F-1.

5
Book : ICT SKILL DEVELOPMENT
Unit – 1 ( Part – a )

An Introduction to Computer, Need, Importance, Nature and Advantages

Introduction to Computer
Initially counting was done by using fingers or put sign on bones. But now counting is done by
various Electronic Devices. In Which COMPUTER comes first. Computer performs with very
fast speed and accuracy. Today computer play very important role in our life. Today world is
shrinking due to the interconnection of computers worldwide.

Computer word is taken from the word „COMPUTE‟ which means to Calculate . Initially the
computer were used to perform only Arithmetic calculations at fast speed but Now computers
are used to perform simple tasks like Basic Arithmetic like ADDITION, SUBSTRACTION,
MULTIPLICATION, DIVISION and Very Complex Tasks like LAUNCHING – CONTROLLING
OF ROCKETS, MISSILES, RAILWAY-AIR RESERVATION, AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL,
WEATHER FORECASTING, ATM-BANKING, HOSPITAL, BUSINESS, SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH etc.

The Computer of today is much more than Super-Calculating machine . Computer awareness is
must in today's High-Tech world. It is a basic requirement of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY.
Many people think that computer is a calculating machine. It is an Electronic magic machine
having the capabilities like Selecting, Copying, Moving and Comparing texts and performing
Non-Arithmetic operations by following a Set of Instructions, technically called a Program.
In brief a computer may be defined as “A Device that receives some kind of data,
process it and then applies a predefined set of instructions to produce some type of
output.”
For examples, when you go for an Railway Reservation , the computer process the data fed by
the user and makes a Reservation. Then it prints a Ticket for you. The Ticket is the Output
generated by the Computer based on the request (INPUT) by the operator.

It is also said that the Computer is a Data Processor because it can receive, Store, process and
Retrieve any kind of Data. For Example, You can store the Names, Qualifications, Address,
Phone numbers of the Company Staff in a computer file. Later on you can get the list of only
those Staff who works as Non-Teaching ( Office Work) staff or who lives in Ludhiana

Computer Definitions
According to A.S.Hornby
“A Computer is an Electronic device which stores information on Disks, analysis it and produces
information as required from the data on the Disk”

Conclusion :

Actually Computers converts data into information . In other words Computer takes Input,
Process it and gives output.Overall conclusion from above Computer definitions we found that :
a) Computer is an Electronic Machine.
b) Computer process the Data.
c) Computer works according to instructions given to it.
d) Computer is an Electronic Device which can Read & Write, Compute & Compare, Store & Process Large
Amount of data with Speed and Accuracy”
Need, Importance, Nature and Advantages :

SPEED:
Computer works very fast as compare to human being. A computer can perform a
specific function in few seconds where as the same function will take lot of time manually.
Modern computer can perform thousands of calculations per second just because of its speed.
The time used by a Computer to perform an operation is called Processing Speed which is
measured in MHz or GHz.
ACCURACY:
Accuracy means to provide results without any errors. Computer is very accurate , it
never goes wrong. The accuracy of computer is always 100%. Errors in computers are not of
technological nature but are mostly due to computer operator / user. For accurate results of any
type of complex calculations We have to enter correct data & instructions. A Modern computer
can perform millions of operations in one second without any error.
STORAGE:
The storage capacity of computer is very large. It can store large amount of data
and retrieve it any time within few seconds. It can hold the information as long as desired by the
user. The information retrieved would be as accurate as on the day it was entered into the
computer. The information is stored in the form of files in the disk of computer which helps in
easy and fast retrieval of data. We can store any type of file i.e TEXT, GRAPHIC, AUDIO,
VIDEO file etc.
VERSATILE:
Computer can perform variety of jobs depending upon the instructions given to it. It
is capable of performing different types of tasks. It is versatile machine , it can create Document,
Graph, Graphic, Design, AIR-RAILWAY Reservation , Space Research, ATM Banking, Weather
Forecasting, Launching-Controlling of Rockets, Missiles etc.
Computer can not take its own decisions. It does not intelligence of its own. It has to be ordered
as to What to do in which sequence
DILIGENCE :
Computers are diligent in nature as they can perform complex tasks very well
without errors, without break and without getting tired or bored. Computer never gets tired or
bored if it has to do the same job again and again. If we give thousands of calculations to solve
it, Computer will perform the tasks with same speed and accuracy. Computer do not go for Sick
Leave or coffee break. Computers are very reliable . We can consider them as very good friend
of human being.
AUTOMATION :
Computer, a machine that works itself without any human involvement is said to be
an automatic machine. Computers are automatic machines, they can work on any given job
automatically till it gets finished without any human interference. We have to given instructions
to computer, after that computer will automatic start the work as per instructions given to it.

Importance of Computer / APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS / Uses of Computers:

Computers are used almost in every field of life specially in the area where calculations are done at very
fast Speed and accuracy.
New applications of computers are continually being discovered. Few are :

1-EDUCATION
In Educational Institutions computers are using as a Teaching Aid, Information Resources, Computing &
Research Tool. Uses of computers is very effective in Class Rooms, Labs , Library and office. In Class
room, Student can take direct participation in the lesson without taking too much help from their teacher.
In Library , Students can directly read magazines or books from the terminal. This type of computerized
learning is called CAL ( Computer Aided Learning).
With the help of INTERNET, a student can get the study material through E-Mail from any institution or
University which is hundred kms away from you. Without going anywhere you can appear for ONLINE
examination from your personal computer.
2-BANKING
Banks are the first largest organization to invest heavily on the computers. With the computerization of
Banking records, Life of Bank Employee has become very easy because they do not spend time for
posting the entries in ledger and then balancing the ledger.
Computers are being installed in different branches . All the branches are ready with the terminals which
are having the facilities to handle all type of accounts like PAYMENT, WITHDRAWL, FIXED
DEPOSIT, RD, INTEREST, LOANS etc.
ATM ( Automatic Teller Machine) is the most powerful facility provided by almost every bank. ATM
have reduced the burden on the bank employees and also it saves the valuable time of customers. It is
used to take out money from the different places any time.
Now-a-days you need not go to bank to check your account. You can do all this on your computer with
the help of Internet. You can have your balance enquiry statements and even transfer the money to some
other account.

3-BUSINESS
Computer is very effective for Business purpose . We can improve our business by giving advertisement
on INTERNET for very large response. Video- Conferencing is the most powerful features by which
you can see detail of any product from your PC, you need not to go anywhere.
It is also used for Budget, Reporting, presentations, Billing, Production Control, Tax Calculations, Salary
Making, Import-Export documents, Accounts , Payroll etc.

4-POLICE-loAW & Order

Computers are used to keep records of criminals like Name of the Criminal, Father‟s Name, Age,
Address, Height, Eye Color, previous crime etc. Most of the police stations are computerized , it means
you can get detail of any criminal from the any place of world.
It is also used to keep finger-print records because each finger has its own recognition/ identity which is
very helpful to find out the criminal.
The work of Lawyer has become very easy with the help of computers. They can maintain their clients
records according to the required classification which helps to find out the case history of the client.
5-DTP
DTP programs have brought revolution in the publishing jobs. Editing of Books, Magazines and
documents can be easily done on the computer without any paper cutting and pasting. Today DTP has
become a very popular medium for Newspaper, writing Books, Designing of Visiting Cards, Marriage
Cards, Letter Pad etc.
Most popular DTP software are Coreldraw, Pagemaker, Photoshop etc

6-Robot
A Robot is a mechanical device whose actions are controlled by the Computer. It is very helpful to create
typically scenes in films, in operation theater, engineering, Labs and in Bomb Squad team etc.
It can perform different role at different places based upon the instructions given to it.

7-Medicine – Health & Care

In medical field, Computers are used for multi purpose tasks such as Diagnosing the Disease, Monitoring
heart-beat & BP of Patients, Surgery, Scanning, ECG, Ultra Sound etc which helps to get quick and
accurate results.
There was a time when diseases like Blood Clots, Tumor, Cancer could only be diagnosed after a big
surgery . But today with the help of computer the task of diagnosis has removed the danger of such
surgeries. The doctors can see inside the body without opening it. All this has been possible with the help
of computers. CAT ( Computer Aided Tomography) is used in hospitals to scan the Brain as well as count
the cells in Heart which is very beneficial for Heart Surgery. Computer were used in SEOUL OLYMPICS
to check Drug-Addicted athletes.
Computers are also used to make Payrolls, Medical Bill of Patients, to keep Patients Records, Staff
Salary etc.
8-Govt.office
Computers are used in government offices to keep up-to-date information for quick decisions. Most of
the government operations are connected through Networking of Computers from which any query can be
answered with the help of computers.
Election Results, Voter-ID cards, Collection of INCOME TAX, Govt. Staff Salary, Driving Motor
Vehicle Registration, Passport Office, Planning & Controlling , Railway-Air Seat Reservation and Status,
Tourism Department, Driving License, Information & Broadcast Services are few examples of jobs which
are performed in government department.

9-Entertainment
Computers are an essential part of entertainment industries which are used to create special effects in
Videos, Games, Cartoon Movie, Composing, Editing, recording and reproducing music and Sound
effects. We can listen Audio, MP3 Songs, watch Movies etc. With the help of TV Tuner card we can
watch TV in our computer. We can connect our Mobile to computer and transfer the Songs, pictures,
Videos Clips into it and vice versa .
All the latest computers are ready with Multimedia technology. Text, Images, Movies, Animations,
Sounds etc are the main elements of Multimedia.

10. Science & Technology

With the help of computers Scientists are doing research in
so many ways using it as a tool to Store, Analysis and manipulate information quickly. They are also used
computer to predict earthquake, controlling Satellites, Space Research etc.
Scientist can prepare a model on Computer and test the same with the help of computers without spending
any amount which is required on actual testing. .e.g Model of Car, Airplane.
CAD and CAM are both most powerful software which are used for designing & manufacturing in
engineering field. So many scientific application are processed daily on the computers. One of the most
important daily activity is Weather Forecasting which involves solution of mathematical equations using
world wide data about Air pressure , temperature , humidity and other values.
11. Transport & Communication
Computers are used in Transport by Railway & Airlines.
ONLINE reservation allow the passengers to book their tickets on Internet at their home from their
personal computer. Computers are used for Booking tickets for passengers, making list of people
traveling, Seats confirmation etc. Computerized Traffic lights are used almost at every chowk of city.
These lights can automatically control the traffic according to rush.
Computer Network is also possible by connecting a large number of computer terminals together. Any
computer can communicate and share the data with other computers. We can send or receive messages
from any place of world within few seconds. Text Chat, Voice Chat and Video Conferencing are possible
only with the help of computers.
12. Government Offices
Computers are used in government offices to keep up-to-date
information for quick and accurate result. Various departments of government uses computers for their
Planning & Controlling activities, Election Results, Collection Tax, Govt. Staff Salary, Driving Motor
Vehicle Registration , Railway Seat Booking and Confirmation, Information & Broadcast Services, Air
Ticket booking, Tourism Department etc are few examples of jobs which are performed in government
offices. Most of the government organizations are connected through NETWORKING COMPUTERS by
which any query can be answered quickly which is possible only with the help of computers. It saves a lot
of time and money.
13. Animation and Graphics :
Animation is the process of making an object appear to move. This
is done by rapidly displaying a series of similar pictures each in a slightly different position. Computers
are used for animation and for producing special effects in movies. Best examples of these are Cartoon
Movies and Video Games.
Now-a-days Dress designers and even Hair-Dressers are using animation and graphics by applying their
design on the person for which they are designing this. Movie, now contain many visual tricks that could
never be performed without the help of computers. Computer animation involves creating images of
people on a computer screen and then making images appear to move against the real or computer
generated background.
 Unit – I ( Part-C)
ICT : Concept of ICT
ICT stands for Information and communication Technology and is refers
to teaching and learning the subject matter that enables understanding the functions and
effective use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Information and
communication technologies are a part of our world and we use them every day. Information
and communication technologies can also be very attractive for school children, who acquaint
with them very quickly.
ICT has become one of the powerful tools of modern society with in very short time. ICT
facilitate the processing, transmission and display of information by means of electronics. ICT
provide an unprecedented opportunity to meet vital development goals, such as basic health
care, education, research, learning process, administration and far more effectively than before.

Components of ICT : Information and communication technology

 INFORMATION
 COMMUNICATION
 TECHNOLOGY

Information : Information is a basic unit of communication and can come in several forms : Words,
Numbers, Images and Sounds.
 Words : Words carry information, whether they are conveyed in spoken ( e.g. Lecture, Conversation)
or in Printed form.
 Numbers : Numbers and data were clearly the second most common in the last half-century.
Computers have been efficient at storing, manipulating and eventually sending and receiving many kinds
of quantitative information, i.e. “Numbers”.
 Images : Images are of three types – Still Pictures, Video and Graphics. Students and teachers can
easily send and receive still pictures, moving video sequences and high quality art work. People respond
easily and enthusiastically to images and they like to communicate their ideas in the form of Images,
rather than just words and numbers.
 Sounds : Sound is still not yet widely used on computers, but the potential is there. It is not word
based but it is a sound with its own information and meaning. e.g Recordings of birds sound.

NEED and IMPORTANCE OF ICT

ICT is very important for every person in the present scenario. Our society is rapidly becoming
dependent on technology where ICT plays an important role in various field now days. It helps
the process of learning based on worldwide research. ICT effectively enable to communicate
their ideas and to present their work.
NEED OF ICT :
The ICT is needed due to following reasons :
1. To enables learning „anywhere, anytime and anyhow‟
2. To promote independent learning.
3. To promote the culture of learning.
4. To generate new digital skills.
5. To improve the quality of learning.
6. To make learning easy to understand.
7. To create knowledge society.
8. To make you connect with global community.
9. To participate in rapidly changing world.
10. To sharing of knowledge.
11. To increase in knowledge.
12. To promote technology literacy of all citizens.
13. To sharing experience and information with others.
14. To make more efficient use of existing software skills.
15. To share research and other useful information effectively.
IMPORTANCE OF ICT :
ICT is capable of adding an intelligent functionality to existing technologies. ICT can rightly be
described as a driver for innovation and growth. ICT also has an impact on government
efficiency, fostering transparency and better communication and services with and to citizens.
ICT has its importance due to following reasons :
1. As a source of knowledge.
2. As a medium to transit knowledge.
3. As a means of interaction/dialogue.
4. As a driver for innovation and growth.
5. As a source of access to remote learning resources.
6. As a means of better use and more equitable sharing of resources.
7. As a foundation of raising participation in the decision-making processes.

SCOPE OF ICT IN TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS

ICT is one of the most potentially powerful tools for extending teaching-learning opportunities.
The main characteristics of ICTs is their ability to transcend time and space. With the advent
of ICT tools, teachers and learners are no longer to depend solely upon on physical media such
as printed books, articles and other materials for their educational needs.
With the ICT tools, teachers and learners are no longer to depend solely upon physical media
such as printed books, articles and other materials for their educational needs. The Internet
technology provides a rich source of online learning materials in almost every subject. These
materials may be accessed from anywhere at anytime by means of variety of media and by an
unlimited number of people. This is particularly significant for teaching-learning-process.
Many schools and government institutes in developing countries and even some in developed
countries realized the need of improving quality of education through the use of ICT.
ICT is a tool for teaching and learning itself, the medium through which teachers can teach and
learners can learn. It appears in many different forms, such as drill and practice exercises , in
simulations and educational networks.
ICT’s use is seen to be of mixed effectiveness as presentation tool. ICT use‟s also seen in
Publications and in Evaluations.
The demand of time is to increase the use of ICT in teaching. The teachers should adopt ICT for
preparation of teaching learning materials. It is also the responsibility of school to motivate
teachers to use ICT. The school authorities may collaborate with computer companies to
provide training to their in-service teachers. The workshop and seminars can be organized on
„the use of ICTs in the teaching-learning process‟.

SCOPE OF ICT IN RESEARCH

ICT has a very wide scope in research . It is very helpful in collecting and retrieval of information
related to research. One can get information regarding his research problem very easily from
various sites of Internet, without going to that place.
 E-Journals and E-Books are also very helping in locating information regarding
research for any subject.
- To collect data and design experiments and also develop theoretical models..
- To help researchers for exchanging their ideas and views.
- To communicate with colleagues.
- To offer new methods of data collection.
- To enable the analysis and visualization of complex problems.
- To perform the mathematical part of the research process.
- To help in research dissemination.
- To provide high-end computing for some areas of research, such as high-energy
physics, aeronautical engineering.
 SCOPE OF ICT IN ADMINISTRATION

ICT plays an important role in the delivery of better administration services. It is the part
of administration in any organization to support the processes and consequently to
deliver better outcome to organization :

- To facilitate administration activities from data storage to decision making.

- To sending E-Mail notices and agendas to staff, rather than printing and distributing
them.
- To manage the regulatory framework.
- To improve efficiency and effectiveness of building administration.
- To submission of lesson plans through Email.
- To improve public service delivery.
- To help in designing new organizational arrangements.
- To enable online admission.
- To enable all day-to-day activities of the institution.
- To enhances various functional areas like Time-Table, Student Admission &
Tracking, Financial Management, Medical Services, Stock Management, Data
Distribution and Management.

UNIT II: Elements of Computer

( Part – a ) Computer hardware fundamentals (anatomy, Input devices - Output devices,
storage devices, display devices), types of computers and Computer Network :

BASIC ANATOMY OF COMPUTER

Qu : Explain the basic structure of computer system ?. or

Qu : Draw a block diagram of a computer and write a brief note on the each functional
unit of the computer ? or
Qu : Discuss basic anatomy of computer ? or
Answer : ( Above all questions having same answer )

A typical computer system irrespective of its size, class or type consists of hardware and
software, integrated and synchronized together to perform computational; work or data
processing.
Computer Anatomy is concerned with the way the various functional units operate and how they
are connected together to form the computer system.

A computer system consists of the following functional units :

1. INPUT UNIT
2. MEMORY / STORAGE UNIT
3. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (C.P.U)
4. OUTPUT UNIT
The block diagram of a Computer System is as follows :

MEMORY UNIT

INPUT UNIT CONTROL UNIT OUTPUT UNIT

ARITHMETIC
LOGIC UNIT

1. INPUT UNIT : As the computer process the data according to the instructions given to it and
produces the results. The input unit is used to feed the data as well as instructions to the computer. Most
commonly input devices are KEYBOARD, MOUSE, SCANNER, BAR CODE READER, JOYSTICK
etc.

In brief, an input unit performs the following functions :

 It reads the list of data and instructions from the user.
 It converts these data and instructions in computer acceptable form.
 It supplies the converted data and instructions to the computer system for further
processing.

2. MEMORY UNIT / STORAGE UNIT : Computer system is used to store the data and
instructions. The basic function of memory unit is to store the data, instructions and final results in the
system so that it can deliver them on demand to the user or other computer units at a later time. Te data
and instructions are transferred to other computer units from the main storage under the supervision of
control unit.
Primary Memory
Primary Memory is known as Internal Memory or Main Memory. Computer
requires internal memory not only for holding the data and instructions but for results also, which
can be transferred to output unit whenever required.
Primary Memory are of two types :RAM & ROM

(1). RAM : RAM stands for Random Access Memory. The term Random means that any word in
the memory may be directly accessed without having to go through all other words to get to it. It is the
area of memory where data and programs instructions are stored temporary when the computer is in
operation. It is Read/Write memory so the contents of RAM can be changed easily. It is also called
Volatile memory which means all the data in it will be lost on power failure.
(2). ROM : ROM stands for Read Only Memory. ROM is used in situation where the data must be
stored permanently. ROM is non-volatile memory which means all the data in it will not be lost on power
failure. It is used for storing that type of programs which are permanent in the computer. Information in it
are decided by the computer hardware manufacturer which we can not change.

Secondary Memory :
Secondary Memory is also known as External memory or Auxiliary
Memory. It is used to store the data and programs permanently or for longer durations.. These
devices are also used to transfer data from one computer to another. We can store a large
amount of data in these devices. Secondary memory is essential to any computer to provide
backup storage. Few popular external devices are Floppy Disk, Compact Disk, Hard Disk, Pen
Drive etc.
3. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (C.P.U) : The CPU is also called Brain of the Computer. It
is also called as microprocessor. It is the fastest and costly unit of the computer system. All major
calculations and comparisons are made inside the C.P.U. The performance of the computer mainly
depends upon the type of microprocessor installed in it.
It contains two units (i) CONTROL UNIT (ii) A.L.U ( ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT).
(i) CONTROL UNIT : A Control unit is a major component of the computer which helps in the
functioning of the Central Processing Unit and in turn runs the whole computer. Control Unit
works as a supervisor in the system. It sends and receives control signals from various
peripheral devices.
(ii) ALU : It stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit. The function of ALU is to perform all the
calculations in it. It performs arithmetic like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
and logical calculations in the computer. Under the control of Control Unit, the data and
instructions stored in the primary storage are transferred to ALU for processing. ALU
performs the calculations and sends intermediate and final results to the main memory.

4. OUTPUT UNIT : This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful
information. During data processing, computer process the data according to the instructions applied to it
and produce the result or output. The output unit is used to provide the results to the user.
Most commonly used output devices are Monitor, Printer, Speakers, Plotters etc.
- It accepts the results produced by the computer that are in binary form.
- It converts these binary coded results to human acceptable form.
- Finally, it supplies the converted results to the user.

Unit – II ( Part –a )
INPUT – OUTPUT DEVICES or COMPUTER HARDWARE or I/O DEVICES or
PERIPHERAL DEVICES

INPUT-OUTPUT devices are responsible for reading data from Input medium, converting these data
into human understandable form and display the result in OUTPUT medium. Remember that data must
be entered to the computer before any task or computation . The faster and more efficiently we can input
data to the computer, the more efficiently the computer will function and faster we can obtain the output.
They are also known as the PERIPHERAL DEVICES because they constitute the peripheral around the
CPU (Central Processing Unit). The overall efficiency of a computer is highly dependent on peripheral
devices.

INPUT DEVICES :
Input is the process for entering the data in computer system. These data are to be entered by
using few devices, called INPUT DEVICES. A wise range of INPUT DEVICE are available and choice
of a particular device is dependent on type of application. Some important devices are KEYBOARD,
MOUSE, JOYSTICK, LIGHT PEN, TOUCH SCREEN etc.
(a) KEYBOARD : Keyboard is one of the most popular Input Device used for entering the data into
a computer by pressing one key at a time. Keyboards for personal computers come in variety of styles and
shapes. They are the most simple, common and mainly used Input Devices. It consists of Alphabet key,
Numeric Keys, Special Keys, Function Keys, Numeric Key pad, Cursor Movement Keys etc. There are
two types of keyboards that are commonly used: NORMAL KEYBOARD AND MULTIMEDIA
KEYBOARD. A normal keyboard has 101 to 108 keys where as in Multimedia Keyboard 110 to 125
keys. Multimedia keyboard has some additional keys to operate multimedia functions like Play, Pause,
Forward, Backward, Internet Explorer, My Computer, My Documents etc.
(b) MOUSE : Mouse is the most popular pointing device which is used for Input instruction in
graphical environment for designing purpose. When we move mouse on flat surface, the screen cursor or
mouse pointer moves in the direction of mouse‟s movements. Press Single Click if we want to select any
file or folder. Press Double Click on it If we want to open it. There are two types of mouse (1)
Traditional Mouse (2) Optical Mouse.
Traditional Mouse is used a rubber ball into the bottom with two small rollers. When ball rolls , it spins
and the pointer on monitor moves in the same direction .
Optical Mouse is latest advance technique pointing devices that uses a Optical sensor and digital signal in
place of traditional ball. Optical mouse is very efficient in working. Now-a-days Optical Mouse are using
to work in graphical environment.
(c) JOYSTICK : JOYSTICK is a another pointing device used to move mouse pointer position
on the computer screen. A Joystick uses a lever to control the position of mouse pointer. It is mostly used
for playing games . The Joystick can be moved left or right, forward or backward. Springs are often used
to return to joystick to its home centre position. It is difficult to use a joystick to control the absolute
position of a screen cursor directly, because a slight movement of the shaft is amplified 5 to 10 times in
the movement of the cursor. This makes the screen cursor‟s movement quite jerky and does not allow
quick and accurate fine positioning.
(d) TOUCH SCREEN : Touch Screen is a computer system which will response when we touch
the monitor screen by finger. It works by sending signals to CPU. Such screens are especially helpful
when people are not familiar with computers. That‟s reason that these type of Input device is designed
for general public. It is very easy and fast. Mostly used in ATM, Shopping Malls, Railway Station,
Airport etc. Through Touch Screen a person can select the available options by simply touching the
menus displayed on the computer monitor screen. Now-a-days Mobile Phones are in market with touch
screen technology. It is very easy and quick.
(e) BAR-CODE-READER : It is one of the most widely used device. The most common type
of bar code reader is flatbed model, which is usually found in Supermarkets and departmental stores. It is
an electronic device which read the values printed on the product in the form of vertical lines, called Bar-
Code. It is a series of Black strips of various thickness on white background mostly. Mainly used in
Departmental Stores, Libraries, Shopping Malls etc.
(f) LIGHT-PEN : Light Pen is similar to Pen connected by a cable to the display device. It is
another pointing device used especially for graphics works. When user points at the screen, the computer
recognize the position of the point. By moving the Pen, the user can select a displayed menu items, draw
graphics displays, pictures, line, circle, curves etc. Even you can signature directly on the Monitor
Screen. It consists of a Photocell and Optical System placed in a small tube. When it tips is moved on the
Monitor Screen, its photocell sensing elements detects the screen location and sends signals to the
computer system.
(g) OMR ( OPTICAL MAGNETIC READER) : OMR is used mainly to recognize marks made
by the Pencils or black pen. These marks can be a small circle, square, oval shaped box. These type of
input device is suitable for competition examinations where method of examinations are objective-type
and students are required to fill the answer-sheet with Pencil/Black Pen. OMR device is very accurate
and very fast. It can read 10,000 documents per hour.
(h) MICR ( MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER READER) : MICR is the most widely used
in Banks. The MICR reads special characters printed with special magnetic ink. It is used in Banks for
verification of Cheque. It is very helpful to stop cheque cheating cases in Banks because each cheque
contains unique number, code to identify the Bank, Branch, Account. MICR characters are human
readable as well as machine readable.

OUTPUT DEVICES :
OUTPUT is the process to get the result from computer system after entering the data and
instructions. The devices which we used to get the result are known as Output Device.
Some important Output Devices are Monitor, Printer etc.
(a) MONITOR : Monitor is the most commonly used output device. It is also called
V.D.U ( Visual Display Unit), Screen . It looks like a Television Screen. When the information is entered
to the computer , the computer display the result on Monitor. It comes in various size like 14”, 15”, 17”,
21 “ etc.
An Image / Text displayed on the screen is made up of small dots, called Pixels. The resolution of the
screen is “HOW MANY PIXELS THERE ARE UP AND DOWN AND FROM LEFT AND RIGHT
ACROSS THE SCREEN”. Best picture resolution is 800 X 600 Pixels.
The LCD ( LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY) is new technology in monitor which gives a better
resolution quality as compare to CRT Monitor. It is very small in size and occupy less space as compare
to CRT Monitor.
(b) PRINTERS :
Printer is another popular output device. It is used to print information on the paper, also
known as Hard Copy or Permanent Copy. It helps to save the work in the written / printed format .
There are two types of Printers : (1) IMPACT PRINTER (2) NON-IMPACT PRINTER

IMPACT PRINTERS : Impact printers are those printers in which characters are printed
through a head that strike on the paper through ribbon. The speed of printing is very slow . The
quality of printing is not good and they are very noisy while printing.

CHARACTER PRINTERS : Character Printers are those printers which print only one
character at a time. The speed of these printers are 10 to 500 characters per second. These
printers are again of two types :
 DOT MATRIX PRINTERS: Dot Matrix Printers prints characters with combination of
dots. In this printer by the help of Head the ribbon is pressed and this making printing on
the paper. They do not give better printing quality. The printing speed of a dot matrix
printer can be upto 360 characters per seconds (cps).
 DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS: Daisy Wheel Printers print the characters by a mechanism
that uses a plastic or metal hub with spokes. The characters are embossed on the
radiating spokes and printed by striking these spokes against the ribbon and paper. The
printing speed of a Daisy Wheel Printer can be upto 90 characters per second (cps).

LINE PRINTERS : Line printers are those printers which print whole line at a time.. They are
fastest printers having speeds in the range of 250 to 2000 lines per minute.
 DRUM PRINTERS: These printers are print the line by rotating drum having a
ring of characters for each print position.. Speed in the range of 200 to 2000 lines per
minute.
 CHAIN PRINTERS: These printers are prints the line by rotating chain having
ring characters for each print position. Their printing mechanism is similar to drum
printers. The noise level of these printers is high and the speed lies in the range of
400 to 2400 lines per minute.

NON-IMPACT PRINTERS : Non-impact printers prints the characters without striking

against the ribbon and onto the paper. These printers print a complete page at a time, therefore
they are also called Page Printers. The speed of printing is very fast. The quality of printing is
very good and they are very quite while printing. These printers are Inkjet, Laser and Thermal
Printer.
 INKJET PRINTERS : Inkjet Printers prints the character by spraying small
drops of ink. The ink is stored in a disposable ink cartridge. It can print in color
environment and as well as in black also. It can produce 600 to 1200 dots per inch
(dpi). The printing quality is good. It is best for Office and Home use.
 LASER PRINTERS : laser printer prints the characters by using laser
technology. In these Printers, a laser beam is used to write the image on a paper. It
gives high quality printing & is faster than any printer. Laser Printers are very popular
and have become an essential part of Desk Top Publishing. The latest model of
laser Printer 1200 dots per inch, which can print 10 pages per minute. Some high
speed printers give a speed of upto 100 pages per minute.
 THERMAL PRINTERS : Thermal Printers prints the characters by using ribbons
that hold the ink in a wax transferred to the paper. Their noise level is very less. The
printers are useful in institutions offices where the printing is required on
transparencies rather on plain paper. One application for thermal printers is also the
production of bar codes.
UNIT – II ( Part-a)

Qu : Discuss the term DATA STORAGE DEVICES ? or

Qu : What is Secondary Storage Devices ? or
Qu : Define External Storage Devices ?

Answer : ( Above all questions having same answer )

Memory is the Storage area of Computer where all the inputs are stored before processing and
the outputs are stored after processing of Inputs.
Secondary Memory is also known as External memory or Auxiliary Memory. It is used to store
the data and programs permanently or for longer durations.. These devices are also used to
transfer data from one computer to another. We can store a large amount of data in these
devices. Secondary memory is essential to any computer to provide backup storage. Few
popular external devices are Floppy Disk, Compact Disk, Optical Disk, Hard Disk, Pen Drive etc.

Floppy Disk :
Floppy disk is used for secondary storage in the computer. Floppy Disk is used to
transfer a very small amount of data from PC to another. It has thin film of plastic coated with a
metallic oxide and placed in plastic jacket.
 The commonly used floppy disks are 5.25” and 3.5” which having the storage capacity
of 1.2 MB and 1.44 MB respectively .
 Floppy Disks are portable means we can easily carry this storage devices from one
place to another for data storage.
 Floppy disks are reusable means we can write the new data on a floppy disk after
erasing the previous one.
 Floppy Disks were not very much durable. It could be used for 3-4 times only. People
used to carry same data in multiple floppies So that in case of damage of one floppy, the
other one could be used.
 Floppy Disk is Sensitive to dust, temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.

Hard Disk :
Hard Disk is the main storage device used in the computers. Hard disk is fixed in
the computers so it is also called Fixed Disk Drive. Storage capacity of hard disk is much more
than all other secondary storage devices.
 Data stored on a Hard Disk can be accessed much more quickly than data stored on any
storage device. Some hard disks are not permanently fixed inside the computer but are
removable. It comes in the storage capacity of 320 GB, 500 GB (Gigabyte) and now
also in 1 TB ( Terabytes ).
 Hard Disk hold much more data than floppy disk.
 To store data on hard disks, it should be formatted. Formatting is a process of creating
tracks and sectors on the surface of hard disk so that the data can be stored.
 Hard Disk are enclosed in a sealed container. The hard disk is a non-removable form of
storage device but nowadays removable hard disk is also available, called External Hard
Disk.
 Hard Disks are more reliable than floppy disks because they are generally fitted inside
the cabinet of the computer, so they remain protected from external environmental
factors like dust, temperature etc.
 Hard Disk are faster in use as compare to floppy disks.

Optical Disk :
Optical disks are also used for secondary storage in computers. Optical disks are
so called that they use laser technology to access (store, reading / writing) the data. The
advantage of these disks is that their storage capacity is very high and processing speed is very
fast as compare to floppy disk drive. It comes in various format like CD-R, WORM,CD-RW,DVD.
The capacity of a CD is between 600 Mb to 700 MB and DVD can store 4 GB to 18 GB data.
 CD-ROM is round disk coated with very thin reflective layer of aluminum.
 CD has capable of storing large amount of data, can store data upto 600MB to 700MB
data.
 CD is more reliable than floppy disk and higher processing speed than floppy disk.
 DVD has capable of storing large amount of data, can store upto 4 GB to 18 GB data.

Pen Drive ( Flash Disk ) :

It is compact device of the size of a pen comes in various shapes and stylish
designs and may have different storage capacities.
The main features of flash drive or pen drive are :
 It enables easy data transmission from one computer to another.
 It is a plug and play device that simply plugs into a USB port of a computer.
 We can easily read, write, copy, delete, move data from the pendrive.
 It is very compact in size and very low energy consumption.
 It stores data permanently.
 It comes in size 1 GB, 2 GB. 4GB, 8 GB, 16GB and 32GB .

Magnetic Tape :
Magnetic Tape is a compact medium for storing a large amount of data that are
needed to sequentially accessed and processed. The tape is a plastic ribbon usually ½ inch
wide that is coated on one side with an iron-oxide material. The tape ribbon itself is stored in
reels of 50 to 2500 feet, in small cassettes . It is similar to Tap-Recorder cassette but it is
durable and higher quality. It can be erased and reused many times.

Memory Card ( SD / MMC ) :

A Memory card is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for
storing digital information. Some of the most popular ones are SD ( Secure Digital) and MMC (
Multimedia Memory Card). Storage capacity of these cards range from 1 GB to 32GB normally.
The main features of memory card are :
 They are commonly used in many electronic devices like digital cameras, mobiles
phones, laptop computers, PM3 players and video games.
 They are small, re-recordable and they can retain data without power.
 This also facilitates easy transfer of data from these electronic devices to computer and
vice versa.

Types of Computers or Evolution of computers or Classification of

Computers

Computers can be classified into different types which depends upon their Hardware , Size , Storage and Usage :-
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON HARDWARE
Computer based on Hardware are of three types :
1) ANALOG COMPUTERS 2) DIGITAL COMPUTERS 3) HYBRID COMPUTERS

1) ANALOG COMPUTERS : In general Analog means continuous variation , it means the

computers which measures the continuous variations , is called Analog Computers .
Examples: Thermometer , Speedometer , Wall-Clock , Voltmeter
2) Digital Computers : Digital computers are those type of computers which represent data in terms
of discrete number and processes data using the standard arithmetic operations.
Examples: Calculator , Digital Watch , STD meters
3) HYBRID COMPUTERS : Combination of Analog and Digital computers is called Hybrid
Computers. The computer, which has qualities of both analog and digital computers, is called Hybrid
Computers. These type of computers specially designed in the field of Space Research and Satellites .
 Examples: Weather-Forecasting Systems, In ICU unit of Hospital

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON UTILITY (USAGE) :

Computer based on Utility are of two types :
a) General Purpose b) Special Purpose Computers

a) GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS : The general purpose computers is designed to solve a

wide range of problems. These computers can be used in solving a business problem as well as a
mathematical problem with a very fast speed and accuracy . Mostly Personal Computers that we are
using at home and in college are comes under this category.
b) SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS : The special purpose computers is designed to perform
specific functions. In these types of computers the instructions are permanently pre-programmed.
Example : Aircraft Control System, Electronic Voting Machine

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SIZE & STORAGE CAPACITY :

Computer based on Size & Storage are as :
1) Micro 2) Mini 3) Mainframe 4) Super Computers

1) MICRO COMPUTERS : Micro-computer is the smallest type of computer system. It is called

Micro just because of its size and by using Microprocessor in it. Microprocessors having the range of
80286,80386, 80486, Pentium-I, Pentium-II, Pentium-IV. People refers to a personal computers as a
micro-computer, which is used by small business or office where data volume is less. Basically for
entertainment and educational purpose at home . Personal computers and Home computers are comes
under these categories .
2) MINI COMPUTERS : Mini Computers are larger than the micro-computers and are more powerful
in terms of processing power. It is designed to serve multiple users at a time . Minicomputers are the
popular data processing systems among the business organizations today. They have large RAM and
Storage capacity .Example : Reservation , Banking .
3) MAINFRAME COMPUTERS : Mainframe Computers are larger, faster and more expensive than
the other general-purpose computers. These type of computers can handle a huge amount of data. They
have a large number of terminals and can be used by many users at same time. Due to its large size and
speed they are to be kept in special rooms with Air-Conditioners. Railway and Airlines reservations are
some examples of Mainframe.
4) SUPER COMPUTERS : Super Computers are the largest, fastest and most expensive computers in
the world. These are based on the concept of parallel processing. These have many processing units
working at same time to perform billions of Scientific and Arithmetic operations every second. Unlike
Mainframe & Micro-Computers , Super-Computers are used for the heavy tasks like Weather Forecasting
Maps , Constructions of Atom Bomb, Finding Oils Sources , Earthquake Prediction etc.
Supercomputers having very high processing speed in Nanoseconds and gigaflops. Examples : CRAY ,
CYBER , PRAM

Qu. Explain NETWORKING ? or

Qu: What is computer Network ? Explain different types of computer
network. or
Qu : What you understand by LAN, MAN AND WAN. ?

A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other to share
information and resources.
The connections between the computers are established using either cable / or wireless . Internet is also
network of networks.
The basic reasons for using network computers are:
 To share computer resources such as Hard Disk, Printers, Scanners, Printer.
 To share data files over the network.
 To share application software like Accounting Software.
  To exchange information such as Email, message documents.
 To have communication such as Chatting, Online Meeting.
The physical distance between two computers can vary from a few feet to several thousands kilometers.

Types of Computer Networking :

Based largely on a network‟s geographic size, we can divide networks into following types :

1. LOCAL AREA NETWORK ( LAN )

2. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK ( MAN )
3. WIDE AREA NETWORK ( WAN )

(1) LOCAL AREA NETWORK ( LAN ) :

LAN is a network of computers that operates in a very small geographic area up to few
kilometers. It is used to link devices in a single office, building or a campus.
A typical LAN has the following characteristics :
 It covers small geographical are upto 5 – 6 kms.
 It is used to link devices in a single small, building or same campus.
 A LAN used to connect the computers and other network devices so that the devices can
communicate with each other to share the resources.
 Cable like twisted-pair, coaxial or fiber-optic are used as communication medium.
 LANs are easy install and maintain.
 Troubleshooting is easy.
 The various devices in LAN are connected to a central device, called HUB.
 LAN offers high speed data transmission.
 Cost of setting up the network is usually low.
 Different types of topologies such as Bus, Ring, Star, Tree are used for LANs.

(2) METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK ( MAN ) :

MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. MAN is a network that interconnects users with
computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large
local area network but smaller than the area covered by a WAN. The term is applied to the
interconnection of networks in a city.
A typical MAN has the following characteristics :
 MANs are an extension of LANs spreading over an entire city.
 It may be a single network such as a Cable TV network covering city.
 MANs are mainly owned by large organizations to interconnect all their branches
across the city.
 It may be used to share the resources between two or more LANs.
 A MAN may be wholly owned and operated by a private company or it may be a
service provided by a public company.
 A common example of MAN is cable TV network and Telephone Company that
provides a high speed DSL line to a customers.
 MAN can either be a wired network or it can be use the wireless technology.

(3) WIDE AREA NETWORK ( WAN )

WAN stands for Wide Area Network, which covers a large geographic area such as country or
even the whole world to share data and resources. It contains several LANs and MANs.
A typical WAN has the following characteristics :
 WANs provide interconnectivity without any distance limit.
 Since WAN spans whole of the world, it may utilize public, leased or private
communication devices.
 It provides long distance transmission of data, including Text-Images-Audio and
Video information over large geographical areas.
  It can be used to interconnect two or more LANs or WANs.
 They are used for transferring large clocks of data between their users.
 Linking medium used vary from telephone line to Satellites.
 INTERNET is an best example of world‟s biggest WAN.

UNIT – III ( PART-A)

Operating System
An operating system is a set of programs which acts as an interface between a user and the
hardware to communicate with each other. Operating system is responsible for overall
operations of a computer. It is the first program loaded into the computer‟s memory after the
computer is switched on.

Operating system may be defined as :

“An Operating System is a software that controls the computer system
hardware and provides services to application software, programmers and users of the
computer system.”

Without an operating system, the hardware of the computer is useless. The operating system
controls the resources of a computer. All the resources like Memory, CPU, Input – Output
devices are interact with each other in a well defined manner due to operating system. In short
words we can say that Operating System is a program that helps to operate the computer.

Some of the most popular operating systems for personal computers are MS-DOS, UNIX, Linux,
Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows VISTA and Windows 7 etc.

Types of operating system :

“There are so many operating systems available which require different types of hardware
to run upon. The operating system are:
1. Single User Operating System : A single use operating system is a type of Operating
System that is developed and intended for use on a computer that will only have a single
user at a given time.
2. Multi User Operating System : A multi user operating system is a type of Operating
System that allows multiple users on different computers or terminals to access a single
system with one operating system onit.

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM -

1. PROGRAM EXECUTION : The operating system is responsible for executing

user programs as well as system programs. Operating System starts these programs and
supervises their execution.
2. INPUT-OUTPUT MANAGEMENT : The Operating System is responsible for
handling various input-output operations of the computer like Input from the Keyboard, Mouse
and Output from the Monitor, Printer.
3. FILE MANAGEMENT : The Operating System also manages the storage of files
on different storage devices and the transfer of theses files from one storage device to another.
It allows all the files to be easily changed and modified.
4. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT : All the peripheral devices external to CPU are
resources. Operating System controls all the resources that are attached with the computer
system.
5. SCHEDULING: Operating System manages the different tasks performed by the
computer. An Operating System carries out scheduling and loading of the programmes or sub-
programmes in order to provide a continuous job processing sequence. It recognizes the jobs,
identifies their properties, determines the schedules and finally runs each job at the appropriate
moment.
6. ERROR DETECTION AND HANDLING: Errors detection is also a main function of
operating system.. Operating System not only tells about the error to the user but also suggests
how to remove the error. Operating system is the responsible for detecting any type of error
that occurs in a computer and then properly handles it .
7. USER MANAGEMENT: This feature is applicable more on Multi-
User operating system. It is desired that the work of one user do not get mixed with other user
when both are working at same time. It is the task of operating system to look after it. The work
of each user must be separated from the other to reduce the confusion and wrong results.
8. Co-Ordination and Assignment : Operating system also helps in co-ordination and
assignment of computers, assemblers, utility programs and other software to the various users
of the computer system.
9. MAINTENANCE: Operating system has a function of maintaining the internal time
clock and Log of system usage for all the users.
10. INTERPRETATION: Operating System act as an interface between user and computer.
The user does not know language of computer and computer does not know human language,
So the operating system acts as an Interpreter between user and computer. It tell the computer
what the user wants and the users what computer wants.

MS-DOS
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. It is single-user, single-tasking powerful operating
system. MS-Dos works mostly in personal computers.
MS-Dos was introduced in 1981 jointly by firm named MICROSOFT of USA and IBM
(INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINE). It was most popular operating system for Personal
Computers in 1980s.
MS-Dos is an interpreter which creates an interface between Hardware and Software. MS-Dos prompts
looks like C:\> .
FEATURES OF MS-DOS :
(1) MS-DOS has a scandisk, a new utility that detects, diagnoses and repairs disk errors. It also
repair errors about file system. It scans and removes any physical disk errors.
(2) MS-DOS has the help facility that provide On-Line references about any Ms-Dos command.
(3) MS-DOS interprets command typed on the dos prompt.
(4) MS-DOS has the MSBACKUP program which backs up the data and restores the data that is
stored by Backup command.
(5) MS-DOS has MS Anti-Viruse command which can identify and remove more than 800
different computer viruses from user system.
(6) MS-DOS has Undelete command which is useful in recovering all the deleted files.
(7) MS-DOS has the ability to bypass some startup commands (Config.sys and Autoexec.bat)
when user switches ON the computer.
(8) MS-DOS having the facility of MS-Defragmenter, a program that optimizes file storage on
the hard disk.
(9) HIMEM extended memory manager facility automatically test system‟s memory when PC
starts.
(10) MS-DOS displays the appropriate message on screen when user issues wrong command.
(11) MS displays the complete information of all Directories, Sub-Directories, Files and contents
in the selected file by using DIR and TYPE command respectively.
(12) COPYCON, EDIT commands can be used to create and modify the contents of files.
(13) MS-DOS has the facility to create Directory, Move to it and Remove it by using the CD,
MD, RD command respectively.
(14) MS-DOS has the command to modify system‟s calendar and clock by using DATE and
TIME command.
(15) MS-Drive Space integrates the disk compression that increase the available disk space by
compressing files.
(16) MS-DOS configures the system by defining the various configuration commands in
CONFIG.SYS file.
MS-WINDOWS
MS-WINDOWS stands for Microsoft Windows which is the popular GUI (Graphical User Interface)
based operating system developed and marketed by MICROSOFT CORPORATION of USA.
With Windows, we can move a cursor around the screen with the mouse. With Windows, we can start an
work with our Software applications, run more than one application at a time, transfer information
between them and organize and manage the files we can create with them.
Windows have all the features of GUI (GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE). GUI creates an environment
that can operate any computer application by using different graphic symbols.

FEATURES OF GUI (MS-WINDOWS) :

1. MS-Windows is a GUI (GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE) based operating system. The user
can perform all the operations using the graphical interface provided by MS-Windows. The user
needs not writing lengthy commands or instructions to the computer.
2. MS-Windows has a same user interface. If a user is compatible with one windows application,
then he can learn the new application easily. In MS-Dos, we generally have different ways of
interacting with the programs.
3. MS-Windows is an easy to use operating system than MS-Dos. File management is very easy.
Searching for specific files is also very easy by pointing rather than typing. Program can be open
just by double clicking on it.
4. MS-Windows is a multi-tasking operating system. Windows can run more than one programs
simultaneously. Multi-Tasking depends upon the size of RAM (Random Access Memory).
5. MS-Windows, application executions are faster because Windows and programs open faster than
before with the use of Maintenance wizard, we can easily improve our computer‟s speed and
efficiency.
6. MS-Windows supports Plug-n-Play, every component provides a very good implementation of
Plug-n-Play support. It automatically finds the new hardware inserted.
7. MS-Windows have an improved Network support than LAN and other networks.
8. MS-Windows having basic features of „Drag and Drop‟ for some applications. You need not to
give command for copy any files.
9. MS-Windows provides complete indexed help system for Ms-Windows. You can take help on
any topic of windows.
10. MS-Windows support long file name rather than the limited eight characters with extension of
three characters file name as used by MS-DOS. In MS-Windows file name can have name upto
255 characters long.

UNIT – III ( PART-B)

MICRO-SOFT WORD / word processor

MS-WORD is word processing package developed by Microsoft Corporation.

It helps to create , edit, add, store, delete , formatting and print the documents according to our
requirement. MS-WORD package is very quite flexible and easy to use.
MS-Word allows us to change the appearance of the text by changing the FONT, Styles and Colors.
A document looks better organized if we add page number, page border, Headers and Footers at
the top and bottom of the document to display useful information.
Some popular word-processor are :-
MS-WORD - SOFT-WORD - WORD-STAR - WORD-PERFECT
WORD-PAD - NOTE-PAD

Features of Microsoft-Word

1.Easy to Use :
MS-WORD is very easy to use. In MS-WORD, it is simple to write, edit, delete, store
, formatting and print the text and much faster than the traditional typewriters, as there is no need
to retype the pages in case of errors. Errors can be removed very easily.
2. Editing Features :
In MS-WORD text can be previewed on the screen. Any type correction , insertions ,
additions, deletions, modification, etc. can be made easily as and when required. Paragraphs or
texts can be moved anywhere in the document.
3. Formatting Features :
In MS-WORD, the typed text can be made more attractive in any style ( Bold, Italic,
Underline, Different Fonts, Font Size, Font Color etc.) All this is possible due to formatting features
of MS-Word. Margin can be set for Left, Right, Bottom, Top to give a better look to the document.
4. Spelling and Grammar :
MS-WORD has an inbuilt dictionary that always suggests for correct spellings and
grammar mistakes in our document. There are two types of underlines appear i.e RED and
GREEN. RED underline indicates that the spelling is wrong according to dictionary and GREEN
underline represents a grammatical error.
5. Mail –Merge :

Mail-Merge is the powerful tool of the Micro-Soft word. The mail-merge facility
enables us to print a large number of letters, documents in which the contents is same, only the
names and addresses are to be changed. In such cases, mail-merge proves to be very useful.

6. OLE ( Object-Linking and Embedding)

Micro-Soft word provides the facility to link or embed objects in a document. OLE is a
facility which is used to share information between programs through objects. Objects can be
Charts, Pictures, Graphics, Video Clips, Sound Clips, Audio Clips etc.

7. Graphics :
In Micro-Soft word we can add pictures, clip-arts, Graphs, Graphics, clips etc. We can
also add drawing from DRAWING TOOLBAR to give the pictorial representation of any topic.

8. Publishing :
Ms-Word helps to Publish document or save files to html for publishing on the
Internet. ALL THE DOCUMENTS HAVING GRAPHS, GRAPHICS, SOUND CLIPS, MOVIE
CLIPS etc WILL BE CONVERTED INTO HTML ( HYPER TEXT MARKUP
LANGUAGE)_FORMAT.
MS-WORD- has inbuilt HTML support, so you can simply select SAVE-AS HTML and all the
text, graphics and tables will be converted into HTML format.

9. Tables :
Micro-Soft word provides the facility to work in Rows and Columns. To work in rows and
column tables is necessary.

MICROSOFT – POWER POINT :

MS-POWERPOINT is most powerful presentation graphics package developed by Microsoft corporation
. It helps to give presentation in class-room lecture, product demo, research reports, business meetings,
etc. A PowerPoint presentation is a collection of slides. It helps the user in creation of various
presentation materials like Charts, Graphics, Slides, Links etc. It also includes many features to help the
user to create, format and manipulate electronic presentations.
Features of Microsoft-PowerPoint :
1.Easy to Use :
Creating of presentation is very easy in MS-PowerPoint. We can add design, pictures,
graphics, etc in it to make presentation more attractive. It is a powerful presentation graphics package that
lets us build, print and deliver presentations more effectively.
2–ON-LINE PRESENTATION :
POWERPOINT presentation having the facility to present on-line presentation . We can
use slide transition, design, sound and movie clips etc . In these cases slides will work as web-pages. It is
widely used in remote groups, company meeting, specially in the offices whose branches are located at
different places.
 3–TABLES :
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION having the facility to create tables directly in it so there is
no need to import tables from ms-word. To work in rows and column tables is necessary.
4.__TRI-PANE-VIEW :
MS-POWERPOINT having the facility of tri-pane view which combines slides,
outline, notes in one view Which helps to perform many actions including Adding New Slides,
Editing Text, Entering Notes etc.
5. AUTO FIT & FIT TO WINDOW:
In MS-POWERPOINT Text is automatically resized to fit into place-holder . Slides
automatically resize to fit the display resolution and windows, So you do not need to adjust the
slides manually.
6. WEB PAGES FOR WEB USE :
A person can broadcast a presentation including audio and video over the web. In that
case his slides become web pages used for broadcasting purpose. Broadcasting can be used for company
meeting, presenting to remote groups or holding a team meeting whose participants are at many different
locations.

7. Editing Features : ……………..same as MS-Word………..

8. Formatting Features : ……………..same as MS-Word………..
9. Spelling and Grammer : ……………..same as MS-Word………..
10. Graphics : ………………………………..same as MS-Word………..

MICROSOFT Excel

MS-EXCEL :
MS-EXCEL is the most powerful spreadsheet package developed by
Microsoft corporation .spreadsheet package is also known as electronic spreadsheet which is a
very big sheet having 65536 rows and 256 columns. It is used to store information in the
memory of computer. Spreadsheet is designed to work with numbers, calculation of simple &
complex tasks. Mostly used in Accounts, PayRoll , Result of an Institution, Budget Planning ,
Annual Reports, Inventory Control etc

1–EASY TO USE:

MS-EXCEL is very easy and powerful tool for application software. It is used
for finance, planning , accounts, payroll, inventory control etc.

2. AUTOMATIC RECALCULATION

MS-EXCEL IS HAVING THE FEATURES OF Automatic Recalculation . If

we change a particular figure in a group of already figures, MS-Excel recalculates and changes
take place automatically.

3. SIMPLIFIES COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL FORMULA :

MS-EXCEL provides the facilities to reduced complex mathematical into simple

mathematical commands. All types of calculations can be done easily in MS-EXCEL. All
financial functions can easily be calculated.

4. CREATION OF CHART :

In MS-Excel we can easily create chart or graphs representation of

numeric data. We can create various types of graphs just by click of mouse..

5. OLE ( OBJECT LINKING & EMBEDDING) :

IN MS-EXCEL we can easily link the objects between the programs

to share the information. The information stored in a worksheet can be transformed to other
software programes such Microsoft Word, Dbase, FoxPro etc. We can use any type of objects
like pictures, sound & movie clips etc. Any information from any software can be loaded into the
desired location of the opened spreadsheet.

6. BUILT IN FUNCTION : :

MS-EXCEL having number of BUILT-in-FUNCTIONS which makes very easy

to work with numbers in MS-EXCEL. BUILT-in-FUNCTIONS helps in MATHEMATICAL,
TRIGONOMETRY , STASTICAL, DATABASE AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING etc. The Built-
in-functions make the computation easy and fast.

7. Editing Features : ……………..same as MS-Word………..

8. Formatting Features : ……………..same as MS-Word………..
9. Spelling and Grammer : ……………..same as MS-Word………..
10. Graphics : ………………………………..same as MS-Word………..

UNIT – III ( PART-C)

Computer Virus

Qu : What is VIRUS ? Discuss the types of Viruses and its Causes . Also discuss effects
of Viruses and its remedies .
Qu : Discuss Virus? What are the causes of viruses and how can we control the Viruses.
Answer : ( Above all questions having same answer )

VIRUS stand for VITAL INFORMATION RESOURCES UNDER SEIZE. Computer

Virus are small software programs that are designed to spread from one computer to another and to
interface with computer operation. Viruses can also replicable themselves. All computer viruses are man-
made. A simple virus is also very dangerous because it will quickly use all available memory and bring
the system to a halt. An even more dangerous type of virus is one capable of transmitting itself across
networks and bypassing security systems.
Computer virus is a damaging programs which harms your computer without your
knowledge and works against your wishes.

TYPES OF VIRUSES :
Some common types of viruses are as following :

1. DIRECT ACTION VIRUS : If we use the file which is infected with the virus, Virus
automatically spreads. Normally this virus infected those files which we created in Autoexec.Bat file
path. E.g. VIENNA VIRUS.

2. OVER RIGHT VIRUS : This virus will delete the information and data of
infected files. e.g. WAY VIRUS.

3. BOOT SECTOR VIRUS : It is also called Master Boot sector virus or Master Boor
Record virus. It normally spreads on the boots up of computer because it consists in the boot sector of
Master boot record of hard disk.

4. MACRO VIRUS : This virus will infect only those files in which .DOC, . XLS,
.PPT macros are there e.g. MELISSA.A

5. FAT VIRUS : This virus finds out the location and unused memory location
information. E.g. LINK VIRUS.

6. FILE SYSTEM VIRUS : This virus will convert the directory path and create
problems in memory management. E.g. DIR-2 VIRUS
7. POLYMORPHIC VIRUS : When these types of viruses are infected the computer
system than each times encrypts itself. SO it creats so many copies of viruses. E.g ELKERN.

8. WEB SCRIPTING VIRUS : Sometimes we used typical codes for interesting

information loaded into websites. These types of viruses infected the typical codes.

9. MULTIPARTITE VIRUS : This types of viruses spread by so many ways. E.g At

the time of installing the operating system. .e.g FLIP VIRUS

10. RESIDENT VIRUS : This virus reside in the memory of system and it
achieves when we switch on the system or on loading operating system. It will infect all the currently
opened files. It hides in computer memory..e.g RANDEX VIRUS

CAUSES OF VIRUSES :

(A) E-MAIL ATTACHMENTS : Main source of computer virus is Email

attachments. The golden rule is that if you don‟t know what an attachment is, don‟t open it. You don‟t
have to opened specially the message of “LOTTERY” or “GET RICH QUICKLY” because some of them
are scam and coded virus. This kind of offer is usually appealing and used to attract the public / computer
user.

(B) WEBSITES : You may become infected with virus by doing nothing more than
simply visiting a websites. Many adult websites, gambling websites and other less than trust worthy
websites will attempt to automatically access your computer when visit them. When the source of
document is not trusted, it should not be downloaded. If it is necessary to download than it should be
scanned for virus with a reliable antivirus software.

(C.) NETWORKS : If your computer is connected to a large number of networks,

you may find yourself with an infection through no fault of your own. Someone else on the network
downloaded a infected document by accident and within few minutes , the entire network could be
infected.

(D) INFECTED BOOT DISKS : When you start your computer, your machine
will always check your drives to see if a disk with boot information is present. If a virus is present, it will
often be activated and you will become infected.

(E) INFECTED SOFTWARES : Too many wensites are there to load free games
and programs but these free programs often come at a price. When you trying to load any programs from
free wensites, your computer will be infected with TROJAN VIRUSES.

(F) HACKERS : The Internet today is a much more law abiding place than it was
ten years ago. Not only did most people not have antivirus protection and firewalls that could stop
incoming attacks.

(G) INSTANT MESSAGING : It is very difficult to find a computer that does

not have at least one instant messaging services installed on it. Unfortunately, these programs are often
targets of hackers who see an easy way to trick people into clicking links that lead them to open websites.
So only chat with people you know and never follow links to sites that you don‟t recognize.

(H) FROM MOBILE DEVICES / MEMORY CARDS : Viruses can be contacted

through a transfer of documents, pictures, songs, video songs etc. via mobile phone or memory cards.
Before accepting any of these devices used on a system they should be scanned for virus. Keep your
antivirus software up to date at all the times.

(i) PHISHING SCHEMES : Phishing schemes are those, in which people end
up with their identity stolen and a computer fill of viruses. It scheme starts when you received an email
from website claiming to your credit card or bank company. You are asked to click a link and log in, but
the truth is that you have just given away all of your personal information. When you visit these sites,
viruses are automatically installed on your computer. So smartest thing you can directly make a call to
your credit card company or bank, If you receive an email saying follow the links in your email.

EFFECTS OF VIRUS :

( 1) REPLICATION : Main primary purposes of a computer virus is to infect

as many other systems as possible. In order to do this, the virus replicates itself by attaching to other files
on your computer. A common method of spreading to other computers is by sending out email messages
with a infected attachments to everyone in your address book. If you find that free space of your computer
is continuing decreasing or people are receiving infected email from you, it is very possible that your
computer has a virus.
(2) REDUCED COMPUTER PERFORMANCE : While computers can become
slower over time due to the amount of available hard disk space decreasing, it is also possible for a a virus
to drastically reduce performance. The booting time is very much slower than usual. Programs takes too
much longer to launch as well. It is also not uncommon to restart unexpectedly or display error message.
(C.) CORRUPTED DATA : The data on a computer that is infected by a virus often
becomes corrupted. It makes file unusable. Files or Folders are either deleted or become inaccessible.
When you try to open it, you might receive message that “THE FILE NOT FOUND” or “NOT VALID”.
In some cases, operating system does not starts due to corrupted files.
(d) UNUSUAL BROWSER ACTIVITY : While pop-up are on the internet are
normal, if you continuous receive the same ones no matter what web pages you are viewing it could be
due to a virus. Once computer is infected, the virus might change your browser settings. It also block
securities.

REMEDIES OF VIRUS :
Virus can wipe out important data, steal important information
and incapacitate your computer. Following are few guidelines which can help us to prevent from Viruses :
( 1) ANTIVIRUS PROGRAMS : The most important way to stay safe from computer
viruses is to use a regularly updated antivirus program. Several different antivirus packages are in the
market, ranging from free single-user systems to comples suits designed for multi-users in a business
environment. Keeping your antivirus program up to date will help you avoid infection.
(2) SYSTEM UPDATES : Many types of viruses rely on security loopholes in your
operating system. Windows update allows you to download and install security patches as they come out.
Set your system to download and install these patches automatically. Otherwise, regularly check your
update status to be sure you do not miss an important update.
(3) E-MAIL PRECAUTIONS : E-Mail is one common way viruses can gain access to
your system. Do not open any unknown attachments, they may have viruses in it. So many appealing and
attractive emails are there specially the message of „LOTTERY‟ or „LOAN APPROVED‟ or „GET RICH
QUICKLY‟, golden rule is that if you don‟t know what an attachment is, do not open it.
(4) SAFE BROWSING : Using a secure browser can protect you from viruses
hidden in websites. Internet explorer, Firefox also contains features designed to limit the ability of
websites to plant programs on your computer, Setting your security level to at least medium-high will
prevent most web based viruses.
(5) COMMON SENES : Keeping your system up to date can prevent a lot of
viruses, but many infections come from simple user error. Avoid opening Email attachments unless you
know what they are. Download files from reputed sites. Never used pirated software. Always use proper
antivirus programs.
 UNIT – IV ( PART-A)

Qu: Define INTERNET ? write the Need and Importance of Internet ?

Meaning of Internet :
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks. It is a network
of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of
local to global scope. There is no control authority who owns the Internet. The word
INTERNET is combined from the words „Interconnection‟ and „ Network ‟. This means that
when a large number of computer networks are interconnected together to exchange
information.
Internet has been the most useful technology of the modern times which helps us not only
in our daily lives, but also our personal and professional lives developments.
For the students and educational purposes the internet is widely used to gather information so
as to do the research or add to the knowledge of any sort of subject they have. Even the
business personals and the professions like doctors, access the internet to filter the necessary
information for their use. The internet is therefore the largest encyclopedia for everyone, in all
age categories.
The internet has served to be more useful in maintaining contacts with friends and relatives who
live abroad permanently. The easiest communication means like the internet chatting systems
and the emails are the best and the most common for the maintaining contacts with the people
around the world.
Not to forget internet is useful in providing with most of the fun these days. May it be all the
games, and networking conferences or the online movies, songs, dramas and quizzes.

Need and Importance of Internet :

Internet is very important for our life due to its numbers of features , a few are as below :

1. ALWAYS AVAILABLE : Internet is open 24 Hours, 7 Days a week and 365 days an year.
One does not need to wait for its working hour. Being operational all the time makes it the most
common resources of information.

2. GLOBAL AUDIENCE :Contents published on the Internet are available to all the people around
the world immediately. This property makes it a very cost effective medium to publish
information globally.

3. IMMEDIATE DISTRIBUTION : The information gets available immediately after being

added to the website to all the persons of world. There is no delay in publishing and availability
of information. This makes it an ideal medium of information distribution.

4. INEXPENSIVE : The cost of publishing or retrieval of this information is relatively inexpensive

as compared to traditional method. The net result is that a small business can gain significant
competitive advantage in a given scenario.

5. EASY LOCATION OF DATA : The user need not locate the information. This work is done by
the search engines. The search engine searches required information for the user and market
available to the user. Search engine is a very fast and powerful medium for searching the required
information.

6. EASY TO USE : Internet is very easy to use. There is nothing technical. Any person with little
training can access the required information on net.

7. EASY MODIFICATION : Internet is not easy in usage and publishing only, It is also easy in
modification. The design and architecture of a website can be modified easily.

8. MULTIMEDIA CAPACITY : The capacity to incorporate multimedia into WebPages is a

major advantage of using world wide web to publish information. Many websites use sound and
video clips to make the content easier to understand.
The internet has definitely brought a huge revolution in every field thus reducing stress and
enhancing the work quality. Some of the areas where the internet has made its powerful place
are:-

Reservation : – All kinds of reservations for trains, flights, and hotels are made through the
customized software of the railway. It requires the internet and the website can be accessed
from any part of the world. Thus you need not wait for a long time to book the tickets but can do
it from the comfort of your homes and offices. This saves a lot of time.

Finding jobs – Newspapers have become the traditional means to search the jobs as the
internet provides updated details of the job openings whether government or private. Email
notification option can be used to receive the emails regarding the jobs thereby keeping you
updated with all kinds of openings. Getting information regarding availability of job in different
sectors and areas. You can publish your resume in online for prospective job. Some of the web
sites providing this service are naukri.com, monster.com, summerjob.com, recuritmentindia.com
etc.

Education – It also is a popular medium used by students. Many students use it for educational
purposes, like for finding study material or for applying to some college or university. It is now a
virtual world and all the applications are done online through the website of the concerned
educational body. Students use websites for these and many other purposes like checking
exam results, exam schedule, application procedure to any course, etc. Students also take the
help of the Internet for project help and for obtaining the required images. Everything is a click
away from us. Computers have become an important subject and taught to the kids from the
very beginning. This is done so that the children develop the skills to use the computer as well
as the internet when required. Now kids can download tutorials for their studies, join online
classes and get involved in several activities through the internet. Online courses are the next
big change that allows the people to study and work both at the same time. This has been
possible only through the internet.

Banks – This is the place where maximum use of this technology is being made. Use of
banking software‟s and applications is possible via the internet that not only increases efficiency
but the work gets over soon. Thus the banks are able to satisfy the customers in every possible
way. The Internet and mobile banking have emerged as a big step towards making things
seamless for the people.

Business – Promotion has become easier with website becoming a great option to get visibility
as well as credibility. You can now reach to a global audience and grab the marketplace for
more business. Thus you are able to enjoy success and business expansion.

Business different ways by which internet can be used for business are:
• Information about the product can be provided can be provided online to the customer .
• Provide market information to the business
• Fast information regarding customers view about companies product
• Eliminate middle men and have a direct contact with contact with customer .
• Providing information to investor by providing companies background and financial information
on web site

Connecting with people is easier – The social networking platforms like Facebook, Twitter,
Linked-in, Pinterest, Google plus etc are not only useful for business but personal contacts as
well. You can easily make new friends and find your old pals and get connected with them.
Instant messaging is an online interactive real time communication between two or more people
who are connected to Internet. It is similar to What we call CHAT i.e Text Chatting , Voice
Chatting and Vide Chatting or Video Calling. There are various software used for this purpose
such as Yahoo messenger, MSN messenger, Instant Messenger, facebook messenger etc.

Communication & Networking: The use of the Internet for networking is very popular
among all age groups. There are many good social networking websites that are used by
people for communication. These websites provide an effective and easy platform that facilitates
interaction. It is widely used as a means of communication through means like networking
websites, chat websites, blogs, etc. It is used for sending and receiving message from one and
other through internet by using E-Mail ( Electronic mail). Some of the web sites providing this
service are yahoomail.com Hotmail.com rediffmail.com etc. The message can be of any type
such as Text, Audio, Video, Animation, Documents etc. The same message can be sent to a
number of peoples simultaneously. Through these websites you can also share your
photographs with your near and dear ones. Facilities like video conferencing has made it
possible to conduct interviews online.

Finding books and study material : Books and other study material stored around the world
can be easily located through internet. Latest encyclopedias are available online.

Health and medicine: internet provide information and knowledge about field of health
medicine people can have information about various disease and can receive help .patient can
be taken to virtual check room where they can meet doctors. Some of the web sites providing
this service.

Travel: one can use internet to gather information about various tourist place . it can be used for
booking Holiday tours , hotels, train and flights. Some of the web sites providing this service
areindiatravelog.com, rajtravel.com, makemytrip.com.

Entertainment : Another popular use of the Internet is for entertainment. Facilities like listening
to online music, downloading music and movies provides a platform for entertainment. There
are plenty of other ways through which you can entertain yourselves. You can play online
games, view sports matches, or watch videos of your choice. It is a trusted means of
entertainment for these kinds of purposes and is extensively used for the same. One can
download jokes, songs movies, latest sports updates through internet.

Shopping : internet is also used for online shopping. By just giving accounts details you can
perform the transaction. You can even pay your bills and perform bank related transaction.
Stock market updates : you can sell or buy shares while sitting on computer through internet.
Several websites like ndtvprofit.com, moneypore.com, provide information regarding investment
Research : A large number of people are using internet for research purposes you can
download any kind information by using internet

Hence, the internet has certainly filled a wide gap and it is difficult to stay away from it. Do use
the internet and find a solution to every problem. At present, internet has become part of life in
human beings life. It would be hard to imagine the world without internet. We would have never
seen a world as it is now without the medium. So, there is a greater importance to internet in
both personal life and professional life of an individual.

Unit – IV ( Part – C )
Qu. Explain NETWORKING ? or
Qu: What is computer Network ? Explain different types of computer
network. or
Qu : What you understand by LAN, MAN AND WAN. ?
A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other to share
information and resources.
The connections between the computers are established using either cable / or wireless . Internet is also
network of networks.
The basic reasons for using network computers are:
 To share computer resources such as Hard Disk, Printers, Scanners, Printer.
 To share data files over the network.
 To share application software like Accounting Software.
 To exchange information such as Email, message documents.
 To have communication such as Chatting, Online Meeting.
The physical distance between two computers can vary from a few feet to several thousands kilometers.
Types of Computer Networking :
Based largely on a network‟s geographic size, we can divide networks into following types :
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK ( LAN )
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK ( MAN )
 WIDE AREA NETWORK ( WAN )

(1) LOCAL AREA NETWORK ( LAN ) :

LAN is a network of computers that operates in a very small geographic area up to few
kilometers. It is used to link devices in a single office, building or a campus.
A typical LAN has the following characteristics :
 It covers small geographical are upto 5 – 6 kms.
 It is used to link devices in a single small, building or same campus.
 A LAN used to connect the computers and other network devices so that the devices can
communicate with each other to share the resources.
 Cable like twisted-pair, coaxial or fiber-optic are used as communication medium.
 LANs are easy install and maintain.
 Troubleshooting is easy.
 The various devices in LAN are connected to a central device, called HUB.
 LAN offers high speed data transmission.
 Cost of setting up the network is usually low.
 Different types of topologies such as Bus, Ring, Star, Tree are used for LANs.
(2) METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK ( MAN ) :
MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. MAN is a network that interconnects users with
computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large
local area network but smaller than the area covered by a WAN. The term is applied to the
interconnection of networks in a city.
A typical MAN has the following characteristics :
 MANs are an extension of LANs spreading over an entire city.
 It may be a single network such as a Cable TV network covering city.
 MANs are mainly owned by large organizations to interconnect all their branches
across the city.
 It may be used to share the resources between two or more LANs.
 A MAN may be wholly owned and operated by a private company or it may be a
service provided by a public company.
 A common example of MAN is cable TV network and Telephone Company that
provides a high speed DSL line to a customers.
 MAN can either be a wired network or it can be use the wireless technology.

(4) WIDE AREA NETWORK ( WAN )

WAN stands for Wide Area Network, which covers a large geographic area such as country or
even the whole world to share data and resources. It contains several LANs and MANs.
A typical WAN has the following characteristics :
 WANs provide interconnectivity without any distance limit.
 Since WAN spans whole of the world, it may utilize public, leased or private
communication devices.
 It provides long distance transmission of data, including Text-Images-Audio and
Video information over large geographical areas.
 It can be used to interconnect two or more LANs or WANs.
 They are used for transferring large clocks of data between their users.
 Linking medium used vary from telephone line to Satellites.
 INTERNET is an best example of world‟s biggest WAN.