SKELETAL

CONSTRUCTION
AIDIEL SYAZRIE BIN AZHAR 0327161
FOO MING-WEI, FABIEN 0327869
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II ( BLD 60703)
LIM JESSON 0326938 TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER
LISSA LAI JING YING 0326465
NATALIE CHEN KHEMIN 0327110
MR RIZAL
 IN THIS PROJECT, WERE TASKED TO DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT A TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER.
THE SHELTER WOULD HAVE A MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF 600MM AND A BASE NOT EXCEEDING 400MM X 800MM AT A 1:5 SCALE.

WE WOULD HAVE TO UNDERSTAND SKELETAL FRAMES AS WELL AS JOINTS TO PRODUCE A DESIGN WHICH IS VIABLE
THE JOINTS AND THE MATERIALS USED FOR THE MODEL WOULD HAVE TO REFLECT THE MATERIALS THAT

INT
WOULD BE USED FOR THE ACTUAL TEMPORARY SHELTER.

WE ARE ALSO REQUIRED TO DEFINE ALL BUILDING COMPONENTS SUCH AS THE ROOF, COLUMNS, WALLS AND THE FLOOR.

RO
DISCUSSIONS AMONGST GROUP MEMBERS AND MR. RIZAL, THE GROUP’S TUTOR, HAS LEAD TO A SIMPLE BUT VIABLE DESIGN
WHICH IS ABLE TO ACCOMMODATE AT LEAST 6 PEOPLE.

A FOCUS WAS ALSO PLACED ON THE TYPE AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

DU
AS WELL AS THE JOINTS USED TO HOLD THE STRUCTURE TOGETHER.

CTI
ON
CO
NT
INTRODUCTION CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
PRE-CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

ENT
ASSEMBLAGE PROCESS
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

TABLE OF CONTENT
DESIGN ANALYSIS
S U N L I G H T

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
FORCE ANALYSIS
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
DESIGN PROCESS

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS CONCLUSION

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS
EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC
REFERENCE
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
MATERIALS SELECTION
 DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
WEATHER RESISTIVITY
A shelter that can protect and shelter users from the elements in

01
the tropical Malaysian weather which comes in the form rainfall
and hot sunlight.In addition, air ventilation that can balance out
the hot and humid climate to provide maximum thermal comfort.
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
Designing a skeletal structure that can withstand vertical and
horizontal loads opposed upon it and underneath it, a stable
foundation that canresist soil erosion and underground
compressive forces.

SAFETY
A structure that can provide a safe shelter for the users
and is open enough to allow users to be able to view their
surroundings especially the traffic. The seat should also consider
human anthropometrics in addition to be able to provide enough
seating for the masses.
MATERIALITY
Use of recycled and reused materials such as unused or
discarded steel from construction projects to spare the
environment from waste. The materials of not only the
skeletal structure but also the joints and connections of
the shelter itself should also be solid and stable to support
itself and not collapse.
ACCESSIBILITY
A shelter that can be entered freely from any
angle and provide a circulation that does not interfere with the
traffic in addition to providing enough foot space and walking
room to avoid users from interfering with the traffic.
 DESIGN
PROCESS INSPIRATION
The inspiration of the design came from
the amalgamation of the cuboid and the
triangular prism due to both having solidity
and stability in thierrespective forms.

02 EARLY CONCEPT
A stability and functionality centric design was
the initial intention so a more traditional
design with straight columns and a roof
was the base of the design.

IDEA DEVELOPMENT
For a more dynamic design the triangular prism
inspired roof was inverted to make a butterfly
roof for aesthetical improvisation in addition to
its functionality as a rainwater gutter.

FINAL DESIGN
The final design was a bus stop that had a balance
between stability with solid straight columns,
functionality with a rainwater gutter and an open
and easily accessible design and finally aesthetics
with a more minimalist contemporary design and a
complex roofat the top.
 TECHNICAL
DRAWINGS
FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION

03
SCALE 1:25 SCALE 1:25
 FLOOR PLAN BOTTOM VIEW
SCALE 1:25 SCALE 1:25

03
 ROOF PLAN
SCALE 1:25

03
 SECTION

03
 EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC
POLYCARBONATE SHEET

ROOF FRAMING

03
RAFTER

GUTTER

SUPPORTING BEAM

SQUARE HOLLOW SECTION COLUMN

ANGLE BRACKETS
RAFTER SUPPORT

BASE FRAME

STUMP
FOOTING
 PERSPECTIVE

03
 CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS
STEEL BASE FRAME
Steel base frame is located above the pad footing to connect the columns
and also carries and equally spread loads to the concrete pad footing.

04
COLUMNS

PRIMARY COLUMNS
254
RHS is used to connect all the concrete
pad footing and carries all the weight
137
of the structure

SECONDARY COLUMNS
125
SHS is to function as floor beams and
also used to connect the front and
125
back pad footing
CONNECTORS

L-BRACKETS SELF-TAPPING SCREWS

o 250
135

100
CONNECTIONS

1923 Steel base frame is attached

L-BRACKETS
via locking L-brackets with
4 self-tappin screws.
PRIMARY STEEL FRAME SECONDARY STEEL FRAME
 CONCRETE PAD FOOTING
A steel base plate is welded to the steel column before connecting to
the concrete pad footing.This helps to distribute the load imposed by
the column and structures above to not exceed the bearing pressure
on the concrete pad footing.

450

04
220

200

1500
900 CONNECTORS
Usage of bolts help connect the steel plate
to the pad footing
PAD FOOTING
The pad footing helps to support the steel columns and
also distribute the load of the structure to the ground

34

400

SHS COLUMN

BASE PLATE BOLT + NUT

CONNECTIONS
J BOLT
PAD FOOTING Steel plate is welded to the steel column before
getting bolted into the pad footing
FOUNDATION
 STEEL STRUCTURE
The main load of the structure is transferred by the steel beams. The load is
transferred from the roof to the floor which is supported by the concrete base,
then to the pad footing. A beam is added to equally distribute the load of the
roof to the column

04 3788.8

COLUMNS
SHS column is used as roof rafters as metal
bracing is added in the middle to distribute
load applied to the roof

125

3205.5 125

CONNECTORS CONNECTIONS
Usage of bolt and nut secured the ankle bracket to
the rafter supports.We used 2 sets of bolts for every bracket. Angle brackets acts as the support of the rafthers,an
reinforcement for the structure.

o 250
34
135
80
 ROOF STRUCTURE
The size of the RHS used for the roof frame is smaller than the ones
used for the steel structure as they do not as much load. A polycarbonate
sheet is then attached to the roof frame to allow natural light and
provide shade for the user.

04 3048

CONNECTORS
Usage of bolt and nut secured the ankle bracket to
the rafter supports.We used 2 sets of bolts for every brack
ROOF FRAME

3946 34

80

ROOF FRAME

ANGLE BRACKETS
CONNECTIONS
SHS column is used as roof rafters as metal
bracing is added in the middle to distribute
RAFTER SUPPORTS
load applied to the roof

SCREWS o 250
135
 FLOOR SLAB WITH WOOD SEATING

04 2000

A vapor retarder is installed to prevent moisture from reaching

the finished floor. Asphalt felt or building paper is added.A layer
of polyethylene film is added, overlapping the edges of the slab.
The layer of plywood is installed on top of the previous layers.
The plywood is then fastened with power actuated tools.

4595

CONNECTORS CONNECTIONS COLUMNS

6 L-brackets is bolted to the wood SHS tube is bolted to the two main RHS
Usage of bolt and nut secured the L-brackets into
and the SHS tube at the bottom of column .
the bench and SHS tube.
the seat,giving the bench support.

34
o 250 125
80 135

125
 MATERIALITY
POLYCARBONATE SHEET
ROOF
A plastic that comes in transparent/coloured
, can be as clear as glass and 250 times times
resistance to breakage

0
05
CHARACTERISTICS :
- Higher heat resistance thana acrylic sheet
- Tough
- Low flammability
ALUMINIUM STEEL
COLUMN/BEAM
It can be melted , casted and formed thus
it is 100% recyclable with no downgrading
of its original quality.

CHARACTERISTICS :
- Able to withstand significant forces
- Lightweight material
- Highly resistant to corrosion.

WOOD
SEATING/FLOOR SLAB
Recycled material from factory pallets ,
it is low maintenance and resistant
to cracking and scratches

CHARACTERISTICS :
- Strong
- High compressive strength
- Able to withstand heavy load
 CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS PRE-CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

06
1 2
DESIGN SKETCHING MODEL MOCK UP
Brainstorming and many research about needs of a Constructing mock ups for tutorial sessions , using
bus stop , idea sketching until we are satisfied with modelling board and grey chip board.Tested mock
the results. up with different types of load.

3
DESIGN APPROVAL
4
Brain storming for a aesthetically pleasing bus
stop that works it’s purposes as a shelter and
a place to wait for public transport. Getting
our design an approval from our tutors.
REVIT
5
MATERIAL SELECTION
Translating sketches into a Revit model from scratch Determining different material options that is best
and overcoming many digital obstacle by watching for our climate and for a temporary structure.
reseatching and watching YouTube tutorials.
 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

FLOOR SLAB
MATERIAL SOURCING PAD FOUNDATION

2 3
Wooden planks are attached to the metal base

1 Hunting for reused materials andweighing for the Reusing planks from discarded wood pallets and
frame via self-tapping screws. Planks are painted
cutting them into required measurements .

06
cheapter option around Puchong & Klang area with a couple layers of timber finish for water/
whilst getting consultation and getting it cut into stacking them to form pad foundation
fungus resistant while giving the wood a richer
our desired dimensions colour

BENCH ROOF FRAME

4
COLUMN

5 6
A piece of wood is installed onto the metal framework
Using SHS , we attached all the parts togther into the that is supported by a square hollow aluminium tube
base frame with self-bended L-brackets made of thin
attached to the columns.3 sets of L-brackets attached
aluminium stripe and screws
the wood and hollow tube together.
Using SHS , we gradually attached all the perfectly
trimmed tubes with small brackets and screws into
a stable roof frame.Afterwards ,we installed a
C-channel on the spine of the roof , it acts as a
gutter for rainwater drainage.

7
ROOF
Translucent polycarbonate sheet is screwed onto
the beam of the roof anf rafters .
 ASSEMBLAGE PROCESS

1 5
SITE PREPARATION
Finding a suitable are to assemble our
bus stop model of 1:5 scale.
CONSTRUCTION OF COLUMNS
Retriving the square hollow tubes from
the factory , we fitted the SHS column
into the floor slab and sealed into
the pad footing.

06 2
CONSTRUCTION OF PAD FOOTING
Drilling a hole in the middle of the block
we used as our pad footing , attached
the column into place and secured it
with base plate and screws.
6
INSTALLATION OF SEATING BENCH
Attaching the frame of the bench to the
columns , we installed a piece of
board via securing it with L-brackets
to the supporting hollow tube.

7
CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF FRAME

3
CONSTRUCTION OF BASE FRAME
Locking column that is attached with Connecting the beam to the two columns
base frame into the pad footing and with L-brackets and screwed it tightly .
securing with some bolts , nuts and
base plate.

4
CONSTRUCTION OF FLOOR SLAB
After the hardwork of removing 200 rusted
nails from the old pallets , we are able to trim
the wood pieces into uniform planks using a
wood cutting machine from the carpentry . After
installing the metal frame , we installed the floor
slab and
 DESIGN
ANALYSIS

07 SUNLIGHT
Polycarbonate sheet allows natural light to penetrate
through its transparency. However, direct sunlight are
reflected from it’s glossy surface and leftover rays are
filtered through thus loss of significant heat , users
can sit comfortably while waiting for the bus.

RAIN
The extension of wing roof are able to fend off
oncoming rain from users , bystanders are able
to seek shelter as well.Rainwater are collected
at the gutter and flow down the pipe and
into the drain.
 DESIGN
ANALYSIS

07
VENTILATION
Due to the lack of walls , natural ventilation can
WIND RESISTANCE
pass through the structure freely .Wind movement Bus stop is built in a way where wind are welcomed to come
can flow through from every direction reducing in every directions , however the two columns are able to
stuffiness and lower humidity level. withstand the strength of the wind force.
 FORCE
ANALYSIS

08
LIVE LOAD
Forces that are applied by non-permanently placed
objects such as humans and elemental factors like rain.
The amount of force applied varies according to different
factors like the number and weight of the objects.
For example, a higher number of users would give a
greater force.
DEAD LOAD
The structural elements of the shelter that are
placed such as the roof, beams and columns as
possess their own weight and mass creating a
downward force in addition to the force of
gravitational pull.
 WIND LOAD
The open design with only two straight columns at each side provides
openness and allows for maximum ventilation through the shelter.
In addition to that, it reduces wind load acting upon the shelter which
helps in its stability and structural integrity..

08
 CONCLUSION

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THROUGHOUT THIS ASSIGNMENT, WE AS A GROUP MANAGED TO BETTER FAMILIARISE OURSELVES WITH BUILDING MATERIALS AND
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ITSELF. WE HAVE ALSO MANAGED TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND THE JOINTS AND HOW EVERY PART OF A
SKELETAL STRUCTURE IS PUT TOGETHER TO CREATE A STRONG AND LASTING STRUCTURE.

WE HAVE ALSO LEARNED TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY ASPECTS AND THE EFFECTS OF WEATHER ON
THE STRUCTURE. WITH THE HELP OF MR RIZAL, WE HAVE TWEAKED THE TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER DESIGN TO BETTER FIT THE STRUCTURAL
REQUIREMENTS FOR IT TO BE STABLE ENOUGH FOR ACCOMMODATION. HE HAS ALSO PROVIDED US WITH PLENTY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE
ON HOW SOME STRUCTURAL PARTS ARE JOINED TOGETHER FOR MAXIMUM STRENGTH WHICH HAS HELPED GREATLY.
 PROBLEMS
+ SOLUTION

06 CONSTRUCTION OF LIGHTWEIGHT
L-BRACKET
1
Measuring the aluminium strip
into the fitting size for the roof
frame with a ruler.
2
Bending the alu-strip with the help
of three pieces of wood
3
D-I-Y L-bracket is made!

1 2
CONSTRUCTION OF WOODEN
Measuring the aluminium strip
FOUNDATION into the fitting size for the roof
frame with a ruler.
3
D-I-Y L-bracket is made!
Bending the alu-strip with the help
of three pieces of wood
 REFERENCE
1. Polycarbonate Sheets - UV2. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.tapplastics.com/product/plastics/cut_to_size_plastic/polycarbonate_sheets/516 [Accessed 1/5/2018]
2. Woodford, Chris. (2010/2017) Wood. Retrieved from http://www.explainthatstuff.com/wood.html. [Accessed 1/5/2018]
3. Shaji, S. (2014, December 10). Gypsum as a construction material. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/sharonshaji3785/gypsum-as-a-costruction-material [Accessed 1/5/2018]
4. Home. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wbcsdcement.org/index.php/key-issues/sustainability-with-concrete/properties-of-concrete [Accessed 1/5/2018]

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5. Done, B. (2017, February 15). Carbon Steel Versus Stainless Steel. Retrieved from http://www.reliance-foundry.com/blog/carbon-steel-versus-stainless-steel#gref [Accessed 1/5/2018]
6 .https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1446
7 http://www.lewislp.com/wood-characteristics/
 RENDERINGS

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 STRUCTURE ELEMENTS
Steel frame structure consists of primary structure elements and secondary structures .The purpse is acting as a support
for the floor slab and roof .Metal frame structure is able to withstand both lateral forces and vertical forces such as
live load ,wind force and gravity .

08
ROOF FRAME

BEAM KNEE BRACE

COLUMNS

BASE FRAME

FOUNDATION

PRIMARY STRUCTURE ELEMENTS SECONDARY STRUCTURE ELEMENTS

Primary structure elements are the pad footing foundation, Secondary structure elements are to provide extra supports
the columns and the roof beam , they are used as the main hence increasing the stability of the structure and the ability
supporters thus foundation using concrete as a material of to carry more load , such as extra weight from users or
choice as it has large compressive force. other environmental hazards .
08
CONCENTRATED LOAD

ONE-WAY LOAD DISTRIBUTION

LOAD DISTRIBUTION

ONE-WAY SYSTEM
Steel hollow section joist structure are distributed evenly to support load of the structure,
transferring the load to the ground in one direction
 LOAD TEST

08
SEATING ROOF FLOOR SLAB
TEST OBJECT : BOOK
TEST OBJECT :BOOK: TEST OBJECT:BOOK
TOTAL LOAD:6KG
TOTAL LOAD : 6KG TOTAL LOAD:6KG
RESULT:FLOOR SLAB CAN WITHSTAND
RESULT : SUCCESFUL, BENCH CAN RESULT: SUCCESSFUL,ROOF
LOAD IMPOSED ON STRUCTURE
WITHSTAND LOAD CAN WITHSTAND UNEVEN LOAD
ON BOTH WINGLET