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FIG. 1: The diagram shows a schematic of the 2N2222 silicon FIG. 2: Circuit used to measure β of the 2N2222 silicon NPN
NPN transistor used in this experiment. The figure on the transistor. The variable resistor R is used to control the base
left shows the correct labeling of the leads for the transistor. voltage Ib . The collector current Ic is measured with the
The figure on the right shows the circuit diagram. ammeter inserted between the +12 V supply and the 1 kΩ
resistor.
+12 V − Ic R = Vc . (6)
150
RESULTS 100
50
The collector current Ic was measured for a range of
resistor values R between 0 and 1 MΩ. The results are
R HkWL
shown in Table I. For each value of R, Ib was calculated 200 400 600 800 1000
using Equation 5 and Vc was calculated using Equation 6.
From the measured value of Ic and the calculated value FIG. 3: Plot of β as a function of the variable resistance
of Ib , β was calculated according to Equation 1. R. For R ≥ 100 kΩ, β is effectively constant and equal to
approximately 190.
Ib < 50 µA and that for base currents in this range the
TABLE I: Experimental data. For each value of the variable voltage hierarchy is satisfied. When operating in the lin-
resistor R, the collector current Ic was measured, and the
ear regime, it has been verified that the base and collector
collector voltage Vc , base current Ib and proportionality con-
stant β were calculated according to Equations 6, 5, and 2 currents are proportional with β ≡ Ic /Ib ≈ 190.
respectively. The experiment could have been improved by measur-
ing the actual voltage of the +12 V and +5 V terminals,
R (kΩ) Ic (mA) Vc (V ) Ib (mA) β and by directly measuring the voltage difference Vce be-
0 11.67 0.04 0.94 12.4 tween the collector and the emitter. Since our determina-
47 11.54 0.17 0.09 130 tion of Ib (and therefore β) relied on knowledge of these
100 8.33 3.3 0.04 189 values, it would have been preferable to measure them
470 1.90 9.78 0.01 196 directly.
1000 0.9 10.75 0.005 196
DISCUSSION ∗
schroetd@reed.edu
[1] P. Horowitz and W. Hill, The Art of Electronics (Cam-
This experiment has shown that the 2N2222 transis- bridge University Press, 1989).
tors operate in the linear regime for base currents of [2] J. Essick, Physics 200 lab lecture (2008).