Plastic Analysis

Steel Design

Conceptual Design
Plastic Analysis

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Conceptual Design
Important part of Analysis &
Design:

Distinct Designs

Buildability

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Plastic Analysis

Elastic Analysis
Elastic Analysis:

Important to study the structural

behaviour

Especially for Serviceability criteria

under Service Loading

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Plastic Analysis
Design of Structures based on the
Plastic approach – the Limit State
Design – is used in codes of
practice.

Stress-Strain relation

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Plastic Analysis

Stress-Strain

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Plastic Analysis
Plastic Analysis assumed:

Strain hardening (hardening due to

plastic deformation) is not used.
Buckling instability is prevented.
Fatigue or brittle failure is not
considered possible.

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Plastic Analysis

Elastic

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Plastic

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Plastic Analysis

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Stress & Strain (Elastic)

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Plastic Analysis

Stress & Strain (fy)

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Elasto-Plastic
After Elastic stage, the structure
undergoes Elasto-Plastic
deformations when load continues
to increase.

ie the load increases until yielding

occurs at some points in the
Structure.

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Plastic Analysis

Elasto-Plastic

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Plastic Analysis
Elasto-Plastic deformations
continues until a fully plastic
condition is reached.

ie the load increases until enough

Plastic Hinges are formed to
transform the Structure into a
mechanism.

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Plastic Analysis

Plastic Hinge

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Plastic Hinge
Properties of Plastic Hinge:
Effect of Plastic Hinge is similar to
that of a true hinge.

But the value of the moment at the

Plastic Hinge is not zero. It is the
fully Plastic Moment, Mp.

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Plastic Analysis

Plastic Moment

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Deflection

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Plastic Analysis

Deflection
The deflections at the ultimate load
are much larger than the
deflections in the elastic state.

Sections of members are normally

considered as straight lines, not
curves.

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Plastic Analysis
The Structure will collapse with
mechanism under any additional
loading.

Magnitude of Collapse Load are

needed to determine the Load
Factor used in Analysis.

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Plastic Analysis

Elastic: Stress Distribution

When a beam is
subjected to
bending, strain
and stress are
linear across the
section.
From max to min
at extreme fibres
and 0 at NA.

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Partly Plastic State

When the fy
moment
increases, yield
stress is reached
at one extreme,
and then the
other.

fy

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Plastic Analysis

Fully Plastic State

When the moment fy
continues to
increase, yield
stress will spread
from the extreme
inward and meet
 the section is
fully Plastic.
fy

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Elastic to Plastic state

fy fy

fy fy

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Plastic Analysis

Fully Plastic State

At fully Plastic fy
state,

the NA divides
the section into
2 equal areas
(A/2)
fy

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Fully Plastic State

At fully Plastic fy
state,

Resultant
Tension
= Resultant
Compression
= fy (A/2) fy

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Fully Plastic State

At fully Plastic fy
state,

yc
Mp = Force x
Distance yt

= fy (A/2) (yc+yt)
= fy S
fy

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Fully Plastic State

where

yc & yt are the distances from the

centroids of the compressive and
tensile stress blocks to the NA
respectively

S is the Plastic Section Modulus

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Plastic Analysis

Shape Factor, α
Shape Factor depends on the shape
of the cross section.

Shape Factor, α = Mp / My

where My = fy Z
and Z = Elastic Section Modulus

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Shape Factor, α
For a rectangular section of b x d,
My = fy Z = fy (bd3/12) / (d/2)
= fy (bd2/6)

Mp = fy S = fy (b.d/2) (d/2)
= fy (bd2/4)

Shape Factor, α = Mp / My =1.5

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Plastic Analysis

Shape Factor, α
For a solid circular cross section,
Shape Factor, α = 1.7

For I beams and channels

Shape Factor, 1.15 ≤ α ≤ 1.17

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Simple Beam
Consider a simple beam with a point
load at mid-span

L/2 L/2

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Simple Beam
Maximum deflection is at mid-span,
where Plastic hinge is formed during
collapse.
Pc

θ 2θ

L/2 L/2

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Simple Beam
Let θ be the virtual rotation at the
support

Corresponding rotation at the Plastic

hinge = 2θ

Vertical displacement under Collapse

load = (L/2) θ

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Simple Beam
Using Virtual Work principle,
External WD = Internal WD

Pc (L/2) θ = Mp (2θ)

Pc = 4Mp / L

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Load Deflection Relation

When yield moment My is reached at
mid-span:
Elastic behaviour comes to an end
Extreme fibre/s yields
The yield spreads inward at this
section
Deflection increases at a greater
rate per unit increase of load until
Mp is reached
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Plastic Analysis

Fixed End Beam

Consider a fixed end beam with a UDL

w / unit length

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Fixed End Beam

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Plastic Analysis

Fixed End Beam

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Mechanisms
When more than 1 mechanism is
possible in the structure,
the actual collapse load is the smallest
collapse load calculated for all possible
mechanisms.

The mechanism with the smallest

collapse load is the mechanism that
will happen.
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Bending Moment
The Bending Moment diagram for the
actual collapse load has Mp as
maximum BM.

Besides the plastic hinges, other parts

of the structure remain in Elastic state,
and have BM less than Mp

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Continuous Beam
Consider a continuous beam of 3 equal
spans under 2 point loads

P P

l l/2 l/2 l/2 l/2

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Plastic Analysis

Mechanisms
2 possible mechanisms for the beam
to collapse.

Consider both and calculate collapse

load for each mechanism.

The one with smaller collapse load is

the actual collapse mechanism.

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Continuous Beam

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Continuous Beam

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