EB-Paper and Pulp Manual

EagleBurgmann 1.
1
Pulp & Paper Manual
Introduction
This handbook is aimed to give a basic knowledge to our sales engineers who are unfamiliar with this
industry, thus enabling them to advise our customers expertly and effectively. Our aim is to become a
competent partner for sealing technology.
Until 31.12.2011 it was possible to order the P&P Manual as hardcopy via Com/e/shop.
Since 01.01.2012 you can download the P&P Manual and other information about P&P application via
Toolbox Pulp& Paper at the EagleBurgmann Infoboard.
Important note
All the technical specifications are based on extensive tests and our many years of experience.
However, the diversity of possible applications means that they can serve as guide values only. It
should be noted that the extremal values of each operating parameter cannot be applied at the same
time because of their interaction. Furthermore, the operating range of each specific product depends
on the respective shaft diameter, materials used, mode of operation and on the medium to be sealed.
A guarantee can only be given in the individual case if the exact conditions of application are known
and these are confirmed in a special agreement. When critical conditions of operation are involved, we
recommend consulting with our specialist engineers. Subject to change.
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The paper industry today
The processes needed to produce pulp and paper are very energy-consuming. If only for reasons of
economy companies are concerned, therefore, to minimize the specific consumption of the, mostly
selfgenerated, supplies of steam and electricity through continuous rationalisation and modernisation.
Circulating systems are used, for example, to reduce the fresh water content of the vast quantities of
water required in pulp and paper production to a fraction. This in turn cuts the amount of waste water
that is subjected to mechanical and biological treatment, usually in the companies’ own sewage
treatment plants. The majority of chemicals used in pulp production are now recovered and recycled.
Environmental protection
With its collection and recycling of old paper the paper industry is making a major contribution to
easing the pressure on our enviroment. In hardly any other sector has the recycling of raw materials
attained such significance.
At the same time new production processes have been perfected and implemented in large-scale
plants which are now able to operate without any environmentally harmful sulphurous chemicals.
Sealing technology more important than ever

Sealing technology has an inestimable role to play if the demands of the economy and ecology are to
be fulfilled as well as possible. Sealing systems used in the transportation and processing of the
various media should function without maintenance but with maximum safety reserves. Yet
components in the different processing stages are being exposed to more stress than ever from the
increased use of chemicals and the higher consistency of pulp.
Mechanical seals are usually the first choice these days for use in pumps and other machines (listed in
chapter 10), provided they comply with an extensive catalogue of requirements. They must be wear-
resistant, rugged, have smooth surface contours with, by and large, no empty spaces, and be
universal in application and easy to install.
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SHAFT SEALS IN THE PULP AND PAPER

INDUSTRIES
History
Stuffing box packing with water flush
Until around mid of the 70’s there existed no alternatives to the traditional stuffing box
packing with water flush.
Advantages:
• simple replacement of packings
• pump need not be disassembled
• relatively low price
Disadvantages:
• continuous maintenance required
• high flushing water consumption
• medium suffers dilution
• shaft sleeves subject to wear
• high energy consumption
• relatively high leakage rate, environmental pollution
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Mechanical seals
Even the traditionally conservative pulp and paper industry had to admit the advantages of mechanical
seals which had been developed since the beginning of the 60’s but started at first only here and there
to use this new technology. Giving highest priority to safe operation, at first mainly double acting seals
were used, both with pressurized barrier fluid as well as with pressureless flush (tandem
arrangement). With the development of higher duty face materials, a shift to single seals took place, at
first with internal flush, lately without.
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type HJ977GN
Advantages:
• maintenance-free
• long service life
• shaft / shaft sleeve not subject to wear
• negligible leakage
• medium does not suffer dilution
• less energy consumption
• low consumption of quench water (only for cooling
to keep temperature down/ to avoid dry running)
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Hydrodynamic shaft seals
About 1990, some pump manufacturers developed hydrodynamic shaft seals as alternative
to mechanical seals.
Sealing is accomplished by the auxiliar impeller, which balances the pressure difference
between seal room and atmosphere by means of the built-up liquid ring. The sealable
pressure difference per auxiliar impeller is limited, that means, for higher pressure
differences there are required more than one auxiliar impeller. This fact limits the use of
spare pumps, respectively, it requires larger stock.
Advantages:
• no barrier- or flushing water required
• minimal leakage (only during stoppage)
• reduced maintenance requirement
Disadvantages:
• different designs required corresponding to the pressure difference ranges to be sealed
• higher energy consumption
• not applicable for pumps with variable speed
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Single seals with rotating mating faces
More or less parallel to the hydrodynamic seal, single seals with rotating mating faces
became generally accepted. They are better suited as traditional seals with rotating springs
for cases of higher pulp consistencies and for unfavourable conditions (shaft deflection,
vibrations) and for operation at occasionally reversed pressure, they will not open.
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type LP-S
Advantages:
• maintenance-free
• long lifetime
• barrier- or flushing water not required up to 6 % pulp
consistency (if no danger of dry running)
• shaft / shaft sleeve not subject to wear
• optimal circulation of the medium in the face region
• medium will not be diluted
• low energy consumption
• easier fitting as traditional seal types
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Cost comparison of shaft sealing techniques

OEM’s and endusers have ascertained the cost of the different sealing techniques in many studies.
Praxis-oriented values give the following comparative cost figures
Comparative cost of shaft sealing techniques
Stuffing box Double seal Single Single Hydrodyna

packing with high mechanical seal mechanical mic
pressure with flush seal seal
quench without flush
Cost of seal 1.200.- 3.500.-- 3.300.-- 3.300.-- 1.800.--
Water installation 1.000.- 2.000.-- 1.000.-- -- --
Cost of water 12.000.-- -- 6.000.-- -- --
(fresh water) (4 l/min) (0,5 ml/h) (2 l/min)
Cost of energy 5.000.-- 1.750.-- 1.000.-- 1.000.-- 7.500.--
(Dw= 50 mm, p= 4 (ca. 1 kW) (ca 0,35 kW) (ca. 0,2 kW) (ca. 0,2 kW) (ca. 1,5 kW)
bar)
Cost of 3.000.-- 300.-- 600.-- 600,-- 325.--
maintenance
€ Total cost
22.200.-- 7.550.-- 1100 4.900,-- 9.625,--
for 10 years
(5.900,--*)
lifetime
Assumptions:
1) Lifetime of pumps 10 years a 8000 operating hours / year
2) Cost of energy € 500.-- / kW and year (0.06€/kWh)
3) Cost of water €0,6/m3 (fresh water)
4) Lifetime single seal : 3 years, cost € 1,000.-- each
double seal: 5 years, cost € 1 750.-- each
5) Maintenance cost € 38.--/hour
- replacement of packings 4 x / year á 2 hours
- assembly and replacement of: single seal 3.3 times in 10 years á 5 hours
double seal: 2 times in 10 years á 6 hours
- auxiliar impeller replacement 1 x within 10 years, 2 hs of work
*) when using industrial water
The various studies lead in part to considerably differing results, depending upon specific assumptions
and values taken from experience. But all studies conclude the same precedence:
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- stuffing box packing

Costs
- hydrodynamic seal
- mechanical seal
A calculation scheme in which you can fill in the values for your country / company is shown
in annex A6.
The calculation scheme determines direct investment- and operating costs only. Not
considered are herein:
Additional energy costs

for maintaining the process temperature when flushing with cold water.
Example calculation per pump:

Assumptions: Process temperature 70 °C, flushing water 20 °C, Δt = 50 K
Mechanical seal instead of stuffing box packing: reduction of flushing water 4 l/min.
Energy balance: Q = 50 K · 4,2 kJ/kgK · 4 kg/60 s = 14 kW
Cost saving with mechanical seal:

basis 0.0,6 €/kWh and 8000 hours / year = 7,000 € / year per pump
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The raw material wood

Wood is the essential and most important raw material for chemical and mechanical pulp. It consists of
a system of wood fibres, which are neatly different in their outer shape and in their structure, both for
different types of wood, as well as for the same specimen of wood.
Wood structure
In the centre of a tree trunk there is the pith (marrow), more or less marked. Next towards the exterior
follows the real xylem (wood corpus), which consists of concentric periodical growth zones (growth
rings). The xylem is covered by the cambium, a thin coat. Growth in diameter starts from the cambium,
which builds new wood towards the interior: new wood with wide pores during the Spring, late wood
with narrow pores during the Autumn. That is how the growth rings build themselves. Towards the
exterior, the cambium builds bast (inner bark) , which withers at the surface and builds the bark,
together with died-off cork cells. From the bast, numerous medular rays enter the xylem, they transport
water radially and conduct and store organic materials.
Chemically, wood is a mixture of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and accompanying substances.

The true substance of fibres is cellulose, which is formed by macromolecules with the formula
(C6H12O5)n.
Hemicellulose is not such as high-polymeric as cellulose. It is soluble in diluted NaOH, cellulose is not.
Hemicellulose is essential for final strength of paper during refining of pulp.
Lignin is an organic high-polymer with very complicated chemical composition. It is the substance
which causes lignifying (turning into wood). Lignifying is caused by lignin embedding in the cellulose
membrane.
Most cells or fibres of a tree trunk are aligned in the direction of the trunk. They have a shape like a
hollow cylinder with pointed ends. A microscope is required to detect and to identify them by their
dimensions, by their form and by the shape of their ends.
On its outside, a newly built wood fibre has a thin wall of cellulose, the primary wall. The so-called
middle lamella separates it from the neighbouring fibres, but glues it to other neighbouring fibres.
Towards the interior of each fibre, there are several layers (primary wall, secondary wall with outer-,
central-, and inner coats, and the lumina (cellular cavity which contains remnants of protoplasma).
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Structure of cellulose fibres
0 = Middle lamella
1 = Primary wall
2 = Secondary wall,
outer layer
3 = Secondary wall,
central layer
4 = Secondary wall,
inner layer
5 = Lumina
Composition of the layers of the cellulose fibre walls
Cellulose fibre wall layer Thickness Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin

in µm in % in % in %
Middle lamella 0.3 - 2.0 10 20 70

Primary wall 0.1 - 0.3 15 50 35
Secondary wall layer S1 0.1 - 0.2 20 60 20
Secondary wall layer S2 1 - 10 60 20 20
Secondary wall layer S3 0.1 65 20 15
The following factors are important for the properties of paper:
• Length of fibre (the longer the length of fibre, the stronger the paper becomes)
• Thickness of the fibre wall (the thinner the thickness of the fibre wall, the stronger the paper
becomes)
• Structure of the fibre wall (strength is related to the capacity for building hydrogen bridges by OH-
groups)
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Production of chemical pulp

The starting point for the production of paper and board is cellulose. The technical product is called
chemical pulp, if a matrix of plant cells has been chemically decomposed into single fibres, and it is
called mechanical pulp, if the defiberization has ocurred mainly by mechanical means.
Parallel to both pulp types, recycled paper pulp is playing an important role, both for economical and
for ecological reasons. Maximum recycling has made waste paper pulp quantitatively equal to basic
raw material for the production of paper in highly developed countries. In addition, there are used rags
(fibres of cotton, linen, hemp) recovered from old clothes.
The prime materials for the production of paper are often called pulps.
Synopsis of processes
Pulp
treatment
chemical chemo/mechanical
chemical pulp mechanical pulp waste paper rags
sulphate sulphite special groundwood refiner

process process processes mechan. pulp
SGW PGW SPGW RMP TMP CTMP CMP
Chemical processes
The chemical processes subdivide into 2 groups:
• Sulphate processes
• Sulphite processes
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Sulphate process
The sulphate process holds quantitatively about 85% of the worldwide production of chemical pulp.
The process, which is often also called Kraft process, has his name from one component of the
involved chemicals, sodium sulphate or Glauber`s salt, which during the process is transformed to
sodium sulphide. The other important chemical is soda lye. The high alkalinity during the digestion
decomposes silicic acid, the reinforcing substance of many annual plants, thus making it possible to
treat them like wood with the same process.
The purpose of the process is to dissolve chemically the central lamella of the vegetal raw materials.
The digestion of the cells occurs, under high concentration of chemicals, from the lumina. So, the
primary lamella, which is mechanically very strong, is really not weakened. The result is an
exceptionally strong and beating-resistant chemical pulp. A disadvantage of the process is the setting
free of mercaptanes (approx. 100 g/ton of pulp). These are very evil-smelling, and the limit of
3
sensitiveness to smells is about 0.005 mg/m . This is the reason why the sulphate process is hardly
used in Germany.
Process conditions:
Chemicals: NaOH, Na2S, Na2CO3
Temperature: 170°C-180°C
Pressure: 6- 10 bar g
Duration of the digestion: 2-4 hs
New developments have led to the so-called Super-Batch-process:
Digestion of sulphate pulp with improved process control. The dissolving of lignine is a process of 1st
order and depends on the duration and the temperature of the digestion. Both parameters can be
expressed by the so-called Kappa value (value for the degree of delignification). Thanks to less severe
operating conditions, the process allows Kappa values of <10 without loss of yield or other
deterioration of cellulose, compared to the normal process.
Pulp quality
y high static and dynamic strength

y difficult to bleach, compared to sulphite pulp
y all types of trees and annual plants can be treated
y thinning wood and saw mill residues can be used
Process features:
• technically mature
• recovery of chemicals technically solved, but expensive, high demand on safety issues
• inconvenient evil smells by mercaptanes and sulphur anhydrides
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Sulphite process
The cooking agents for the digestion are sulphurous acid and a base, the latter can be calcium,
magnesium, sodium or ammonia. The name of the process is derived from the base in use, therefore
we distinguish:
• Calcium bisulphite process

• Magnesium bisulphite (Magnefite) process
• Sodium bisulphite process, and
• Ammonium bisulphite process.
Thanks to the well solved problem of recovery of chemicals, the Magnesium bisulphite process has
become the most used. Practically, the only suited wood species are spruce and beech. Not suited are
annual plants (they contain silicic acid) and other wood species which contain phenolic ingredients,
which can polymerize with lignin.
Especially important for the sulphite process is a thorough impregnation of the wood chips with the
digesting chemicals. An incomplete impregnation ensues a higher content of rejects. For this reason,
saw mill rejects are used sparingly.
The purpose of the sulphite process is also the chemical digestion of the middle lamella. The
digestion begins here and continues towards the inner part of the cells. Thus, initially the highly
concentrated chemicals submit the primary lamellas of the fibres to an acidic hydrolytical digestion.
The resulting pulp has a somewhat lower static and dynamic strength than sulphate pulp, and has a
lower resistance against beating. Sulphite pulp is also called „soft pulp“.
Sulphite pulps have features which make them well suited not only for the production of paper, but
also for the chemical and the textile industry. After cooking, it is much brighter than sulphate pulp and
can therefore be used unbleached for printing paper for mass production. Further, it is easier to bleach
than sulphate pulp. Chlorine free bleaching (bleaching agents: hydrogen peroxide, ozone, oxygen) is
state of the art, whereas this development is just quite young for the sulphate process.
Process conditions:
• Chemicals: M(HSO3)2, MgO, SO2, M = Ca, Mg

• Temperature: 120 to 160°C
• Pressure: 4 to 8 bar g
• Duration of the digestion: 4 to 20 hs
Pulp quality:
• lower static and dynamic strength than sulphate pulp

• easy to bleach (chlorine free bleaching is possible)
• good refining properties (higher strength after refining)
• very high brightness degrees (>60% are attained), compared to Sulfate pulp: 20%
Process features:
• usable wood species mainly spruce and beech

• digestion normally at pH ranges between 1,5 and 6 (hot pH). When using NaOH as base, pH
values about 10 are attainable, resin-caused problems decrease, other wood species can be used,
but corrosion in the cooking section increases heavily
• exact ending of cooking is important, as otherwise burnt cook occurs (recondensed, very much
darkened lignine can´t be taken out from the fibres)
• emissions of SO2 are nowadays mostly avoided.
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Mechanical pulp preparation treatments
Mechanical pulps are all intermediate products which are obtained at a high yield (>80%) They contain
a high lignin content, which can negatively influence the non-ageing and whiteness permanence
abilities. All mechanical pulps tend more or less to yellowing, but they have a high opacity, thus
making them especially suitable for short-lived printing papers for mass circulation with low surface
weights.
Mechanical pulps result from decomposing the wood matrix into single fibres mainly by thermo-
mechanical treatment. In later developed processes, this crushing process is increasingly supported
by chemicals. The process developments occur very dynamically, many process variants have been
created and have partly disappeared. In this context, we mention only the main ones, which have
been technically proven and which have prevailed in the market.
Two variants have to be distinguished: groundwood pulp and refiner pulp.
Groundwood pulp
is obtained from debarked round timber
GW (Ground Wood) or also GMP (Groundwood Mechanical Pulp):

defibering of round timber on a grinding stone, adding water at atmospheric pressure, 75°C
PGW (Pressure Groundwood) and PGW-S (Super Pressure Groundwood):

defibering of round timber on a grinding stone, adding water at overpressure and increased
temperature;
PGW 105°C (spray water temperature); 2.5 bar (over pressure) PGW-S: 140°C, 4.5 bar
Refiner Pulps
RMP (Refiner Mechanical Pulp)

defibering of wood chips in a refiner, in one or two stages, at atmospheric pressure
TMP (Thermo-Mechanical Pulp)

defibering of thermally pretreated wood chips in a refiner, in one or two stages, where at least the first
stage is pressurized* and operates at increased temperature
CTMP (Chemi-Thermo-Mechanical Pulp)

defibering of thermally and chemically treated wood chips in a refiner, in one or two stages, where at
least the first stage is pressurized* and operates at increased temperature
CMP (Chemi-Mechanical Pulp)

defibering of chemically digested wood chips in a refiner, in one or two stages, where at least the first
stage is pressurized* and operates at increased temperature
* Pressurization is required to maintain water in liquid stage up to temperatures of 140°C

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Production of groundwood
Raw timber
Timber preparation
(cutting to length, debarking)
Grinder
Screening
Reject treating
Dewatering
Bleaching
(optional)
Groundwood
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Timber preparation
The delivered roundwood is cut to length (1 - 1.5 m) and debarked. The debarking can be done single
trunk or multitrunk, wet or dry. Most common is multitrunk dry debarking.
No need for seals.
Grinding
The trunks are pressed against the fast turning grinding stone with the addition of water. The moving
stone spikes deform the wood matrix. Three phases of the grinding process can be distinguished:
Phase 1:
plastifying of the middle lamella of the wood matrix by temperature and pressure variation (frequency
approx. 4 to 12 kc/s)
Phase 2:
separation of fibres and fiber parts by friction
Phase 3:
fibrillation of fibers and fiber parts, production of fines.
Groundwood contains the following fibre line components:

• fibrous pulp (long and short individual fibres, the proper aim of the process)
• fines (slime: with a high content of fibriles and active bonding properties, contributes especially to
the static strength; wood meal: cubic particles, low adhesivity, „organic filler“, often not wanted)
• splinters (parts of the wood matrix not yet disintegrated into individual fibres)
Continuous grinder Double-press grinder
At equal size and speed of machine the double-press grinder has approx. 90 % more output, but also
requires about 90% more driving energy.
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SGW (Stonegroundwood)
Characteristic operating conditions:
N° of turns of stone 200 to 370 rpm

Tangential stone speed 20 to 40 m/s
Pressure atmospheric
Temperature in the grinder housing approx. 75°C
Temperature in the grinding zone approx. 90°C
Feed rate of timber 50 to 120 mm/min
Pressure grinding (PGW, Pressure Groundwood and SPGW, Super Pressure Groundwood)
For both grinding processes, the double-press grinder is used, because it can be made pressure-proof
at comparatively low expense. When operating at overpressure, the boiling temperature of the splash
water rises above 100°C. This makes it possible to obtain temperatures in the grinding zone which
come near to the softening temperature of lignin (approx. 105°C for deciduous wood, 125 to 145°C for
coniferous wood). The digestion of the wood matrix then occurs nearer to the middle lamella, so that
there are obtained more undamaged long fibres than for SGW. Higher strengths are also obtained.
The yield, the content of lignin and the specific energy consumption are more or less comparable to
SGW.
Characteristic operating conditions:
PGW PGW-S
Speed of stone 325 to 375 rpm 325 to 375 rpm
Tangential speed of stone 30 to 35 m/s 30 to 35 m/s
Pressure 2,5 - 4 bar 4,5 - 6 bar
Temp. in the grinding area approx. 105°C 135 to 145°C
Screening
The suspension of fibres which leaves the grinder still contains very coarse particles (large rejects and
bolts), coarse particles (splinters) and a series of other impurities. They would impair or even make
impossible the following treatments. Therefore, these impurities must be additionally treated or
separated. This occurs in a multiple-stage mechanical separating process, the sorting. A sorting plant
normally is subdivided into two sectors, the coarse screening with the reject processing, and the fine
sorting.
Coarse screening
Generally, vibrating screens with punched or slotted plates are used. They separate coarse and very
coarse particles, which have to be processed in a hammer mill or in the reject refiner.
Fine screening
It is done at consistencies of 0.6 to 0.8% (content of solids). Here, parts with higher specific weight
than fibres are separated (e.g. small and smallest splinters, metal parts, sand, and bark particles) In
order to improve the efficiency of the sorting, a series of cleaners are installed, in forward screening or
in cascade arrangement, so that the fibrous suspension has to pass several stages before being
accepted.
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Reject processing
The purpose of the reject processing is to obtain, above all, long fibres (the production of fines cannot
be totally avoided). Refining is done in disk refiners, often in the LC range (consistencies of 4 to 5%.
Better efficiencies are attained at high consistencies, but this process has the disadvantage of
requiring subsequent dewatering.
Modern plants prefer to operate at high consistencies. There have been developed processes in which
the refining is supported by a chemical treatment, e.g. with sodium sulphite. Treated rejects are taken
back to the coarse sorting
Bleaching
With groundwood, whitenesses of 58 to 60% are obtained. This is good enough for many printing
papers for mass production. Should the groundwood be used for products of higher quality (e.g. so-
called „improved newspaper“ or LWC-paper, brightness of 70 to 75% is required, and it can be
obtained only by bleaching. As nobody is prepared to reduce the high yield already obtained (98% of
the wood substance has been transformed to pulp), the bleaching process must conserve the lignin. In
this process, the optically active, so-called chromophoric groups of the lignin are chemically changed.
This change is partially reversible when exposed to light and high temperature in the presence of
oxygen. This explains the yellowing tendency of bleached mechanical pulp. There exist the following
methods for bleaching:
• oxidative bleaching with hydrogen peroxide

• reductive bleaching with sodium dithionite,
• a combination of both in two stages (1st stage oxidizing, 2nd stage reductive bleaching)
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Hydrogen peroxide bleaching
Sequential-stage hydrogen peroxide bleach plant
Operating conditions for the Hydrogen peroxide bleaching
• Pulp consistency 10 % - 17 %
• Duration 120 - 180 min
• Bleaching temperature 70 - 80 °C
• Initial pH-value 9 - 10
• Addition of bleaching agent (H2O2) up to 1.5 %
• Stabilizer (potassium water glass) 2%
(Na2O · x SiO2 (x = 3-5)
• Complexing agent (e.g. DTPA, EDTA) 0.2 %
(Na-salts of diethylene-triamine-penta-acetic acid
or ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid)
As peroxide is expensive, the chemical reaction takes place at higher consistencies (thus high
concentration of the bleaching chemical reagent and relatively low content of dissolved peroxide-
consuming particles in the water). The treated stock from sorting is therefore dewatered, the bleaching
agent as well as NaOH, stabilizers and complexing agents are added, mixed in a high-consistency
mixer and then bleached in the bleaching tower. The discharged bleached mechanical pulp is thinned
down to a pumpable consistency of about 4 % by stirring.
Additionally, by pipe bleaching higher whiteness are obtained at higher temperature in less time. In
this case, there exists the danger of brightness reversion, caused by alkali, when the peroxide has
been consumed. For this reason, process control is more complex. The operating paramaters of pipe
bleaching are as above, except for
• duration 10 to 20 min (until maximum whiteness is obtained)

• temperature 85 - 90°C
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Sodium dithionite bleaching Y
1 Sodium-dithionite
complexing agent
2 Mixing chest
3 Steam water
4 Sorted mechanical pulp
5 Mixer for chemicals
6 Water
7 Discharge device
8 Bleaching tower
(pulp consistency 4- 5 %)
9 Bleached mechanical pulp
Operating conditions for the dithionite bleaching
• Pulp consistency 3%-5%

• Duration 60 min
• Bleaching temperature 60 - 80 °C
• Initial pH-value 5.5 - 6.5
• Addition of bleaching agents (Na2S2O4) up to 2.0 %
• Complexing agents (e.g. DTPA, EDTA) 0.3 %
(Na-salts of the diethylene-triamine-penta-acetic acid
or ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid)
During this bleaching process air must be excluded to avoid an oxidation because the resultant
products can easily revert to their original structure, thus negating the bleaching effect
Two-stage-bleaching
This process is applied to obtain higher whiteness and intensification of bleaching efficiency. A
combination of peroxide and dithionite-bleaching is well proven. The sequence has to be first oxidizing
and then reductive bleaching otherwise considerable excess consumption of bleaching agents and a
decrease of the bleaching result would result. Before the reductive bleaching the remaining peroxide
must be consumed by addition of SO2 as NaHSO3.
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Refiner mechanical pulps
Wood preparation
Round timber is debarked and then chipped. Similar as for groundwood, the requirements for the
quality of the raw timber are very strict. Timber, fresh from the forest , with about 50% humidity,
straight grown, and with few bolts is preferred. Additionally, it shall be free from pest infestation.
The material is washed, screened (chip washer, chip screener - please refer to machine descriptions)
and then fed into the refiner.
RMP (Refiner Mechanical Pulp)
For sectional drawings please refer to machine descriptions.
The screened and washed chips are fed to a disk refiner. In contrast to normall milling tasks, the
refiner plates have three clearly different zones, which the chips have to pass one after the other and
where the following occurs:
y Breaker-bar zone (zone with very coarse knives)

Break up of the chips into about match-sized parts, transport of these parts into the next zone
y Coarse-bar zone (zone with coarse knives)

Defibration of the wood matrix in individual fibres by pressure variation at high frequences
(10 to 30 kc/s). High frenquency transforms the deformation energy to thermal energy in the inner
part of the wood matrix, thus softening the middle lamella. The lateral shearing force load
dissolves the individual fibres.
y Fine-bar zone (zone with fine knives)

fibrillation of the individual fibres, crushing of splinters, production of fines.
Normally, an acceptable quality of mechanical pulp cannot be obtained by refining in one stage, a
nd
second refiner becomes necessary. In this 2 stage, the parts of the breaker-bar and the coarse-bar
zones are reduced compared to the fine-bar zone. The input of energy should be so that 2/3 are
consumed in the first stage, and 1/3 in the 2nd stage.
The following treatment of the RMP can be done analogous to groundwood.
The RMP-process is displaced by the TMP-process today.

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TMP (Thermo-mechanical pulp)
Unlike in RMP, the wood chips are pretreated with saturated vapour, in order to help the softening of
lignin and thus gain longer and less damaged fibres from the wood matrix. The thermical pretreatment
process (steaming time 1-3 min; 110-145°C; 1-3 bar) helps soaking the lignin. The temperatures are
about 110°C for deciduous wood and 125 to 145°C for coniferous trees.
The following refining takes place in the 1st stage, in more modern plants also in the 2nd stage, under
pressure, to maintain a high temperature during the defiberization. Apart from that, the same
comments as for RMP above are valid.
TMP pulps have higher strength than the earlier described groundwood pulps. This is the reason why
they can be used for printing paper without being upgraded with chemical pulp. To obtain higher
whiteness, TMP pulps are bleached more and more often (please refer to bleaching of groundwood).
Yields are between 90 and 95%
Scheme of a 2-stage TMP-plant
1 Chips from washer

2 Intermediate chest
3 Feeding screw
4 Steam vessel
5 1st stage refiner
6 Cyclone
7 2nd stage
pressureless refiner
8 Pulp to sorting
Sorted and washed chips are conducted to the steam vessel for impregnation and deaeration (110 ...
130 °C, 1 ... 3 bar saturated vapour). From here the material is fed in a closed system to the refiner,
1st stage, which operates at the same pressure. The best strength properties are achieved by refining
at consistencies of 20 to 25% o.d. (thickening before 1st stage required). Behind the 1st stage refiner
a cyclone is installed for pressure release, the 2nd stage operates pressureless.
Further stock preparation
For further stock preparation the same equipment is used as for groundwood and RMP (sorting,
bleaching). Thanks to the low content of splinters, the sorting of TMP can often be simplified. Very
important for TMP is a well operating cleaning plant, as here the volume of small sharp splinters is
greater than for groundwood.
EagleBurgmann 6.10
Pulp & Paper Manual
CTMP (Chemi-thermo-mechanical pulp)
In addition to a thermal pre-treatment, in the further developed CTMP the chips receive an
impregnation with chemicals. For coniferous wood, the chips are treated with 3 to 5% of sodium
sulphite, for deciduous wood, with 1 to 3% sodium sulphite and 5 to 7% of soda lye so that the lignin is
partly sulphonized. The sulphone groups are hydrophil, and water is intercalated into the otherwide
amorphous structure. By this, the lignin becomes easier to be plastified, and more undamaged
individual fibres are obtained than by the earlier mentioned processes, giving the final products (paper)
greater static and dynamic strengths. As chemically modified lignin becomes partly water soluble, the
yield decreases to about 90%.
CTMP pulps are more similar to chemical pulps than the other fibre pulps. They have longer fibres,
higher whiteness, and are easier to bleach. At the same time, opacity decreases slightly.
The process is mostly realized in 2 stages (with the exception of fibre pulp for tissues), whith at least
nd
the first stage, but also often the 2 stage, operating at overpressure (conditions as for TMP)
Scheme of a CTMP plant
(1) Wood chips (8) Refiner final stage

(2) Pre-vaporizer (saturated (9) Pressure cyclone
steam)
(3) Chip washer (10) Reject press
(4) Chip dewaterer (11) Reject refiner
(5) Pre-vaporizer (12) Reject chess
(6) Prex-impregnator (13) Pulp chest
(7) Pre-heater (14) to washing and sorting
CMP (Chemi-Mechanical pulp)
This pulp is obtained by a modified CTMP process. The chips are not only chemically impregnated
(chemicals and dosing as for CTMP), but they are are also boiled for approx. 1 hour (similar to
chemical pulp) before being fed to the refiner. The result is a chemical pulp-like pulp with high strength
and lower opacity, compared to other mechanical pulps. The yield decreases to 80 to 85%. By reason
of this lower yield and also higher environmental pollution, this process is comparatively rare.
Screening and bleaching

please refer to production of groundwood
EagleBurgmann 7.1
Pulp & Paper Manual
Recycling of waste paper
Today waste paper has become the most important fibrous raw material component by far for paper
manufactoring.
The aim of recycling waste paper is to obtain a usable pulp (recycled paper pulp).
Waste papers are more or less contaminated, depending on where they stem from. The resultant pulp
composition is not homogeneous, that means, that pulp from differing processes in various working
stages (refined, bleached, etc.) can be contained in the waste paper.
The impurities can be classified as disruptive substances and foreign substances.
Disruptive substances
They consist of paper fibres which, due to prior useage are not suitable for further waste paper pulp
treatment (e.g. wet proof, bitumen impregnated, waxed papers or boards). These papers and boards
are injurious to production.
Foreign substances
These are waste paper components non-pulp in character, which get into the waste paper during the
production of the paper, its processing or its consumption. These components can be filling agents,
coating pigments, foils, varnish paints, glues, metal parts (staples), glass, cords, sand, filling residues,
and others.
Both disruptive and foreign substances must be removed from the waste paper during the recycling
process to such an extent, that the resulting recycled pulp becomes competitive against prime pulps.
Thus, separating processes play a central role in waste paper treatment.
Waste paper grades
Suppliers and produces are in principle free to agree on the admissible properties of waste papers. To
avoid disagreements it has proved to be good policy to adhere to certain standards (e.g. EN 643 or
the German grade specification which follows the recommendation of VDP („Verband deutscher
Papierfabriken“ (association of German paper plants)). They classify into lower grade, middle grade,
higher waste paper grades (with high content of sulphate pulp), and special grades. These main
grades can of course be subdivided. From the main grades it can be seen which pulp grades are
predominant and what degree of impurities are admissible.
These grades determine the recycling process to be used, and which of course must be in line with the
planned end product. Thus, it is useful to distinguish between
• recycling process for products without special requirements on brightness (so called „brown line“ ).
It is especially important for packaging materials.
• recycling process for products with special requirements on brightness and optical homogeneity (so
called „white line“ ). It is especially important for writing and printing papers, but also for packing
materials and for special papers.
• special processes
EagleBurgmann 7.2
Pulp & Paper Manual
Waste paper pulp treatment
The waste paper pulp treatment can be arranged as shown in the following scheme:
WASTE PAPER Supplement

of fresh water
Slushing Pulper cylinder

Defibring, removing/
printing particles
Cleaning, cobbing Rejects Water

removing of
Energy impuritis/stickup
Flotation/washer
Deinking/ash reduction
Upgrading Chemicals
(Fractionating/ Refining
Disperging/ Bleaching
RECYCLED
PAPER PULP
Slushing
Waste paper is mostly delivered in bales, sometimes in loose form. The aim of the slushing process is
to decompose the dry material (by adding water and mechanical energy) into its constituent elements,
i.e. essentially, into individual fibres. During the process, the disruptive and the foreign substances
should be crushed as little as possible, thus permitting their easy separation in the following
processes.
The slushing processes can be classified into 3 ranges of consistencies:

• LC range (pulp consistencies up to 8%, normally 4 to 6%)
• MC range (pulp consistencies beween 8 and 15%)
• HC range (pulp consistencies above 15%)
EagleBurgmann 7.3
Pulp & Paper Manual
Slushing in the LC range (LC-Pulpers)
This can be said to be the classical process. First separating processes are done in waste paper
pulpers (separation of coarse particles, fibre bundles, heavy components like metallic parts, sand,
glass, etc, spinning parts (cords, foils, binding wires, etc).
The efficiency of the LC-pulpers is based on strong bumping and tearing forces caused by the rotor.
These forces can also disperse foreign substances (e.g. hot melts), making it difficult to separate them
from the suspension. Further, part of the energy is absorbed by turbulence, resulting in a relatively
high specific energy consumption (50 - 70 kWh/t).
LC-pulpers normally operate continuosly.
Slushing in the MC range (MC-Pulpers)
In order to avoid a considerable crushing of disruptive and foreign substances, it is advisable to slush
waste papers in the MC range. An additional positive effect is that specific energy is saved
(consumption is 35 to 50 kWh/t). The energy is transmitted to the system mainly by shearing forces
and thus more gently than in the LC range. Disruptive and foreign substances are crushed less and
thus can be separated more easily in the following process steps.
MC-pulpers can operate in batches or continuosly. In the first case, slushing occurs at a consistency of
about 12%. For emptying, pulp must be diluted to 4 - 5%. When operating continuosly, the pulp is
diluted below the perforated disc, the output is continuous.
For screening and separation of heavy and light solids secondary pulpers are installed (fiberizers,
turbo-separators, Contaminex, etc.) These secondary pulpers operate in the range of 2.5 - 4% pulp
consistency. Some designs have a certain deflaking capacity. Abrasive components can cause critical
wear to the screens and rotors of these machines.
Slushing in the HC range (Slushing drums)
For this technique mostly drums are used. Pulp consistency normally is about 18%.
The drums have a dissolving section (closed, pulp consistency 18 - 20%), and a screening section
(pulp consistency 3 - 4%, length 30 - 50% of total length of drum). The drums are 10 to 30 m long and
slightly inclined, the pulp moves slowly towards the outlet.
The pulp is defiberized mainly by bumping forces, but much more gently than by the LC-defiberization.
Therefore, foils, hot melts, and other foreign substances generally keep their original sizes. So, the
majority are separated in the screening part of the drum.
The disadvantage of the drums is that it is more difficult to mix in chemicals homogeneously than in
the LC and MC ranges. Advantage: the specific energy consumption is only about 1/3 of the LC
variant.
EagleBurgmann 7.4
Pulp & Paper Manual
Separating
Separating processes are classified into sorting and classifying processes.

Sorting processes separate according to physical features (e.g. specific weight, wettability, a.o.)
Classifying processes separate according to geometrical features (form and size of particles).
Meanwhile the process technology clearly defines the differences of separating processes, the pulp
and paper industry in German-speaking countries uses terms which are traditional and may accurately
define the process technology. Example: the separation of fibre bundles (feature: geometrical form
and size), i.e. a classifying process, is done by machines known as „Drucksortierer“ (literally: pressure
sorter- in the English language: pressure screener).
Sorting process
a) Specifically heavier parts than fibres
When leaving the pulper the slushed waste paper still contains relatively large foreign substances.
They can cause severe damages if they get into fast running machines (deflaker, refiner). Therefore,
the foreign substances have to be separated after leaving the pulper. This is done in HC-cleaners
(sand cleaner, centrifugal cleaner, vortex cleaner, or tube cleaner). They operate at pulp
consistencies of 2 - 3%, its working principle is centrifugal force. Metal parts like staples, and also
sand and small stones are definitely separated.
Fine screening is done in cleaners, which also operate according to the centrifugal force principle. At
still lower consistencies (0.6 - 0.8%) and higher rotational speeds, even smaller particles can be
separated (they adhere to the wall of the cleaner and are collected as rejects).
Fine screening is normally the last step of the waste paper recycling process, or it is done
immediately before entering the paper machine as prepared stock.
The particles adhere to the wall of the machine and move toward the outlet.
b) Specifically lighter parts than fibres
Such parts can be e.g. styrofoam or other plastics. They are also separated, applying the centrifugal
force principle. Or special machines are used (e.g. Gyrocleaner), or cleaners with a central tube at the
outlet side. All these machines are also suited for the deareation of pulp, since air bubbles similarly
concentrate where the centrifugal force is zero (in the centre of the rotating axis of the machine).
Classifying processes
They have the task to separate particles which have a specific weight which is very similar to that of
fibres. These can be fibre bundles, as well as foil parts, hot melts, or slivers. Flat particles are
separated by perforated screens, round particles by slotted screens. Waste paper contains both forms
of particles, therefore a combination of both screen types is used. They can operate pressureless
(plane screens, vibrational screens), or pressurized (pressure screens). Modern plants are equipped
almost completely with pressure screens, which operate at pulp consistencies between 2.5 and 4%.
Sorting and classifying can be operated in a multistage arrangement to increase the efficiency;
arrangements can be in tandem (cascade) or in series. Both variants have their specific advantages
and are selected according to the individual case.
All the above described processes can be applied both for the „brown“ and for the „white“ fibre lines.
EagleBurgmann 7.5
Pulp & Paper Manual
„White fibre line“
The aim is to improve brightness and optical uniformity of the recycled paper pulp. The most important
and widest-spread process for this purpose is the de-inking process. It comprises the removal of
printing inks (de-inking), bleaching, and disperging.
De-inking
The aim is to remove the printing ink and to attain a brightness which comes as near as possible to
the brightness of the unprinted paper margin.
There have to be distinguished two processes: de-inking by flotation and de-inking by washing.
De-inking by flotation
The flotation cells contain water, solids and air. Printing ink particles are coagulated and
hydrophobized by selected chemicals (sodium water glass, lime soap). So treated they concentrate at
the contact surface between pulp in suspension and air and swim up to the surface, together with the
air bubbles which form in the flotation cells by air injection. Together, they build a foam, which is
decanted in different ways from the suspension and separated.
The de-inking by flotation normally eliminates particles between 10 and 200 µm. If the suspension
contains a high portion of small particles a combination with a washing stage is recommended.
De-inking by washing
The ink particles should be crushed to sizes < 25 µm. Then, they behave nearly like colloidally
dissolved substances, i.e. the quantity of removed particles is proportional to the flow of water.
The process requires large amounts of water, and for this reason it is not generally used in Europe. As
fines are also removed, the yield of fibres falls below 90%.
However, for high quality printing paper, deinking by flotation is combined with one or more washing
stations also in Europe. At the same time, the resulting waste water is cleaned by microflotation, so
that the consumption of fresh water is drastically reduced.
The machine types used for the washing of waste paper are all those which are able to thicken (disc
filters, screw presses, washers, thickeners, double screen presses, and similar).
Bleaching
The same agents as for mechanical pulp bleaching are used at comparable operating conditions.
Additionally, FAA (formamidinosulfinic acid) is used. FAA is a reductive, and, compared to hydrogen
peroxide or sodium dithionite, an expensive bleaching agent. It has the advantage that it can
neutralize shading colours (e.g. excess of magenta or papers printed in colours).
Disperging
The aim is to crush the ink particles below the limit of visibility (generally < 50 µm). At the same time,
the brightness of the pulp decreases slightly. Instead of individual black points, a uniform gray tone
appears (e.g. recycled paper).
Disperging is often carried out in disk dispergers at pulp consistencies of about 25 - 30% and at
temperatures of about 90°C.
EagleBurgmann 7.6
Pulp & Paper Manual
„Brown fibre line“
The aim of the recycling process for these cases is primarily to reactivate the strength properties of the
waste paper. Brightness is not important, sometimes optical uniformity is. To obtain the desired result
the waste paper pulp is chemically treated, refined, fractionized and disperged.
Chemical treatment
The aim is to recover the strength lost during the previous drying. This is obtained by adding selected
chemicals which activate the binding properties of the surfaces of the fibres.
Refining
The aim of this process step in waste paper processing is the reactivation of the interlinking capacity of
the fibres in order to compensate the loss of strength suffered by previous processes (shortening of
fibres during refining and for embrittling of fibres during drying). Refining can significantly increase the
strength properties of the paper to be produced. But it is bad for good drainage (result of more fines
and fibrillation of waste paper fibres). The refining is done in disk or conical refiners. The suspension
of fibre stock is pressed through a variable gap between stationary and rotating knives, the result
being squeezing and fibrillation of fibres. The size of the refining gap determines the resulting
properties.
Fractionating
The inferior waste paper qualities, especially mixed and department store waste papers, contain a
wide range of fibre sizes, the result of different useage and processing of the waste paper. It can
roughly be classified in long fibered stock, short-fibered stock and fines. Often the stock contains a
large part of fines, causing loss of paper strength as well as bad drainage on the paper machine.
Therefore it is preferred to separate the stock suspension into long-fibered and short-fibered fractions,
to treat those fractions separately (mechanically, chemically and thermically) and then mix them again
into whole stock or use the fractions separately in a special application.
Physically the fractionating is performed in so-called fractionators. These are continuosly operating
horizontal or vertical rotary screens with punched or slotted plates. Profiled rotors cause periodic
pressure fluctuations at the screens, improving the passage and preventing their clogging.
In principle, fractionating can also be performed with centrifugal cleaners.

EagleBurgmann 7.7
Pulp & Paper Manual
Disperging
If the waste paper contains low solubility components like bituminized, waxed or glued papers not
completely crushed, these components can cause production problems in the paper machine (glueing
together of felts or cylinders). Further, visible unevenness of the paper web leads to considerable loss
of quality. Disperger can crush these components to sizes at which they will not spoil the end product
any more.
With regard to multiple re-using of waste paper for the production of paper the use of dispergers to
obtaining a better waste paper pulp is questionable, as disruptive elements are not extracted, but only
crushed below the visibility limit. They are still present in the paper process system and their content
is increased with each recycling.
For disperging the precleaned stock must first be thickened. This is mostly done by means of a
screening belt press, a wire-press filter or a screw press which can thicken from 4 - 5 % to approx. 25
- 30 %. In case of lower consistency - e.g. after a flotation de-inking plant - a screw thickener must be
used first, if necessary. The white water can be led back to the pulper. The stock is crushed in a worm
shredder and heated up to temperatures up to 145 °C (hot disperging). At this temperature most of the
retained plastics and glues plastify.
The real disperging takes place in the disperger which is similar to a refiner. Apart from disc
dispergers, single shaft and double shaft dispergers are used. They crush the printing ink particles
especially effectively. At the same time they influence the strength properties of the final paper. High
temperature lowers the strength properties. The same is caused by the intensity of treatment (energy
consumption), and stock consistency.
When disperging with disc dispergers these effects are not present. The influence of temperature is
countered by the intense stress to the fibres at the baffle edges of the disk disperger and by the
increased internal friction in the stock. Higher stress to the fibres leads to higher strength properties of
the paper (this is result of the milling effect of these machines), while volume and porosity are lowered.
Immediately after the disperging process the stock is diluted again. The power consumption of
dispergers is about 35 kWh/ton and for the whole system including thickener and heating zone about
60 kWh/ton o.d. stock. In spite of this relatively high power consumption these plants are gaining
ground, especially in those plants in which adhesive solids or remaining printing ink particles in the
waste paper stock have especially damaging effects (fine art recycling papers, etc).
EagleBurgmann 8.1
Pulp & Paper Manual
Production of paper and board
Paper machines
The term paper machine encompasses a complete plant up to 250 m long, 10 meters high and 10 m
wide, its principal sections being headbox, sheet formation equipment (Fourdrinier wire, vat section,
wet lap former, hybrid former, twin wire former), press section, drying section, and/or further
equipment like breaker stacks, surface application ( size presses, film presses), and calenders (dry
sizing sections). This additional equipment improves the paper surface.
The function of a paper machine is to continuosly form a web, to drain and to dry it, to impart to it a
certain surface finish and to reel it.
Paper machines can have up to 200 pumps. A reel of paper can have a length of up to 70 km and a
weight up to 27 tons.
Medium size paper machines have 120 to 160 pumps, comprising :
• 60 to 80 LC-pumps in the wire section (white water pumps)

Back water (= white water) usually contains only low portions of pulp (max. 0.5 %), sealing
makes no problems (standard seals, not product wetted springs are
recommended).
• 10 - 20 vacuum pumps (in the drying section)

The vacuum pumps normally are equipped with double acting mechanical seals,
or, if possible, with single seals quenched with clean industrial water. No sealing
problems, normal standard seals can be used.
• 50 - 60 dosing pumps (mostly eccentric screw pumps) for the coating machine
Paper machines work up to 2000 m/min (web speed) and have capacities up to 1,500 ton / day. Paper
machines cost about 500 million €..
The most important paper machine manufacturers are Voith-Sulzer, Andritz and Metso. In addition,
there exists a number of smaller companies which mostly concentrate on special papers and build
smaller plants.
The fan pump pumps the suspension, consisting of 99.5 % water and only 0.5 % solids (fibres and
filling agents) to the headbox, from here it is spread uniformly over the total working width of the PM
and enters the sheet forming section. Here, water and solids are separated on the wire (filtration
process), and the web speeds up to about 120 km/h. An endless sheet (paper web) is formed by
mechanical interlocking of the fibres. Then the sheet, containing 75 to 82% water, enters the press
section, where an absorbent revolving felt cloth carries the paper web. Rolls or presses dehumidify the
paper further, render it compact and strengthen the texture which, after having passed the press
section (normally 3 to 4 nips), still contains about 50 % of water. Next, and initially supported by felt
cloths, the web becomes stronger, and finally the unsupported paper web passes through the drying
section, which consists of a large number of steam-heated cylinders (approx. 60 to 70 off). The main
part of the remaining water evaporates at temperatures between 90 and 130 °C.
Next to the drying section, some paper machines are equipped with a glazing section, consisting of an
arrangement of several rolls. When passing the nips, which can also be heated and which are
submitted to a high pressure, the nearly dry paper web is compacted further and is smoothed. The
finished paper web is reeled on to a steel core (tambour). Its normal residual humidity is 5 - 8 %. The
paper remains on the tambour until finishing or upgrading.
EagleBurgmann 8.2
Pulp & Paper Manual
Board machines
For the production of multi-ply board, several sheet formation sections are arranged in series, their
humid webs with 14% dry matter content are run (couched) together.
Board machines nowadays have an output up to 900 ton/day, with speeds from 25 to 500 m/min. The
area weight of the single plies extend from 20 to 100 g/m3, the area weight of the finished board
/cardboard extends from 250 to 1000 g/m2.
Coating section
For high-definition and the demanding reproduction of pictures, dense and smooth surfaces are
required. Even optimal calendered paper will not suffice, therefore the surface must be coated.
Before coating, paper (or board) must receive a pre-treatment, otherwise the coating slip will not
adhere. The paper gets a sizing: the surface is made slightly water repellent, so that the coating liquor
can just penetrate (necessary for the interlocking of the coating colour) without softening the paper. A
sizing which has been done too strong gives rise to insufficient absorbency of the raw paper, thus the
interlocking of the coating colour is inadequate, the coating layer can lift off or crack. When the sizing
is too weak, the raw paper absorbs too much water from the coating colour, which becomes too dry,
not pliable and may flake off.
Normally synthetic media, mixed with starch or CMC-products are used as sizing agents. With regard
to sealing, these products are chemically non-aggressive, not abrasive, but are adhesive. Therefore,
when using single seals, quenching is strongly recommended, double-acting seals are preferred
(because the faces will not stick together after stoppage).
Coating colours consist basically of three components: pigments, binders and water (30 - 70 %). In
addition there are different auxiliary agents (approx. 5 %). Basically, coating colours with as low a
water content as possible (hence high solids content) are preferred, the aim being the reduction of
drying energy and to obtain a high-quality voluminous coating.
Pigments (mostly kaolin, CaCO3, TiO2) are extremely abrasive and have a high proportion of particles
smaller than 1 µm. For safe sealing, double acting seals are recommended. For media with a content
of more than approx. 50 % we have not found reference cases for single seals.
Binders (mostly synthetic binders as watery dispersions of acrylic-, polyvinyl-, styrene- and butadiene
compounds, but also natural binders as starch, casein and protein) are sticky. Therefore it is
advantageous to use double acting seals (clean medium between the faces, especially important for
re-starting after stoppage).
Auxiliary agents are e.g. disperging agents, foam brakers, viscosity and water retention controllers,
optical whitening agents and others.
Latex types
Sealing may be totally problem free, but can be exactly the contrary. It depends on the compounds in
the latex, which is nearly always a strictly confidential matter. Therefore it is not possible for the seal
manufactures to guarantee proper sealing by a mechanical seal. In practice, often stuffing box
packings or lip seals with in-line-arrangement of multiple quenches have been found to be the best
acceptable solution.
The high content of solids and the necessity of dosing the different components in the coating section
require the usage of dosing pumps, in practice mostly eccentric screw pumps.
Eagle Burgmann mechanical seals:

LP-D, CARTEX-DE, M74-D, (not for Latex types)
EagleBurgmann 9.1
Pulp & Paper Manual
EagleBurgmann-Strategy
Our strong point has always been to have a wide variety of seal types with many customer-tailored
features, the result being that we are known to be able to handle any practical case.
Increasing maintenance and stock holding costs, as well as increasing difficulties in getting and
keeping skilled personnel, have led the industry to seek to standardize the products which they require
in their plants.
Our reply to this demand is our LP-type seals for OEM’s and our new CARTEX Cartridges for end
users.
Any of both seal series can handle nearly all applications for Pulp and Paper - except special ones like
cooking liquor circulation pumps, fan pumps and some latex types.
EagleBurgmann LP seals and CARTEX-cartridges are the choice for pumps for the Pulp and Paper
Industry.
Summary - EagleBurgmann strategy for Pulp and Paper

• Only one standard basic seal type for all pumps except special ones Æ Cartex
• Universal application minimizes wrong seal selection
• Simplified maintenance (minimum of variations)
• Maximum reduction of stock cost
• Quick and competent service through the EagleBurgmann sales organization
• Training of key personnel by EagleBurgmann specialists

EagleBurgmann 10.1
Pulp & Paper Manual
EagleBurgmann mechanical seals for sealing

in the pulp and paper industries
Design features
The following features have proved either to be essential, or to be advisable:
• outer contour of product wetted seal parts to be as straight as possible
• springs not product wetted
• seal gap as near as possible to the pump impeller (rotating mating face, stationary springs)
• reversed pressure design (the seal can be installed in S, T and D arrangement, thus reducing
variety of types, stock, and maintenance errors)
• space between seal and pump housing: the wider, the better
Seal classification:
1. Preferred types
Our strategy: Types LP (-S, -Q, -D) for OEM’s
Types CARTEX (-SNO, SN,-QN, -DN) for endusers
2. Traditional series seals
to DIN-seal rooms: Types MG, HJ, MFL, M7N, M74-D

further seal types (for highest duties): Types HR, HRZ, PULPEX (-S, -Q, -D)
3. Special applications
For digester liquor circulation pumps : Types Cartex-DN with special cover
4. Engineered seals
Special designs for larger machines

(refiners, pressure grinders, agitators, filters etc.).
Sectional drawings and description of important features for above mentioned types
(except for engineered seals) will be found on the following pages.
EagleBurgmann 10.2
Pulp & Paper Manual
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type LP-S
• LP: The standard seal series for the pulp and paper industry
• Type LP-S: for stock consistencies up to 4%
• Single seal in modular system, can be easily transformed to LP-Q and/or LP-D
• Identical product wetted parts for all LP-types
• Stationary springs, not product-wetted
• Secondary sealing elements can be made of PTFE
• No shaft wear
• Retofit to LP-Q and/or LP-D easily possible
• Reversed pressure proof
• Well-proved design for stepped shafts for OEM’s
• Rotating seat, encapsulated springs
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type LP-Q
• Type LP-Q: for stock consistencies up to 6% o.d.
• Identical product-wetted parts for all LP-types
• No shaft wear
• Retrofit to LP-S and/or LP-D easily possible
• Can be used in vacuum operation
EagleBurgmann 10.3
Pulp & Paper Manual
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type LP-D
• Type LP-D: for all pumpable stock consistencies
• Identical product-wetted parts for all LP-types
• No shaft wear
• Reversed pressure-proof
• Pressure of supply fluid can be higher or lower than the pressure to be sealed
• Well-proved design for stepped shafts for OEM’s
• Atmosphere-side seal is internally pressurised
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type Cartex-SNO
• Single cartridge seal without connections for „Dead-End“ function

• Springs stationary, mating ring rotating
• Balanced
• Independent of direction of rotation
• Springs not product wetted
EagleBurgmann 10.4
Pulp & Paper Manual
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type Cartex-SN
• Single cartridge seal

• Connection for flushing
• Balanced
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type Cartex-QN
• Single cartridge-seal for operation with pressureless fluid quench

• Similar to „SE“ with lip-seal on atmosphere side
• Balanced
• Cover with auxiliary connections for flushing and quench
EagleBurgmann 10.5
Pulp & Paper Manual
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type Cartex-DN
• Dual seal, cartridge type

• Reversed pressure proof (at buffer pressure drop down
or reversed pressure seal remains closed)
• Integrated circulation device
• No additional circulation device required
• Buffer fluid system required
• Balanced
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type MG12S14
• Single seal
• For straight shafts
• Rotating springs
• Very good suitable for solids containing media
(no dynamic o-ring, unaffected by deposits
on shaft, no wear of shaft / shaft sleeve)
• Many different forms of stationary seals can be used
• Cheap seal solution
EagleBurgmann 10.6
Pulp & Paper Manual
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type HJ977GN
• Single seal
• Balanced
• Rotating spring
• Encapsulated spring
• No glueing or clogging of spring
• DIN 24960
• Ideal for solids containing and high viscous media
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type MFL85N
• Single seal
• Balanced
• Metal bellows
• DIN 24960
• Rotating spring (bellows)
• No dynamic O-ring
• Unaffected by deposits on shaft
EagleBurgmann 10.7
Pulp & Paper Manual
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type M7N
• Single seal
• Unbalanced
• DIN 24960
• Rotating spring
• Ideal for standardization
• Loose inserted seal faces, easy to exchange
BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type M74-D
• Dual seal
• Unbalanced
• Multiple springs
• Rotating springs
• Seal faces easy to exchange
• Ideal for standardization
• All connecting dimensions (d1 < 100 mm)
except length of drive collar according to DIN 24960
EagleBurgmann A2.1
Pulp & Paper Manual
Seal selection by media

according to SSG-Standards 1355 and 1650
The SSG (Skogsindustriella Standardiseringsgruppen = group for standardization of the Swedish
Forest Industries) has passed, among others, the following standards:
• SSG 1355; centrifugal pumps;

recommendations for the selection of materials and seal arrangements
• SSG 1650; pipe systems;

instructions for the selection of materials and components.
These standards contain lists of media where the same media have the same code number. These
lists comprise all the media which are found in the normal processes for the production of pulp and
paper.
Explanatory remarks to the lists below:

List 1: Index of the media of list 2 in alphabetical order and with corresponding code-
numbers
List 2: SSG media list sorted by code numbers, with BURGMANN recommendation for seal
selection
The left part of list 2 (SSG media list) shows an extract (the data concerning mechanical seals) of
SSG 1355 (Revision 01.03.1994):
• Code-numbers according to SSG 1355

• name and description of media
• normal solids
• normal concentrations
• normal pH value at 25 °C
• normally highest temperatures
• recommended seal arrangement
The codes for the seal arrangements correspond to ISO 5199, which means they are identical with
the codes in column 5 of the Burgmann seal recommendation in the design manual and in the ABC
for mechanical seals, except for the following:
a) in column S1, Q3, SSG 1355 makes no difference between S1 (internally arranged
mechanical seal with rotating springs) and S3
(... with static springs). That means that S1, Q3 can be both S1 and S3, both with quench.
b) for dual seals, the corresponding designations are as follows:
SSG 1355 Burgmann

dual seal with low pressure quenching Dl dual seal in tandem arrangement D2
dual seal with high pressure quenching Dh dual seal in back-to-back arrangement D1
• recommended material combination

• recommended materials for secondary seals
The right part of list 2 (SSG media) states the actual Burgmann seal recommendation:
• suitable seal types and preferred types

EagleBurgmann A2.2
Pulp & Paper Manual
• typical material combinations

• alternative seal arrangements and materials
List 1: SSG-Media, alphabetical, with code-numbers
Acetic acid anhydride Essigsäureanhydid K98
Alum solution Alaunlösung K04
Aluminium sulphate Aluminiumsulfat K02
Ammonia solution Ammoniaklösung K06
Ammonium sulphate Ammoniumsulfat K08
Black liquor, foaming Schwarzlauge, schäumend L09
Black liquor, intermediate Schwarzlauge, mittel L13
Black liquor, mixed Schwarzlauge, gemischt L12
Black liquor, thick Schwarzlauge, dick L14
Black liquor, waste Schwarzlauge, Abfall L10
Black liquor, weak Schwarzlauge, dünn L08
Calcium carbonate Calciumkarbonat K20
Calcium chloride Calciumchlorid K22
Calcium hypochlorite Calciumhypochlorit K18
Caustic soda Natronlauge, Ätznatron K44
Chalk sludge Kreide-Schlamm M03
Chlorine dioxide solution Chlordioxidlösung K32
Chlorine dioxide, residual solution Chlordioxid, Restlösung K33
Chlorine water Chlorwasser K31
CMP-pulp (chemi-mechanical pulp) CMP-Stoff (chemisch-mechanischer Stoff) P04
Condensate 3, concentration area, sulphate, Kondensat 3, Verdampfungsbereich, Sulfat, C42
strongly contaminated stark verunreinigt
Condensate, acid Kondensat gesäuert C70
Condensate, alcaline Kondensat, basisch C60
Condensate, blowing steam (sulphate) Kondensat, Blasdampf (Sulfat) C30
Condensate, concentration area, sulphate, Kondensat 2, Verdampfungsbereich, Sulfat, C41
contaminated verunreinigt
Condensate, concentration area, sulphate, Kondensat 1, Verdampfungsbereich, Sulfat C40
lightly contaminated leicht verunreinigt
Condensate, concentration area, sulphite Kondensat, Verdampfungsbereich, Sulfit C45
Condensate, deionised Kondensat, deionisiert C05
Condensate, live steam Kondensat, Frischdampf C10
Condensate, steaming vessel Kondensat, Dampfbehälter C15
Condensate, stripped Kondensat aus Waschdampf (Strippat) C47
Condensate, TMP Kondensat, TMP C35
Condensate, turpentine Kondensat, Terpentin C50
Condensate,live steam, oily Kondensat, Frischdampf, ölhaltig C11
Cooking liquor, ammonium Kochsäure, Ammonium L21
Cooking liquor, calcium Kochsäure, Calcium L22
Cooking liquor, magnesium Kochsäure, Magnesium L23
Cooking liquor, NSSC Kochlauge, NSSC L50
Cooking liquor, soda bicarbonate (sodium, Kochsäure, saures Natron L24
acidic)
Cooking liquor, sodium bisulphite Kochsäure, Natriumbisulfit L25
CTMP-pulp (chemi-thermo-mechanical pulp) CTMP-Stoff (chemi-thermo-mechanischer P06
Stoff)
Delignifying liquid, spent acid Spaltflüssigkeit, Tallölkocherei L72
Digester (cooking) liquor Kocherzirkulationslauge L06
Dispersants Dispergiermittel A12
Dyes Färbemittel A21
Effluent water with fibres Abwasser mit Fiber D50
Effluent water, biologically treated Abwasser, biologisch gereinigt D65
Effluent water, clean Abwasser, rein D20
EagleBurgmann A2.3
Pulp & Paper Manual
Effluent water, fibre free, alcaline Abwasser, fiberfrei, alkalisch D40

Effluent water, fibre-free, acid Abwasser, fiberfrei, sauer D30
Effluent water, floor drainage Abwasser, Bodenwasser D10
Effluent water, mechanically treated Abwasser, mechanisch gereinigt D60
Effluent water, sanitary Abwasser. Sanitär D15
Effluent water, surface water Abwasser, Tag (Regenwasser) D05
Fatty acid Fettsäure A20
Foam inhibitor Schaumdämpfer A74
Fuel oil Eo5 LS Bunker C Heizöl Eo5 LS Bunker C O08
Fuel oil, Eo1 Heizöl, Eo1 O01
Fuel oil, Eo2 Heizöl, Eo2 O02
Fuel oil, Eo3 LS low sulphur content Heizöl, Eo3 LS, geringer Schwefelgehalt O06
Fuel oil, Eo3 NS normal sulphur content Heizöl, Eo3 NS, normaler Schwefelgehalt O03
Fuel oil, Eo4 LS low sulphur content Heizöl, Eo4 LS, geringer Schwefelgehalt O07
Fuel oil, Eo4 NS normal sulphur content Heizöl, Eo4 NS, normaler Schwefelgehalt O04
Fuel oil, Eo5 NS (Bunker C) Heizöl, Eo5 NS (Bunker C) O05
Green liquor sludge Grünlaugen-Schlamm M40
Green liquor, NSSC Grünlauge, NSSC L56
Green liquor, sulphate Grünlauge, Sulfat L16
Green liquor, sulphate, weak Grünlauge, Sulfat, schwach L17
Green liquor, sulphite Grünlauge, Sulfit L40
Green liquor, sulphite, weak Grünlauge, Sulfit, schwach L41
Green liquor, weak, NSSC Grünlauge, schwach, NSSC L58
Heavy oil (pre-heater to burner), max. 80 °C Schweröl (Vorwärmer zum Brenner), max. 80 O25
°C
Heavy oil (pre-heater to burner), max. 115 °C Schweröl (Vorwärmer zum Brenner), max. 115 O30
°C
Hydraulic oil Hydrauliköl O10
Hydrazine Hydrazin K12
Hydrochloric acid, concentrated Salzsäure, konzentriert K82
Hydrochloric acid, diluted Salzsäure, verdünnt K83
Hydrogen peroxide Wasserstoffperoxid K96
Kaolin sludge Kaolin-Schlamm M02
Komplexone Komplexbildner A43
Latex Latex A48
Lignin phase Ligninphase L73
Lime mud / lime sludge ("Mesa") Kaustizierkalkschlamm M30
Lime, slaked Kalk, gelöscht K27
Lubricating oil Schmieröl O20
Magnesium sludge Magnesium-Schlamm M20
Magnesium sulphate Magnesiumsulfat K36
Magnesium sulphite Magnesiumsulfit K38
Methanol Methanol K40
Mixed liquor, sulphite Mischlauge, Sulfit L32
Morpholine Morfolin K42
Nitric acid, concentrated Salpetersäure, konzentriert K80
Nitric acid, diluted Salpetersäure, verdünnt K81
Polysulphide liquor Polysulfid-lauge L04
Potassium permanganate Kaliumpermanganat K24
Pulp, bleached Stoff, gebleicht P70
Pulp, alcaline stage, mixer-tower-washer Stoff, Alkalistufe, Mixer-Turm-Wäscher P53
Pulp, bleached, dried, dissolved, sulphate or Stoff, gebleicht, getrocknet, aufgelöst, Sulfat P99
sulphite oder Sulfit
Pulp, bleached, rejects Stoff, gebleicht, Aussschuß P71
Pulp, chlorine / chlorine dioxide stage, mixer- Stoff, Chlor / Chlordioxidstufe, Mixer-Turm- P52
tower-washer Wäscher
Pulp, chlorine dioxide stage, mixer-tower- Stoff, Chlordioxidstufe, Mixer-Turm-Wäscher P55
EagleBurgmann A2.4
Pulp & Paper Manual
washer
Pulp, hydrosulphite stage Stoff, Hydrosulfitstufe P59
Pulp, hypochlorite stage, mixer-tower-washer Stoff, Hypochloritstufe, Mixer-Turm-Wäscher P54
Pulp, machine furnish, bleached Stoff, maschinenfertig, gebleicht P85
Pulp, machine furnish, unbleached Stoff, maschinenfertig, ungebleicht P80
Pulp, magnefite Stoff, Magnefit P29
Pulp, NSSC Stoff, NSSC P40
Pulp, NSSC, unwashed Stoff, NSSC, ungewaschen P28
Pulp, oxygen stage Stoff, Sauerstoffstufe P57
Pulp, peroxide stage Stoff, Peroxidstufe P58
Pulp, recycled fibre, bleached cellulose Stoff aus Altpapier, gebleichte Zellulose P25
Pulp, recycled fibre, mechanical Stoff aus Altpapier, mechanisch P15
Pulp, recycled fibre, mixed Stoff aus Altpapier, gemischt P10
Pulp, recycled fibre, unbleached Stoff aus Altpapier, ungebleicht P20
Pulp, reject PM, bleached Stoff, Ausschuß PM, gebleicht P91
Pulp, reject PM, unbleached Stoff, Ausschuß PM, ungebleicht P90
Pulp, SGW (ground wood) Stoff, SGW (Holzschliff) P02
Pulp, sulphate, unwashed Stoff, Sulfat, ungewaschen P26
Pulp, sulphite, unwashed Stoff, Sulfit, ungewaschen P27
Pulp, unbleached Stoff, ungebleicht P68
Pulp, unbleached, dried, dissolved, sulphate Stoff, ungebleicht, getrocknet, aufgelöst, Sulfat P98
or sulphite oder Sulfit
Pulp, unbleached, reject PM Stoff, ungebleicht, Ausschuß PM P69
Pulp, unbleached, sulphate Stoff, ungebleicht, Sulfat, P30
Pulp, unbleached, sulphite Stoff, ungebleicht, Sulfit P35
Raw acid (semi acid) Rohsäure (Halbsäure) L20
Raw turpentine Rohterpentin L80
Raw water Rohwasser W02
Red liquor / waste liquor (from pressed Rotlauge / Ablauge (aus Preßrückstand) L30
residues)
Red liquor / waste liquor, NSSC Rotlauge / Ablauge, NSSC L52
RMP-pulp (refiner) RMP-Stoff (Refiner) P03
Rosin size Harzleim A30
Sewage sludge Ablauf-Schlamm M50
Slimicides Schleimbekämpfungsmittel A76
Sodium bisulphite Natriumbisulfit K48
Sodium boro hydride Natriumborhydrid K50
Sodium carbonate Natriumcarbonat K60
Sodium chlorate Natriumchlorat K62
Sodium chloride (Saline solution) Natriumchlorid (Salzlösung) K64
Sodium chlorite Natriumchlorit K66
Sodium hypochlorite Natriumhypochlorit K58
Sodium peroxide Natriumperoxid K68
Sodium poly-acrylate Natriumpolyacrylat K70
Sodium silicate (water glass) Natriumsilikat (Wasserglas) K72
Sodium sulphite Natriumsulfit K76
Starch Stärke A77
Sulfamic acid Sulfaminsäure K84
Sulphate soap, skimming Sulfatseife, schäumend L70
Sulphur dioxide, liquid Schwefeldioxid, flüssig K86
Sulphuric acid < 10 % Schwefelsäure < 10 % K92
Sulphuric acid 10 - 80 % Schwefelsäure 10 - 80 % K91
Sulphuric acid 80 - 98 % Schwefelsäure 80 - 98 % K90
Sulphurous water Schwefeldioxid, Wasser K87
Talcum / Kaolinsludge Talk / Kaolin-Schlamm M05
Tall oil Tallöl L75
Thick liquor, magnefite Dicklauge, Magnefit L37
EagleBurgmann A2.5
Pulp & Paper Manual
Thick liquor, NSSC Dicklauge, NSSC L54

Thick liquor, sulphite Dicklauge, Sulfit L34
Thin liquor, magnefite Dünnlauge, Magnefit L36
Titan dioxide slurry Titandioxid-Schlamm M11
TMP-pulp (thermo-mechanical pulp) TMP-Stoff (thermo-mechanischer Stoff) P05
Tri-sodiumphosphate Trinatriumphosphat K56
Turpentine Terpentin L85
Water / mixed with glycol Wasser-Glykol, gemischt W38
Water, boiler Kesselwasser W51
Water, boiler feed Kesselspeisewasser W50
Water, chemically / mechanically cleaned Wasser, chemisch / mechanisch gereinigt W04
Water, cooling Kühlwasser W24
Water, deionized VE-Wasser W55
Water, district heating Wasser, Fernheizung W36
Water, flushing Spülwasser W22
Water, hot > 50 °C Heißwasser > 50 °C W35
Water, hydrant Feuerlösch-Wasser W23
Water, mechanically cleaned Wasser, mechanisch gereinigt W03
Water, potable Trinkwasser W10
Water, sealing, high pressure Sperrwasser, druckbeaufschlagt W21
Water, sealing, low pressure Quenchwasser, drucklos W20
Water, softened Wasser, enthärtet W60
Water, warm < 50 °C Warmwasser < 50 °C W30
Weak liquor Schwachlauge L31
White liquor Weißlauge L01
White liquor, oxidized Weißlauge, oxidiert L03
White liquor, weak Weißlauge, schwach L02
White water from wood room and chip washer Rückwasser aus Sortierung und B01
Hackschnitzelwäsche
White water, alcaline stage Rückwasser, Alkali-Stufe B53
White water, bleached pulp Rückwasser, B70
Rundsiebentwässerungsmaschine, gebleichter
Stoff
White water, chlorine and chlorine dioxide Rückwasser, Chlorstufe, Chlordioxidstufe B52
stage
White water, chlorine dioxide stage Rückwasser Chlordioxidstufe B55
White water, chlorine stage Rückwasser, Chlorstufe B50
White water, CMP Rückwasser, CMP B04
White water, CTMP Rückwasser, CTMP B06
White water, dithionite (hydrosulphite) stage Rückwasser, Dithionitstufe B59
White water, hypochlorite stage Rückwasser, Hypochloritstufe B54
White water, NSSC cellulose Rückwasser NSSC (Neutralsulfit) Zellstoff B40
White water, oxygen stage Rückwasser, Sauerstoffstufe B57
White water, paper machine Rückwasser, Papiermaschine B85
White water, peroxide stage Rückwasser, Peroxidstufe B58
White water, recycled fibres, bleached Rückwasser, Sekundärfasern, gebleichte B25
cellulose Zellulose
White water, recycled fibres, mechanically Rückwasser, Sekundärfasern, mechanisch B15
separated getrennt
White water, recycled fibres, mixed Rückwasser, Sekundärfasern, gemischt B10
White water, recycled fibres, unbleached Rückwasser, Sekundärfasern, ungebleichte B20
cellulose Zellulose
White water, RMP Rückwasser, RMP B03
White water, SGW (Stone Groundwood Pulp) Rückwasser, SGWP (Holzschliff) B02
White water, TMP Rückwasser, TMP B05
White water, unbleached pulp Rückwasser, B80
Rundsiebentwässerungsmaschine, ungebl.
Stoff
EagleBurgmann A2.6
Pulp & Paper Manual
White water, unbleached sulphate cellulose Rückwasser, Sulfatzellstoff ungebleicht B30

White water, unbleached sulphate cellulose Rückwasser, Sulfitzellstoff ungebleicht B35
Swedish Standard for the Forest Industry (SSG 1355 - 01.03.1994)

Group Code Media Group Pages
A Additives 6-7
B White water 7-10
C Condensate 10-12
D Effluent water 12-13
K Chemicals 13-18
L Liquors 19-26
M Sludges and pigments 26-27
O Oils, oil derivates 28-29
P Pulp and fibre suspensions 29-37
W Water 37-39
EagleBurgmann A3.1
Pulp & Paper Manual
Pictorial indication of paper stock concentrations

The degree of paper stock concentration is usually given in % o.d. (= oven dry).
The relatively low figures of % age mislead to the assumption that paper stock below
concentrations of 10 % were very liquid. It is just the opposite.
The following pictures show the flowing behaviour of some „low“ stock concentrations.
EagleBurgmann A4.1
Pulp & Paper Manual
Seal materials
From the range of materials commonly used by Burgmann, the materials shown below are used as
standards for pulp and paper applications. Moreover, additional materials can be used upon special
request by the customer. If technically necessary, special materials, as long as available and
practicable, can be employed for particular cases.
Face materials:
Soft: Buko 03 (carbon type A) some times Buko 1 (carbon type B)
Hard: Buka22 (Q1)

stable across the entire pH-range
Buka20 (Q2)
for high face loads, (p x vg, t),
in the acid to neutral pH-range
Buka16 (U2) on special requests

for high loads in the alkaline to neutral range,
upon request Buka17 (U7) (stable across the entire pH-range)
For double seals: Buka22/Buko03 (Q1A)

alternatively for the atmospheric side: Bume5 (S) against Buko 03
(carbon type A) e.g. for pressure grinders
Secondary seals:
normal elastomers: E and V, if both are resistant, according to customer’s wishes
for more aggresive chemicals:FEP with Viton core (M5),

also for dynamic O-rings in fibre-containing media;
K for special seals exposed to higher temperature and
high mechanical loads
for higher temperatures: T72 (with graphite-impregnated PTFE-coated springs,

„Manschettendichtungen“)
Caution: Not for reversed pressure operation!
Springs: 1.4571 (G) resp. Hast. C-4 (M2), if standard (Cartex)
Steel parts: at least 1.4571 (G), for face carriers 1.4462 (G1)
Special case MFL: bellows material: Inconel 718 (M6), balance 1.4462 (G1)
EagleBurgmann A5.1
Pulp & Paper Manual
Glossary
„Bolts“ (Kuhfüße)
Rejects from groundwood being similar in size and shape to cow’s feet (in German: „Kuhfüße“).
„Large rejects“ (Sauerkraut)

Rejects from groundwood being similar in size and shape to sauerkraut plants. Normally, they stem
from bast of logs. These „large rejects“ are processed further.
% o. d. (% otro = ofentrocken)
% oven dry - weight of oven dry fibres in the suspension, expressed in %.
Back water (Rückwasser)

see white water
Back-pull-out design (Prozessbauweise)

Design principle for centrifugal pumps that allows quick disassembly and reassembly of the rotating
portion of the pump (shaft, impeller, shaft seal, bearing unit). The rotating portion plus bearing unit can
be pulled out of the pump housing towards the drive end, the pump housing remains in the piping
system.
Black liquor (Schwarzlauge)

Solution of spent chemicals and residues washed from unbleached stock (lignin, salts for hydrolysis,
and by-products containing sulphur).
Couching (vergautschen)
Bringing together humid webs (with approx. 14% dry substance) at defined nip pressure for
production of multiply paper and board. Fines penetrate between the webs and cause strong
interlocking after having dried (bonding strength)
Delignifying liquor (Spaltflüssigkeit)

Mixture of fatty acids and resin acids. It forms when recovering tall oil from waste liquor of the sulphate
process, by adding H2SO4 to the tall oil.
Digester (cooking) liquor (Kocherlauge)

Solution of pulp/water suspension with chemicals submitted to high pressure/high temperature to
produce pulp for papermaking.
Dissolved air flotation, micro flotation (Mikroflotation)

Flotation with very small air bubbles (∅50 µm and smaller). The bubbles normally form by expansion
of the dissolved air, due to pressure reduction. As practically all the solids contained in the water
(fibres, filling agents, pigments) get into the floating product (foam) (total flotation), this method of
flotation is used for fibre recovery and for waste water cleaning.
EagleBurgmann A5.2
Pulp & Paper Manual
Fibrils (Fibrillen)
String-shaped basic elements of individual fibres, arranged in lamellas (primary, secondary, and
tertiary lamellas). It consist of macro-molecules of cellulose (chains), which are oriented to each other
partly in crystaline form, partly in amorphous form. Only the amorphous structures can be processed
(refining, dyeing, swelling). Fibrils have an easy-bonding surface. After (thermal) drying, the fibrils tie
together or link up with individual fibres. The number of bonds determines the strength of paper.
Green liquor (Grünlauge)

Diluted slag or ash from the chemical recovery boiler in the sulphate process. It is causticized and
clarified to generate fresh white liquor.
Grey wrap, screenings (Schrenz)

Thick, mostly grey wrapping-paper or -board containing dirt from paperboard rejects
H-factor (H-Faktor)
Factor for the degree of delignification. It has a given relation to the Kappa value and to the effective
alkali content and can therefore be used as value for the control of the cooking process.
Hemicellulose (Hemi-Cellulose)
Preliminary stage of the cellulose during the metabolism of the plants.
HS-grooves (HS-Nuten)
Special features (e. g. the incorporation of lubricating grooves in the sliding face) create zones for
better cooling and hence temperature gradients to adjacent less well cooled areas. These temperature
gradients produce a uniformly distributed, slightly undulating warping of the sliding face in the direction
of the circumference. This, in turn, creates hydrodynamic wedge-shaped lubrication films for an
improved lubricated effect and better separation of the sliding faces.
Hydrazine (Hydrazin)
Colourless alkaline liquid, chemical formula N2H4. It is a powerful reducing agent.
Hydrophobising (hydrophobieren)
making not wettable (by water)
Kappa value (Kappazahl)

Measure for the remaining content of lignin in the pulp. Lignin is removed by the cooking process.
When cooked too intensively not only lignin, but also hemicellulose and cellulose are being dissolved,
and strength and yield of the end product are reduced. Tolerable Kappa values depend on the
process (sulphate, sulphite, etc.) and on the desired pulp quality (paper stock, textile pulp, chemical
pulp). If the remaining content of lignin must be lower than attainable by cooking (8 - 10%), the
digestion has to be continued by other media (bleaching), only then lignin can be attacked in a more
direct way, that means, without dissolving at the same time hemicellulose and cellulose.
Lignification (Verholzung)
Embedding of lignin in the cellulose membrane.
EagleBurgmann A5.3
Pulp & Paper Manual
Lignin (Lignin)
Organic high-polymer with very complicated chemical composition. It is the substance which causes
lignifying (turning into wood).
Lime mud, lime sludge (Kaustizierkalkschlamm)

Solution of CaO in water, required for the transformation of Na2CO3 into NaOH (caustizising). It is to
be found in the sulphate process, in the chemical recovery, an in waste liquor treatments.
Lumina (Lumen)
Hollow space in the interior of plant fibres. For details, please refer to Chapter 3
LWC-paper (LWC-Papier)
Paper with low specific weight (approx. 15 - 30 g/m2) coated on both sides (coat thickness 8 - 16 g/m2
per side). Its main use is for magazines and catalogues with good typography (normally offset printing)
on thin paper.
Middle lamella (Mitellamelle)

Glueing substance which envelops individual fibres and builds the wood matrix with them. It consists
mainly of lignin (apprpx. 80%) and has an amorphous structure.
Morpholine (Morfolin)
Corrosion inhibitor normally used for waste liquor utilization.
Nip (Nip)
Contact line of two rolls (e.g. in the calender section or in the press section of a paper machine).
NPSH (net positive suction head)

DIN 24 260 (September 1984) defines this unit as follows: „Net energy level (= absolute energy level
less the vaporization pressure level) in the inlet cross section of the pump. The vaporization pressure
at the temperature prevailing in the inlet cross section of the pump must be taken as the vaporization
pressure level.“ A distinction is drawn between the „Actual NPSH“ (NPSHA) and the „Required NPSH“
(NPSHR). Operation without cavitation is conditional therefore on the actual NPSH on the system side
being greater than the required NPSH on the pump side.
Poly-sulphide liquor (Polysulfidlauge)

Solution of various sodium salts and polysulphide in water used as cooking liquor.
Prepared stock; Pulp, machine furnish (Ganzstoff)

Wet pulp (stock), ready mixed for the P.M.
Pulp (Stoff)
a water-based suspension of cellulose.
Pulp, machine furnish; Prepared stock (Ganzstoff)

Wet pulp (stock), ready mixed for the P.M.
EagleBurgmann A5.4
Pulp & Paper Manual
Raw acid, semi-acid (Rohsäure, Halbsäure)

Aquous solution of SO2 in water at atmospheric pressure, containing about 6 to 8 g/l total SO2. For its
digestion, concentrations of about 10 to 18 g/l total SO2 are required. These concentrations are
obtained by gassing SO2 in under pressure. The result is cooking liquor.
Raw materials - after growth (Rohstoffe, nachwachsend)

e.g. wood, annual plants
Reinforcing substance (Gerüstsubstanz)

Plant fibres are arranged matrix-like. The reinforcing substance (lignin and/or silicic acid) holds the
matrix together
.
Rosin size (Harzleim)

The adhesive residue obtained from resin (gum) secreted by fir and pine trees, after distilling off the
volatile turpentine. It is insoluble in water.
Specks (Stippen)
Spots of non-defiberized fibre bundles in the paper web
Stock (Halbstoff)
wet pulp of any type at any stage of the manufacturing process before the paper machine.
Strong liquor (Dicklauge)

It results from evaporation of weak liquor to a weak liquor dry substance content (WLDSC) of 50 to
70%. Normally, thick liquor can be burned without supporting fire.
Sulphate soap (Sulfatseife)

Result of reaction between resin- and fatty acids with a sodium base (sulphate process)
Sulphoning (sulfonieren)
Insertion of a functional SO3-group into the structure of lignin. The negative charge causes take up of
water-dipoles. Thus, lignin, which normally is insoluble in water, is loosened up in its structure. It can
be deformed plastically (mechanical pulps), and even made water soluble (digestion of chemical pulp).
Tall oil (Tallöl)

It is contained in waste liquors of sulphate processes. During evaporation of the waste liquor, it is
separated as swimming component of same.
Tissue (Tissue)
Paper for hygienic application. It is especially absorbent and soft.
Weak liquor (Dünnlauge)

Waste liquor resulting from the pulp washing process. Its composition and concentration differ from
process to process. One important criterion is the content of dry substance of the waste liquor (waste
EagleBurgmann A5.5
Pulp & Paper Manual
liquor dry substance content = WLDSC), which for sulphite liquors ranges between 10 and 17%, and
for sulphate liquors ranges between 15 and 20%.
White liquor (Weißlauge)

Solution of various sodium salts in water used as cooking liquor.
White water (Rückwasser)

water drained through the paper machine wire during web formation. It contains a small concentration
of fibres, fillers, etc.
EagleBurgmann A6.1
Pulp & Paper Manual
Scheme for cost comparison (please refer to chapter 3, pages 5 and 6)
Packing Double seal Quenched Single Hydrodyn.

Line Position P D seal seal seal
Q S H
1 Cost of seal P1 D1 Q1 S1 H1
2 Barrier system - D2 - - -
3 Water connection P3 - Q3 - -
4 Water consumption 4 l/min 0.1 l/min 2 l/min - -

(standard value)
Cost P4 D4 Q4
5 Energy consumption 1 kW 0.5 kW 0.2 kW 0.2 kW 1.5 kW

(standard value)
Cost P5 D5 Q5 S5 H5
6 Cost of maintenance P6 D6 Q6 S6 H6
7 Sum Sum Sum Sum Sum Sum

Cost for 10 years P1 to P6 D1 to D6 Q1 to Q6 S1 to S6 H1 to H6
8 Total cost per year 1/10 · P7 1/10 · D7 1/10 · Q7 1/10 · S7 1/10 · H7
* For calculations, use your national costs and currency
Calculations are based on 10 years operation (10 years a 8000 hs = 80,000 hs = pump lifetime)
Explanations:
P1 = Cost of shaft sleeve + flushing ring + gland + 1st packing set
Price for seal x 10

D1 = _______________________ (Standard value: Lifetime of seal = 5 years)
Lifetime of seal (years)
Price for seal x 10

Q1 = _______________________ (Standard value: Lifetime of seal = 3 years)
Price for seal x 10

S1 = _______________________ (Standard value: Lifetime of seal = 3 years)
Price for seal x 10

H1 = _______________________ (Standard value: Lifetime of seal = 10 years)
cost of system x 10
D2 = _______________________ (Standard value: Lifetime of seal = 10 years)
Lifetime of system (years)
EagleBurgmann A6.2
Pulp & Paper Manual
P3, Q3 = Actual costs
P4, D4, Q4 =(Standard) value l/min x 48,000 x water cost/m3
P5, D5, Q5,S5, H5 =(Standard) value kW x 480,000 x cost/kWh
P6 = Renewal of packing =
Cost of material
+ (time consumed per exchange x hourly rate)
+ (n hours running-in-time x hourly rate)
x number of renewals in 10 years
+ Renewal of shaft sleeve =

Cost of material
+ (time consumed for assembly x hourly rate)
x number of renewals in 10 years
+ routine maintenance cost = min/week x hourly rate x 520 weeks
D6 = Time consumed per seal renewal x (1 + number of renewals in 10 years)

(standard values for seal lifetime see D1)
x hourly rate of maintenance cost
Q6, S6 = analogous to D6
H6 = N° of replaced auxiliar impellers x cost/impeller + time consumed per

replacement x hourly rate of maintenance cost x N° of replacements
EagleBurgmann A1
Pulp & Paper Manual
Summary of annexes A1-1 to A1-38 (Machine descriptions)
A1-1 Bleach pumps

A1-2 Chest agitators
A1-3 Strong liquor pumps - Liquor pumps - Thick liquor pumps
A1-4 Pressure grinders - Grinders
A1-5 Weak liquor pumps - Liquor pumps - Thin liquor pumps
A1-6 Thickeners - Disc filters - Disc thickeners - Drum filters - Drum sorters - Filters, pressed
web - Pressed web filters
A1-7 Deflakers - Bar type deflakers - Double Disc deflakers - Gear rim deflakers - Perforated
Disc deflakers
A1-8 Eccentric pumps - Eccentric screw pumps - Screw pumps
A1-9 Flotation pumps
A1-10 Fluffers
A1-11 Conveyor screws - Screw conveyors
A1-12 Shredders - Hammer mills
A1-13 HC pumps
A1-14 Calender rolls - Calibrating calenders - Curved roll calenders - Embossing calenders -
Friction calenders - Stamping calenders
A1-15 Digesting agitators - Agitators for digesters
A1-16 Digester pumps - Cooking liquor pumps
A1-17 Condensate pumps
A1-18 LC pumps
A1-19 MC pumps
A1-20 Mixers
A1-21 Plugscrew feeders
A1-22 Dispergers -Deliteurs - „Pigment dissolvers“.- Double disc dispergers - Disc dispergers
A1-23 Refiners - Conical refiners - Double Disc refiners - Single Disc refiners - Wide angle
refiners
A1-24 White water pumps - Back water pumps
A1-25 Scrapers
A1-26 Grinders - Continuous Grinders - Double press grinders - Stone grinders
A1-27 Screw presses - Dewatering presses
A1-28 Separators
A1-29 Slurry pumps
A1-30 Sorters - Centrifugal screens - Centrifugal sorters - Disc filters - Gyrocleaners - Rotary
screens -
Vertical screeners - Vertical sorters - Vibrational screens
A1-31 Fan pumps
A1-32 Pulpers
A1-33 Stock pumps
A1-34 Vacuum pumps - Liquid ring pumps - Liquid ring vacuum pumps
A1-35 Pre-heaters
A1-36 Washers
A1-37 Rotary valves - Knife edged rotary valves - Lock, rotary valves
A1-38 Fiberizers - Defibrators - Disc fiberizers - Single shaft fiberizers
EagleBurgmann A1-1.1
Pulp & Paper Manual
Bleach pumps
Bleach pumps transport the bleaching medium to the mixer. Normally bleaching pumps are positive
displacement pumps.
Depending on the type and the physical condition of the bleaching medium (sealless) diaphragma
pumps, eccentric screw pumps (A1-8) or liquid ring pumps (A1-34) can be used
Sealing is commonly done by double seals with pressurized barrier fluid.

Pulp & Paper Manual
Chest agitators
Chest agitators are mostly used as side-entry-drives, sometimes also as bottom-entry-drives in mixing
chests, thick liquor towers and repulpers. The pulp is in relative movement to the agitator blades, thus
making possible quick and intensive intermixing. Chest agitators are especially suited for the
dispersion of solids (pigments) in fluids (water)
Chest agitators are not suited for the dispersion of gases (oxygen, ozone) - for this purpose, special
mixers have to be used.
Modern chest agitators have the following special features:
• easy access to the seal
• seal replacement with filled chest
• easiest replacement of bearing
Required seal features and operating conditions:
simple and quick seal removal ⇒ Cartridge
Speed: < 200 rpm

Pressure. < 3 bar
Temperature: 40 ... 80 °C
Shaft diameter: 40 ... 90 mm
Face speed: < 10 m/s
EagleBurgmann solution:
Types Materials
e. g. CARTEX-SNO, HGH Hard / Hard
or for OEM’s:
LP-S, HR
if required with stand still seal
Number of machines per plant: 5 to 15

Pulp & Paper Manual
Strong liquor pumps
Transports the thickened black liquor (up to. 70 % spent liquor dry substance) to the recovery boiler
(only in the sulphate process). Before pumping by centrifugal pumps (with open impellers) the
viscosity is reduced (by Sulzer, e. g. by an additional heat treatment). In some plants, positive
displacement pumps (eccentric screw pumps) are used.
Dual seal, high pressure quenching as the medium solidifies at atmospheric pressure (hydrodynamic
seals are also suitable)
Speed: < 1500 rpm

as at high speeds the medium erodes
the pump aggressively and quickly
Pressure: < 6 bar

Face speed: < 10 m/s
EagleBURGMANN solution:
Types Materials
LP-D hard faces,

CARTEX-DN product-wetted secondary seals at least FEP.
Pulp & Paper Manual
Pressure grinders
Performance
Debarked and cut-into-length tree trunks are alternatingly pressed (via left and right pressure lock)
hydraulically against the grinding stone. The grinding pressure is up to 3 bar in pressure grinders and
up to 6 bar in super-pressure grinders. Fresh water is sprayed onto the upper and the lower edges of
the operating pressure shoe. The trunks are defibrated. A further mechanical crushing of large rejects
occurs in the following hammer mill or in the refiner. The process is continuous. The mechanical pulp
obtained has the following characteristics:
• high proportion of long fibres and good fibre bonding (40 - 50 % higher tear resistance and 20 - 30
% better breaking length index than stone groundwood pulp). Thus, its strength properties are
comparable to TMP pulp.
• considerably better optical properties of resulting paper than from TMP-pulp.
• less chemical pulp required for paper production.
• less total energy consumption, even lower than for pressureless stone groundwood pulp,
considerably lower than for the TMP-process:
• for print paper from: SGW 1.8 Mwh/t
PGW 1.1 Mwh/t
TMP up to 3.2 MWh/t
Medium: groundwood, steam

Pressure: up to 6 bar
Temperature: up to 150°C
Shaft size: 450 mm (Shaft sleeve = 470 mm)
Speed: 350 rpm (at 60 c/s: 375 rpm)
Axial shaft movement: +/- 3 mm
Radial shaft movement: +/- 1 mm
Pulp & Paper Manual
Special requirements:
• highest reliability. At seal breakdown (2 seals per pressure grinder) the grinder has to be practically
emptied. For disassembly the rotating unit (shaft, grinding stone, bearing supports with bearings
and seals) have to be lifted by crane out of the container. For plants with optimal facilities the
stoppage takes at least 3 days, when including cooling-down- and heating-up-times.
The lifetime of a grinding stone nowadays is up to 4 years. The same lifetime is more and more
expected for the mechanical seal.
BURGMANN solution:
HSSHRS8-D2/470-E1 Bume5/Buko1+PFA /E/VGG1 - Bume5/Buko1+E/V GG1

development:
HSSHRS8-D4/470-E1 SBV/PFA/EGG1(1.4571)-SBE/VGG1(1.4571)
Features:
• cartridge design in radially very narrow space

• double acting seal, pressurized barrier water (p3 = 7 bar max.)
• rotating mating faces, internally pressurized
• special barrier water guiding ensures adequate cooling also on the hot product side
• product-side dynamic O-ring PFA coated with Viton core: normal elastomeres will be attacked by
the substances in the wood liberated by the boiling: (e. g. resinic acids, turpentine) and swell. For
this reason the spring loaded face cannot move axially, the faces can separate and large amount of
leakage into the product would be the consequence, causing high consumptions of water and
energy, the latter both for heating the water up and later for vapourizing it.
Pulp & Paper Manual
Weak liquor pumps
Performance:
Transport of all liquors up to γ = 108 g/cm3 for chemical pulp production. The pump types used are
stock pumps with semi-open impellers, for more details please refer to annex A1-33.
Operating conditions:
Speed: 1500 ... 3000 rpm

Pressure: < 6 bar
Temperature: up to 105 °C
EagleBURGMANN solution:
Types Materials
LP-Q hard/hard
CARTEX-QN product wetted secondary seals at least FEP,
E or V may suffice, depending on each case.
For reasons of standardization we recommend FEP.
Pulp & Paper Manual
Thickeners
Performance:
1) Dewatering of pulp
Increasing of stock concentration (by passing through screens of different types

(e. g. perforated cylinders, rotary disk filters, pressed web filters)
2) Waste paper processing - chemical pulp processing
Cleaning of the medium (by eliminating the dirty water)
Medium: stock,
intake consistency: 0.3 - 6 % o. d.
outgoing consistency 4 - 6 % o. d. (perforated cylinders)
8 - 12 % o. d. (rotary disk filter)
20 - 33 % o. d. (pressed web filter)
Temperature: 20 - 60 °C
Pressure: atmospheric
Shaft size: 100 ... 1200 mm
Speed: low (1 ... 10 rpm)
Number of thickeners per plant: for 250,000 tons/year 4 off
Commonly used sealing: if a rotating shaft has to be sealed, then,

because of the large shaft diameters and low speeds, in most cases
sealing is done by stuffing box packings or by in-house developments
by the machine manufacturers.
Pulp & Paper Manual
Deflakers
Their task is to disintegrate un-frayed sheet parts (fibre bundles) into individual fibres. For this reason,
deflakers are used for the processing of waste paper, as well as for dried chemical pulp or mechanical
pulp.
Deflakers are fast-running machines with some very narrow gaps between the deflaking sets.
For this reason, the fed-in pulp suspension (pulp consistency 3 - 4%) must be cleaned before entering
the deflaker, with the purpose of removing metal parts, sand , etc., as these foreign substances can
badly damage the deflaking sets.
The deflaking effect is based on high circumferencial speeds (35 to 48 m/s). The fibre bundles are
accelerated and then immediately slowed down, and so on, within very short distances inside the
deflaking set, until they have passed through the labyrinth-shaped deflaking plates. During the
passage, strong mechanical forces crush the fibre bundles. The result is a dispersion of individual
fibres.
There are 3 types of deflakers:

• toothed rim deflakers
• perforated disc deflakers (single disc or double disc deflakers)
• deflakers with bar type equipment (developed and used in Germany especially for the recycling of
waste paper)
Ideally, the deflaker should not act on the fibres (causing fibrillation, shortening, reshaping). In this
ideal case, the dewatering resistance of the suspension before and after deflaking remains constant.
When using deflakers, there is the danger that e.g. foils or hot melts can be crushed to such an extent
that it becomes very difficult or impossible to reject them afterwards. This is the reason why the use of
deflakers in the recycling of waste papers must be considered very carefully from the technological
point of view.
Deflaking can also be obtained by pulpers, but they have a lower deflaking efficiency. Therefore,
pulpers are economical only if used for pulps with a content of residual fibre bundles of at least 40%.
Toothed rim deflaker Double disc deflaker

Pulp & Paper Manual
Medium: Pulp, consistency 3 - 4%

Temperature: 40 °C
Pressure: atmospheric
Speed: 1500 rpm
Shaft size: 120 - 150 mm
EagleBurgmann-seal solution:
Type Materials
LP-S, HJ977G(N) QQEGG
Pulp & Paper Manual
Eccentric screw pumps
The capacity of an eccentric screw pump is direct proportional to the pump speed. For this reason
dosing of additional materials of any type is one of the main applications of this type of pumps.
The type of shaft sealing is primarily determined by the medium to be pumped. Mostly the seals sit on
the suction side. The media have high viscosities and pump speed is low (face speed < 1 m/s). These
conditions permit in many cases the use of single seals, in spite of above bad conditions (poor
lubrication, even dry running).
Normally, pumps in coating plants for media with high content of solids or tendency to glue are
equipped with knife edge and double seals with pressurized barrier water or with low pressure quench.
Number of machines per plant:

minimum 10, up to approx. 40
Medium: paper stock in all consistencies, filling agents
silicates (e. g. Kaolin, Talc)
sulphates (e. g. gypsum, BaSO4)
carbonates (e. g. chalk, magnesite)
oxides (e. g. TiO2, titanium white)
slurries, bleaching agents
Pressure: normally 1 - 4 bar

Speed: < 400 rpm
Shaft size: < 160 mm
EagleBURGMANN-solution:
depending on the medium
M7N, MG12-G6
M74-D or M7N back-to-back
LP-D, CARTEX-SNO, -SN, -QN, -DN
HR-D, HRZ-D
Pulp & Paper Manual
Flotation pumps
Flotation pumps are used in the de-inking (=removing of printing inks) process, to further
• pumping of the “accept“
The “accept“ normally consists of waste paper stock dissolved in pulpers and and/or deflakers with
consistencies of 1 - 4 %, t = 60 ... 80 °C, p = < 3 bar, n = up to 3000 rpm.
The pump type used is stock pumps (centrifugal pumps with semi-open impellers), for description
and seal recommendation please refer to A1-33.
• removal of the rejects
Air is blown into the flotation cells. The rejects (printing ink, sludges, dirt, chemicals, binders) float
up to the surface, from there they flow over an overflow-edge and are pumped away for
subsequent treatments (separation by centrifuging, recycling of chemicals, rejects to refuse
dump/burning oven)
Number of pumps per plant of 200.000 TPY: approx.. 15 - 20 pumps.
Medium: paper stock consistency 0.8 - 1.5 % o.d. with high air content,
printing ink foam, dirt and various chemicals (NaOH, Na-silicate)
Speed: 3000 rpm
Pressure: < 2 bar
The pumps are centrifugal type with semi-open impellers with as low as possible NPSH value
(because of high air content in the medium).
EagleBurgmann recommendation:
All EagleBurgmann seals for P + P are suitable.
Arrangement: single, if necessary with quench,

to avoid dry running with high air content. For reasons
of safety, often high pressure quench is used.
EagleBurgmann A1-10. 1
Pulp & Paper Manual
Fluffers
Bleaching cost and ambient pollution can be reduced by the oxygen or ozone bleaching methods. At
the beginning of the process, the chemical pulp is torn into flocks of from 2x2 to 6x6 cm in the fluffer,
hereby the oxygen-wetted surface of the pulp is maximized. By this, lignin is oxidatively dissolved, and
the following bleaching process requires substantially less chemicals, resp. results in higher bleaching
degrees.
Operating conditions
Vertical shaft, top drive
Medium: Oxygen with various chemicals and chlorides
Barrier liquid: water
Process pressure: 6 bar

Barrier pressure: 8 ... 11 bar
Process temperature: 130 °C
Barrier temperature: 10 ... 30 °C
Speed: 750 ... 600 rpm
EagleBurgmann A1-10. 2
Pulp & Paper Manual
Type Materials
HSH-D/Dw-E BVMGM2 - BSVGG or BVVGG - BSVGE
depending on the agressivity of the medium
Special requirements:
• Cartridge
• balanced design, double O-ring mounted stationary seat on the product side
• both stationary seats with hydrodynamic grooves
• torque transmission by shrink disk
• eye-bolts for easier assembling

Pulp & Paper Manual
Screw conveyors
Screw conveyors are used to transport non-pumpable products for the production of pulp and paper.
Depending on the place in the plant, such transport can be carried out by pressureless (open screw-)
conveyors (normally without mechanical seals, mostly without or with very simple sealing), or under
pressure (then sealed by mechanical seals or stuffing box packings).
Two variants are normally found for the pressure-proof screw conveyors in pump applications:
• cylindrical screw conveyors - the products are transported under the system pressure
• conical screw conveyors (plugscrew feeders) - the products are pressed so hard towards the
discharge end, that the pressure difference between inlet and outlet of the conveyor is safely
sealed
Cylindrical and conical screw conveyors use the same seal type.
Cylindrical screw conveyors are used as feeders for refiners.
Conical screw conveyors (plugscrew feeders) are used as feeders for chip digesters.
Sectional view of a screw feeder for refiners

Pulp & Paper Manual
Medium: wood chips, steam, chemicals. The medium is not pumpable.

Barrier fluid: water
Shaft size: mainly 60 ... 200 mm
Face speed: up to 15 m/s
Rotation: up to 800 1/min
Axial shaft movement: ± 2 mm
Special features:
Like for refiner seals, it is necessary to keep the medium side of the seal chamber unclogged, thus
ensuring troublefree operation.
BURGMANN’s solutions
1. Cartex-SN32/107,95-00 Material: BQ1EMG, BQ1V9/M5MG or

Q1Q1V9/M5MG
Cartex-SN32/124-00
Cartex-SN32/170-00
Feature:
• Single acting seal with flush connection and throttle for limitation of flush volume
• Standard Cartex-Design
• Shaft sleeve and housing adapted to equipment, mainly from Andritz
2. HRKS1-D/160-G11-E4 Material: Q1Q2V9/VGG(1.4571)-Q1BEGG(1.4122)
Feature:
• Double acting seal
• HR-Design product side, rotating seat, stationary spring
• Robust design
• Adapted to equipment, here from Pallmann
3. LP-D-SJ-FSA225/100-00 Material: Q12Q12M5GG1-AQ12M5GG1
Feature:
• Double acting seal
• LP-Design product side, shrinked faces
• Robust design
• Adapted to equipment, here from Metso
Pulp & Paper Manual
Shredders (Hammer mills)

The big fragments contained in the groundwood are separated in the coarse sorting after the pressure
grinder. This so called „Sauerkraut“ (slabs, wedges, chips) is shredded in hammer mills and then
passes to the fine sorting.
The rotor of the hammer mill can be supported by one or two bearings. At its perimeter it has steel
arms, generally 6 per set, either rigid or movable, mostly in staggered arrangement per plane. With
this arrangement the following arm avoids hitting the blank. The lower half of the housing is semi-
circular, pierced or slotted. The steel arms beat the chips which are fed from the top. The shredded
parts are smashed through the holes or slots and then transported to the fine sorting.
Medium: larger wood chips and water
Pressure: max 5 bar
Temperature: max. 140 °C
Shaft diameter: approx. 100 ... 160 mm
Speed: 500 ... 1000 rpm
Type Materials
LP-D Q12Q12EGG1 – AQ12EGG
Adapted to the respective seal room
Pulp & Paper Manual
HC Pumps
Service
HC pumps are used for pumping fibreline pulp with stock consistencies from approx. 18 to 30 % (HC =
high stock consistency). Mostly 2-shaft positive displacement pumps of very sturdy design are used.
Centrifugal pumps are inadequate for these consistencies.
The principal application is for the peroxide bleaching at 18 - 30 % consistency (to pump the stock into
the bleaching tower) - the peroxide bleaching process is more economical at higher stock
consistencies.
Another application is high-consistency refining (subjects the fibres to less stress than by conventional
refining at 4 - 5 % consistency in disk refiners). The HC pump feeds the stock to the beater. (Higher
strength of the end product.)
Medium: refined stock, consistency 18 - 30 %

Pressure. 0 ... 12 bar, per turn varying at the perimeter from
suction pressure to end pressure
Temperature: approx. 80 °C (max. 100 °C)

Speed: 50 ... 150 rpm
Special features
• very short and radially narrow sealspace

• product wetted parts must be highly wear-resistant
• highest reliability in operation required
Reason: at breakdown, the expensive bleaching agent
(for H2O2-bleaching) will be lost
• up to now, a satisfactory seal solution has not be found
Solution
The tendency is to replace HC pumps by MC pumps. The stock is fluidised

and standard seals become suitable (Burgmann seal: MG types).
Pulp & Paper Manual
Calender rolls
The task of the calender rolls is to improve the smoothness and the gloss of paper qualities (letter
paper, computing-machine paper, rotogravure paper, photocopying paper, ...)
From 4 to more than 20 heavy steel/paper-rolls are arranged horizontally (for dull-glazed paper = 4
rolls, for capacitor paper = 9 rolls, for writing and printing papers = 12 to 16 rollls, for glazed
greaseproof and transparent papers = more than 20 rolls). Calenders mostly are driven by the first roll,
all other rolls are idle.
These rolls can support linear loads of up to 600 kN/mm. From the unwinding (at the top, location of
the paper roll) the paper web is conducted to a new upreeling (at the bottom) passing between rolls
with draw and brake controls. It is advisable that the highest and the lowest rolls be of the variable
crown roll type (S-rolls, Nipco rolls, Hydro-Vario rolls). Thus, a constant nip force is applied on the
whole width of the paper web.
In between, there are arranged alternately paper rolls (consisting of a steel core with pressed-on
layers of calender roll paper (cotton or wool paper) machined to size, and polished chilled rolls
(hardend to a depth of 8...10 mm and then polished to high brilliance). The softer paper rolls against
the hard steel rolls produce a friction which results in smoothness especially on the steel roll side of
the web. The alternate arrangement of the steel rolls from the upper side to the under side of the
paper in the centre of the calender results in an uniform smoothness of both sides of the paper.
All roll surfaces must be always maintained in perfect condition. An imperfect surface transfers defects
to the web.
The paper web is drawn off of the rolls, to avoid creasing.
The high linear pressure and the friction at the drive rolls produce heat which has an important effect
on the glaze. For high glaze, the steel rolls must be cooled (hot rolls). The stronger the glaze, the
better the surface finish of the paper.
Curved rolls
are usual for papers weighing above 300 g/m2.
Friction calenders
are calenders with 3 rolls: 2 outer steel rolls driven independently, and in-between a paper roll. The
steel rolls run at different speeds, the glazing is obtained from the high friction. The upper roll is mostly
heated by steam.
Caliper (thickness) calender
These are calenders with 2 rolls, used especially for calibrating board to uniform thickness.
Embossing calenders
are also mainly used for board production, to obtain defined patterns on the board surface.
Pulp & Paper Manual
cold rolls medium grade rolls hot rolls
Medium: oil oil oil

Temperature: up to 50 °C 50 - 150 °C 150 - 220 °C
Pressure: 1 - 3 bar 1 - 3 bar 1 - 3 bar
Shaft size: 180 - 600 mm for all rolls
Speed results from

• start-up speed after reel change: 10 m/min
• working speed 1200 m/min
for rolls Ø 600 mm result 5 to 640 m/min
Seal: HSM H-D/-KB

lip seal MFL MFLW
Quantity per plant
One calender per paper machine (if combined), or 1 calender per plant.
Pulp & Paper Manual
Digester agitators
They have the task to maintain the pulp produced in the digester as a well mixed solution and of
uniform quality before leaving the agitator.
Due to low speed and large shaft diameters, OEM’s normally deliver the agitators with stuffing box
sealing.
Medium: Cooking liquor

Stock consistency: up to 6 %
Speed: up to 100 rpm
Number of agitators:
1 to 5 digesters per medium sized plant (300,000 TPY)
double-acting LP, HR or a split seal

Pulp & Paper Manual
Digester pumps
They maintain a continuous circulation of the cooking liquor, controlling its temperature by passing it
through a heat exchanger (outside the digester). Thus, the temperature in the digester can be
controlled. The circulation additionally has the effect of obtaining a better mixing of the cooking mass,
thus improving the chemical process, yield and quality of the pulp obtained.
Within the production of chemical pulp, the digesting is the major process and here the most extreme
conditions are to be found. The seal must handle dissolved lignin with high viscosity as well as solids
(sand, wood chips) and must have highest operating reliability.
Further conditions
Pressure: 15 ... 20 bar , pressure peaks may always occur

Speed: 1500 ... 3000 rpm
vg: < 20 m/s
pH value: 2 ... 14
Pulp & Paper Manual
EagleBurgmann-Solution:
Cartex-DN with additional housing at product side
or
LP-D-SA-LRS15/100-00
Features:
The major problem with digester pumps is not the media as it is. Temperature is high for a pulp mill but
not for a mechanical seal. Based on experience looking on failed seals we do see errosion on the seal
parts due to the media but we believe that most of the failures are caused by the pressure shock that
often occure in the digester. Totally broken faces and seals that have moved along the shaft.
This was the reason for EagleBurgmann to equip the well established Cartex –DN with an additional
housing at the product side. By putting in a extra housing with long and tight clearence against the
shaft we will decrease the effect of a pressure shock to the seal faces. The extra housing will also
decrease the turbulence in the stuffing box.
EagleBurgmann recommends to increase the barrier pressure from 2 up to 8 bar over the normal
product pressure. Hence the barrier pressure is always higher then the product pressure, even wehn
pressure peaks occur.
The LP seal reaches for the same aim. At this well established seal design we gain the same effect
with an additional housing.
2 - 4 off
Pulp & Paper Manual
Condensate pumps
Task: pumping of the condensate gained from the evaporation of black liquor (water with some content
of cooking liquor). The process is multi-stage (mostly 2-stage). The primary (pure)condensate (from
the 1st stage) can be pumped e. g. to the pulp washer, whereas the (impure) secondary condensate is
recirculated (e.g. together with the make-up liquor) to the digester.
The pumps are mostly vertical.
During stoppage the seals of condensate pumps normally are exposed to underpressure. Therefore,
lubrication of the seal faces during re-starting must be provided. This can be achieved by quenching
(in tandem arrangement) or by double acting seal with pressurized barrier fluid. Additionally, the
stationary seat must be secured by a seat lock against reversed pressure.
Speed: 1.500 - 3.000 rpm

Pressure: < 10 bar
Temperature: < 100 ° C
Shaft size: 30 - 50 mm
vg: < 10 m/s
Types Materials
LP-Q, faces A/Q
LP-D, elastomers EPDM or FKM
H75-with quench,
H75-D
Single seal with Tandem arrangement Dual seal with

quench with pressureless
buffer system
quenching fluid
Pulp & Paper Manual
LC Pumps
LC pumps are normal centrifugal pumps with semi-open impeller. They are used for all lightly
contaminated waters or liquors with low stock consistencies (therefrom stems the name LC = low
consistency) up to max. 1 % (e. g. white (= back) water, tail water).
The only difference from pumps for clean water is the mechanical seal: the springs should not be
product wetted, in order to avoid its clogging and hence a sealing trouble.
Type Materials
MG, HJ, MFL, LP-S, Hard / Hard
CARTEX-SNO, -SN,
Pulp & Paper Manual
MC Pumps
The MC pumps are used for pumping stock of consistencies between 8 and 18 % o.d. Its main
application is in the bleaching departments, to reduce the continuous supply and drain of process
water between the bleaching stages.
Nowadays, MC pumps are also more and more used in the waste paper processes between thickener
and the following storage.
The working principle of the different pump designs is the fluidising of the stuff which is not pumpable
with normal centrifugal pumps. Fluidising is achieved using a special impeller, which is made axially
longer on the suction side and thereby generates turbulence. These give rise to high velocities of the
medium, which makes it nearly as fluid as water. An additional vacuum pump extracts the air from the
now liquid medium, thus impeding pumping break off of the MC pump and improving the pumping and
sealing conditions for the following process step.
MC pumps are ofen used as injection machines for additional materials (pigments) which will be mixed
into the pulp in a following chest.
Pressure: < 10 bar

Speed: 1500 rpm
vg: < 10 m/s
Number off per plant: 10 - 20 ea.
Type Materials
e.g. MG, HJ, MFL, LP, Cartex Hard / Hard
all seals for pulp + paper are suited

Pulp & Paper Manual
Arrangement: single seal, even without quench

Pulp & Paper Manual
Mixers
Mixers have the following tasks
• to mix different media, or
• to homogenize an already existing mixture, or
• to prevent de-mixing.
There are as many mixer designs as there are tasks:
• Pumps (mostly horizontal centrifugal pumps) are fed e. g. with stock of different consistencies, or
with stock and water resp. with chemicals. The pump impeller in the first instance serves for the
transport of the medium, additionally it mixes its components.
• Inline mixers are installed in the pipes like pumps. Normally, inline mixers are of vertical design with
a bottom motor drive. The main task of these mixers is to mix bleaching agents into the pulp.
Horizontal mixers operate like in-line mixers. Their main task is to homogenize the medium.
• Agitators are used for all mixing duties. There are top-, side- and bottom drive designs, the mixing
devices can be propellers, disks, beams, nozzles and others. Mostly, these mixers are installed in
larger vessels or chests and operate at low flow speeds.
Number off per plant:
for approx. 200.000 TPY: 10 mixers
Medium: stock of 0.1 - 15 % o. d.

Speed: 3000 rpm
The seal design is primarily determined by the drive type:
• Top drive agitators (if pressureless) can be without a seal or (for vessels pressurized up to about 6
bar) can be equipped with standard seals with pressureless quench.
• Side drive agitators can be equipped with pump seals such as MG and HJ with the rotating portion
in the mixer, or can be equipped with complete units (please refer to A1-2, chest agitators).
• Bottom drive agitators are mostly equipped with double acting seals with product-side static springs
(e. g. LP-D, MR-D).
Pulp & Paper Manual
Plugscrew feeders
Please refer to A1-27, Screw presses.

Pulp & Paper Manual
Dispergers
Dispergers are crushing machines. Their main application is improving the optical quality of recycled
pulp, and for this reason they are mostly applied in de-inking plants.
Like fiberizers, dispergers operate in the HC-range (pulp consistency 25 - 35%). Contrary to fiberizers
the dispersion gaps can be exactly controlled, and the forces which can be applied are so intensive
that the printing ink particles are crushed below the visibility limit of 50 µm. As with single shaft
fiberizers, pulp is submitted to very intensive shearing and tearing stresses which heat the suspension
up to temperatures of 70 - 90°C, even in the „cold“ process (pls. refer to machine description A1-38,
fiberizers). Pressurized operation is also possible. Pressure and temperature are similar to those of
single shaft fiberizers. Dispergers also confront the problem of increasing fibre cockling at high
temperatures.
Dispergers are similar to disk mills. At the inlet, they have a screw conveyor which feeds the pulp with
consistencies of 25 - 35% between rotor and stator, or they have a plugscrew feeder to lift pulp
consistency to above values.
Normally the working parts of dispergers are pyramidic-shaped teeth which engage in each other.
The consumption of specific energy of dispergers varies between 30 and 100 kWh/t, its capacities are
between 50 and 250 t/d per machine, depending on its sizes.
Disc disperger
Medium: (waste paper) pulp, consistency 25 - 35%

Temperature at cold fiberizing 70 -90 °C
at hot fiberizing 135 - 145 °C
Pressure at cold fiberizing atmospheric
at hot fiberizing 6 bar g
Speed 750 - 1500 rpm
Shaft size 120 - 150 mm
Burgmann seal solution:

Type Materials
LP-D, CARTEX-DN, QQE - AQE
Pulp & Paper Manual
Refiners
Refiners are beating machines. They are mainly used in the production processes for mechanical
pulp, but also in the stock preparation processes with the aim of adjusting the stock properties to
defined paper qualities, and for the production of fibreboard.
For the production of mechanical pulp, mainly disc refiners are used (single disc or double disc
refiners). They are fed with wood chips which are defibrated in the refiners. Depending on the process,
the wood chips receive different pre-treatments.
• for RMP - pre wash and sorted
• for TMP - as for RMP, additionally steam treated
• for CMP - as for RMP, + plus chemicals (mostly sulphur-based)
• for CTMP - as for TMP + CMP
The additional treatments result in better dissolving of lignin and resins in the wood. The aim is a purer
end product (mechanical pulp).
The most used processes are TMP and CTMP.
Single disc refiner Double (twin disc) refiner
For the stock preparation processes, these machines are called „beaters“. Additionally to disc type
beaters, which are similar to disc refiners, flat angle (angle of cone <30°) and steep conus (angle of
cone >30°) type beaters are used, whereby flat angle type beaters are seldom used, as they have an
unfavourable relation between output and no load power.
Pulp & Paper Manual
Operating conditions for refiner seals:

Medium: wood chips, steam, chemical agents
The medium is not pumpable at MC and HC consistencies
Shaft size: mainly 180 to 350 mm
vg: up to 41 m/s
rotation: up to 2300 1/min
Axial shaft displacement: ± 3 mm
Special features
Relative movement to the refiner housing: up to ± 100 mm
The high consistency of the medium (the seal is located where the medium enters between the refiner
discs) can cause clogging of the seal or of the access to the seal, thus break down of the seal or of the
refiner due to wear of the shaft (sleeve), high costs of repair and assembly, production losses. Hence,
clogging of the entrance to the seal has to be prevented.
EagleBurgmann solutions:
Type Materials
H-DX/Dw-EX AQ1T72GG1 - AQ1T72GG1

HSH-DX/Dw-00 ASM7GG - ASM7GG AQ12M7GG - AQ12M7GG
SHx/dw-Ex Q22Q22V9GG
Features (normal cases):

• Cartridge-design
• Dual seal with rotating mating faces, mainly at MDF applications,

Single acting at P&P applications
• Reversed pressure-proof
• Rotating face: faces loosely inserted or solid SiC. Shrink fitted faces: high temperature of the
product and the flushing medium can make the face tilt, resulting in excessive leakage into the
product, that means into the refiner.
• Product wetted secondary seal of T72. Normal elastomers are attacked at high temperatures by
some of the components dissolved in the wood (e. g. turpentine). They swell and block the dynamic
face. Consequence: the face cannot move, the seal leaks.
• Flushing of (hot) water or steam through the seal housing between seal and refiner, to keep the
product side seal portion „clean“.
For some refiner manufacturers we supply only seal parts without housing. The details of design of the
refiner manufacturer to avoid clogging of the entrance to the seal are most of the time unknown to us
for these cases.
Pulp & Paper Manual
White water pumps
Please refer to A1-18, LC pumps

Pulp & Paper Manual
Scrapers
In the pulp + paper industries, scrapers have two applications:
Skimming off from the surface
The scraper continuosly skims off the upper film of the medium. It acts like a paddle which removes
the impurities that have come to the surface. In the de-inking process, for example, air is blown into
the medium. The air bubbles attach to the pigments (printing ink) and come up to the surface. The
resultant grey sludge is removed by the scraper.
These machines do not need to be sealed.
Removing from the bottom of a chest
• The scraper acts as discharger for a chest. The outlet is an opening at the side. The discharge is
controlled by a sliding valve. These machines do not need to be sealed.
Number off: Several scrapers per plant.
• A scraper with paddles mounted at the bottom of the container rotates slowly. Each time
a scraper arm passes over the outlet opening, a portion of the highly viscous material is removed.
Medium: all pulp consistencies

Speed: up to 100 rpm
Pressure: < 2 bar
Temperature: any
Shaft sleeve: up to 300 mm
Sealing:
Normally by a flushed stuffing box packing.

Users accept only single acting seals without quench.
Pulp & Paper Manual
Pulp & Paper Manual
Grinders: Chain grinders, double press grinders
Function:
Debarked and cut-to-length logs (l = 1 to 1,5 m max) are pressed against the grinding stone.
for chain grinders
by cams at the chain links. When turning round at the upper wheels, they take hold of the logs and
press them downwards (the chain speed is adjustable).
for double press grinders
by hydraulically controlled shoes, which press alternately against the stone.
Fresh water is sprayed continuosly against the edges of the active grinding surfaces. The grinding
process occurs under atmospheric pressure. The wood is defibrated and the rejects are transported to
shredders or refiners, for further beating resp. refining. The end product is mechanical pulp.
(For further explanations, please refer to chapter 5 = mechanical pulp preparation treatments,
pressureless grinding and pressure grinding).
Medium: groundwood, water

Pressure: 1 bar
Temperature: ca. 75 °C
Speed: 300 ... 350 rpm
Shaft size: approx. 250 ... 450 mm
Axial and radial shaft movements.
Special requirement:
highest reliability
Previous seal solution:

Stuffing box packings
Double press grinders Chain grinders

Pulp & Paper Manual
Screw presses, plug screw feeders

Dewatering of stock suspensions from aprox. 4 to max. 45 % consistency in one stage. Advantages:
low space and energy requirements, compared to double-screen presses in serial arrangement.
Multipurpose (dewatering of pulp and rejects).
Description:
• The screw is bolted to the flange of the shaft (simplified replacement of the screw when worn).
• Conical screw shape, continuously narrowing turns.
• Horizontally split perforated screen casing (simplified replacement of the perforated casing and of
the screw).
• Pneumatically operated cylinder for adjustment of output by counterpressure conus.
Speed: 100 ... 300 rpm

Pressure: < 10 bar a
Shaft size: about 200 mm
vg: < 10 m/s
Engineered (double acting) seal with lower requirements of temperature and speed as for refiner
seals.
Still sealing is mostly done by stuffing box packings.
1 to 5 off
Pulp & Paper Manual
Separators
Task: separation of fractions of different length in the stock. For waste paper processing, for example,
separators are employed to separate the stock into short fibre and long fibre fractions. So, the long
fibre fraction which result in higher paper strength can afterwards be specially treated and more waste
paper added to the newly produced recycled paper. Even using different qualities of waste paper, a
more uniform quality of recycled paper can be obtained. From the exterior, separators and sorters can
hardly be distinguished. Technically, separators submit the stock fibres to less stress.
Number of separators per plant:

5 to 15 (especially for waste paper and mechanical pulp plants)
Turboseparator
1 Inlet
2 Accept
3 Heavy dirts
4 Light dirts
5 Rotor
6 Perforated disc
A rotor (5) rotates in front of the perforated

disc (6) in a cylindrical pressure container.
Stock is fed-in tangentially (1), hence the
heavy solids are forced to the outer
circumference and evacuated through a lock
at (regular) intervals (4). The accepts pass
the perforated disc (6) and leave the
separator at (2).
Requirements for the seal
Immune to small impurities, like staples, sand or similar particles.
Medium: stock with dirts, 3 - 5 % o. d.

Temperature: < 90 °C
Shaft size: < 100 mm
Speed: 300 to 600 rpm
Seals with unwetted springs, e. g. HJ977GN, HR, LP-S

Pulp & Paper Manual
Slurry pumps
Slurries are highly contaminated media (with e.g. filling agents, coating pigments, sludges), but which
do not contain large solids. Normally, these media are pumped by centrifugal pumps with open
impellers or Vortex impellers. For slurries of high viscosities, positive displacement pumps (mostly
eccentric screw pumps) are used.
For operation and sealing, in principle the statements for stock pumps (please refer to A1-33) apply:
• Single acting seal with protected springs
• Faces hard/hard
• E or V elastomers
• For seal types please refer to A1-33, group S and/or Q

Pulp & Paper Manual
Screeners
The task of a screener is the elimination of disruptive particles, that means of all types of slivers, knots,
spins, floating materials, etc. The yield of long fibres should be as high as possible.
In principle, there are 3 types of screeners
1. Centrifugal screeners (Cleaners, hydrocyclones)

They work on the principle of tube cleaners. No rotating parts, no seals.
2. Vibration screens
Mostly used for secondary screening. No rotating shafts, no seals.
3. Cylindric screens (Vertical screens, Centri-Screen, selectifier, etc.)

Mostly operating under pressure (higher capacity, less sensitive to load variations, simpler to
operate).
Cylindric screen
a Stock inlet
b Perforated cylindric
screen
c Accept outlet
d Rotor with blades
e Reject outlet
f Mechanical Seal
In a pressure-proof housing sits a perforated cylindric screen (b) (with bores or slots). Very near to this
cylinder rotates a rotor (d) with streamlined blades. The stock enters the sorter tangentially on its
upper side at (a). The blades cause the stock to pulsate, so clogging is avoided. The accept flows
through the cylindric screen, the outlet is at the low end of the sorter to its side. The reject leaves the
machine continuosly at (e) and is fed to a vibration screen or to a final stage screen.
Pulp & Paper Manual
Medium: paper stock up to 2 % max.

Pressure p1: up to 6 bar
Temperature t1: up to 50 °C
Speed: 250 ... 800 rpm
Axial shaft movement: ± 1 mm
Arrangement: vertical
Type Materials
e. g. HRSX/Dn-G11-EX Q2Q2VGG,
Cartridge-design
Cartex-DN, LP-D
HR10S4/85-G11-E1
Pulp & Paper Manual
Fan pumps
These pumps must distribute the paper stock uniformly and continuosly to the screen over the total
operating width of the paper machine, thus permitting an optimal web formation. Normally, fan pumps
are dual entrance, horizontally split pumps with an odd number of staggered vanes.
Number off per plant:
1 fan pump per paper machine
Medium: 0.1 % stock o. d.

Temperature: up to approx. 60 °C
Pressure: 0 to 4 bar
Speed: 500 to 1.500 rpm
Shaft size: up to 200 mm
Sealing:
The use of almost any seal type with non-product wetted springs is possible. Because of the
importance of these pumps they are mostly sealed with stuffing box packings (2/3). The mechanical
seal should be easy to install and withstand without damage possible bumps, shocks and squeezes
when mounting the heavy upper half of the pump housing.
HJ477G and special LP-S size 160 mm

Pulp & Paper Manual
Pulpers
Task:
he pulper slushes and converts the waste paper to a pumpable medium, in the most economical and
energy-saving way.
Applications : Recycling of waste paper, slushing of pulps
LC-Pulper for waste paper
Description:
Conventional cylindrical steel vats with volumes of approx. 4 to 80 m3 = 220 to 6000 kg o.d. stock. The
rotor can be driven horizontally or vertically. Shaft sizes 140 - 200 mm. Operation at consistencies of 3
to 7 %, continuous or in batches. Power consumption 55 to 1000 kW, specific energy consumption 25
to 80 kWh/t o. d. stock. High investment cost.
Operation:
The pulper is filled with water (white water) to about 50 %. Waste paper is fed in by a belt conveyor
either in loose form or in bales. After 10 to 30 minutes and due to the high turbulence caused by the
rotor, the paper is dissolved but not speck free.
Big pieces of the bales of waste paper like cords, cloth remnants, foils, etc. are trapped in an endless
plait which builds in the center or the vortex and is continuosly removed. The braid forms itself trouble-
free at 3 - 3.5 % o. d. It eliminates about 70 % of all impurities. The remaining impurities are eliminated
through a lateral valve (vertical pulper), or the pulper must be cleaned (horizontal pulper, production
loss, stock losses).
When pulpers are used for slushing of pulp (chemical pulp, mechanical pulp), cleaning devices like
plait catcher and trap for heavy solids are not required.
In most pulpers the accept has to pass through screen plates with bores of 8 - 12 mm. Pulpers without
these screen plates require additional secondary pulpers in which remaining impurities are removed
and remaining fibre bundles are converted.
Pulp & Paper Manual
Medium: pulp / waste paper with impurities, consistency 3 to 7 %

Temperature: about 30 °C
Pressure: 1 bar
Speed: 200 to 500 rpm
BURGMANN solution:
Type Materials
Dual seals e.g. Hard / Hard
M74-D, M7N back-to-back,
LP-D, Cartex-DN
Number of pulpers per plant: for 100.000 TPY: 2 pulpers
Disadvantage of conventional pulpers
The pulpers crush the impurities. If these particles become too small, it is very difficult to extract them
in the following cleaners. This applies particularly to impurities of similar specific weight as that of
fibres, e. g. for glues.
Medium consistency pulpers:
The design of the pulpers is similar to the LC pulpers. Plait winch and trap for heavy solids are not
necessary. The rotor is screw-shaped in its upper part. This is necessary to avoid a bridging above the
dispersion disc, and to secure a continuous pulp flow towards the disc.
Rotor of a MC-Pulper
Pulp & Paper Manual
Dissolving drum:
This machine is used for applications in which only easily defiberizable waste paper has to be
processed - also a low stress defiberizing process.
Sectional view: A-A:
HC-Drum
A belt conveyor feeds the slowly rotating drum (drum diameter 2.5 to 4 m).
In the dissolving zone the waste paper is defiberized in water at consistencies up to, normally, 15 %.
Due to the slight inclination of the drum, the stock is transported further. In the screening zone the
water is added, the fibres pass through a cylindrical screen plate, and the rejects leave the drum at its
end. Specific energy consumption is 15 - 20 kWh/t stock. Investment costs are low.
Technical data of the drum:
Drum diameter 2.5 to 4.0 m

Drum lenght 10 to 30 m
Lenght of screening portion 30 % to 50 % of total lenght
Punches 6 to 9 mm
Drum speed 15 rpm
Capacity up to 600 t o.d./d
Specific energy consumption 15 to 25 kWh/t o.d.
Fibre content of the reject approx. 0.5 %
Sealing:
Nearly all machines are sealed with stuffing box packings
Pulp & Paper Manual
Stock pumps
General
Stock consistencies have been classified into three grades: LC (= Low consistency), MC (= Medium
consistency) and HC (= High consistency). Each grade requires a different pump design.
LC pumps
LC pumps are, by far, the most common ones. Consistencies extend from 0 to 8 %. Pump features
are: centrifugal type of robust design, with cantilevered semi-open impeller in overhang position with
few blades, hence wide passages. As stock is very abrasive, pumps mostly are fitted with replaceable
wear rings. This means possible axial shaft movements which has to be taken by the seal. Modern
pumps are designed to the „back pull out“ principle: the rotating unit (shaft, impeller, mechanical seal
with housing and bearing support) is dismounted towards the drive side, pump housing and motor
remain untouched. The suction port mostly is 2 sizes larger than the outlet port and eccentric, so
permitting trouble free pumping of stock suspensions with high air content.
The design of the impeller has great influence on the operating conditions in the seal room. Basically
the following applies:
• Impellers with back vanes reduce the pressure in the sealing room (min = suction pressure) and do
not evacuate the air
• Impellers with smooth backside result in pressures near to the pump end pressure, no dearation.
Impellers with bores reduce the pressure in the seal room (min = suction pressure). Air is evacuated
only, if the balancing holes are on a smaller pitch diameter than the mean diameter of the seal faces.
Liquid is drained in any case.
Pulp & Paper Manual
Stock consistency: up to max. 8 %

Pressure: approx. 0 ... 8 bar
Temperature: 20 ... 120 (140) °C
Speed: for size up to 65 mm: 3,000 (3,600) rpm
for size up to 100 mm: 1,500 (1,800) rpm
Axial shaft movement: normally not more than ± 2 mm
Single acting seals with unwetted springs

Seal faces hard/hard
Elastomers E or V, also wrapped if necessary
Preferred seal types for OEM’s:
LP-S for stock consistencies up to 4 % if no danger of dry running

LP-Q for stock consistencies up to 6 % if dry running may occur
LP-D for stock consistencies above 6 %, as long as the medium is pumpable
Preferred seal types for end users:

CARTEX-SNO for stock consistencies up to 4% if no danger of dry running
CARTEX-QN for stock consistencies up to 6% if dry running may occur
CARTEX-DN for stock consistencies above 6%, as long as the medium is pumpable
Features and sectional drawings:

please refer to chapter 9 and/or to overheads
Additionally recommended seals:
Group S: for stock consistencies up to 4 % if no danger of dry running:

HR10, HJ977GN(10), MFL85N(6), MG12S14
Group Q: for stock consistencies above 6 % if dry running may occur:

Like group S but with quench
Group D: for stock consistencies above 6 %, as long as being pumpable:

Cartex-DN, LP-D, M74-D, M7N/M7N back-to-back
Features and sectional drawings: please refer to chapter 9 and/or to overheads
MC- und HC-pumps are described separately, as well as LC pumps for special applications requiring
special design features (e. g. fan pumps, cooking liquor circulation pumps).
Pulp & Paper Manual
Liquid ring vacuum pumps and compressors

Liquid ring pumps are used to produce underpressure below the screens of the papermachine, as well
as to introduce gaseous bleaching agents into thickened pulp. These pumps are positive displacement
machines. A star-shaped impeller rotates in a housing and builds a centric rotating liquid ring. The
shaft is eccentric relative to the housing, thus between impeller and housing there build up cavities
partly filled with gas (air), which alternately increase (suction side) and decrease (discharge side) in
size during each turn.
The pump liquid (mostly water) must be compatible with the medium to be sealed.
When selecting single acting seals, it must be considered that for the mechanical seal the pump liquid
is submitted to a pressure which is only slightly higher than its vapour pressure.
Pressure: 30 mbar - 12 bar
Temperature: < 80 °C
Shaft sizes: 40 - 100 mm
Sliding speed: < 10 m/s
EagleBurgmann seal recommendation:

the use of standard seals is the common solution,
normally Type M7N, materials SAEGG, also with quench,
or M74-D
Quantity of pumps per plant:
5 - 10 off
Pulp & Paper Manual
Pre-heaters
In the TMP- and CTMP-processes the wood chips are washed and then de-watered. Next, a screw
feeds them into a pre-heater, where they are heated by steam. From here a screw conveyor
transports them into the refiner.
The discharge out of the pre-heaters normally is effected by a scraper with adjustable lateral outlet.
For seal solutions please refer to A1-25

Pulp & Paper Manual
Washers
There exist many different designs. The only feature they have in common is the task to remove dirt
from the acqueous pulp suspensions. Normally, this is effected by squeezing them mechanically
through a screen, followed by flushing with fresh water or suitable white water.
The machine shown below is a filter plant which has the task of extracting water from the pulp
suspension after having been de-inked (waste paper recycling process).
Such machines and similar ones are often installed in paper factories in order to isolate the individual
circuits with their particular composition of water, thus avoiding chemicals or other contaminations
entering the next circuit.
Function: pulp is fed through nozzles (as in paper machines) between the large rotary roll and the
screen by means of a fan pump. Along the roll periphery at about 180° the pulp is dewatered by
pressing it between screen and roll. The almost dewatered pulp is scraped off the roll by a scraper
and falls into a collector. From there, it is conveyed by a screw conveyor and then diluted to a
pumpable consistency. The screen is rinsed by spray nozzles. The water which has been pressed out
is collected and then returned to the original circuit.
Sealing
Sealing, if necessary at all, is effected by packings. For the typical operating conditions (low
temperatures, low pressures, low speeds, large diameters), mechanical seals are technically not
required and would not be economic.
Drawing: one example of many designs

Pulp & Paper Manual
Rotary valves
Rotary valves are mostly of the knife-edged design.
The knife-edged rotary valves are valves with fixed rotor blades and minimal gap. They are designed
to feed wood chips, shavings, bagasse and chipped bark under most difficult conditions into
pneumatic transport systems. Additionally, they can be used as shut-off element between shaving
separators, as a fire stop or as a disruption stop in plants with explosion hazards.
Rotary valves are easy to mount. They require a minimum of maintenance and operate succesfully
under conditions under which other locks fail. The built-in knives cut-off all parts which may stick out
from the rotor, thus impeding the valve to be closed.
Air leakage can be minimized by adjustable brass segments on the front sides of the rotor. The rotor
blades are surface-hardened and knife-shaped. The external bearings are sealed by stuffing box
packings against the product and require nearly no maintenance.
Media: Wood chips, mechanical pulp, chemical pulp
Pressure: max. 16 bar
Temperature: max. 160 °C
Shaft size: approx. 50 ... 150 mm
Speed: max. 50 rpm
Result:
Mechanical seals are not required for rotary valves.
Pulp & Paper Manual
Fiberizers
Fiberizers are preferably used to disperse waste papers which are difficult to defiberize (wet proof, or
bituminized, or waxed papers). Normally, they operate in the HC range, at pulp consistencies of 25 -
35%. Depending on the required degree of dispersion, they will be operated under cold or hot
conditions.
Dispersion is caused by high shearing and tearing forces. The conversion of mechanical energy by
friction of the pulp causes a temperature rise of the pulp to 70 - 80 °C. Within this range of
temperatures, the commonly used chemicals which reverse wet strength will develop their full
efficiency. If bitumen and waxes have to be dispersed to particle sizes below 1 µm single shaft
fiberizers operating under pressure and at temperatures up to 145°C can be employed. But, unlike
cold defiberization, hot defiberization results in a high content of kinked and curled fibres (fibre
reshaping), and this decreases significantly the static and dynamic strengths of the paper at
simultaneously increasing specific volume. Normally, a high specific volume is needed for cardboard
only, and with high strength values. Strengths can be at least partly recovered by a further gentle
refining, with kinking and curling being largely eliminated.
There are different designs (single shaft, double shaft fiberizer). In the single shaft fiberizers tearing
vanes with round or prismatic cross-section act against stator combs. In double shaft fiberizers, the
defiberizing parts are normally conveying screws. The circumferencial speed is relatively low (6 - 10
m/s).
Fiberizers have capacities of 40 - 250 t/d, depending on their size.
Single shaft defiberizer

Pulp & Paper Manual
Double shaft defiberizer
Medium: pulp, consistency 25 - 35%

Temperature at cold defiberizing 70 -90 °C
at hot defiberizing 135 - 145 °C
Pressure at cold defiberizing atmospheric
at hot defiberizing up to 6 bar
Speed 750 - 1500 rpm
Shaft size 120 - 150 mm
Burgmann seal solution:

Type Materials
LP-D, QQE - AQE
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EB-Paper and Pulp Manual

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EB-Paper and Pulp Manual

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EagleBurgmann 1.

The paper industry today

Sealing technology more important than ever

SHAFT SEALS IN THE PULP AND PAPER

Stuffing box packing with water flush

BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type HJ977GN

Hydrodynamic shaft seals

Single seals with rotating mating faces

BURGMANN Mechanical Seal Type LP-S

Cost comparison of shaft sealing techniques

Comparative cost of shaft sealing techniques

Stuffing box Double seal Single Single Hydrodyna

*) when using industrial water

- stuffing box packing

Additional energy costs

Example calculation per pump:

Energy balance: Q = 50 K · 4,2 kJ/kgK · 4 kg/60 s = 14 kW

Cost saving with mechanical seal:

The raw material wood

Chemically, wood is a mixture of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and accompanying substances.

Structure of cellulose fibres

Composition of the layers of the cellulose fibre walls

Cellulose fibre wall layer Thickness Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin

Middle lamella 0.3 - 2.0 10 20 70

The following factors are important for the properties of paper:

Production of chemical pulp

chemical pulp mechanical pulp waste paper rags

sulphate sulphite special groundwood refiner

SGW PGW SPGW RMP TMP CTMP CMP

New developments have led to the so-called Super-Batch-process:

y high static and dynamic strength

• Calcium bisulphite process

• Chemicals: M(HSO3)2, MgO, SO2, M = Ca, Mg

• lower static and dynamic strength than sulphate pulp

• usable wood species mainly spruce and beech

Mechanical pulp preparation treatments

Two variants have to be distinguished: groundwood pulp and refiner pulp.

GW (Ground Wood) or also GMP (Groundwood Mechanical Pulp):

PGW (Pressure Groundwood) and PGW-S (Super Pressure Groundwood):

RMP (Refiner Mechanical Pulp)

TMP (Thermo-Mechanical Pulp)

CTMP (Chemi-Thermo-Mechanical Pulp)

CMP (Chemi-Mechanical Pulp)

* Pressurization is required to maintain water in liquid stage up to temperatures of 140°C

No need for seals.

Groundwood contains the following fibre line components:

Continuous grinder Double-press grinder

Characteristic operating conditions:

N° of turns of stone 200 to 370 rpm

Characteristic operating conditions:

• oxidative bleaching with hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide bleaching

Sequential-stage hydrogen peroxide bleach plant

Operating conditions for the Hydrogen peroxide bleaching

• duration 10 to 20 min (until maximum whiteness is obtained)

Sodium dithionite bleaching Y

Operating conditions for the dithionite bleaching

• Pulp consistency 3%-5%

Refiner mechanical pulps

RMP (Refiner Mechanical Pulp)

For sectional drawings please refer to machine descriptions.

y Breaker-bar zone (zone with very coarse knives)

y Coarse-bar zone (zone with coarse knives)

y Fine-bar zone (zone with fine knives)