CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

1.2 Purpose
1.2.1 General Purpose
To demonstrate and explain about the sentence structure in English
1.2.2 Specific Purpose
1. Students can understand the concept of understanding written
English

2. Students can understand the concept of understanding written

information

1.3 Benefits
Students know and understand penggunaam sentence structure in English and
understanding written English
 CHAPTER 2

Review of the Literature

2.1 Sentence Structure

Sentence structure is the order and arrangement of the clauses in a
sentence, which is a group of words that express a complete thought.
Sentence structure is the way a sentence is arranged, grammatically.
Sentence structure depends on the language in which our writing or
speaking. It’s common in English for a simple sentence to look like this:
“She throws the ball.”. in this case, the sentence structure is “Subject-Verb-
Object”.
There are many ways to make the sentece structure much more
complicated while still providing a framework for the information you’re
conveying and being grammatically correct.

Types of Sentence

As weel as being able to write in complete sentences, it is important to be

able to use a variety of sentence types that are correctly punctuated

Sentence are made up of clauses: groups of words that express a single

idea. There are two types of clauses : Independent clauses and Dependent
Clauses. Independent clauses can stand alone as complete sentences, a
dependent clause needs an independent clause to complete its meaning.

Different types of sentences are made up of different combinations of

these two types of clauses, and there is a types of sentence

1. Simple Sentences:

Consist of just one independent clause; it requires only one punctuation

mark at the end (a full stop, exclamation or question mark). A sentences
is a group of words with a subject and predicate expressing one complete
thought, example:

Mary fried the eggs

Subject Predicate
 The subject names the noun or pronoun doing the action or being written
about, such as Mary in the sentence above. The predicate, fried the eggs,
includes the verb and any of its complements or modifiers.

The simple sentence has other names: Independent clause is the most
commmon, althought simple clause is frequently used.

2. Complex Sentence

Any combination of independent clauses and dependent clauses such as,

Mary fried the eggs which her son had brought from the market
Independent Clauses Dependent Clause (Adjective Clause)

Mary fried the eggs when her family finaly came downstairs
Independent Clauses Dependent Clause (Adverb Clause)

Mary knew that they all Were very hungry

Independent Clauses Dependent Clause (Noun Clause)

Because his essay was late, he lost marks

Dependent Clauses Independent Clause

is known as a complex sentence. It is important to keep in mind the effect

and importance of subordination in writing. Subordinate clauses carry a
great deal of information and meaning, and yet allow the subject and verb
named in the independent clause to remain dominant and visible as the
main idea.

When the dependent clause comes first, asin the last example above , it is
separated from the independent clauses with comma. When the sentences
begins with the independent clause, there is no need to separate the
clause with a comma.

3. Compound Sentences
 The compound sentences consist of at least two simple sentence joined
by means of a coordinating conjunction like and, but, for, so, or, and yet.
Independent Clauses joined in this manner are given equal emphasis, a
process which is called coordination, example:

Mary fried the eggs, and she set out great garnish at her plate

The essay was late, so he lost marks

4. Compound – Complex Sentences

Different types of sentences can be combined to form compound-

complex sentences. The central independent clause combines two
sentences type. It serves as both the ending of the complex sentences an
the begining of the compound sentence, example:

When considering owning a pet, you must calculate the cost,

Dependent Clauses Independent Clause
Complete sentence
or the animal may surfer
Independent Clause
Compound sentence

when punctuating a compound-complex sentences, apply the rules for

both compound and complex sentence. The example above begins with a
dependent clause separated from the central clause by a comma, as in the
rule for complex sentence. At the end of the sentence the independent
clause is joined by a comma and the word or, as in the rule for the
compound sentences.

2.2 Independent Clause

An independent clause is a clause that can stand on its own, by

itself. It does not need to be joined to any other clauses, because it contains
all the information necessary to be a complete sentences.
Independent clauses have three components:

1. They have a subject - they tell the reader what the sentence is about.
2. They have an action or predicate - they tell the reader what the subject
is doing.
3. They express a complete thought - something happened or was said.

An independent clause can be as simple as a subject and a verb:

 Jim reads.

Jim is the subject. Reads is the action or verb. A complete thought was
expressed - something was said, and the reader now knows that Jim
likes to read.

Independent clauses can also be joined to other independent clauses, if

the independent clauses are related. However, they MUST be joined
using the proper punctuation.

 Jim read a book; he really enjoyed the book.

The first clause is an independent clause. Jim is the subject, read is the
action, book is the object.

The second clause is an independent clause. He is the subject, enjoyed

is the action and the book is the object.

The independent clauses are related, so they can be joined to create a

complex sentence. They are correctly joined by a semicolon.

 Jim read a book, he really enjoyed the book.

Again, we have two independent clauses, but the independent clauses

are not joined properly. When two independent clauses are joined only
be a comma, it is a grammatical error called a comma splice.
 Independent clauses can be quite complex, but the important thing to
remember is that they stand on their own and make sense alone.

2.3 Dependent Clause

 The clause that he had made is not complete, grammatically correct

sentences in English.
 A dependent clause is a group of words that also contains a subject and
a verb, but it is not a complete thought. Because is not a complete
thought, a dependent clause cannot stand on its own as a sentences; it is
dependent on being attached to an independent clause to form a
sentence
 A clause can be dependent because of the presence of a:
1. Subordinator: Before, after, because, since, in order to, althought,
thought, whenever, whereever, whether, where, while, even though,
even, if
2. Conjunction: And, or, nor, but, yet
 Dependent Clauses must be joined to another clause, in order to avoid
creating a sentence fragment, example:
Because I forgot my homework
Subordinat S+V+Complement
This is a sentences fragment. We have a “because” but not a “why”
or anything accompanying and following what happened.
Because i forget my home work, i got anger from my teacher
Dependent Clause Another clause
Here is correct, “I got anger from my teacher” is an independent
clause. This sentence is complete senteces who have a complete
thought.
 There are three types of dependent clauses:
1. Noun clauses, which function gramatically as nouns
Whether we are going has not yet been decided
The clause which underline have a functions as the subject of the
verbs in the main clause
 He told me that he would write next week
the clause which underline have a functions as the direct object of
the verb
2. Adjective clauses, which function grammatically as adjective
Remember that adjective modify (or describe) nouns, For
example the adjective blue in the phrase a blue car tells us
something about the noun car
In the same way, an adjective clause gives additional
information about a noun, example:
Is that the woman whom you told me about?
The clause which underline gives additional information about the
noun woman
Please give me the letter that he left in his briefcase
The clause which underline modifies the noun letter
3. Adverb clauses, which function grammatically as adverbs
Adverbs usually answer questions such as how?., when?., and
why?., or they give constractive information. For example, quickly
in the sentence “He walked quickly” tell us how the man walked.
In the sentences, “she arrived on time “ the adverbial on time tells
us when she arrived. Here are examples:
As soon as he arrives, tell him to wait in the lobby
The adverb clause which underline tells when wil be told to wait
He wil nit meet her because she has insulted him
The adverb clause which underline tells why he will not meet her
Althought the children had heard the story several times, they
always begged their granfather to repeat it
The adverb clause which underline gives a contrast to the idea that
the children begged their grandfather to repeat a story

2.4 Complex Sentence with Adverbs

 A complex sentence is really not all that mind-boggling. In fact, the
real purpose of complex sentences is to combine more than one idea into a
single clear, logical sentence.

Every adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction. As you

can see in the box below, subordinating conjunctions look like everyday,
run-of-the-mill words. In reality, however, they are very important words
that work life railroad signals to help the reader follow your train of thought.
For example, noticethe difference in the following two incomplete
statements

 Because max likes to play ping-pong…

 Although max likes to play ping-pong….

Except for the first word, the two statements are exactly the same-bit
the one word changes the entire direction and meaning of the rest of the
sentences. Even without knowing the ending of the first sentences , you
know that it must have something to do with an effect of max loving ping-
pong. Such as “because max likes to play ping-pong, he never leaves home
without his paddle”. The subordinating conjunction because is a signal word
that lets the reader know that an effect is coming. In the second sentence,
you can predict that the second part of the sentence will have something to
do with a contrast to max liking ping-pong, such as “ although max likes to
play ping-pong, he would rather play lawn darts”.the reason you can predict
this is because although is a subordinating conjunction that signals a
contrast in ideas.

Now, look at the step-by-step instructions box below

Forming a complex sentence with an adverb clause

A complex sentence must have a principal clause and one or more

subordinate clauses. The subordinate clause may be a noun clause, an
adjective clause or an adverb clause. We can form a complex sentence by
combining two simple sentences using a subordinating conjunction
like when, as, since, till, where, if, though, unless, that, lest, weather,
whereas etc.

Study the following sentences.

 I went there. The door was locked.

 When I went there the door was locked.

 We got little rain this year. The crops have dried up.
 As we got little rain this year, the crops have dried up.

 He has expressed his regret. We will forget about it.

 Since he has expressed his regret, we will forget about it.

Example:
Combine the pairs of sentences given below using a subordinating
conjunction.

1. You finish dressing. I will wait here.

2. There is heavy rainfall there. Grapes will not grow at such a place.
3. It may rain. Then the match will be cancelled.
4. He is not educated. He has practical knowledge.
5. I sank into the water. I felt great confusion of thought.

Answers:

1. I will wait here until you finish dressing.

2. Grapes will not grow where there is heavy rainfall.
3. If it rains, the match will be cancelled.
4. Though he is not educated, he has practical knowledge.
5. When I sank into the water, I felt great confusion of thought.

The formula of complex sentence and clause adverbialen is as

follows. Independent Clause (S + V) + Adverbialen Clause Adverbialen
Clause: Subordinate Conjunction + S + V Punctuation (Punctuation) at
the Adverbialen Clause Adverbialen clause can be at the beginning of a
sentence, then followed by an independent clause. In contrast, the
independent clause can be at the beginning of a sentence, followed by the
adverbialen clause. If it was in the beginning, this clause is given a tip to
punctuation a comma. 2. example of a Complex Sentence: In the
beginning: Because I had free time, I visited your house. At the end: I
visited your house because I had free time. (I visited your House because
I have spare time.) Adverbialen Clause functions functions and examples
of clauses in this sentence adverb is as follows. Function Example
Adverbialen Clause in the sentence Description provides information
about the verb You were sleeping when she arrived. (He arrived when
you're asleep.) verb = were sleeping; subordinate conjunction = when;
adverbialen = clause when she arrived to provide information about the
adjective Her face is fresh because she always does exercise and eats
fruits. (Her face is fresh because he was always working out and eats
fruits.) adjective = fresh;
 2.4 Correction Symbols

SYMBOL MEANING INCORRECT CORRECT

P Punctuation I live work, and go to school in I live, work, and go to school

Walnut. in Walnut.
= Capitalization The dodgers play in los angeles. The Dodgers play in Los
Needed Angeles.
VT Verb Tense I never work as a cashier until I I never worked as a cashier
got a job there. until I got the job there.
SV Subject-verb The manager work hard. The manager works* hard.
Agreement *This is just one correct tense
that can be used. Depending on
the time of the action,
conjugate accordingly.
TS Tense Shift After I went to the store, I eat After I went to the store, I ate
the ice cream I bought. the ice cream I bought.
Close Space Every one works hard. Everyone works hard.

# Space Needed Goingto class is awesome. Going to class is awesome.

SP Spelling The maneger is woman. The manager is a woman.
PL Plural Apple are the most nutritious Apples are the most nutritious
fruit. fruit.
ᴓ Unnecessary The student she studies all the The student studies all the time
Word time.
ᴏ Missing Word Please don’t me that question Please don’t ask me that
anymore. question anymore.
WF Wrong Word Her voice is delighted. Her voice is delightful.
Form
WW Wrong Word The food is delicious. Besides, The food is delicious.
the restaurant is always Therefore, the restaurant is
crowded. always crowded.
 The apple is delicious.

The apple is delighted.

Wrong Word Friday always is our busiest day. Friday is always our busiest
Order day.
PN Pronoun The restaurant’s specialty is fish. The restaurant’s specialty is
Reference They are always fresh. fish. It is always fresh.
Error
RO Run-on (Fused Lily is hardworking she is Lily is hardworking, so she is
Sentences) employee of the month. employee of the month.
OR
Lily is hardworking: therefore,
she is employee of the month.
OR
Because Lily is hard worker,
she is she is employee of the
month.
OR
Lily is employee of the month
because she is hard worker.
CS Comma Splice Lily is a hard worker, she is Same as above run-on
employee of the month. corrections.
Frag. Fragment She was selected. Because she She was selected because she
sets a good example. sets a good example.
T Transition Mt. SAC has many great Mt. SAC has many great
Needed services. The Writing Center services. For example, the
helps students improve their Writing Center helps students
writing. improve their writing.
S Subject Is open from 6 p.m. until the last The restaurant is open from 6
Needed customer leaves. p.m. until the last customer
leaves.
V Verb Needed The employees on time and The employees are on time and
 work hard. work hard.
Prep. Preposition We start serving dinner 6.p.m. We start serving dinner at 6
Needed
Conj. Conjunction The garlic shrimp, fried clams, The garlic shrimp, fried clams,
Needed broiled lobster are the most and broiled lobster are the most
popular dishes. popular dishes.
Art. Article Needed Diners expect glass of water Diners expect a glass of water
when they first sit down at table. when they first sit down at the
table.
// Faulty He enjoys watching movies, He enjoys watching movies,
Paralleism riding his bike, and to go to riding his bike, and going to
Disneyland. the movies.
Coll Slang/Colloqui I am going 2 class right now. I am going to class right now.
alism
My daughter loves peanut
My daughter love PBJ butter and jelly sandwiches.
sandwiches.
DM Dangling Going to the store, the traffic Going to the store, I noticed
Modifier was unusually heavy. the traffic was unusually
heavy.
OR
I realized the traffic was
unusually heavy as I went to
the store.
Syn. Syntax I to the store with Dan went. I went to the store with Dan.
Awk. Awkward The house of my brother is My mother’s house is always
always clean. clean.

SYMBOL MEANING TYPE OF ERROR HOW TO CORRECT

ERROR
Rep. Repetitive This error occurs, often times, Take out repetitive material
 when a writer repeats the same and revise accordingly.
idea, word(s), concepts, ets.
??? Confusing Ideas are not clear to the reader. Clarify ideas and revise
Passage accordingly.

Formatting Correction Symbols

Begin a New Paragraph covers unrelated/new Look for a break in
Paragraph topic. thoughts/ideas and revise
accordingly
→ Indent The beginning of each paragraph Hit the “tab” button on the
should be indented. keyboard.
 CHAPTER 3

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

3.2 Suggestion

From this paper, we hope that the students can understand and know about
the structure of a sentence in English
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