Sistemas Estructurales. Parte 1: Tema 2

SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURALES.
PARTE 1
Tema 2
Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin
1
INDICE
1. INTRODUCCION
2. ESTRUCTURAS EN LA NATURALEZA
3. TEORIA DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS.
4. ELEMENTOS ESTRUCTURALES BASICOS
5. PRINCIPALES SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURALES
6. CONCRETO ARMADO
7. ACERO ESTRUCTURAL
8. MAMPOSTERIA ARMADA
Fig. ii The thin external surface of the
9. MADERA Y BAMBU Statue of Liberty in New York Harbour, USA,

is supported by a triangulated structural
framework. The influence of structural
considerations on the final version of the
form was minimal.
2
■ Conceiving of the basic structural form.
INTRODUCCION
Figure 1.4
Eiffel Tower.
■ Devising the gravity and lateral force resisting
strategy.
■ Roughly proportioning the component parts.
■ Developing a foundation scheme.
Determining the structural materials to be used.
ESTRUCTURAS Y DISENO ESTRUCTURAL
■
■ Detailed proportioning of the component parts.
■ Devising a construction methodology.
After all of the separate phases have been examined and Una estructura esta compuesta de
modified in an iterative manner, the structural elements elementos interconectados en un
within the system are then checked mathematically by the patron finito organizado. La
structural consultant to ensure the safety and economy of estructura busca la mayor
the structure. The process of conceiving and visualizing a resistencia con el menor uso de
structure is truly an art. material en el arreglo mas
apropiado y eficiente con una
There are no sets of rules one can follow in a linear man- forma adecuada para su intencion
ner to achieve a so-called “good design.” The iterative de uso. La funcion principal es
approach is most often employed to arrive at a design redirigir cargas y fuerzas al suelo.
solution. Nowadays, with the design of any large struc-
ture involving a team of designers working jointly with Es practicamente un proceso de
specialists and consultants, the architect is required to balancear fuerzas con resistencia
function as a coordinator and still maintain a leadership de materiales que resistan estas
role even in the initial structural scheme. The architect fuerzas. Una estructura nunca
needs to have a broad general understanding of the deberia colapsar bajo las fuerzas
structure with its various problems and a sufficient under- actuantes, y control de
deformaciones deben realizarse
standing of the fundamental principles of structural
para no causar danos colaterales
behavior to provide useful approximations of member y piscologicos.
sizes. The structural principles influence the form of the
Figure 1.5 Nave of Reims Cathedral building, and a logical solution (often an economical one
(construction begun in 1211). as well) is always based on a correct interpretation of these
3
principles. A responsibility of the builder (constructor) is
INTRODUCCION
ESTRUCTURAS Y DISENO ESTRUCTURAL EDUARDO TORROJA
4
INTRODUCCION
ESTRUCTURAS Y DISENO ESTRUCTURAL ING PIERLUIGI NERVI
5
INTRODUCCION
ESTRUCTURAS Y DISENO ESTRUCTURAL FELIX CANDELA
6
INTRODUCCION
ESTRUCTURAS Y DISENO ESTRUCTURAL ELADIO DIESTE
7
INTRODUCCION
ESTRUCTURAS Y DISENO ESTRUCTURAL MAHENDRA RAJ
8
INTRODUCCION
ESTRUCTURAS Y DISENO ESTRUCTURAL GUSTAV EIFFEL
9
INTRODUCCION
ANALISIS DISEÑO DETALLADO
10
INTRODUCCION
ANALISIS
INPUT: GEOMETRIA, MATERIAL, SECCIONES, APOYOS Y

RESTRICCIONES, CARGAS EXTERNAS
OUTPUT: MOMENTOS, CORTES, AXIALES, TORSION.
DEFORMACIONES. (SE PUEDEN OBTENER ESFUERZOS)
11
INTRODUCCION
DISEÑO
INPUT: ESFUERZOS ACTUANTES VS ESFUERZOS

ADMISIBLES. DEFORMACIONES ACTUANTES VS
DEFORMACIONES ADMISIBLES
OUTPUT: RATIOS, SECCIONES FINALES, AREAS DE
ACERO.
12
INTRODUCCION
DETALLADO
13
4.11 Moment–Curvature Relationship of Reinforced
Concrete Members
INTRODUCCION Member curvature f can be defined as rotation per unit length. It is related to the applied
moment M and the section stiffness by the relationship EI ¼ M/f. A typical moment–curvature
diagram of a reinforced concrete beam is shown in Figure 4.3. The reduction in slope of the curve
(EI) is the result of concrete cracking and steel yielding. The moment–curvature relationship is a
CONCEPTOS BASICOS basic parameter of deformation. This information is needed for input if a nonlinear analysis is carried
out. For an unconfined reinforced concrete beam section, the point of first cracking is usually
MODULO DE ELASTICIDAD
Mu
My
First yield of steel
First crack
Mcr
!cr !y Curvature ! !u
FIGURE 4.3 Typical moment–curvature diagram of a reinforced concrete beam.
14
INTRODUCCION
CONCEPTOS BASICOS
RESISTENCIA
Fuerza necesaria para que el elemento falle, llegue al limite de rotura. Se suele medir con esfuerzo limite
del material a cierta tensión.
Depende de: propiedades del material (E) y Sección (Area e Inercia)
15
INTRODUCCION
CONCEPTOS BASICOS
RIGIDEZ
Fuerza necesaria para deformar unitariamente un material o una estructura.
De un elemento: De una estructura:

-Axial: fuerza necesaria para que el elemento se -Rigidez lateral: fuerza necesaria para
deforme 1 cm axialmente (kg/cm) deformar la estructura lateralmente 1 cm
-Flexional: fuerza necesaria para que el elemento
se deforme 1 cm flexionalmente (kg/cm)
Depende de: propiedades de cada elemento

Depende de: propiedades del material, sección, (material, sección, largo), configuración
largo del elemento estructural (geometría de la estructura, tipo de
conexiones), tipo de apoyos.
16
INTRODUCCION
CONCEPTOS BASICOS
DIAFRAGMA RIGIDO
Losa o plano con suficiente rigidez en su plano
(infinitamente rígido), que garantiza que las
cargas laterales sean transmitidas de acuerdo a
la rigidez lateral de los elementos.
17
INTRODUCCION
CONCEPTOS BASICOS
TRANSMISION
DE CARGAS
18
INTRODUCCION
CONCEPTOS BASICOS
DUCTILIDAD
Es la capacidad que
tiene un material de
deformarse
plásticamente sin
perder resistencia,
absorbiendo energía
en el proceso. Los
materiales no dúctiles,
se les llama frágiles.
19
INTRODUCCION
CONCEPTOS BASICOS
DUCTILIDAD
20
ture (or its components), internal forces restore the struc-
the principles governing the stability and equilibrium ture to its of original, unloaded condition. A good structure
INTRODUCCION
buildings form the basis for all structural thinking. is oneStrength
that achieves a condition of equilibrium with a min-
and stiffness of materials are concerned with imum the stability
of effort.
of a building’s component parts (beams, columns, walls),
whereas statics deals with the theory of general Strength of materials requires knowledge about building
stability.
Statics and strength of materials are actually intertwined, material properties, member cross-sections, and the abil-
itythe
of the material to resist breaking. Also of concern is that
CONCEPTOS BASICOS because the laws that apply to the stability of
structure are also valid for the individual components.
whole
the structural elements resist excessive deflection and/or
deformation.
The fundamental concept of stability and equilibrium is
CONTINUIDAD Y REDUNDANCIA (a)concerned
Continuity—loads
with thefrom the roof of
balancing beams are to ensure that a
forces
redistributed
building and to the
its roof columns below.
components will not Continuity
A move (Figure 1.18).in a structure refers to a direct, uninterrupted
continuous
In reality,path is provided undergo
all structures for the column
some movement path for loads through the building structure—from the
under
Figure 1.18 Equilibrium and Stability?— roof
sculpture by Richard Byer. Photo by author.
loads
load,to but
travel directly
stable to the columns
structures below
have deformations that level
remain down to the foundation. Redundancy is the con-
and then on to
relatively the foundation.
small. When loads are removed from cepttheofstruc-
providing multiple load paths in a structural
ture (or its components), internal forces restore framework
the struc-so that one system acts as a backup to another
ture to its original, unloaded condition. A good in the event of localized structural failure. Structural re-
structure
is one that achieves a condition of equilibrium with a min- dundancy enables loads to seek alternate paths to bypass
imum of effort. structural distress. A lack of redundancy is very haz-
ardous when designing buildings in earthquake country
Strength of materials requires knowledge about building
(Figure 1.19).
material properties, member cross-sections, and the abil-
ity of the material to resist breaking. Also of concern is that
the structural elements resist excessive deflection On 9/11,
and/or both of the World Trade Center towers were able
deformation. to withstand the impact of jetliners crashing into them and
continue standing for some time, permitting many people
(a) Continuity—loads from the roof beams are (b) Discontinuity in the vertical elevation can to evacuate. The towers were designed with structural re-
redistributed to the roof columns below. A result in very in
Continuity a structure
large beam bendingrefersmoments
to a direct, uninterrupted
dundancy, which prevented an even larger loss of life.
continuous path is provided for the column andpath for loads
deflection. throughefficiency
Structural the buildingis structure—from
However,the the process by which the collapse of the im-
loads to travel directly to the columns below roof level down to the foundation.
enhanced by aligning columns to provide a Redundancy is thestory
pacted con- level led to the progressive collapse of the en-
and then on to the foundation. ceptpath
direct of providing multiple
to the foundation. Beamload
sizespaths
can in atire structural
building may have led some investigators to hint that
framework so that one system acts
thus be reduced significantly. In this example, as a backup to another degree of structural redundancy existed.
an inadequate
in the event of localized
missing or damaged columns could also structural failure. Structural re-
The requirements of economy, functionality, and aesthetics
21
dundancy enables loads to seek
represent how structural frameworks can have alternate paths to bypass
structural distress. A lack of redundancy arevery
is usually Proyecto
haz- Estructural
not covered - Prof. Michele
in a structures courseCasarin
and will not
the ability to redistribute loads to adjacent
TEORIA DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS
FILOSOFIAS DE DISENO
ASD (allowable stress design): diseño por esfuerzos admisibles
LRFD (load and resistance factor design): diseño por factor a carga y resistencia
PD (Plastic Design): diseño plástico
22
Because the complete scope of these problems is obviously
too comprehensive for coverage in a single text, this book

will be restricted to the study of individual members and
336 Chapter 7
simple structural frameworks. Subsequent, more ad-
vanced books on structures will
Figure consider
7.4 illustrates the
the four entiretypes
fundamental struc-
of loads
that can act on a beam.
ture and will provide essential background for more
thorough analysis and design.
CARGAS
PERMANENTES (a) Concentrated load.
Structural Load Classification

VARIABLES Loads applied to structural elements may be of various
types and sources. Their definitions are given below so
that the terminology will be clearly understood.
ACCIDENTALES
Loads classified with respect todistributed
(b) Uniformly time load.(Figure 5.2)
1. Static load. A gradually applied load for which
equilibrium is reached in a relatively short time.
Live or occupancy loads are considered to be sta-
tically applied.
2. Sustained load. A load that is constant over a
long period of time, such as the structure weight
(dead load) or material and/or goods stored in a
warehouse. This type of load
(c) Nonuniformly is treated
distributed load. in the
same manner as a static load.
3. Impact load. A load that is rapidly applied (an
energy load). Vibration normally results from an
impact load, and equilibrium is not established
Figure 5.2 Loads based on time. until the vibration is eliminated, usually by
natural damping (d)
forces.
Pure moment.
Figure 7.4 Classification based on load type.
23
334 Chapter 7
(g) Reinforced concrete floor-wall connection. (h) Steel strap welded to a gusset plate. Types of Connections
Actual support and connection conditions for beams and
columns are idealized as rollers, hinges (pins), or fixed.
RESTRICCIONES Figure 7.3 illustrates examples of common support/
connection conditions found in practice.
ARTICULADAS
RIGIDAS (a) Beam supported by a neoprene pad. (b) Beam supported by a concrete or steel cylinder.
SEMIRIGIDAS Examples of roller supports (a, b). Horizontal displacement

and rotation are permitted; may be due to loads or thermal
conditions.
(i) Timber pole structure—embedded base. (j) Beam-column moment connection.
Bending and Shear Examples

in SimpleofBeams
fixed support (g, h, i, j). No rotation at the 335
connection.
Figure 7.3 Classification based on connection types (Con’t.)
(c) Timber beam-column connection with T-plate. (d) Steel beam connected to a steel girder.
(g) Reinforced concrete floor-wall connection. (h) Steel strap welded to a gusset plate. (e) Typical pin-connected column base. (f) Truss joint—three steel angles with gusset plate.
24
Figure 7.3 Classification based on connection types (continues on next page).
ELEMENTOS ESTRUCTURALES BASICOS
ELEMENTOS LINEALES
Vigas, columnas, tensores, arcos, diagonales.
ELEMENTOS PLANOS
Placas o losas.
Muros
ELEMENTOS CURVOS
Membranas, cascaras
SOFTWARES
Lines, shell, plate, membrane.
25
It is possible to trace the evolution of architectural space Figure 1.20 Stonehenge.
and form through parallel developments in structural en- c
PRINCIPALES SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURALES
gineering and material technology. Until the 19th century,
this history was largely based on stone construction and
the capability of this material to resist compressive forces.
lo
Less durable wood construction was generally reserved c
for small buildings or portions of buildings.
REQUERIMIENTOS
Neolithic builders used drystone techniques, such as
m
coursed masonry walling and corbelling, to construct q
monuments, dwellings, tombs, and fortifications. These
PREFABRICACION
structures demonstrate an understanding of the material v
properties of the various stones employed (Figure 1.20).
DURABILIDAD
Timber joining and dressed stonework were made possi-
ir
ESTETICA ble by iron and bronze tools. Narrow openings in masonry te
building walls were achieved through corbelling and tim-
PESO ber or stone lintels. ta
The earliest examples of voussoir arches and vaults in
DISPONIBILIDAD
both stone and unfired brick construction have been
found in Egypt and Greece (Figure 1.21). These materials
Figure 1.21 Construction of a Greek
peristyle temple.
T
COSTO
and structural innovations were further developed and h
refined by the Romans. The ancient Roman architect
PROCESO CONSTRUCTIVO
Vitruvius, in his Ten Books, described timber trusses with it
SECCIONES Yhorizontal
LONGITUDES tie members capable of resisting the outward
p
thrust of sloping rafters.
CANTIDAD Y CALIDAD DE MANO
Roman builders DEtoOBRA
managed place the semicircular arch s
atop piers or columns; the larger spans reduced the num-
PROPIEDADES TERMICO-ACUSTICAS
ber of columns required to support the roof. Domes and tu
barrel and groin vaults were improved through the use of
SUSTENTABILIDAD
modular fired brick, cement mortar, and hydraulic con- w
RESISTENCIAate
ANTE
crete. These innovations enabled Roman architects to cre-
evenINCENDIOS Figure 1.24
larger unobstructed spaces (Figure 1.22).
Figure 1.22 Stone arch, barrel vault, and
Sports Palace, reinforced
groin vault. tu
26
m
CATEGORIAS DE ACUERDO A ENGEL
-Activos por forma
A funicular model of Sagrada Familia
Sagrada Familia
The Olympic stadium of Munich
27
-Activos por vector
28
-Activos por superficie
29
CATEGORIAS DE ACUERDO A ENGEL INTERIOR STRUCTURE 87
-Activos por seccion

S T R U C T U R A L D E TA I L I N G 115
BUILDING FUNCTION 77
Figure 5.32
Canary Wharf Underground Station, London, Foster and Partners, 1999.
The ticket hall with its central columns and spine beam.
Figure 6.6
minimizes this effect and reinforces the primary axis of Bodegas Protos, Valladolid, Spain, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, 2008.
movement. A substantial longitudinal spine-beam above Separation of roof from structural arches. (Javier Gutierrez)
further accentuates directionality. Its attractively rounded
soffit that bears upon sliding-bearings on top of the columns
guides people both into and out of the station. Ribs cantilever
transversely from the spine-beam, hovering like outstretched
wings and modulating the vast area of ceiling. Their relatively
small dimensions and transverse orientation do not detract
from the linearity imposed on the space by the spine-beam. Figure 7.21
The roof structure at Terminal 3’s departure hall, Hamburg
Airport, also contributes to circulation by clearly reinforcing
Hazel Wood School, Southampton, UK, Hampshire County Council
Figure 5.31 the direction of movement (Figure 5.33). Since the roof
Architects Department, 1990. The hall roof structure is typical of that for
San Cataldo Cemetery, Modena, Italy, Aldo Rossi, 1984. The entrance dimension in the direction of passenger movement is
colonnade recedes into the distance. considerably greater than the building width – 101 m versus
Figure 6.5 the whole school.
75 m – one would expect primary structure to span the
Ribbed roof structure.
30
number of receding walls. While one reviewer refers to the shorter distance. However, at Terminal 3, twelve curved
colonnade’s ‘haunted’ quality, it certainly fosters impressions trusses span from landside to airside. They are supported on
of formality, rawness and joylessness. two rows of concrete piers spaced 61 m apart and cantilever
down rod attached to the other end of the cantilever,
8
Beginning with the Canary Wharf Underground Station, At the

beyond them at each end. FDA with
Breaking Laboratory library,
convention Irvine,
again, the surface modulation is
shell that shelters buses and the waiting room appear to
This section discusses eight structural systems that exemplify be formed from a single sheet of bent concrete. Where the

synthesis between architectural and structural form. These
systems define architectural form and often function, at
shell geometry prevents forces being transferred into the
foundations in pure compression, such as at the right-hand
CASOS DE ESTUDIO
least partially, as the building envelope. We begin with shell side of the larger shell, the shell thickness is greatly increased
structures, which, of all structural systems, can most closely and the foundations strengthened.
integrate the two forms. At the Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome, the shell surface does
SHELL STRUCTURES not meet the foundations directly but ends at eaves level
gories Shell structures
ually Shell structures achieve the most pure synthesis of

e several architectural and structural forms. Also known as ‘surface
ynthesis structures’, shells resist and transfer loads within their minimal
ssibility thicknesses. They rely upon regular two- or three-dimensional
curved geometry and correct orientation and placement of
s supports for their adequate structural performance. Their
erence. geometry is determined so that forces are transferred by
ural tension and compression, rather than by bending, which
ntly necessitates far deeper cross-sections. When constructed
the from reinforced concrete, many shells, such as those
designed
Figure 3.7 by Isler, a leading European concrete shell designer, Figure 3.8
oncepts, reveal
Interior smoothshell
of a concrete curved surfaces
structure. inside and out, much like those
(J. Chilton) Bus station, Cárceres, Spain, Justo García Rubio Arquitecto, 2003. An
of a hen’s egg. Isler’s shells unify architectural and structural
8 architecture of two concrete shells. (Stephen Lord)
31
form as they spring from their foundations and continuously Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin
cables (Figure 3.14).
provide additional high points. Supported by interior cables
Fabric structures

tensioned between the four outermost masts, they thrust
Fabric or membrane structures represent another type
upward into the fabric to increase its curvature and improve its of surface structure. Their tensioned fabric which resists
self-weight and wind loads, relies upon three-dimensional
structural performance. The building interior illustrates clearly
ner CASOS DE ESTUDIO
the different architectural qualities of the fabric and its linear
curvature for structural adequacy. Fabric form, thickness and
strength must match the expected loads, and all surfaces
must be stretched taut to prevent the fabric flapping during
supporting structure – masts, flying struts and interior steel high winds. Like shell structures, there is no distinction
FABRIC STRUCTURES
cables (Figure 3.14).
between the architectural and the structural forms. Fabric
structures, however, require additional and separate
compression members to create high points over which the
fabric can be stretched. Arches, with their curved forms, are Figure 3.14
well suited and aesthetically the most sympathetic to the Contrasting architectural qualities of fabric surface and interior
curving fabric geometry, but masts, flying struts and cables, structural elements.
Figure 3.13
Stellingen Ice Skating Rink and
Velodrome, Hamburg, Germany,
Silcher, Werner + Partners,
1996. Overall form.
Figure 3.14
Contrasting architectural qualities of fabric surface and interior
structural elements.
32
Figure 3.13
Stellingen Ice Skating Rink and
slab. It has been variously described as a ‘veil’ or ‘tent’ on catenary roofs at Hall 26 of the Trade Fair, Hanover, also
account of its remarkable slimness and draped form (Figure demonstrate totally integrated architectural and structural

3.15). Two porticoes, one at each end, act as massive end-
blocks to resist the catenary tension. Within each portico, nine
forms (Figures 3.17 and 3.18). In stark contrast to the solid
concrete porticoes of the Portuguese Pavilion, the triangulated
parallel walls or buttresses resist the large inward pull from and trestle-like masts possess architectural qualities of
CASOS
the hanging DE ESTUDIO
slab. Their weight, plus their strong foundations, lightness and transparency. Within the main interior spaces
prevents them from toppling due to the almost horizontal the structural steel catenary members, that read as ‘tension
CATENARIAS
tension forces acting at roof level. The porticoes are not at
all expressive of their important structural roles. Their simple
bands’, support the roof and timber ceiling, or, in selected
areas, glazed roof panels.
Figure 3.16
Dulles International Airport,
Washington, D.C., USA,
Saarinen (Eero) and Associates,
1962. Inclined piers support the
catenary slab.
33
CASOS DE ESTUDIO
ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL FORM 23
RIBBED STRUCTURES
Figure 3.19 Figure 3.21

National Art Centre, Tokyo, Japan, Kisho Kurokawa and Associates, 2006. The Reichstag cupola, Berlin, Germany, Foster and Partners, 1999. Radial
Vertical but curved ribs support and define the undulating façade. ribs and circumferential tubes.
34
CASOS DE ESTUDIO ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL FORM 25
ARCOS Figure 3.25

Paul Klee Museum, Bern,
Switzerland, Renzo Piano
Building Workshop, 2005.
Arches form three different-
sized ‘hills’. (Darrel Ronald)
spans do not plunge directly into the ground, but change

curvature and take the form of smaller concave arches. While
the change of curvature introduces more bending and requires
35
deeper members than for conventional arches, their flowing
interconnectedness mimics that of the background landscape.
not exposed (Figure 3.31). Although the ends of the folded
plates appear to be unsupported, they cantilever beyond a

glazed load-bearing wall comprising many very slender steel
mullions. This is probably the first building where folded plates
Figure 3.30 are irregular in cross-section and curved in plan. Three straight
United Airlines Terminal, Chicago, USA, Murphy/Jahn, 1987. Folded plates lengths of folded plates form the S-shaped plan. Given that 28 ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL FORM
span the main entry foyer. the folds are exposed inside and out and no other interior
CASOS DE ESTUDIO structure was allowed, the support of the folded plates in the
areas where they bend in plan necessitated very sophisticated
Figure 3.32
Gymnasium, Hong Kong, China.
Folded plates and expensive design and construction. View from above showing the
The folded plates of a Hong Kong gymnasium function
FOLDED PLATES
folded plate construction.
The use of this structural and architectural form is mainly as structure and full enclosure (Figures 3.32 and 3.33).
confined to roofs, and sometimes walls. The structural Reinforced concrete folded plates approximately 200 mm
potential of a folded plate can be demonstrated quite simply by thick span the gymnasium width and then fold down to form
taking a piece of paper which is floppy and introducing a fold; walls, effectively creating a folded plate portal frame structure.
Figure 3.31
Riverside Museum, Glasgow,
UK, Zaha Hadid, 2011. Front
façade showing folded plates in
section. (Ray Firskierisky)
Figure 3.33
Interior of the gymnasium.
36
Framed structures ProyectoforEstructural - Prof. Michele Casarin
the first time the steel and wrought-iron skeleton
became fully and unambiguously the means of
ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL FORM 29
CASOS DE ESTUDIO
Figure 3.34
Fuji TV building, Tokyo,
FRAMED STRUCTURES Japan, Kenzo Tange, 1996.

Frames at two different scales
synthesize with the rectilinear
building form.
Most orthogonal beam–column frameworks integrate well three-dimensional frame therefore reflect the architectural
within prismatic architectural forms. The ubiquitous medium- form of the building.
37
to high-rise office building is a typical example, but even Uncompromising orthogonal rigour characterizes the
though exemplifying integrated architectural and structural cubic form and perimeter frames of the San Cataldo
exemplified by the Faculty of Journalism, Pamplona, walls not
Figure 3.35 only dominate its façades but define interior spaces (Figures

San Cataldo Cemetery columbarium, Modena, Italy, Aldo Rossi, 1984. 3.37 and 3.38). In some areas of the building, horizontal slots
Rigorous orthogonality.
Figure 3.36
CASOS DE ESTUDIO
Princess of Wales Conservatory,
London, Gordon Wilson, 1986.
Pitched portal frame variations.
MUROS ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL FORM 31
Figure 3.37
Faculty of Journalism,
Pamplona, Spain, Vicens and
Ramos, 1996. Walls visually
dominate the exterior.
Figure 3.39
Zollverein School of Management and Design, Essen, Germany, SANAA,
2007. (Jeroen Meijer)
penetrations on each façade. The degree of irregularity is

moderated so that ‘columns’ and wall panels are discernible.
Traditionally, structural walls are planar and opaque, like
those of the Faculty of Journalism, Pamplona, except for
relatively small openings. However, it is possible to achieve
structural walls with a far greater degree of transparency, yet
38
still able to withstand both vertical and horizontal forces. This
Figure 3.38
An interior architecture of walls.
capability is celebrated at Prada Boutique Aoyama, Tokyo,
with its perimeter diagrid walls (Figures 3.40 and 3.41).
Figure 3.56
The front façade cantilevers while the facing façade on the left steps back up
Figure 3.57

its height.
A sloping column resists vertical load by a combination of compression in
the raking members and either tension or compression in the horizontal
floor structure. These horizontal forces need to be resisted by structures
If the raking columns at Westminster College can be
that are strong enough to do so, such as, in this case, structural walls around
described as unexpected, given the orthogonal, albeit
CASOS DE ESTUDIO cantilevering, building form, the interior structure of the
vertical circulation cores.
box-shaped Sendai Mediatheque is mind-blowing. How

can such audacious clusters of slender columns support a or section to what it supports (Figure 3.58). Thirteen
OTROS SISTEMAS VERTICALES seven-storey library building, especially in a highly active

seismic region? The structure, partially visible through
circular clusters of tubular steel columns constitute the
vertical structure. They support relatively lightweight steel
perimeter glazing, is not even remotely similar in plan stressed-skin floor plates. The four largest clusters are located
Figure 3.58
Sendai Mediatheque, Sendai,
Japan, Toyo Ito & Associates,
2000. Exterior view with some
structure visible behind the
predominantly glazed skin.
Figure 3.52
Stuttgart Airport terminal, Germany, Gerkan, Marg + Partners, 1991.
Structural trees.
floors that step up, one storey at a time. Trunks consist

of four interconnected parallel steel tubes, which bend to
39
become boughs, and then fork into clusters of three and Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin

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Sistemas Estructurales. Parte 1: Tema 2

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SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURALES.

Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin

9. MADERA Y BAMBU Statue of Liberty in New York Harbour, USA,

Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin

Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin

Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin

Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin

Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin

Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin

Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin

ANALISIS DISEÑO DETALLADO

INPUT: GEOMETRIA, MATERIAL, SECCIONES, APOYOS Y

INPUT: ESFUERZOS ACTUANTES VS ESFUERZOS

FIGURE 4.3 Typical moment–curvature diagram of a reinforced concrete beam.

Depende de: propiedades del material (E) y Sección (Area e Inercia)

De un elemento: De una estructura:

Depende de: propiedades de cada elemento

ASD (allowable stress design): diseño por esfuerzos admisibles

PD (Plastic Design): diseño plástico

TEORIA DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS

PERMANENTES (a) Concentrated load.

Structural Load Classification

SEMIRIGIDAS Examples of roller supports (a, b). Horizontal displacement

(i) Timber pole structure—embedded base. (j) Beam-column moment connection.

Bending and Shear Examples

-Activos por forma

A funicular model of Sagrada Familia

The Olympic stadium of Munich

-Activos por vector

-Activos por superficie

-Activos por seccion

Beginning with the Canary Wharf Underground Station, At the

PRINCIPALES SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURALES

gories Shell structures

ually Shell structures achieve the most pure synthesis of

PRINCIPALES SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURALES

PRINCIPALES SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURALES

Figure 3.19 Figure 3.21

ARCOS Figure 3.25

spans do not plunge directly into the ground, but change

PRINCIPALES SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURALES

FRAMED STRUCTURES Japan, Kenzo Tange, 1996.

PRINCIPALES SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURALES

MUROS ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL FORM 31

penetrations on each façade. The degree of irregularity is

PRINCIPALES SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURALES

box-shaped Sendai Mediatheque is mind-blowing. How

OTROS SISTEMAS VERTICALES seven-storey library building, especially in a highly active

floors that step up, one storey at a time. Trunks consist

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