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A Slip of Paper in a Black Walnut Box:
An Examination of the Suffrage Debate
in Beverly, Massachusetts 1913-1915
Sarah Fuller, Bridgewater State University
The Beverly Beacon: A Woman's Newspaper Mary Boyden, Anti Suffrage Secretary
11/1/1913 and Treasurer Records , 1915
…she is not capable, has never shown …the decline and fall of great nations and
herself and never will show herself capable civilizations in our world history…three
of sustaining alike the life of the family with symptoms invariably attend the period of
all its profound and absorbing demands, decay…the coming of women into public life
and the laborious technique of public life. and political prominence. This last
4th of July Celebration, 1920, Dodge Street in North factor…the fever of the diseased civilization.
Beverly, Helen Wales and Beverly Dunham (L to R)
Generating the Neuronal Network using a Path of Signal through Neuronal Network without Identifying Deteriorated Neuronal Connections Simulating the Impact of Learning on
Fractal Tree Plaque Deposits due to laqu
P e Neuronal Degeneration due to laqu
P e
Each vertex is assigned a high or low number of receptors using a • Deposit 5000 plaque granules.
Bernoulli distribution with parameter p. The probability p • Identify the closest edge in the fractal tree for each plaque
decreases from 1 to 0.8 as we move downstream along the granule and compute distance from plaque granule to edge. • The frequent use of the neuronal pathways in the
(c) (d) neuronal network. • If distance is less than 5 we record this in a counter and delete human brain due to learning and memory exercises
(a) (b)
If a vertex has a high those edges whose counter exceeds a certain threshold value. Edges helps strengthen the neuronal connections which
number of receptors, the downstream are subsequently deleted from fractal tree. become more resistant to plaque degeneration.
signal passes through the • We simulated these
(a) Program begins by plotting a horizontal line. (b) This line neuron with probability 0.9. The image below shows which neuronal pathways (in red) have effects in our model by
branches to form 3 new lines half the original length and If the vertex has a low been deteriorated by plaque granules deposited on the network. increasing the
extended straight out and perpendicular to it. (c) Each newly number of receptors, the 200 threshold value for the
formed line branches in three more lines as in step (b). (d) The signal only passes through number of plaque
j th iteration generates
jy new new line3 j −1segments of length the neuron with a probability granules in the vicinity
( 1 ) j −1 and (f) vertical offset can be manipulated to
. (e) Horizontal of 0.3.
2 of an edge required for
realize different geometries. (g) The fractal tree is skewed using deletion of that edge.
randomly generated coefficients to ensure a realistic Image in orange depicts the
representation of the neuronal network. path of the signal in a healthy Table below shows the
neuronal network. 0 average of the number
400
of neurons the signal
Depositing laqu
P e Granules using a non reached for each of our
three models having
homogeneous Markov Chain run the simulations a
large number of times.
(e) (f) (g)
-200
Path of Signal Neurons Reached
without Plaque 413/1093
after Plaque 279/1093
with Learning 329/1093
(a) (b) (c) (d) Path of Signal through Neuronal Network after
Integrating Fractal rT ee with Graph hT eory (a) During the first iteration, a cell is randomly chosen with uniform Plaque Deposits
Package probability from an n × n grid where n was chosen to be 400. A high
probability box is defined around the cells immediately adjacent to Image in green shows the path of signal through the neuronal
Identify and label vertices and edges of the fractal tree, where the first cell. (b) A cell is chosen from within the high probability network that has been affected by the plaque deposits Image of Neuronal Network with laqu
P e
each vertex represents a neuron. Similar to the neuronal network box and a new box is positioned relative to the new cell. (c) Most
in the human brain, a signal travels in one direction. For ease of cell deposits will occur in the high probability box as a result of our
Deposits
representation, we use a symmetric fractal tree. probability distribution. (d) In a minority of cases, cells are chosen
from the complement of the previously defined high probability box.
A new box is formed around this last deposit.
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FOR THE LOCATION OF THE NEXT
PLAQUE GRANULE IN THE MATRIX A:
• given the current location
ai , j of the plaque, the next
SPA
granule will be deposited
ai −1, j −1 ai −1, j ai −1, j +1 in aspacwith
k ,l the following
probabilities:
ai , j −1 ai , j ai , j +1 • each cell in adjacent high
probability box is picked with Computer generated image Photograph, imaging from
ai +1, j −1 ai +1, j ai , j +1 1
using our mathematical
probability 10 . human hippocampus.
Compare with image in orange in and note that the signal reached
• all other cells are picked model.
less neurons than in a healthy brain.
uniformly
1
with total
probability
10 of .
We used this probability model to allow for realistic clustering of
plaque granules.
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts
Additional resources
nau.edu/ugr
nau.edu/Research/Undergraduate/Poster-Presentation-Tips/
nau.edu/ugsymposium
nau.edu/CEFNS/Forestry/Student-Resources/Information-
Technology/Plot-a-Poster/