Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
J
uli
Conc
is
anMar
crof
t
eEur
BSEN1995-
1-
ocodes
1:Eur
oc
:Desi
ode5
gnofTi
mberSt
ruc
tur
es
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
Concise Eurocodes:
Design of Timber Structures
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
This book is one of a series of books which currently comprises the following:
Julian Marcroft
BS EN 1995-1-1: Eurocode 5
Concise Eurocodes:
Design of Timber Structures
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, photocopying, recording
or otherwise – without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
The designed examples in appendices C and D represent the author’s interpretation of applying
the principles of Eurocode 5, and do not come directly from official British Standards guidance.
BSI accepts no liability for any loss or damage caused, arising directly or indirectly in connection
with reliance on its contents except to the extent that such liability may not be excluded in law.
The right of Julian Marcroft to be identified as the author of this Work has been asserted by
him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Contents
Foreword xi
Section 1 General 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Normative references 1
1.3 Terms and definitions 3
1.3.1 characteristic value 3
1.3.2 equilibrium moisture content 3
1.3.3 fibre saturation point 3
1.3.4 moisture content 3
1.3.5 racking 3
1.3.6 racking discontinuities 3
1.3.7 racking wall 4
1.3.8 slip modulus 4
1.3.9 wall diaphragm 4
1.3.10 wall panel 4
1.4 Symbols 4
Section 4 Durability 25
4.1 Resistance to biological organisms 25
4.2 Resistance to corrosion 25
Foreword
Source reference
Section 1 General
1.1 Scope
EC 5-1-1, 1.1.1(1) (1) Concise Eurocode 5 applies to the design of buildings in timber (solid
timber, sawn or planed, glued laminated timber or wood-based structural
products, e.g. LVL) or wood-based panels jointed together with adhesives
or metal fasteners. It complies with the principles and requirements for
the safety and serviceability of structures and the basis of design and
verification given in BS EN 1990.
EC 5-1-1, 1.1.1(2) (2) Concise Eurocode 5 is only concerned with requirements for structural
resistance, serviceability and durability of timber structures.
EC 5-1-1, 1.1.2(2) (3) The following subjects are dealt with in Concise Eurocode 5:
Section 1: General
Section 2: Basis of design
Section 3: Material properties
Section 4: Durability
Section 5: Basis of structural analysis
Section 6: Ultimate limit states
Section 7: Serviceability limit states
Section 8: Connections with metal fasteners and connectors
Section 9: Components and assemblies
Section 10: Structural detailing and control
Source reference
Source reference
1.3.1
characteristic value
NOTE See Appendix A
1.3.2
equilibrium moisture content
moisture content at which wood neither gains nor loses moisture to the
surrounding air
1.3.3
fibre saturation point
moisture content at which the wood cells are completely saturated
1.3.4
moisture content
mass of water in wood expressed as a proportion of its oven-dry mass
1.3.5
racking
effect caused by horizontal actions in the plane of a wall
1.3.6
racking discontinuities
racking discontinuities in a wall are either door openings or large window
openings whose dimensions exceed stipulated limits
Source reference
1.3.7
racking wall
racking wall is a sheathed timber-frame wall located generally in a
direction parallel to the wind load, often extending between return walls
1.3.8
slip modulus
property used in the calculation of the deformation between two members
of a structure
1.3.9
wall diaphragm
wall diaphragm is a length of racking wall between racking discontinuities. It
may contain no window openings or alternatively may contain fully framed
window openings of dimensions less than stipulated limits
1.3.10
wall panel
wall panel consists of timber framing connected on one or both faces to
wood-based sheathing sheets
NOTE Within the length of a wall panel adjacent sheathing sheets should be
connected to the same wall stud
Source reference
Source reference
Source reference
Source reference
Source reference
Greek letters
a Angle of stress or load to grain
an Ratio of effective member depth to member depth in
notched beams
b Ratio of pointside-to-headside embedment strengths
bc Material constant for evaluation of lateral buckling
modification factor
cF Partial factor for the action
cG Partial factor for permanent actions
cM Partial factor for a material property
cQ Partial factor for variable actions
krel,m Relative slenderness under bending
krel,y Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about
the y-axis
krel,z Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about
the z-axis
ky Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y-axis
kz Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the z-axis
l Ratio for wall diaphragm of design withdrawal capacity of
bottom rail to cumulative design shear capacity of perimeter
sheathing fasteners
n Material constant for evaluation of lateral torsional buckling
modification factor
qk Characteristic density of the timber or wood-based material
qm Mean density of timber or wood-based material
rc,0,d Design compressive stress parallel to grain
rc,90,d Design compressive stress in the effective contact area
perpendicular to grain
rc,α,d Design compressive stress at an angle α to grain
rm,y,d Design bending stress about the (strong) y-axis
rm,z,d Design bending stress about the (weak) z-axis
rt,0,d Design tensile stress parallel to grain
rt,90,d Design tensile stress perpendicular to the grain at the
hole location
sd Design shear stress
stor,d Design torsional stress
v Sheathing combination factor
w0 Factor for combination value of a variable action
w1 Factor for frequent value of a variable action
w2 Factor for quasi-permanent value of a variable action
Source reference
–– sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during construction and
use, and
–– meet specified serviceability requirements.
EC 0, 2.1(2) (2) The timber structure of a building shall be designed to have adequate:
–– structural resistance,
–– serviceability, and
–– durability.
EC 0, 2.1(4) (3) The timber structure of a building shall be designed and constructed in
such a way that it will not be damaged by events such as:
–– explosion,
–– impact, and
–– the consequences of human error,
NA to EC 0, NA.2.1.1 (4) The indicative design working life for the timber structure of a building
is 50 years.
EC 0, 3.1(3) & 3.2(1) (2) Limit states shall be related to design situations. Relevant design
situations shall be selected taking into account the circumstances under
which the timber structure is required to fulfil its function.
Source reference
EC 0, 3.2(2) (3) Design situations for timber structures shall be classified as follows:
EC 0, 3.3(1) (4) Ultimate limit states are those associated with collapse, or with other
forms of structural failure which may endanger the safety of people.
EC 0, 3.3(4) (5) Ultimate limit states which may require consideration include:
No equivalent clause (6) Serviceability limit states correspond to states beyond which specified
service conditions are no longer met.
EC 0, 3.4(3) (7) Serviceability limit states which may require consideration include:
EC 0, 6.1(1) (8) It shall be verified that, in all relevant design situations, no relevant limit
state is exceeded when design values for actions or effects of actions and
resistances are used in the design models.
Fd = γ F ψ Fk (2.1)
where:
Source reference
{
E d = E Fd , ad } (2.2)
where:
k mod Rk
Rd = (2.3)
γM
where:
where:
Source reference
E d ≤ Rd (2.5)
where:
Ed is the design value of the effect of actions (e.g. internal force
or moment);
Rd is the design value of the corresponding resistance.
2.4.3.1 General
EC 0, 6.4.3.1(1) (1) For each critical load case, the design values of the effects of actions (Ed)
shall be determined by combining the values of actions that are considered
to occur simultaneously.
EC 1-1, 6.2.1(1) (2) The spatial variation of variable free actions (e.g. imposed loads of
categories A-F of BS EN 1991-1-1) along a member should be such as
to maximize the internal forces and moments occurring in that member
(causing an unfavourable effect on the member).
NOTE Snow and wind loads are classified as variable fixed actions and therefore
need not be subject to load patterning.
Source reference
where:
Action Ψ0 Ψ1 Ψ2
Source reference
where:
2.5.1 Verifications
EC 0, 6.5.1(1) (1) It shall be verified that:
Ed ≤ C d (2.9)
where:
2.5.2 General
EC 5-1-1, 2.2.3(1) (1) The deformation of a structure which results from the effect of actions
(such as axial and shear forces, bending moments and joint slip) and
from moisture shall remain within appropriate limits, having regard to the
possibility of damage to surfacing materials, ceilings, floors, partitions and
finishes, and to the functional needs as well as any appearance requirements.
EC 5-1-1, 7.3.1(1) (2) It shall be ensured that the actions which can be reasonably anticipated
on a member, component or structure, do not cause vibrations that can
impair the function of the structure or cause unacceptable discomfort to
the users.
EC 5-1-1, 2.2.3(2) & (3) For serviceability limit states with respect to deformations or vibrations,
2.2.3(6) mean values of the appropriate moduli of elasticity, shear moduli and slip
moduli should be used.
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 2.2.3(5) (3) The final deformation of a member, ufin, see Figure 7.1, should be
calculated as:
where:
2.6.1 Actions
EC 5-1-1, 2.3.1.1(1) (1) Actions to be used in design may be obtained from the relevant part
of BS EN 1991:
Source reference
2.6.2.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 2.3.1.1(2) (1) Duration of load and moisture content affect the strength and stiffness
properties of timber and wood-based elements and shall be taken into
account in the design for structural resistance and serviceability.
Source reference
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA.2.2 (2) Timber constructions should be assigned to service classes as shown
in Table 2.5.
Cold roofs 2
Warm roofs 1
Intermediate floors 1
Ground floors 2
Timber-frame walls, internal and party walls 1
Timber-frame walls, external walls 2
External uses where member is protected from direct wetting 2
External uses, fully exposed 3
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 6.6(2) (2) Provided the continuous load-distribution system is capable of transfer-
ring the loads from one member to the neighbouring members, the factor
ksys should be 1,1.
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 2.3.2.1(2) (2) Where a connection comprises two timber or wood-based elements
having different time-dependent behaviour, the calculation of the design
load-carrying capacity should be made with the following modification
factor kmod:
where kmod,1 and kmod,2 are the modification factors of the two timber or
wood-based elements.
Plywood BS EN 636
Type 1 1 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,1
Type 2 2 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,1
OSB BS EN 300
OSB/3, OSB/4 1 0,4 0,5 0,7 0,9 1,1
OSB/3, OSB/4 2 0,3 0,4 0,55 0,7 0,9
Particle- BS EN 312
board Type 5 1 0,3 0,45 0,65 0,85 1,1
Type 5 2 0,2 0,3 0,45 0,6 0,8
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 2.3.2.2(3) (2) Where a connection comprises two timber or wood-based elements
having the same time-dependent behaviour, the value of kdef should be
doubled.
EC 5-1-1, 2.3.2.2(4) (3) Where a connection comprises two timber or wood-based elements
having different time-dependent behaviour, the calculation of the final
deformation should be made with the following deformation factor kdef:
where kdef,1 and kdef,2 are the modification factors of the two timber or
wood-based elements.
EC 5-1-1, 3.2(4) (4) For solid timber which is installed at or near its fibre saturation point,
and which is likely to dry out under load, the values of kdef given in Table 3.2
should be increased by 1,0.
1 2 3
Plywood BS EN 636
Type 1 0,8 — —
Type 2 0,8 1,0 —
OSB BS EN 300
OSB/3, OSB/4 1,5 2,25 —
Particleboard BS EN 312
Type 5 2,25 3,0 —
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 3.2(3) (2) For rectangular solid timber, the reference depth in bending or width
(maximum cross-sectional dimension) in tension is 150 mm. For depths
in bending or widths in tension of solid timber other than 150 mm the
characteristic values for fm,k and ft,0,k may be multiplied by the factor kh
given in Table 3.3.
EC 5-1-1, 3.3(3) (2) For rectangular glued laminated timber, the reference depth in bending
or width (maximum cross-sectional dimension) in tension is 600 mm. For
depths in bending or widths in tension of glued laminated timber other
than 600 mm the characteristic values for fm,k and ft,0,k may be modified by
the factor kh given in Table 3.4.
EC 5-1-1, 3.4(3) (2) For rectangular LVL the reference depth in bending is 300 mm. For
depths in bending other than 300 mm the characteristic value for fm,k
should be multiplied by the factor kh given by:
( )
s
300
k h = min h (3.3)
1, 2
Source reference
where:
EC 5-1-1, 3.4(4) (3) For rectangular LVL the reference length in tension is 3000 mm. For
lengths in tension other than 3000 mm the characteristic value for ft,0,k
should be multiplied by the factor kl given by:
( )
s/2
3000
k l = min l (3.4)
11
,
where:
EC 5-1-1, 3.4(5) (4) The size effect exponent s for LVL should be taken as declared in
accordance with BS EN 14374.
NOTE Information on the structural properties, including size effect exponents,
for types of LVL are given in Appendix A, Table A.4.
NOTE 2 Characteristic strengths and moduli for OSB grades OSB/3 and OSB/4 are
given in Appendix A, Table A.6.
NOTE 3 Characteristic strengths and moduli for Particleboard type 5 are given in
Appendix A, Table A.7.
3.7 Adhesives
EC 5-1-1, 3.6(1) (1) Adhesives for structural purposes shall produce joints of such strength
and durability that the integrity of the bond is maintained in the assigned
service class throughout the expected life of the structure.
EC 5-1-1, 3.6(2) (2) Adhesives which comply with Type I specification as defined in
BS EN 301 or in BS EN 15425 may be used in all service classes.
EC 5-1-1, 3.6(3) (3) Adhesives which comply with Type II specification as defined in
BS EN 301 or in BS EN 15425 should only be used in service classes 1 or 2
and not under prolonged exposure to temperatures in excess of 50 °C.
Source reference
Source reference
Section 4 Durability
EC 5-1-1, 4.2(2) (2) Examples of minimum corrosion protection or material specifications for
different service classes (see 2.6.2.3) are given in Table 4.1.
1 2 3
Nails and screws with d ≤ 4 mm None Fe/Zn 12ca Fe/Zn 25ca
Steel plates up to 3 mm thickness Fe/Zn 12cb Fe/Zn 12cb Stainless steel
Source reference
5.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 5.1(1) (1) Calculations shall be performed using appropriate design models
involving all relevant variables. The models shall be sufficiently precise
to predict the structural behaviour, commensurate with the standard
of workmanship likely to be achieved, and with the reliability of the
information on which the design is based.
EC 5-1-1, 5.1(2) (2) The global structural behaviour should be assessed by calculating the
action effects with a linear material model (elastic behaviour).
EC 5-1-1, 5.1(4) & (3) The model for the calculation of internal forces in the structure or
5.1(5) in part of it shall take into account the effects of deformations of the
connections through their stiffness (e.g. translational or rotational).
5.3 Trusses
EC 5-1-1, 5.4.2(1) (1) Trusses shall be analysed such that the deformations of the members
and joints, the influence of support eccentricities and the stiffness of
the supporting structure are taken into account in the determination of
member forces and moments, see Figure 5.1 for definitions of structure
configurations and model elements.
EC 5-1-1, 5.4.2(2) (2) For the external members of trusses (e.g. chords), the system lines shall
coincide with the member centreline.
EC 5-1-1, 5.4.2(3) (3) For the internal members of trusses (e.g. webs), the system lines shall lie
within the member profile. If the system lines of internal members do not
coincide with the centrelines, the influence of the eccentricity shall be taken
into account in the strength verification of these members.
E]B]6" 7'%'-*Z"
Section 5 Basis of structural analysis
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
V5W:!@T,!(#(PZQ*Q!%S!Q)&.$).&,Q!QT(PP!Y,!$(&&*,-!%.)!.Q*#+!Q)()*$!/%-,PQ![T*$T!$%#Q*-,&!)%!(#!
($$,')(YP,!P,R,P!%S!($$.&($Z!)T,!Y,T(R*%.&!%S!)T,!Q)&.$).&,!(#-!%S!)T,!Q.''%&)Q6!
Source reference V1W!@T,!(#(PZQ*Q!QT%.P-!Y,!',&S%&/,-!YZ!S&(/,!/%-,PQ!*#!($$%&-(#$,![*)T!J6E61!%&!YZ!(!
Q*/'P*S*,-!(#(PZQ*Q!*#!($$%&-(#$,![*)T!J6E6C!S%&!)&.QQ,Q![*)T!'.#$T,-!/,)(P!'P(),!S(Q),#,&Q6!
EC 5-1-1, 5.4.2(4) & (4) Fictitious beam elements and spring elements may be used to model
5.4.2(6) eccentric connections or supports. The orientation
VCW!7,$%#-!%&-,&!(#(PZQ*Q!%S!'P(#,!S&(/,Q!%&!(&$T,Q of fictitious beam
QT%.P-!Y,!',&S%&/,-!*#!($$%&-(#$,![*)T!
J6E6E6!
elements and the location of spring elements should coincide as closely as
possible with the actual joint configuration. Fictitious beam elements should
E]B]!" ,-*X'"(&-TR&T-'("
_,Ze!
Key:
V5W!7ZQ),/!P*#,!
1 System line
V1W!7.''%&)!
VCW!G(Z
2 Support
VEW!;d),&#(P!/,/Y,&
3 Bay
VJW!"#),&#(P!/,/Y,&
V3W!B*$)*)*%.Q!Y,(/!,P,/,#)!
4 External member
5 Internal member
,Y+T-'"E]6"a"1\*XWZ'("$U"U-*X'"*%*Z`(Y("X$/'Z"'Z'X'%&("
6 Fictitious beam element
V1W:!"#!(!S&(/,!(#(PZQ*Qc!)T,!QZQ),/!P*#,Q!S%&!(PP!/,/Y,&Q!QT(PP!P*,![*)T*#!)T,!/,/Y,&!'&%S*P,6!
B%&!)T,!/(*#!/,/Y,&Qc!,6+6!)T,!,d),&#(P!/,/Y,&Q!%S!(!)&.QQc!)T,!QZQ),/!P*#,Q!QT(PP!$%*#$*-,!
[*)T!)T,!/,/Y,&!$,#)&,MP*#,6!
VCW:!"S!)T,!QZQ),/!P*#,Q!S%&!*#),&#(P!/,/Y,&Q!-%!#%)!$%*#$*-,![*)T!)T,!$,#)&,!P*#,Qc!)T,!*#SP.,#$,!
%S!)T,!,$$,#)&*$*)Z!QT(PP!Y,!)(g,#!*#)%!($$%.#)!*#!)T,!Q)&,#+)T!R,&*S*$()*%#!%S!)T,Q,!/,/Y,&Q6!
VEW!B*$)*)*%.Q!Y,(/!,P,/,#)Q!(#-!Q'&*#+!,P,/,#)Q!/(Z!Y,!.Q,-!)%!/%-,P!,$$,#)&*$!$%##,$)*%#Q!
%&!Q.''%&)Q6!@T,!%&*,#)()*%#!%S!S*$)*)*%.Q!Y,(/!,P,/,#)Q!(#-!)T,!P%$()*%#!%S!)T,!Q'&*#+!,P,/,#)Q!
QT%.P-!$%*#$*-,!(Q!$P%Q,PZ!(Q!'%QQ*YP,![*)T!)T,!($).(P!h%*#)!$%#S*+.&()*%#6!
VJW!"#!(!S*&Q)!%&-,&!P*#,(&!,P(Q)*$!(#(PZQ*Qc!)T,!,SS,$)!%S!*#*)*(P!-,S%&/()*%#Q!(#-!*#-.$,-!
-,SP,$)*%#Q!/(Z!Y,!-*Q&,+(&-,-!*S!)(g,#!*#)%!($$%.#)!YZ!)T,!Q)&,#+)T!R,&*S*$()*%#!%S!)T,!/,/Y,&6!
?!
Source reference
15"6>>EF6F6G!;;B""""
+ 96G!;;H"I1J"
6.1 Design of cross-sections subjected to stress in one
principal direction
0'R&Y$%"A" CZ&YX*&'"ZYXY&"(&*&'("
6.1.1 General
A]6" ='(Y+%"$U"R-$((F('R&Y$%("(T[d'R&'/"&$"(&-'(("Y%"$%'"W-Y%RYW*Z"/Y-'R&Y$%"
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.1(1) (1) Clause 6.1 applies to straight solid timber, glued laminated timber or LVL
A]6]6" 7'%'-*Z"
members of constant rectangular cross-section, whose grain runs essentially
parallel to the length of the member. The member is assumed to be subjected
V5W!8P(.Q,!365!(''P*,Q!)%!Q)&(*+T)!Q%P*-!)*/Y,&c!+P.,-!P(/*#(),-!)*/Y,&!%&![%%-MY(Q,-!Q)&.$).&(P!
to stresses in the direction of only one of its principal axes (see Figure 6.1).
'&%-.$)Q!%S!$%#Q)(#)!$&%QQMQ,$)*%#c![T%Q,!+&(*#!&.#Q!,QQ,#)*(PPZ!'(&(PP,P!)%!)T,!P,#+)T!%S!)T,!
/,/Y,&6!@T,!/,/Y,&!*Q!(QQ./,-!)%!Y,!Q.Yh,$),-!)%!Q)&,QQ,Q!*#!)T,!-*&,$)*%#!%S!%#PZ!%#,!%S!*)Q!
Figure 6.1 – Member axes
'&*#$*'(P!(d,Q!VQ,,!B*+.&,!365W6!
Key: _,Ze!
V5W!-*&,$)*%#!%S!+&(*#!
1 Direction of grain
,Y+T-'"A]6"a"@'X['-"9\'(
[T,&,e!
where:
'$%6%' # # *Q!)T,!-,Q*+#!),#Q*P,!Q)&,QQ!(P%#+!)T,!+&(*#k!
σ
t,0,d is the design tensile stress parallel to grain;
4$%6%'
# *Q!)T,!-,Q*+#!),#Q*P,!Q)&,#+)T!(P%#+!)T,!+&(*#6!
#
V5W:!@T,!,SS,$)!%S!/,/Y,&!Q*f,!QT(PP!Y,!)(g,#!*#)%!($$%.#)6!
6.1.3 Compression parallel to grain
A]6]B" #$XW-'((Y$%"W*-*ZZ'Z"&$"&V'"+-*Y%"
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.4(1) & (1) The following expressions shall be satisfied:
6.3.2(3)
V5W:!@T,!S%PP%[*#+!,d'&,QQ*%#!QT(PP!Y,!Q()*QS*,-e!
σ c,0,d ≤ k c,yf c,0,d (6.2)
' 0%6%' 0 4 0%6%' V361W!
σ c,0,d ≤ k c,zf c,0,d (6.3)
[T,&,e!
'0%6%' # *Q!)T,!-,Q*+#!$%/'&,QQ*R,!Q)&,QQ!(P%#+!)T,!+&(*#k!
#
40%6%'
# *Q!)T,!-,Q*+#!$%/'&,QQ*R,!Q)&,#+)T!(P%#+!)T,!+&(*#6!
#
<9@;e!=.P,Q!S%&!)T,!*#Q)(Y*P*)Z!%S!/,/Y,&Q!(&,!+*R,#!*#!36C6!
!V5W:!@T,!S%PP%[*#+!,d'&,QQ*%#!QT(PP!Y,!Q()*QS*,-e!
Section 6 Ultimate limit states
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
Source reference
where:
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.2(1) (2) The relative slenderness ratios should be taken as:
λy f c,0,k
λ rel,y = (6.4)
π E 0,05
λz f c,0,k
λ rel,z = (6.5)
π E 0,05
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.2(2) (3) Where λ rel,y ≤ 0,3, kc,y = 1 and where λ rel,z ≤ 0,3, kc,z = 1.
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.2(3) (4) Where λ rel,y > 0,3, kc,y should be calculated from expression 6.6.
Where λ rel,z > 0,3, kc,z should be calculated from expression 6.7.
1
k c,y = (6.6)
k y + k y2 − λ rel,y
2
1
k c,z = (6.7)
k z + k z2 − λ rel,z
2
with:
Fc,90,d
σ c,90,d = (6.11)
Aef
Source reference
where:
σ c,90,d is the design compressive stress in the effective contact area
perpendicular to grain;
Fc,90,d is the design compressive load perpendicular to grain;
Aef is the effective contact area in compression perpendicular to grain;
fc,90,d is the design compressive strength perpendicular to grain;
kc,90 is a factor taking into account the load configuration,
the possibility of splitting and the degree of compressive
deformation.
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.5(1) (2) The effective contact area perpendicular to grain, Aef, should be
determined taking an effective contact length parallel to grain 30 mm
greater than the actual contact length when the contact length is at the
end of a member or 60 mm greater than the contact length when all of the
contact length is more than 30 mm from the end of a member.
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.5(3) & (3) The values of kc,90 should be taken as:
6.1.5(4)
kc,90 = 1,25 for solid timber and LVL
kc,90 = 1,5 for glued laminated timber
6.1.5 Bending
where:
σ m,y,d is the design bending stress about the y-axis (see Figure 6.1);
fm,y,d is the design bending strength;
kcrit is a factor which takes into account reduced bending strength
due to lateral buckling.
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.3(5) (2) The factor kcrit may be taken as 1,0 for a beam where lateral
displacement of its compressive edge is prevented throughout its length
and where torsional rotation is prevented at its supports.
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.3(4) (3) For beams with an initial lateral deviation from straightness within the
limits defined in section 10, kcrit may be determined from expression (6.13):
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.3(2) (4) The relative slenderness for bending, krel,m should be taken as:
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.3(3) (5) For a beam with torsionally restrained supports but without compression
edge lateral restraints, the effective length, Lef, may be taken as the span of
This clause is intended
the beam. For a beam with torsionally restrained supports and with spaced
to be a simplification
compression edge lateral restraints, the effective length, Lef, may be taken
of the requirements of
as 1,35 times the maximum compression edge lateral restraint spacing.
Table 6.1 of EC 5-1-1.
where:
σ m,z,d is the design bending stress about the z-axis (see Figure 6.1);
fm,z,d is the design bending strength.
Source reference
6.1.6 Shear
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.7(1) (1) For the verification of shear resistance of members in bending, the
following expression shall be satisfied:
, Vd
15
τd = ≤ f v,d (6.16)
bef h
where:
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.7(2) (2) The effective width bef of the relevant section of the member is given as:
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA.2.5
bef = k cr b (6.17)
where:
6.1.7 Torsion
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.8(1) (1) The following expression shall be satisfied:
with:
h
1+ 0,05
k shape = min b (6.19)
13
,
where:
Source reference
6.2.1 General
15"6>>EF6F6G!;;B""""
+ 96G!;;H"I1J"
EC 5-1-1, 6.2.1(1) (1) Clause 6.2 applies to straight solid timber, glued laminated timber
or LVL members of constant rectangular cross-section, whose grain runs
A]!" essentially parallel to the length of the member. The member is assumed to
='(Y+%"$U"R-$((F('R&Y$%("(T[d'R&'/"&$"R$X[Y%'/"(&-'(('("
be subjected to stresses from combined actions or to stresses acting in the
A]!]6" 7'%'-*Z"
direction of two or three of its principal axes.
V5W:!8P(.Q,!361!(''P*,Q!)%!Q)&(*+T)!Q%P*-!)*/Y,&c!+P.,-!P(/*#(),-!)*/Y,&!%&![%%-MY(Q,-!Q)&.$).&(P!
'&%-.$)Q!%S!$%#Q)(#)!$&%QQMQ,$)*%#c![T%Q,!+&(*#!&.#Q!,QQ,#)*(PPZ!'(&(PP,P!)%!)T,!P,#+)T!%S!)T,!
6.2.2 Compression stresses at an angle to grain
/,/Y,&6!@T,!/,/Y,&!*Q!(QQ./,-!)%!Y,!Q.Yh,$),-!)%!Q)&,QQ,Q!S&%/!$%/Y*#,-!($)*%#Q!%&!)%!
Q)&,QQ,Q!($)*#+!*#!)[%!%&!)T&,,!%S!*)Q!'&*#$*'(P!(d,Q6!
EC 5-1-1, 6.2.2(2) (1) The compressive stresses at an angle α to grain (see Figure 6.2), should
A]!]!" #$XW-'((Y$%"(&-'(('("*&"*%"*%+Z'"&$"&V'"+-*Y%"
satisfy the following expression:
V5W:!"#),&($)*%#!%S!$%/'&,QQ*R,!Q)&,QQ,Q!*#!)[%!%&!/%&,!-*&,$)*%#Q!QT(PP!Y,!)(g,#!*#)%!($$%.#)6!
f c,0,d
σ c,α ,d ≤
f c,0,d
V1W!@T,!$%/'&,QQ*R,!Q)&,QQ,Q!()!(#!(#+P,! (6.20)
!!)%!)T,!+&(*#c!VQ,,!B*+.&,!364Wc!QT%.P-!Q()*QSZ!)T,!
S%PP%[*#+!,d'&,QQ*%#e!k
sin 2α + cos 2α
c,90f c,90,d
4 0%6%'
' 0%!%' 0 ! V3653W
where:
4 0%6%'
Q*# ! / $%Q !
1 1
70%>6 4 0%>6%'
σ c,α,d is the design compressive stress at an angle α to grain;
[T,&,e! fc,0,d is the design compressive strength parallel to grain;
'0%!%'
# # *Q!)T,!$%/'&,QQ*R,!Q)&,QQ!()!(#!(#+P,! ! )%!)T,!+&(*#k!
fc,90,d is the design compressive strength perpendicular to grain;
70%>6
# # kc,90 is a factor given in 6.1.4(3).
*Q!(!S($)%&!+*R,#!*#!3656J!)(g*#+!*#)%!($$%.#)!)T,!,SS,$)!%S!(#Z!%S!Q)&,QQ,Q!',&',#-*$.P(&
)%!)T,!+&(*#6!
Figure 6.2 – Compressive stresses at an angle to the grain
,Y+T-'"A]K"a"#$XW-'((Y^'"(&-'(('("*&"*%"*%+Z'"&$"&V'"+-*Y%"
6.2.3 Bi-axial bending
A]!]?" #$X[Y%'/"['%/Y%+"*%/"*\Y*Z"&'%(Y$%
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.6(1) (1) The following expressions shall be satisfied:
V5W:!@T,!S%PP%[*#+!,d'&,QQ*%#Q!QT(PP!Y,!Q()*QS*,-e!
σ m,y,d σ m,z,d
+ km ≤1 (6.21)
' $%6%' ' (%8%'fm,y,d ' (%;%'fm,z,d
/ / 7( 0 5! V3654W
4 4 4
$%6%'
σ m,y,d (%;%'σ m,z,d
(%8%'
km + ≤1 (6.22)
' $%6%' fm,y,d' fm,z,d
' (%8%'
/ 7( / (%;%' 0 5! V365XW
4 4 4
$%6%' (%8%' (%;%'
V1W!@T,!R(P.,Q!%S!7(!+*R,#!*#!36563!(''PZ6!!
# #
A]!]B" #$X[Y%'/"['%/Y%+"*%/"*\Y*Z"R$XW-'((Y$%"
Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures 33
V5W:!@T,!S%PP%[*#+!,d'&,QQ*%#Q!QT(PP!Y,!Q()*QS*,-e!
Section 6 Ultimate limit states
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
Source reference
where:
σ m,y,d and σ m,z,d are the design bending stresses about the principal
axes shown in Figure 6.1;
fm,y,d and fm,z,d are the corresponding design bending strengths;
km is a factor to make allowance for re-distribution of stresses and the
effect of inhomogeneities of the material in a cross-section.
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.6(2) (2) The value of the factor km should be taken as follows:
km = 0,7 for rectangular sections of solid timber, glued laminated timber
and LVL
σ m,y,d σ t,0,d
+ ≤1 (6.23)
fm,y,d f t,0,d
2
σ m,y,d σ t,0,d
− ≤1 (6.24)
k critfm,y,d f t,0,d
where:
σ c,0,d σ m,y,d
+ km ≤1 (6.26)
k c,zf c,0,d fm,y,d
2
σ c,0,d σ m,y,d
+ ≤1 (6.27)
k c,zf c,0,d k critfm,y,d
Source reference
where:
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.2(3) (3) The values of kc,y and kc,z in 6.1.3 apply.
where:
σ m,z,d is the design bending stress about the z axis (see Figure 6.1);
fm,z,d is the corresponding design bending strength.
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.2(3) (3) The values of kc,y and kc,z in 6.1.3 apply.
Source reference
, Vd
15
τd = ≤ k vf v,d (6.32)
bef hef
where:
τ d is the design shear stress;
fv,d is the design shear strength;
Vd is the design shear force;
bef is the effective width of the relevant section of the member taking
into account the influence of cracks, see 6.1.6(2);
kv is a reduction factor to account for the effect of the notch.
Expression (6.34) –– For beams notched at the opposite side to the support (see Figure 6.3a)
reduces EC 5-1-1
expression (6.62) k v = 10
, (6.33)
to only cater for –– For beams notched on the same side as the support (see Figure 6.3b)
square‑cut notches.
10
,
kn
k v = min (6.34)
0,55 h 1+ x
α h
n
where:
h is the depth of the beam in mm;
x is the distance from the line of action of the support reaction to
the corner of the notch in mm;
hef
αn = (6.35)
h
Source reference
–– The axis of the hole runs parallel to the width of the beam.
–– dhole ≤ 0,4h
–– The hole centre is assumed to be equidistant from the top and bottom
edges of the beam, except holes smaller than 0,4h in diameter may be
located such that their hole centre is not equidistant from the top and
bottom edges of the beam provided that no part of the hole is located
within 0,3h of the top or bottom edge of the beam. For these holes the
diameter to be used with expression (6.38) is to be twice the maximum
distance of the edge of the hole from the beam centreline.
–– The distance from the hole centre to the end of the beam is the
minimum of 6dhole or h.
Source reference
where:
σ t,90,d is the design tensile stress perpendicular to the grain at the
hole location;
ft,90,d is the design tensile strength perpendicular to grain.
PD 6693-1 (3) The design tensile stress perpendicular to the grain at the hole
location, σ t,90,d should be calculated as follows:
σ t,90,d =
(1,8Vhole,d d hole ) + (0,07M hole,d ) (6.38)
bh 2
where:
Vhole,d is the design shear force acting on the beam at the hole centre,
in N;
Mhole,d is the design moment acting on the beam at the hole centre,
in Nmm;
b, h and dhole are in mm.
PD 6693-1 (4) The verification of the bending strength of a beam which contains a
hole should be based on the properties of the residual cross-section at the
hole position.
Source reference
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA.2.6 (2) The serviceability criteria should be specified for each project and
agreed with the client. The values in Table 7.1, which take into account
creep deformations, are given for guidance.
Source reference
NA to EC 5-1-1, (2) For a joist or beam supporting a uniformly distributed load and/or point
NA.2.7.2 loads, the fundamental frequency f1 may be calculated as:
Expression (7.2) is
50π ( El ) joist
presented in units f1 =
2 2P πa (7.2)
of N and mm unlike w t s j + ∑ i sin 2 i
the equivalent i≥ 1
expression 7.5
in EC 5-1-1 and with:
also stipulates a 0,75
minimum value for w t = max (7.3)
weight of 0.75 kN/m2. w
where:
Table 7.2 – Limit for the deflection of the floor under a 1 kN
point load a
Parameter Limit
Source reference
where:
kdist = proportion of point load acting on a single joist;
ℓeq = equivalent floor span in mm;
kamp = amplification factor to account for shear deflections in the case
of solid timber and glued thin-webbed joists or slip joint in the
case of mechanically jointed floor trusses;
(EI)joist = bending stiffness of a joist in Nmm² (calculated using Emean).
Source reference
8.1.1.1 General
No equivalent clause (1) Clause 8.1 applies to round nails, screws and bolts.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.2(1) (3) A plain shank nail is a nail that has a constant cross-section of diameter d
along its length and should have a pointside penetration of at least 8d.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.2(2) (4) A threaded nail is a nail that has its shank profiled or threaded over
part of its length of minimum 6d. The diameter d is the cross-sectional
diameter of the unprofiled part of the nail. For threaded nails the pointside
penetration of the threaded part should be at least 6d.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.1(2) & (5) Timber should be pre-drilled when:
8.3.1.2(6)
–– the characteristic density of the timber is greater than 500 kg/m3;
This clause attempts to –– a nail of diameter d greater than 3,5 mm is inserted into a timber
implement EC 5-1-1, member of thickness less than 7d.
8.3.1.2(6) as widely as
possible but without
precluding established
UK building practice
such as for trussed
rafter bracing.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.1(9) (6) A nailed connection should comprise at least two nails.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.1(10) (7) Requirements for structural detailing and control are given in 10.4.2.
Source reference
8.1.1.3 Screws
No equivalent clause (1) Screws should be in accordance with BS EN 14592 and may be:
No equivalent clause (2) The nominal diameter of a screw declared in accordance with
BS EN 14592 is the outer thread diameter.
No equivalent clause (3) The nominal diameter of the screw may not be less than 2,4 mm and
but sets the same may not be greater than 12 mm.
minimum screw
diameter as EN 14592
No equivalent clause (4) The diameter d to be used for the calculation of spacings and edge/end
distances (see 8.1.3), joint slip (see 8.1.4) and characteristic withdrawal
strength of screws (see 8.1.5.3) is the nominal (outer thread) diameter.
No equivalent clause (5) The diameter d to be used for the calculation of characteristic lateral
load-carrying capacity, including for embedment strength and yield moment,
of screws (see 8.1.2) is 0.75 times the nominal (outer thread) diameter.
EC 5-1-1, 8.7.2(3) (6) Screws should have a pointside penetration of at least 6d.
EC 5-1-1, 8.7.1(6) (7) Requirements for structural detailing and control are given in 10.4.3.
8.1.1.4 Bolts
No equivalent clause (1) A bolt is a cylindrical metal fastener containing an integral head at one
end and a threaded portion to receive a nut at the other end and should be
in accordance with BS EN 14592.
No equivalent (2) The diameter, d, of the bolt may not be less than 6 mm and may not be
clause but sets the greater than 30 mm.
same bolt diameter
range as EN 14592
EC 5-1-1, 8.5.1.1(5) (3) Requirements for structural detailing and control (including for washers)
are given in 10.4.4.
Source reference
where:
where:
Source reference
κ η
≥ 1,0 10
,
0,55
Min t2
0, 44 β
t1
< 0,1 κβ
(
2,55 − 5κ ) 1+ β
Min
κ + 0, 4β t 2
t
1
NOTE The design lateral load-carrying capacity for the fastener should be
calculated from the characteristic lateral load-carrying capacity according to 2.3.3.
EC 5-1-1, 8.2.2(1) (2) For fasteners of diameter d in double shear the characteristic lateral load-
carrying capacity per shear plane per fastener, Fv,Rk, should be taken as:
with:
M y,Rk
κ = (8.5)
fh,1,k dt 12
where:
icensed Copy: Mr. MIKE RUMBLE, British Standards Institution, 22/10/2010 15:02, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Section 8 Connections with metal fasteners and connectors
15"6>>EF6F6G!;;B""""
! 96G!;;H"I1J"
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
Source reference
,Y+T-'"H]B"a"='UY%Y&Y$%("$U
Table 8.2 – Values of η 1factor
6"*%/"1!for
"I*J"(Y%+Z'"(V'*-"R$%%'R&Y$%c"I[J"/$T[Z'"(V'*-"
fasteners in double shear # # # #
R$%%'R&Y$%"
κ η
V3W!B%&!#(*PQ [*)T!-*(/,),&Q!+&,(),&!)T(#!X!//!)T,!$T(&($),&*Q)*$!,/Y,-/,#)!Q)&,#+)T!R(P.,Q!S%&!
≥ 0,05
Y%P)Q!($$%&-*#+!)%!X6J65!(''PZ6! ,
10
t
V4W!"#!(!)T&,,M/,/Y,&!$%##,$)*%#c!#(*PQ /(Z!%R,&P('!*#!)T,!$,#)&(P!/,/Y,&!'&%R*-,-!V>!M!>1W!*Q!
min 0,5β 2
# #
+&,(),&!)T(#!E3 VQ,,!B*+.&,!X6JW6!!
t 1
0,93β 0,25κ 0,33
< 0,05 κβ
2,3
(1+ β )
NOTE The design lateral load-carrying capacity for the fastener should be
calculated from the characteristic lateral load-carrying capacity according to 2.3.3.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.2(4) (3) For threaded nails or screws in end grain, the characteristic values of
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA.2.8 lateral load-carrying capacity should be taken as 1⁄3 of the values for the
same fastener installed at right angles to the grain provided that:
krope =21,10
VXW B%&!%#,!&%[!%S! for round)T,!+&(*#c!.#P,QQ!)T,!#(*PQ!%S!)T()!&%[!(&,!Q)(++,&,-!
!#(*PQ!'(&(PP,P!)% nails whose pointside penetration ≥ 8d;
krope = 1,20 for screws
',&',#-*$.P(&!)%!+&(*#!YZ!()!P,(Q)!5 whose pointside penetration ≥ 6d;
8!VQ,,!S*+.&,!X63Wc!)T,!P%(-M$(&&Z*#+!$('($*)Z!'(&(PP,P!)% )T,!
+&(*#!VQ,,!X6561VEWW!QT%.P- Y,!$(P$.P(),- .Q*#+!)T,!,SS,$)*R,!#./Y,& %S!S(Q),#,&Q!9
k = 1,20 for bolts with washers in accordance with section 10. !"c![T,&,e!
# #
rope
9!" 5C5 9 7!" VX654W
Otherwise krope should be taken as 1,0.
[T,&,e!
9!"
# # *Q!)T,!,SS,$)*R,!#./Y,&!%S!#(*PQ!*# )T,!&%[k
A?
Section 8 Connections with metal fasteners and connectors
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.1(4) & (5) For dowel-type fasteners, unless the characteristic yield moment,
8.5.1.1(1) My,Rk has been determined and declared in accordance with BS EN 409 and
BS EN 14592, the following values for characteristic yield moment should
be used:
where:
No equivalent clause (6) For round nails produced from wire with a minimum tensile strength of
600 N/mm2 and for screws whose nominal diameter ≤ 8 mm, fu,k should be
taken as 600 N/mm2.
No equivalent clause (7) For bolts and for screws whose nominal diameter > 8 mm, fu,k should
be taken as 400 N/mm2.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.1(5) & (8) For wood-based materials the characteristic embedment strengths, fh,k,
8.3.1.3(3) & in N/mm2, are given in Table 8.3,
8.5.1.1(2) &
where:
8.5.1.2(1) & 8.5.1.2(2)
d is the diameter of the dowel-type fastener (for screws
see 8.1.1.3(5)), in mm;
t is the thickness of the OSB or particleboard, in mm;
ρ k is the characteristic density of the timber or wood-based material,
in kg/m3;
k90 is the embedment strength modification factor for all angles to
grain other than 0°.
48
Table 8.3 – Characteristic embedment strengths, fh,k, for wood‑based materials
Solid timber, glued laminated timber or LVL at Plywood at all OSB or particle
following angle to grain: angles to face board at all
grain angles to face
0° α° grain
Diameter d < 8 mm, inserted without pre-drilling 0,082 ρ k d -0,3 0,082 ρ k d -0,3 0,11 ρ k d -0,3 65 d -0,7 t 0,1
Diameter d < 6 mm, inserted in pre-drilled holes 0,082(1 – 0,01d)ρ k 0,082(1 – 0,01d)ρ k 0,11 ρ k d -0,3 65 d -0,7 t 0,1
Diameter d ≥ 6 mm, inserted in pre-drilled holes 0,082(1 – 0,01d)ρ k 0,082(1 – 0,01d)ρ k 0,11(1 –0,01d)ρ k 50 d -0,6 t 0,2
k90 sin2α + cos2α
Section 8 Connections with metal fasteners and connectors
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.5.1.1(2) (9) The embedment strength modification factor for all angles to grain
other than 0°, k90, should be taken as:
No equivalent clause (10) The characteristic density, ρ k, for LVL should be taken as:
ρ
ρ k = min k (8.9)
500
EC 5-1-1, 8.2.3(3) (2) The characteristic load-carrying capacity per shear plane per
fastener, Fv,Rk, should be taken as the minimum value found from the
No advantage taken in
following expressions:
Johansen equations of
thick steel plates. –– For a steel plate in a single shear connection:
0, 4fh,1,kt 1d
F v,Rk = min (8.10)
, k rope M y,Rkfh,1,k d
163
–– For a steel plate as the central member of a double shear connection:
f td
h,1,k 1
4M y,Rk
F v,Rk = min k ropefh,1,kt 1d 2 + − 1 (8.11)
fh,1,kt 12d
2,3k rope M y,Rkfh,1,k d
–– For steel plates as outer members of a double shear connection:
0,5fh,2,kt 2d
F v,Rk = min (8.12)
, k rope M y,Rkfh,2,k d
163
where:
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.1.2(4) (2) For one row of fasteners located in the parallel to grain direction, the
effective load-carrying capacity parallel to grain for the row of fasteners
should be taken as:
where:
Fv,ef,Rk is the effective characteristic load-carrying capacity for one row
of fasteners parallel to grain;
nef is the effective number of fasteners in line parallel to grain;
Fv,Rk is the characteristic load-carrying capacity of each fastener
parallel to grain.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.1(8) (3) For dowel-type fasteners of diameter d less than 6 mm, for one row of
fasteners parallel to grain, the load-carrying capacity parallel to grain should
be calculated using the effective number of fasteners nef where:
n
n ef = min (8.14)
( a1 14d )
n
Source reference
where:
EC 5-1-1, 8.5.1.1(4) (4) For dowel-type fasteners of diameter d greater than or equal to
6 mm, for one row of fasteners parallel to grain, the load-carrying capacity
parallel to grain should be calculated using the effective number of
fasteners nef where:
n
n ef = min 0,9 a 0.25 (8.15)
1
n
13d
where:
where:
Fv,ef,Rk is the effective characteristic load-carrying capacity for one row
of fasteners perpendicular to grain;
n is the number of fasteners in line perpendicular to grain;
Fv,Rk is the characteristic load-carrying capacity of each fastener
perpendicular to grain.
EC 5-1-1, 8.1.4(1) (2) When a force in a connection acts at an angle to the grain, (see
Figure 8.2), the possibility of splitting caused by the tension force component,
FEd sin α , perpendicular to the grain, shall be taken into account.
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.1.4(2) (3) To take account of the possibility of splitting caused by the tension
force component, FEd sin α , perpendicular to the grain, the following shall
be satisfied:
with
F v,Ed,1
F v,Ed = max (8.18)
F v,Ed,2
where:
EC 5-1-1, 8.1.4(3) (4) For softwoods, the characteristic splitting capacity for the arrangement
shown in Figure 8.2 should be taken as:
he
F90,Rk = 14b
he (8.19)
1 − h
where:
15"6>>EF6F6G!;;B""""
+ 96G!;;H"I1J"
fastener, in mm;
h is the member depth, in mm.
(a) (b)
,Y+T-'"H]6"a"3%RZY%'/"U$-R'"&-*%(XY&&'/"[`"*"R$%%'R&Y$%"
H]6]E" 9Z&'-%*&Y%+"R$%%'R&Y$%"U$-R'("
V5W:!@T,!$T(&($),&*Q)*$!P%(-M$(&&Z*#+!$('($*)Z!%S!(!$%##,$)*%#!QT(PP!Y,!&,-.$,-!*S!)T,!$%##,$)*%#!
*Q!Q.Yh,$)!)%!(P),&#()*#+!*#),&#(P!S%&$,Q!-.,!)%!P%#+M),&/!%&!/,-*./M),&/!($)*%#Q6
V1W@T,!,SS,$)!%#!$%##,$)*%#!Q)&,#+)T!%S!P%#+M),&/!%&!/,-*./M),&/!($)*%#Q!(P),&#()*#+!Y,)[,,#!(!
),#Q*P,!-,Q*+#!S%&$,!$$%,' (#-!(!$%/'&,QQ*R,!-,Q*+#!S%&$,!$0%,' QT%.P-!Y,!)(g,#!*#)%!($$%.#)!YZ!
# # # #
H]!]6" 7'%'-*Z"
Section 8 Connections with metal fasteners and connectors
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.2(5) & (2) Minimum spacings and edge and end distances for fasteners in solid
8.5.1.1(3) timber, glued laminated timber and LVL are given in Table 8.4, where:
Fastener spacings, a1 is the spacing of fasteners within one row parallel to grain;
edge and end distances a2 is the spacing of fasteners within one row perpendicular to grain;
only given parallel and a3,t is the distance between fastener and loaded end;
perpendicular to grain a3,c is the distance between fastener and unloaded end;
and values slanted a4,t is the distance between fastener and loaded edge;
slightly towards existing
a4,c is the distance between fastener and unloaded edge.
UK practice.
Table 8.4 – Minimum spacings and edge and end distances
for fasteners
Spacing a1 15d 5d
(parallel to grain)
Spacing a2 7d 4d
(perpend. to grain)
Distance a4,c 5d 3d
(unloaded edge)
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.2(5) & (5) Fastener patterns may be staggered as shown in Figure 8.3a or as
8.3.1.1(8) shown in Figure 8.3b for fastener diameters less than 6 mm.
(a)
(b)
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 7.1(2) (2) If the mean densities ρ m,1 and ρ m,2 of the two jointed wood-based
members are different then ρ m in the expressions of Table 8.5 should be
taken as:
8.1.5.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(2) (1) For threaded nails and screws, only the threaded part should be
considered capable of transmitting axial load.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(3) (2) Fasteners in end grain should be considered incapable of transmitting
axial load.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(8) (3) For structural timber which is installed at or near fibre saturation point,
and which is likely to dry out under load, the characteristic withdrawal
capacities of fasteners should be multiplied by 2⁄3.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(9) (4) The spacings, end and edge distances for laterally loaded fasteners in
Table 8.4 apply to axially loaded fasteners.
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(4), (2) The characteristic withdrawal capacity of nails, Fax,Rk, for nailing
expression 8.23 perpendicular to the grain should be taken from the following expression:
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(6), (3) For plain shank nails with a pointside penetration of at least 12d, the
expression 8.25 characteristic withdrawal strength fax,k should be taken from the following
expression:
No equivalent clause (4) For threaded nails, unless the characteristic withdrawal strength fax,k
has been determined and declared in accordance with BS EN 1382 and
BS EN 14592, the following value may be used:
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(6), (5) For nails satisfying the geometrical requirements of BS EN 14592, unless
expression 8.26 the characteristic head pull-through strength fhead,k has been determined and
declared in accordance with BS EN 1383 and BS EN 14592, the following
value may be used:
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.7.2(4) (2) The characteristic withdrawal capacity of the threaded part of a screw,
Fax,Rk, when inserted perpendicular to the grain should be taken from the
Expression 8.38
following expression:
simplified for
screws perpendicular Fax,Rk = kd fax,k d ℓthr (8.25)
to grain only.
where:
where:
d
k d = min 8 (8.27)
1
kd = 1,0 (8.29)
EC 5-1-1, 8.7.2(6), (5) The characteristic head pull-through resistance, Fax,Rk, of an axially
expression 8.40b loaded screw should be taken as:
where:
Source reference
–– d ≤ 12 mm;
–– dh/d ≤ 2.5.
0.8
p
fhead,k = 12 k (8.31)
350
EC 5-1-1, 8.5.2(2) (2) The bearing capacity of a washer should be calculated assuming a
characteristic compressive strength on the contact area of 3,0fc,90,k.
EC 5-1-1, 8.5.2(3) (3) The bearing capacity per bolt of a steel plate should not exceed that of
a circular washer with a diameter which is the minimum of:
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(2) (2) The minimum thickness of outer timber members should be 2,25hemb,
and of inner timber member should be 3,75hemb, where hemb is the
embedment depth, see Figure 8.4.
No equivalent clause (3) Requirements for structural detailing and control are given in 10.4.5.
Source reference
F v,0,Rk
F v,α ,Rk = (8.32)
k 90 sin 2 α + cos 2 α
with:
where:
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(1) (2) The characteristic load-carrying capacity parallel to grain, Fv,0,Rk, per
connector per shear plane should be taken as:
F v,0,Rk
k k k k 35d 15
1 2 3 4
= min
(c
,
) (8.34)
k1k 3hemb 315(
, dc )
where:
1
t1
k1 = min 3hemb (8.35)
t
2
5hemb
where:
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(4)
Requirement simplified
to not be a function of
number of shear planes.
(4) The factor k2 applies to a loaded end (–30° ≤ α ≤ 30°) and should be
taken as:
10
,
k 2 = min a3,t (8.36)
2d
c
where:
a3,t is the distance from the connector centre-line to the loaded end of
the timber.
175
,
k 3 = min ρ k (8.37)
350
where:
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(6) (6) The factor k4, which depends on the materials being connected, should
be taken as:
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(9) (2) Minimum spacings and edge and end distances for connectors in solid
timber and glued laminated timber are given in Table 8.6, where:
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(10) (3) When the connectors are staggered (see Figure 8.5), the minimum
spacings parallel and perpendicular to grain should comply with the
following expression:
0 ≤ k a1 ≤ 1
with
0 ≤ k a2 ≤ 1
where:
Licensed Copy: Mr. MIKE RUMBLE, British Standards Institution, 22/10/2010 15:02, Uncontro
15 V'(&(PP,P!)%!+&(*#W
# # 2j!" ! "!C32j !V5c1!q!2cX#$%Q!!#W 30 # #$
j! j
11 V',&',#-*$.P(&!)%! 2 " ! "!C32 ! # # 5c1!30 # #$
+&(*#W
Section 8 Connections with metal fasteners and connectors
ML2j!" ! "!L2j!
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
j! !j!
1Cc$ V.#P%(-,-!,#-W
# # L2 " !!u!5J2 V2cE!q!5c3#Q*#!!#W 30 # #$
j! j
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(12) (4) For a row of connectors parallel152 " ! "!142
to grain, the load-carrying !#W 30
capacity
V2cE!q!5c3#Q*#! # #$
j! 2j
parallel 1toEc)!grain
# VP%(-,-!,-+,W!
# " ! "!5X2
should be calculated2 using number of !#W 30
an effective V2c3!q!2c1#Q*#! # #$
j! 2j
1Ec$ Vn.#P%(-,-!,-+,W!
connectors #
,Y+T-'"H]6?"a"8'/TR'/"/Y(&*%R'("U$-"R$%%'R&$-(""
8.2.4 Joint slip of connectors
V55W!@T,!Q'($*#+!'(&(PP,P!)%!+&(*#c!7)? 1? /(Z!S.&)T,&!Y,!&,-.$,-!YZ!/.P)*'P*$()*%#!YZ!(!S($)%&!72%3!'c!
EC 5-1-1, 7.1(1) (1) 72%3!' joints made with connectors the slip modulus Kser per shear plane
For "!5c2c!'&%R*-,-!)T()!)T,!P%(-M$(&&Z*#+!$('($*)Z!*Q!/.P)*'P*,-!YZ!(!S($)%&!
# # # # # # # #
[*)T!2cJ!" # #
per connector under service load should be taken from Table 8.7 where:
7.%3!' , 2c1 / 2cX 72%3!' !VX642W!
3
m ρ is the mean density of timber or glued laminated timber in kg/m ;
V51W B%&!(!&%[!%S!$%##,$)%&Q!'(&(PP,P!)%!)T,!+&(*#!c!)T,!P%(-M$(&&Z*#+!$('($*)Z!*#!)T()!-*&,$)*%#!
d c is the diameter of connector in mm.
QT%.P-!Y,!$(P$.P(),-!.Q*#+!)T,!,SS,$)*R,!#./Y,&!%S!$%##,$)%&Q!9 !"![T,&,e # #
H?
Source reference
No equivalent clause (2) The design bending strength of a glued thin-webbed beam should be
calculated using the γ M and kmod values of the glued thin-webbed beam’s
flange material.
No equivalent clause (3) The design shear strength of a glued thin-webbed beam should be
calculated using the γ M and kmod values of the glued thin-webbed beam’s
web material.
No equivalent clause (4) Unless notified otherwise in the product’s European Technical Approval,
the design bearing strength of a glued thin-webbed beam should be
calculated using the γ M and kmod values of the glued thin-webbed beam’s
web material.
No equivalent clause (5) The bending component of a glued thin-webbed beam’s final deflection
should be calculated using the kdef values of the glued thin-webbed beam’s
flange material.
No equivalent clause (6) The shear component of a glued thin-webbed beam’s final deflection
should be calculated using the kdef values of the glued thin-webbed beam’s
web material.
9.2 Trusses
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.1(2) (1) For members in compression, the effective column length for in-plane
strength verification should generally be taken as the distance between two
adjacent points of contraflexure.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.1(6) (2) A check shall be made that the lateral (out-of-plane) stability of the
truss members is adequate.
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.1(8) (3) All joints should be capable of transferring a force Ft,d acting in any
direction within the plane of the truss. Ft,d should be assumed to be of
short-term duration, and acting on timber in service class 2, with the value:
where:
9.3.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.3.1(1) (1) This section relates to simply supported diaphragms, such as floors or
roofs, assembled from sheets of wood-based material fixed by mechanical
fasteners to a timber frame.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.3.1(2) (2) The load-carrying capacity of fasteners at sheet edges may be increased
by a factor of 1,2 over the values given in Section 8.
–– the span ℓd lies between 2bd and 6bd, where bd is the diaphragm width;
–– the critical ultimate design condition is failure in the fasteners (not in
the panels);
–– the panels are fixed in accordance with the detailing rules in 10.8.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.3.2(2) (2) Unless a more detailed analysis is made, the edge beams should be
designed to resist the maximum bending moment in the diaphragm.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.3.2(3) (3) The shear forces in the diaphragm should be assumed to be uniformly
distributed over the width of the diaphragm.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.3.2(4) (4) When the sheets are staggered, (see Figure 9.1), the nail spacings along
the discontinuous panel edges may be increased by a factor of 1,5 (up to a
maximum of 150 mm) without reduction of the load-carrying capacity.
Source reference
Key:
1 Edge beam
2 Discontinuous edges
3 Panel arrangements.
9.4.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.4.1(1) (1) Wall diaphragms shall be designed to resist both horizontal and vertical
actions imposed upon them.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.4.1(2) (2) The wall shall be adequately restrained to avoid overturning and sliding.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.4.1(3) (3) Wall diaphragms providing resistance to racking shall be stiffened
in‑plane by wood-based panels, diagonal bracing or moment connections.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.4.1(4) (4) The racking resistance of a wall shall be determined either by test
according to BS EN 594 or by calculations, employing appropriate analytical
methods or design models.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.4.1(5) (5) The design of wall diaphragms shall take account of both the material
construction and geometric make-up of the wall under consideration.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.4.1(6) (6) The response of wall diaphragms to actions shall be assessed to ensure
the construction remains within appropriate serviceability limits.
No equivalent clause (7) For wall diaphragms whose racking resistance is provided by wood-
based sheathing mechanically fixed to a timber-frame, a simplified method
of calculation is given in 9.4.2.
Source reference
9.4.2.1 General
(1) This section gives a simplified method of analysis for wall diaphragms
of timber-framed buildings consisting of timber framing connected on
one or both faces to a wood-based sheathing. The method applies to wall
diaphragms that are connected to the underlying timber construction or
foundations either by holding-down straps or by bottom rail connections.
(2) The specification for the connection between horizontal rails and studs
is to comprise a minimum of two ring-shanked nails of diameter ≥ 3.1 mm
and having a penetration into the stud ≥ 45 mm.
9.4.2.2.2 Sheathing
(1) The sheathing should be a wood-based panel product in accordance
with 3.6.
where:
68
Figure 9.3 – Division of wall diaphragm into wall panels
Section 9 Components and assemblies
Source reference
(2) The fasteners fixing the sheathing to the framing should be equally
spaced around the perimeter of each sheathing sheet at a maximum
spacing of 150 mm. Fasteners fixing the sheathing to the framing within
the perimeter of a sheathing sheet should be equally spaced at not more
than twice the perimeter fastener spacing.
–– The height of the opening is greater than 0,65 times the wall diaphragm
height.
–– The height to the underside of the opening is less than 0,25 times the
wall diaphragm height.
–– The length of the opening is greater than 2,0 times the height of the
opening.
–– The opening does not exceed 300 mm in both length and height if the
opening is fully framed;
–– The opening does not exceed 150 mm in both length and height or
200 mm in diameter if the opening is unframed;
–– The edge distance from the opening to any edge of a sheathing sheet is
at least the maximum dimension of the opening;
–– Only one such opening is allowed in a sheathing sheet and the spacing
between such openings must be at least 1200 mm.
(5) No more than two sheathing sheets of length less than 600 mm should
be used consecutively along the length of wall diaphragm.
Source reference
–– Each full height sheathing sheet either side of the window opening has
a minimum length of 0,25 times the width of the window opening or
one‑eighth of the wall height, whichever is the larger. Alternatively there
is a full width sheathing sheet (nominally 1200mm) within a distance
of one-eighth of the wall height from the vertical edge of the window
opening;
–– The connection between the edge stud of the panel below the window
opening and the cripple stud immediately adjacent to the window
opening should have a design shear capacity per unit length no less than
fp,d,t (see 9.4.2.6.2(2)).
γG,sup = 1,35
γG,inf = 1,00
Source reference
(3) At each floor level the overturning resistance of each wall diaphragm
should be provided by ensuring that the design withdrawal capacity of its
bottom rail-to-floor connection, fw,d, see 9.4.2.6.2(5), can be mobilized by
the underlying construction (including at foundation level).
–– Return walls provided that the connection between the return wall
and the wall diaphragm is designed to transfer the additional passive
permanent load mobilized.
–– The weight of the underlying construction mobilized via holding-down
straps or tension fixings from the bottom rail of the wall diaphragm.
where:
Source reference
where:
(2) The total design shear capacity per unit length of perimeter sheathing
fasteners should be calculated as follows:
with:
where:
fp,d,1 is the design shear capacity per unit length of perimeter sheathing
fasteners of the first or only sheathing layer, calculated in
accordance with (4), in kN/m;
fp,d,2 is the design shear capacity per unit length of perimeter sheathing
fasteners of the second sheathing layer, calculated in accordance
with (4), in kN/m;
χ is the sheathing combination factor having the values in Table 9.1.
None 0
On opposite side of framing to first sheathing layer but having sheathing 0,75
sheets and fasteners of the same type, dimensions and spacing
On opposite side of framing to first sheathing layer but having sheathing 0,5
sheets and fasteners of differing type, dimensions or spacing
where:
Source reference
(4) The design shear capacity per unit length of the perimeter fasteners to
a sheathing sheet, fp,d, should be calculated from:
Ff,Rd 115
, + s n
fp,d = (9.8)
sn
where:
Ff,Rd is the design lateral capacity of an individual fastener, in kN;
sn is the sheathing perimeter fastener spacing, in m.
(5) The modification factor Ki,w should be calculated from:
1
0.5
K i,w = min H 2 2M d,stb,n (9.9)
1+ + − H
µ L µ fp,d,t L2
µL
with:
Md,stb,n = Md,stb – Md,dst,top (9.10)
μ = min[1, fw,d /fp,d,t ] (9.11)
where:
fw,d is the design withdrawal capacity of bottom rail-to-floor
connection per unit length, in kN/m;
NOTE A check should be made that fw,d does not exceed the permanent load
per unit length of the underlying construction. In particular if the permanent load
of the underlying wall storeys are being mobilized it should be ensured that the
withdrawal capacity fw,d can be achieved across all the horizontal interfaces present
in the floor constructions.
Md,stb is the design stabilising moment, in kNm, about the leeward
end of the wall diaphragm (see Figure 9.4) from design
permanent load (see note under 9.4.2.5(1)), reduced by any
vertical component of design wind load.
Md,dst,top is the design destabilising moment, in kNm, about the top of
the wall diaphragm from design wind load (see Figure 9.4).
(6) For a wall diaphragm comprising only of full height sheathing sheets in
accordance with 9.4.2.3(5) or containing only small openings in accordance
with 9.4.2.3(4), Kopening should be taken as 1,0.
(7) For a wall diaphragm with a fully framed window opening, or openings,
of dimensions within the limits given in 9.4.2.3(2) and meeting the
provisions of 9.4.2.3(6), Kopening should be taken as:
Kopening = 1 – 1.9p (9.12)
with:
phragm
Aggregate area of window openings in wall diap
p=
HL
Source reference
(8) Where the wall diaphragm is made up of more than one wall panel (see
Figure 9.3), the design shear capacity per unit length of the wall panel-to-
wall panel connection should be greater than or equal to fp,d,t.
(9) Unless a special analysis is made to check that the compressive force
at the leeward end of a wall diaphragm, Fc,d,leewd, does not cause either
buckling of the wall studs or excessive bearing stresses on the horizontal
framing members, the following condition should be observed:
with:
where:
NOTE For a wall diaphragm with a minimum of 2 studs within 0.1L of its leeward
end in a dwelling of 3 or less storeys, the check on compressive force at the
leeward end may be disregarded.
(10) Where a return wall is located at the leeward end of a wall diaphragm,
provided that the floor ring beam and connection between the wall
diaphragm and return wall are designed to transfer the load, up to 50 %
of the design compressive force at the leeward end of the wall diaphragm,
Fc,d,leewd, may be re-distributed to studs in the return wall a maximum of 1 m
from the wall diaphragm.
Net design stablizing moment (Md,stb,n) for calculation of design racking strength of wall
diaphragm 3 (see 9.4.2.6.2(5))
Md,stb,n = Md,stb – Md,dst,top
Figure 9.5 – Forces transmitted into underlying construction by bottom rail of wall diaphragm
Source reference
9.5 Bracing
9.5.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.1(1) (1) Structures which are not otherwise adequately stiff shall be braced to
prevent instability or excessive deflection.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.1(2) (2) The stress caused by geometrical and structural imperfections, and by
induced deflections (including the contribution of any joint slip) shall be
taken into account.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.2(2) (2) Each intermediate support should have a minimum spring stiffness C:
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA2.11
4N d BS EN 1995-1-1:2004+A1:2008
tandards Institution, 22/10/2010 15:02, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
C= (9.15)
15"6>>EF6F6G!;;B""""
+ 96G!;;H"I1J"
ab
where:
<9@;e!B%&!72c!Q,,!#%),!*#!L616J6CV5W!
Nd is the mean compressive force in the element;
# #
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.2(3)1 , (3) The design stabilizing force Fd,b at each support should be taken as:
'
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA2.114 7 S%&!Q%P*-!)*/Y,&
4 "%? Nd
$' , 9 Fd,b = for solid timber ! VL6CJW
4 ,' 60 S%&!+P.,-!P(/*#(),-!)*/Y,& (#-IAI
4 7"%@ (9.16)
: Nd
Fd,b = for glued laminated timber and LVL
100
[T,&,!7"%?!(#- 7"%@!(&,!/%-*S*$()*%#!S($)%&Q6!!
# # # #
ab
ab
,Y+T-'">]>"a"1\*XWZ'("$U"(Y%+Z'"X'X['-("Y%"R$XW-'((Y$%"[-*R'/"[` Z*&'-*Z"(TWW$-&(]"
-,),&/*#,-!*#!($$%&-(#$,![*)T!L616J61VCW
[T,&,e!!
+'
, , 5M 7
Section 9 Components and assemblies
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.2(4) (4) The design stabilizing force Fd,b for the compressive edge of a rectangular
beam should be determined in accordance with 9.5.2(3) where:
(
N d = 1− k crit ) Mhd (9.17)
The value of kcrit should be determined from 6.1.5.1(3) for the unbraced
beam, and Md is the maximum design moment acting on the beam of
depth h.
k np N d
qd = (9.18)
k f b
where:
1
k = min 15 (9.19)
b
Source reference
Key:
1 n members of truss system
2 Bracing
3 Deflection of truss system due to imperfections and second order effects
4 Stabilizing forces
5 External load on bracing
6 Reaction forces of bracing due to external loads
7 Reaction forces of truss system due to stabilizing forces
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.3(2) (2) The horizontal deflection of the bracing system due to force qd and any
other external load (e.g. wind) should not exceed ℓb/500.
Source reference
10.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 10.1(1) (1) The provisions given in this section are prerequisite requirements for the
design rules given in Concise Eurocode 5 to apply.
10.2 Materials
EC 5-1-1, 10.2(1) (1) The deviation from straightness measured midway between the supports
should, for columns and beams where lateral instability can occur, or
members in frames, be limited to 1⁄500 times the length of glued laminated
timber or LVL members and to 1⁄300 times the length of solid timber members.
For solid timber the limitations on bow in most strength grading rules are
inadequate for the selection of material for these members and particular
attention should therefore be paid to their straightness.
EC 5-1-1, 10.2(2) (2) Timber and wood-based components and structural elements should
not be unnecessarily exposed to climatic conditions more severe than those
expected in the finished structure.
EC 5-1-1, 10.2(3) (3) Before being used in construction, timber should be dried as near as
practicable to the moisture content appropriate to its climatic condition in
the completed structure.
EC 5-1-1, 10.3(2) (2) The adhesive manufacturer’s recommendations with respect to mixing,
environmental conditions for application and curing, moisture content of
members and all factors relevant to the proper use of the adhesive should
be followed.
EC 5-1-1, 10.3(3) (3) For adhesives which require a conditioning period after initial set,
before attaining full strength, the application of load to the joint should be
restricted for the necessary time.
Source reference
10.4.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.1(1) (1) Wane, splits, knots or other defects shall be limited in the region of
the connection such that the load-carrying capacity of the connection is
not reduced.
10.4.2 Nails
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.2(1) (1) Unless otherwise specified, nails should be driven in at right angles to
the grain and to such depth that the surfaces of the nail heads are flush
with the timber surface.
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.2(3) (2) The diameter of pre-drilled holes should not exceed 0,8d, where d is the
nail diameter.
10.4.3 Screws
No equivalent clause (1) For screws in softwoods with a nominal (outer thread) diameter less
than 8 mm, pre-drilling is not required. For all screws in hardwoods and for
screws in softwoods with a nominal (outer thread) diameter greater than
8 mm, pre-drilling is required.
10.4.4 Bolts
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.3(1) (1) Bolt holes in timber should have a diameter not more than 1 mm larger
than the bolt. Bolt holes in steel plates should have a diameter not more
than 2 mm or 0,1d (whichever is the lesser) larger than the bolt diameter d.
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.3(2) (2) Washers with a side length or a diameter of at least 3d and a thickness
of at least 0,3d should be used under the head and nut. Washers should
have a full bearing area.
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.3(3) (3) Bolts should be tightened so that the members fit closely, and they
should be re-tightened if necessary when the timber has reached equilibrium
moisture content to ensure that the load-carrying capacity and stiffness of
the structure is maintained.
10.4.5 Connectors
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.3(4) (1) The diameter requirements given in Table 10.1 apply to bolts used with
split-ring or shear plate connectors, where:
Source reference
Type of connector dc d d
EN 912 minimum maximum
mm mm mm
A1 – A6 ≤130 12 24
B — d1 – 1 d1
10.5 Assembly
EC 5-1-1, 10.5(1) (1) The structure should be assembled in such a way that over-stressing of
its members or connections is avoided. Members which are warped, split or
badly fitting at the joints should be replaced.
10.7 Control
EC 5-1-1, 10.7(1) (1) It is assumed that a control plan comprises:
Source reference
NOTE 2 All the information required for the use in service and the maintenance
of a structure is assumed to be made available to the person or authority who
undertakes responsibility for the finished structure.
maximum spacing
15"6>>EF6F6G!;;B"""" should be 300 mm.
+ 96G!;;H"I1J"
Figure 10.1 – Example of connection of panels not supported by a
joist or a rafter
_,Ze!
Key:
V5W!G()),#!QP(#)!#(*P,-!)%!h%*Q)!%&!&(S),&!
1 Batten slant nailed to joist or rafter
V1W!G()),#!
VCW!7T,()T*#+!#(*P,-!)%!Y()),#!
2 Batten
3 Sheathing nailed to batten
,Y+T-'"6;]6"a"1\*XWZ'"$U"R$%%'R&Y$%"$U"W*%'Z("%$&"(TWW$-&'/"[`"*"d$Y(&"$-"*"-*U&'-"""
6;]H]!" M*ZZ"/Y*WV-*+X("
V5W!@T,!Q*/'P*S*,-!/,)T%-Q!%S!(#(PZQ*Q!+*R,#!*#!L616E61!(#-!L616E6C!(QQ./,!)T()!'(#,P!S*d*#+Q!
T(R,!(!/(d*/./!S(Q),#,&!Q'($*#+!(P%#+!)T,!,-+,Q!%S!5J2!//!S%&!#(*PQc!(#-!122!//!S%&!
Q$&,[Q6!9#!*#),&#(P!Q).-Q!)T,!/(d*/./!Q'($*#+!QT%.P-!Y,!#%!/%&,!)T(#!)[*$,!)T,!Q'($*#+!
(P%#+!)T,!,-+,!%&!C22!//c![T*$T,R,&!*Q!)T,!P,QQ,&6!7,,!B*+.&,!52616
Source reference
Appendix A:
Characteristic strengths and moduli for
timber and wood-based materials
Strength Characteristic strength values (N/mm2) Moduli of elasticity (MOE) and shear Densities
class moduli (kN/mm2) (kg/m3)
Bending Tension Tension Compression Compression Shear Mean 5-tile Mean Mean Charact- Mean
fm,k parallel, perpend. parallel, perpend. fv,k MOE MOE MOE shear eristic density,
ft,0,k ft,90,k fc,0,k fc,90,k parallel, parallel, perpend. moduli, density, ρm
E0,mean E0,0.05 E90,mean Gmean ρk
TR26 28,3 17 0,4 22,5 2,6 4,0 11 7,4 0,37 0,69 370 450
85
Appendix A
Appendix A
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
Source reference
Table A.3 – Characteristic values for strength classes of glued laminated timber
Strength Characteristic strength values (N/mm2) Moduli of elasticity (MOE) and shear Densities
class moduli (kN/mm2) (kg/m3)
Bending Tension Tension Compression Compression Shear Mean 5-tile Mean Mean Charact- Mean
fm,k parallel, perpend., parallel, perpend., fv,k MOE MOE MOE shear eristic density,
ft,0,k ft,90,k fc,0,k fc,90,k parallel, parallel, perpend., moduli, density, ρm
E0,mean E0,0.05 E90,mean Gmean ρk
GL24 24 17 0,5 21,5 2,5 3,5 11 9,1 0,3 0,65 365 400
GL28 28 19,5 0,5 24 2,5 3,5 12,5 10,4 0,3 0,65 390 430
GL32 32 20 0,5 25 2,5 3,5 13,5 11,2 0,3 0,65 400 440
Type of Size Characteristic strength values (N/mm2) Moduli (kN/mm2) Densities (kg/m3)
LVL effect
exponent Bending Tension Compr- Compression Shear Mean 5-tile Mean Charac- Mean
s parallel, ession perpendicular MOE MOE shear tacter. ρm
ft,0,k parallel p’llel p’llel modul. ρk
Edgewise Flatwise fc,0,k Edgew. Flatwise Edgew. Flatwise E
0,mean E0,0.05 Gmean
fm,ed,k fm,fl,k fc,90,ed,k fc,90,fl,k fv,ed,k fv,fl,k
Kerto-S 0,12 44 50 35 35 6,0 1,8 4,1 2,3 13,8 11,6 0,6 480 510
Versalam 0,12 44 44 30 42 7,0 3,2 3,6 1,8 14,6 12,65 0,62 580 660
(2.0E)
87
Appendix A
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
88
A.5 Characteristic strengths and moduli for types of plywood
Appendix A
(1) Lower bound characteristic strengths and moduli for Birch plywood to BS EN 636 (FINPLY ALL BIRCH – 1,4 mm thick Birch veneers
throughout) and for Softwood plywood to BS EN 636 (of the types listed in A.5(2)) are shown in Table A.5.
(3) 5-percentile moduli should be taken as 0,8 times the mean values given in Table A.5.
Type and Characteristic strength values (N/mm2) Mean stiffness values (N/mm2) Charact-
range of eristic
thickness, tp Flatwise Tension, ft Compression, fc Panel Planar Flatwise bending, Tension, Et or Panel Planar density
bending, fm shear shear Em compression, Ec shear shear (kg/m3)
fv fr Gv Gr
0 90 0 90 0 90 0 90 0 90
Birch plywood 38 32 38 34 26 23 9,5 2,2 9700 6100 9000 7900 620 150 630
8,5 < tp ≤ 25
Softwood 22 4 9,5 4 12,5 8 3,5 0,6 8000 500 5200 3200 350 25 400
plywood
8,5 < tp ≤ 10,5
Softwood 15 7 8 4,5 10,5 6 3,5 0,6 5500 1200 4300 2400 350 25 400
plywood
10,5 < tp ≤ 25
(2) 5-percentile moduli should be taken as 0,85 times the mean values given in Table A.6.
Table A.6 – Characteristic values for OSB grades OSB/3 and OSB/4
Grade and range Characteristic strength values (N/mm2) Mean stiffness values (N/mm2) Charact-
of thickness eristic
OSB/3
6 mm to 10 mm 18,0 9,0 9,9 7,2 15,9 12,9 6,8 1,0 4930 1980 3800 3000 1080 50 550
>10 mm to18 mm 16,4 8,2 9,4 7,0 15,4 12,7 6,8 1,0 4930 1980 3800 3000 1080 50 550
>18 mm to 25 mm 14,8 7,4 9,0 6,8 14,8 12,4 6,8 1,0 4930 1980 3800 3000 1080 50 550
OSB/4
6 mm to10 mm 24,5 13,0 11,9 8,5 18,1 14,3 6,9 1,1 6780 2680 4300 3200 1090 60 550
>10 mm to 18 mm 23,0 12,2 11,4 8,2 17,6 14,0 6,9 1,1 6780 2680 4300 3200 1090 60 550
>18 mm to 25 mm 21,0 11,4 10,9 8,0 17,0 13,7 6,9 1,1 6780 2680 4300 3200 1090 60 550
89
Appendix A
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
90
Appendix A
(2) 5-percentile moduli should be taken as 0,8 times the mean values given in Table A.7.
Range of Characteristic strength values (N/mm2) Mean stiffness values (N/mm2) Characteristic
thickness density
Flatwise Tension, Compression, Panel Planar Flatwise Tension, Et or Panel (kg/m3)
bending, ft fc shear, fv shear bending, Em compression, Ec shear ρk
fm fr Gv
13 mm to 20 mm 13,3 8,5 11,8 6,5 1,7 3300 1900 930 600
>20 mm to 25 mm 11,7 7,4 10,3 5,9 1,5 3000 1800 860 550
>25 m to 32 mm 10,0 6,6 9,8 5,2 1,3 2600 1500 750 550
Source reference
Appendix B:
Methods, in accordance with
BS EN 1991-1-7 (and its National Annex),
for designing platform timber-frame
buildings to sustain an extent of localized
damage from an unspecified cause
without disproportionate collapse
B.1 General
This appendix gives methods, in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-7 (and its
National Annex), for designing platform timber-frame buildings to sustain an
extent of localized damage from an unspecified cause without disproportionate
collapse. These methods are presented for buildings categorized into
consequence classes as described in Annex A of BS EN 1991-1-7.
NOTE No method is presented for building types of consequence class 3, which
rarely involve platform timber-frame construction.
Licensed Copy: Mr. MIKE RUMBLE, British Standards Institution, 17/11/2010 14:27, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
92
!
Appendix B
Wall panel Minimum fixing specification for all horizontal Wall panel
© BSI 2007
Section 8
Minimum fixing specification for all horizontal interfaces is 3.1 mm diameter nails (minimum
interfaces is 3.1 mm diameter nails (minimum pointside penetration of 37 mm) at 300 mm centres.
pointside penetration of 37 mm) at 300 mm centres. For wider interfaces nailing may be staggered.
For wider interfaces nailing may be staggered.
Floor joists at
Head binder For ceilings supported via resilient bars, Head binder
maximum
600 mm centres blockings (of depth >0.75 joist depth)
are required at a maximum of 2000 mm
Top rail centres. Blocking to be fixed at each end Top rail
by a minimum of 2 no 75 mm long x
3.1 mm diameter nails.
a)
a) Floor
Floorjoists
joistsperpendicular wall
perpendiculartotowall b)
b) Floor
Floor joists
joists parallel wall
parallel to wall
Source reference
Expression (2.8) should be used to calculate the loads acting on the residual
structure. The resistance of the residual structure should be calculated in
accordance with expression (2.3) with γ M being taken from Table 2.6 and
kmod being based on the load-duration classification given in Table 2.3.
(2) Where the notional removal of such columns and sections of wall would
result in an extent of damage in excess of the limit in B.2.3(1), then such
elements should be designed as key elements. A key element should be
capable of sustaining an accidental action of Ad applied in horizontal and
vertical directions (one direction at a time) to the member and any attached
components having regard to the ultimate strength of such components
and their connections. Such accidental design loading should be applied in
accordance with expression (2.7). The resistance of the structure should be
calculated in accordance with expression (2.3) with γ M being taken from
Table 2.6 and kmod being based on the load-duration classification given
in Table 2.3.
NOTE The recommended value of Ad for building structures is 34 kN/m2.
where:
H is the height between horizontal restraints for the wall as shown in
Figure B.2.
Source reference
NOTE Building types of consequence class 2b include, but are not limited to, flats
or other residential buildings of 5 to 7 storeys, hotels of 5 to 7 storeys, hospitals
not exceeding 3 storeys and educational buildings of more than 1 storey.
Design loads/internal Short-term load combination 2 (ψ0 applied to floor imposed load)
forces under short-term
γ G Gk,1 + γ G Gk,2 + ψ 0,1 γ Q Qk,1 + γ Q Qk,2
load-duration
Load type Symbol Design load Design Design
per joist moment at shear at
midspan support
kN/m kN (kNm) (kN)
Permanent 0.6
Medium-term 0.8
Short-term 0.9
Shear strength design Load- Design shear Design stress Design strength Utility
duration Vd (kN) τd (N/mm2) fv,d (N/mm2) rate
class
Bearing strength design Load- Design reaction Design stress Design strength Utility
duration Fc.90.d (kN) σc,90,d (N/mm2) kc,90fc,90,d rate
class (N/mm2)
Design internal forces From inspection of the utility rates in sections C.3.1-C.3.3 it is clear that the
at hole location medium-term load combination is governing and the internal forces at the
hole location have only been calculated for this load combination.
Check on tensile Design stress, σc,90,d (N/mm2) Design strength, Utility rate
strength perpendicular fc,90,d (N/mm2)
to grain at hole location
[1.8(1710)80] + [0.07(2150000)] 1.10
( .8)0.4 63 %
= 0.17 = 0.27
2 1.3
47(220)
Check on bending Design stress, σm,y,d (N/mm2) Design strength, fm,y,d (N/mm2) Utility
strength at hole rate
location 16.2 37 %
2150000
= 6.0
0.361× 10 6
where:
Load combination 2
ufin,2 = 2.2(1 + 0.6) + 1.5(1 + 0.6) + 6.6(0.7 + (0.3)(0.6)) + 0.9(1 + (0)(0.6))
ufin,2 = 3.5 + 2.4 + 5.8 + 0.9 = 12.6 mm
Final deflection check Actual final deflection (mm) Limit on final deflection (mm) Utility rate
γG Gk,j + γQ Qk,wind
where γG = 1.0 and γQ = 1.5
Load combination with A second load combination, which for a building of more than 3 storeys,
maximum vertical load may be governing in respect of the compression loads on leeward studs, is
wind load (Qk,wind) in combination with permanent load (Gk,j) and vertical
variable loads (Qk,floor, Qk,snow & Qk,stor) as shown below:
Only the first load combination involving minimum vertical load is necessary
for this design example.
Nailing specification for 75 mm long 3.1φ nails at 150 centres → Fv,Rd = 0.672 kN
wall panel-to-wall panel → Design shear capacity of wall panel-to-wall panel connection
connections 0.672
= = 4.48 kN/m
0.15
[9.4.2.6.2(8)] > fp,d,t Therefore OK
Σ = 0.21 Σ = 13.17
Σ = 16.7 Σ = 43.0
[9.4.2.5(4)] It is assumed that passive load can be mobilized from the windward return
wall up to an outstanding distance of H.
Σ = 1.4 Σ = 7.2
No wall panel-to-wall
panel connections
within length of
wall diaphragm
Σ = 14.8 Σ = 27.9
[9.4.2.5(4)] It is assumed that passive load can be mobilized from the windward return
wall up to an outstanding distance of H.
Design stabilizing
Walls Design u.d.load Total design Design shear Design Contribut.
moment, when wind of (kN/m) load on capacity (kN) vertical to Md,stb
load from western which return wall of connection load (kNm)
storey Wall Floor/ Wind outstand to return wall from
direction, from
perm roof uplift of H return
passive vertical load of perm. wall
windward return wall
2nd 0.6 0 0 2.4(0.6) = 1.4 2.4(4.56)=10.9 1.4 5.3
1st 0.6 1.3 n.a. 2.4(1.9) = 4.6 10.9 4.6 17.3
Σ = 6.0 Σ = 22.6
Figure D.6 – Design loads acting on wall diaphragm when wind load
from western direction
Design stabilizing It is assumed that the rim beam above the wall diaphragm enables the
moment, when wind vertical load from above the adjacent door to contribute to the stabilizing
load from eastern moment. This increases the length of wall from which vertical load can be
direction, from vertical mobilized by an additional 0.986 m (see Figure D.7).
load acting directly on
wall diaphragm Walls Design u.d.load (kN/m) Total design Contribution to
of vertical load Md,stb (kNm)
which Wall Floor/ Wind Total [=wt,d(L+0.986)] [=0.5wt,d(L+0.986)2]
storey? perma- roof uplift (wt,d)
nent perma-
nent
Σ = 18.7 Σ = 44.5
Total stabilizing moment, when wind load from eastern direction, is 44.5 kNm.
Figure D.7 – Design loads acting on wall diaphragm when wind load
from eastern direction
Conc
iseEur
ocodes:Desi
gnofTi
mberSt
ruc
tur
es
BSEN1995-
1-1:E
urocode5
Str
ucturalEur
ocodesareasui
teofdes
igncodeswhic
hwil
lhar
moni
zet
echni
cals
pec
icat
ions
forbuil
dingandcivi
lengi
neeri
ngworksac
rossEur
ope.
Theirintr
oducti
oninMarch2010r equir
edthewithdrawalofmor et
han50Br i
ti
shStandards
.
Thec hangehasbeendescr
ibedas‘ t
hesingl
emos ti
mport antc
hangetoconst
ructi
on
standardsever
’.Goingf
orward,itisexpect
edthatEurocodeswil
lnotj
ustdominatebuil
ding
designintheUKandmai nlandEurope,butals
ohaveamaj orimpac
tonmanyot herpartsof
theWor ld.
ForConsulti
ngEngineersthetr
ansi
tioni
nst
ructur
aldes
ignproc
edur
esf
rom aBr
iti
sh
StandardtothereplacementEuroc
odecons
tit
utesamajorpr
ogrammeofworkforany
constr
ucti
onmaterial.
Conci
seEurocodes:DesignofTi mberStr
uct esas
ur s
ist
sengi
neersinthistas
k,aidi
ngthem i
n
thei
rtrans
iti
onfrom thepr evi
ousstandardst
othenew Eur
oc odes
,bypr ovi
dingabrief
er
andmor eacces
sibl
epr esentat
ionofthekeydesignproc
eduresass
ociatedwithEuroc
ode5:
Desi
gnofTi mberStructur .
es
BSIor
derr
ef:BI
P2198
BSIGroupHeadquar
ter
s
389Chiswi
ckHi
ghRoad
LondonW44AL
www.
bsi
group.
com
TheBrit
ishStandar
dsIns
tit
ut i
oni
s
inc
orporatedbyRoyalCharter
© BSIc
opy
ri
ght