Do you mind waiting for me?"
"Sam remembers meeting you last year."
cancel cancelar

connecting flight vuelo de conexión

non-stop flight vuelo directo

rent a car alquilar un coche

reserve a hotel room reservar una habitación de hotel

round-trip viaje ida y vuelta

sightseeing Turismo

tour gira

travel agency agencia de viajes

travel arrangements arreglos de viaje

PASADO PROGRESIVO - vs. PASADO SIMPLE

USO:
Utilizamos el pretérito simple para hablar de unaacción que se ha completado en el
pasado. Utilizamos el pretérito progresivopara hablar de una acción continuada a lo
largo deun tiempo en el pasado.
También se puede utilizar el pretérito simple y el pretéritoprogresivo juntos en
la misma oración, paramostrar que una acción o hecho corto ocurridodurante
una acción o hecho más largo. Si mencionamosla acción más corta primero, por
lo general unimos las dos partes de la frase con 'WHILE'.
EJEMPLOS:
"Tom arrived while we were talking about him."
"She came in while I was doing my homework."
Si mencionamos la acción más larga primero, normalmenteunimos las dos partes de la
oración con WHEN.
EJEMPLOS:
"We were talking about Tom when he arrived."
"I was doing my homework when she came in."