3 8 EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF TUTOR | : | | GILKES GILBERT GILKES & GORDON LTD i i1UT0R Tho Tutor range of educational hydraulic equipment offers a vartoty of experinonts suitable for students taking physics, mechanics, ete.. in preparation for school. leaving certificates in addition to covering the Tequirenents of students entoring tochnical institutions in preparation for degree courses, ‘theso compact and economical machines permit the conduct of these exporiments in the mininum of time, Being trolley mounted the Tutors gan bo present in the lecture room in order to emphasise and illustrate the Jecturer's points and they can lator be wheeled into the laboratory where the students may conduct their own experimental work, The Tutor machines Successfully fulfil the requirenents of modern educationalists who fecl that # pleco of Laboratozy equipment on which only one experiment can be made, not only wastos laboratory space but doos not make the best use of the time of the toscher or tho student, . i J The Pelton and Franeis turbines, with their visible working parts are the only odueational prine movers where the student can actually soo the conversion of energy, Further, the Tutors are laboratory machines on which b many fundamental engineering principles can be readily and quickly verified be during a single lecture, Br daferne poontanmort i Rhapdle Apxerigty of electric motors are @vailable.to drive the centri tage Pump ted to each Tutor unit, The choice of notor considerably affects the portability of the unit, In general, the single phase units will require i gonnggtion to a efrouit of at least, 30 saps capacity to safely carry the vobitiogereelbely Meh dhuje slGnte SAUL ee cuca Omer OEY the do not donand a high starting curront and thoreforo, whore three phaso susplice * are aveilablo, are etiuiily Socomendods Tne Aniiadvely weeiaele aeeea Pete may easily be run from a standard 13 amp socket cutlet, this being due to the t faot thet the speed of the motor 4c gradually increased from zero and A high uri current 15 not experdenten, sehovton nies het ged * @ The following fundamental points can be quickly demonstrated to studentet= (a) Measuring pressure by means of the Bourdon Gauge, (b) Measuring speed by tachometer; exch exposed shaft has’ a suitable contre for a hand tachometer, (0) Moasuring shaft horsepower by Prony Brake, (a) Measuring flow by veo notchavancoon V (o) Neasuring force by load cell or force gauge, Thi could be verified by a spring valance, The ppportunity can be taken to oxplain the relationship between force and pressuro, (£) The measurement of power generated by an cloctric motor may be shown to { be the product of the torque and speed, ‘The dynemometer mounted motors oniecTE [dis prntb“eavadlabile on several versions of the Tutor asc provided wth a subtabho copepis i torque arm and force gauge, If a wattmotor is available it is possible to compare the mechanical power generated by the electric motor and the electrical power it consumes, raaoad (g) The charactoristics of a/eentrifugel pump may be examined and iho normal t head/quantity curve dram, Where dynamometer mounted motors are employod tho efficiency of the pusp may also be investigated, With the infinitely variable speed version complete isd-efficiency eurves may be drawn for the | centrifugal pump,{h) ‘he conversion of energy fron one form +o anothor 4 easily demonstrated, Electrical energy can be shown to be convorted into the rotation of the electric motor ond pump, The water and pressure from the pump wil) be Seon to rotate the turbine runner, The energy from the turbine runner will be seen to produce heat in the Prony Bralo, By measuring the temperature of the water before and after running of the turbine it 4e possible to show that sone of the energy supplied to thedlectric motor An the form of electric current has been transferred as heat to the water, In addition, the following simple tests and experiments can be made in grder to mphasize tho need for careful calibration of instruments and to Gntedico a student to tho techniques of onginooring laboratory work which, @uring the early stages of tho otudentts teolmieal Life, are more important then knowing Ube precise characteristics of the Pelton Wheel or Freneis Turbine, A, The foree gauge can be calibrated by means of weights on the force gauge bellows. B. The student can verify the calibration of the pressure gauge provided with the Tutor to furthor emphasize the need for correctly calibrated instruments, & A simple test on tho puap can be conducted and water horsepower shown to be Uke product of head and flow rato, latter test ean be further expandad by measurement of the voltage nront suppliod to te eclectic wotor, ‘The product of those two Cmrolive the electrical powor input te the motor and, if ip thon posable Ganoring the efficioney of the motor) tc obtain the Gefall efficiency of ‘the pump, On the dynanoneter motor xodels it is possible to determine fhe efficioney of the punp exactly because the electrical power supplied to the motor is not considored, ie 8, The relationship botwecn torque and speod can bo demonstrated, F, Moasuremont of tho wator horsopower Anput. to the turbine and brake horsopowor at differant spoods « This WML jive on offlodoney curve which ULlustrales Uket « primo mover evn operate over s ringe of speeds but that there is an optinua operating, point. 421 the above experiments can be conducted in the minimun of time but during this tine the student bocomes familiar with the apparatus aya Whe, procacure of testing and vill then have acquired the necessary manipulative MaTD%o. Gpndaet full tosts on the turbines theuselves and to produce centeTTgal pump characteristic curves, — Sowe of the more advanced tosts vhich may be contueced by tho students are detailed on the following pages. Notes on Test Procedure eaible tho tachometer, pressure guage and force gauge should be The sere on the vee notch sealo should be level with the bottom of the voo notch and adjusted if necessary, Record the following datas Radius of prony brake ama (6,3125"), ‘ Radius of dynamometer torque arm (6, 31259), c3 Notes The length of the brake arm is so nade thay the reciprocal of the constants in the formulas = Baten Bap, = Bae As a whole nunber (10,000) in order to save time in the calculation of brako horsepower, a, joi ee cateMiaceco do 3, he ‘Lecturer should explain that when conducting/work on larger turbine installations the height from the shaft or Gof"contreliine to the pressure gauge should be measured, ‘the Tutor unizs are 80 constructed that any small difference here is of no consequence, Similarly 4t should be explained to the students that where on larger turbines the vacuum gauge is used, the measurenent should be to the point where the copnecting pipe is attached to the draf) tube, Again on the Tutors this dimension is not sufficient to affeet results, In the sane way with the Tutors it is not necessary to measure the supply pipe diameter at the pressure gaugo tapping point as the pressure drop (V2) in tho pipe is not significant, cata 2g : . ag test choot attached, Propare test shoots with the rerired eolunn: Testing Ensure the Tutor is level in both directicns by using the jacking screws, before any tests aro commenced, anak : Tho nocessity for accuracy in/readings must be enphasisod and it is Gort While to work out results and plot. then as tosts procced so that any doubEfil Peadinus ean be rutuken, Purlhermorc, 4t is preferable to havo a few e295? reldablo vostlts thin niworous Less precise readin beoyer (Ah It is suggested that for a complete test, about six guide blaes or sear openings arc used and for cach setting the turbine is un at about ton difforont spoeds between runaway and stalled conditions by increasing application of the brake, making a total of approximately sixty results, Readings for column 2, 3, 6 and 7 of the turbine test sheot aro taken at exch speed end al a signal, preferably yiven by the student engaged on roading the tachonotor (volun 6), students reesrding coluan G and ? co-operate to spaco the readinys at reasonable spxed increnents und affeet a steady tachometer re A suitable time interval to allow the water level over the woir to settlo must be allowed, however, ani the student recording column 4 should order a repent test if the witor Lovel is still fluctuating, The brake loading (colwan ), together with colum 6, enables the brake horsepower (column 9) to ba culeulated, The efficiency (colum 15) is now caleulated and this will still apply to the corrected results in colunns 10 and 1 inclusive.In applying the corrections for uniform head, when 2 single speed model is being used. Spood (1) varios as li (head) Quantaty of water (q) varios at Jf (heac) WHR, varies at 12 BWP, verdes as HE Te pmp tests are carried out ot full spear travel or full guide opening of the turbine, The valve in the inlet pipe being used to control Pump output, A pump discharge pipe can be supplied as an extra, Roadings taken for the pump test sheet should be carricd out in a sinilar manor to the turbino toxts, — The hud (eolunn 6) and quantity (column 7) readings: to bo co-ordinated to obtuin suitably spaced results, ae | |Pelton whool Te a) ~~ (8) (9) Relationships between flow rate and prossure (quantity is proportional to yagi at | constant. spear opening). Speed readings must be made with each H & Q reading, Kolationship betwcen spear trovel and quantity plotted al a constant h Rolutionship between torque and speed at consiart heads T B.U,P,/Speed curves may be plotted from information obtained in test (3). Plot charecteristics for water h,p. against spocd at given sponr settings. WHE Plot charactoristies for efficiency against speed, Plot ch islies for brake hp. apainst specd — BYP at given spenr settings, By removing the brake bend the runaway specd for various spoar openings may be measured and plottea, Fron information obtained in oxporinents 5, 6 and 7 iso= efficieney curves my be prepared by plotting with Q quantity und speed as paraneters,o “Zz “med Hyopeds Turbine Tosta @ (2) (3) (5) (6) ielationship between quantity and speed at constant head and for s series of guide vane openings: Plot quantity against speed at constant ide vane opening for a sories of heads, fron which may be deduced the relaLlonships (uantity As proportional to /head whon_gpecd is proportional to (esa. Relationship between torque and speed at constant guide T blade openings and hea | Complete characteristic curve by plotting water hyp, against speed at given guid> blade openings: Complete characteristic curve by plotting breke h,p, againgt speed curves from ‘BHP information obtained in experiment (3); Complete characteristic curve by plotting efficicicy against speeds With the brake band renoved, Ur curve of runaway speod for various guide opeaings my be obtiinud and plotted, From informstion obtained in 2,4, 5, and 6 plot iso-efficivney curves with quantity and speods os parwters and with the relationships osteined from experiment (2) used to reduce these values to a constant head basis.Contrifural Pump Posts (1) Head quentity characteristic at various speeds, H (2) Using results obtained from (1) dononstrate that, when tho results ar plottad on a grap with Hoad as ordinates and Quantity. 2 ‘Speed? ‘Speed as absciessao all points fall on the samo lino, thus proving that Head is proportional to Speed? and Q 4s proportional to Spood, Lp (3) Relationship botweon quantity and brako horsopower at BHP various speeds, (4) Using the results from (3) cenonstrate that brake horsepower is proportional to Speeds, (5) From the head/quantity and the power/quantity curves previously obtained plot w pup efficiency on a basis of quantity, (6) By providing meters in the electrical supply noter input {], ——_-Powor and brake horsepowor can ! De measured and the motor : efficiency determined, BHP Q (7) From the information given in (5) ana (6) the overait | efficiency of the pump motor YW unit may be found, ROTE: To reduce 'Starting-up* current on motors ensure that ouLlet. valve from puap is filly closed, Boeyee Ta” A “weewa Perron MH ABeewea | ep weran yr TV so FveRUA Bet ehoreo fonts) sat fouad) < loo Ax O22 : a Se °a a wa Be CALCULOS MPA TWeRoINA FELTON A EuTea dA SALIDA Ag, PERCETAT laa fe Fluio Haag N | Calry) [Gare cee | ad Ae | eee hb LGR. 22H Ure 2.92 Eto sero rte 180& SADA | Li eee ee ae Thus Weng nN Reve / “Hes | dete GM) — bare herut) | iia AY 1263, Bs | gcto [eerie ns bir a fiezo Z.2¢ (28269 | Byoo | 8.8e Buy !aq3.69 | 220 | ose St 437-27 | 8099 | 9G Fon 4 p9c? | 2430 | 428 Pot VK | 2230 | 46 ID Isa | 2460 | 492 eh | 232.7 T3u60 3 aan Faxo0 232 ong | 3100 26k 62 i 96 76 | 422 oR LG 90.6, 192 pre 2a ae ° eae ob Ode Le 1G 496 Ltt TBeo6 2rre o love! bed five? 2320 e322 Maer 2Y 1493.03 Goo oe Moe | ABB IPED 1090 Od WoW) 1636 2009 ° 29 & Heo aa i ode ay »eee eNO wolg £54 oo Ot =oelo 240 £30. 430 wo \BO Vossen 3S 270 Zeo rede Oo 28% Zee as