Sheet1

Estimate of size of a cooling tower

TL2 = 41.3 C Water inlet temp.

Ap = 5.0 C Approach temp.
TA1 = 27.0 C Air wet bulb temp.
L = 108 m3/h Water flow rate
0.03 kg/s
Cp = 4.19 kj/kg specific heat
L/G(=N) = 1 Water and air ratio
TL1 = 32.0 C Water outlet temp.
P = 101.3 kPa Barometric Pressure
Hwbt = 83.49 kj/kg entalphy at air wet bulb temp.
= 19.94 kcal/kg

Haoh = Hwbt+N x Cpx(TL1-TL2) entalphy at air outlet temp.

= 122.43 kj/kg
29.24 kcal/kg

The Tchebycheff method to evaluate NTU

t1 = TL2+0.1(TL1-TL2)= 32.93 C HL1= 116.96
t2 = TL2+0.1(TL1-TL2)= 35.72 C HL2= 134.93
t3 = TL2+0.1(TL1-TL2)= 37.58 C HL3= 148.29
t4 = TL2+0.1(TL1-TL2)= 40.37 C HL4= 170.70

△HG = CpxL/Gx(TL1-TL2)= 38.94

HG1 = Hwbt+0.1 x △HG = 87.38

HG2 = Hwbt+0.4 x △HG = 99.06
HG3 = (Hwbt+△HG)-(0.4 x △HG) = 106.85
HG4 = (Hwbt+△HG)-(0.1 x △HG) = 118.53

1/(HL-HG)1 = 0.0338
1/(HL-HG)2 = 0.0279
1/(HL-HG)3 = 0.0241
1/(HL-HG)4 = 0.0192
∑ 0.1050

Cp x (TL1-TL2) x 0.1050
NTU(KaV/L) = ------------------------------
(=U/N) 4
= 1.022

Ka = 14000 kcal/m3 h △Ηheat transfer coefficient based

on entalphy

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 Sheet1

LxNTU
V = ---------
Ka
= 7.88 m3 Volume for fill packing
υ = 0.8496 m3/kg specific volume for inlet moist air
G = 91758.0146 m3/hr Air flow rate
= 1529.30024 m3/min
= 108000 kg/hr
= 30 kg/s
E = G x (x2-x1)
= ((TL1-TL2)/600) x L x C
= 1.41123222 m3/hr
= 1.64338523 m3/hr
= 0.01521653 %

Qh = 1168.2 kw heat exchanger quantity

Qe = 1169.0 kw heat load

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 Sheet1

C Density Cp Viscosity Kin. Visco. k Pr a

Degree kg/m3 kj/kg C kg/m sx10^5 m2/sx10^6 W/m C m2/sx10^4
-273.00 1.1774 1.0057 1.8462 15.69 0.0262 0.7080 0.2216
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! 0.2216
-273.00 0.9980 1.0090 2.0750 20.76 0.0300 0.6970 0.2983

0 -0.1794 0.0033 0.2288 5.0700 0.0038 -0.0110 0.0767

#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!

C Density Cp Viscosity Kin. Visco. k Pr a

Degree kg/m3 kj/kg C kg/m sx10^5 m2/sx10^6 W/m C m2/sx10^4
-273.00 1.1774 1.0057 1.8462 15.69 0.0262 0.7080 0.2216
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! 0.2216
-273.00 0.9980 1.0090 2.0750 20.76 0.0300 0.6970 0.2983

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 Sheet1

0 -0.1794 0.0033 0.2288 5.0700 0.0038 -0.0110 0.0767

#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
#REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!

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 Sheet1

V = 1 m3 volume for moist air

HL1 = 32.93 C air ambient temp.
= 306.08 K
P2 = 101.3 kPa barometic pressure(total pressure)
φ2 = 100 % relative humidity
Ra2 = 0.287 Kj/kg K specific gas constant for dry air
Rv2 = 0.462 Kj/kg K specific gas constant for vapor
Ps2 = 5.0730 Kpa saturaed vapor pressure
Pv2 = φ2 x Ps2 partial pressure for vapor
= 5.0730 kPa
Pa2 = P2 - Pv2 partial pressure for dry air
= 96.23 Kpa
ω2 = 0.622 x Pv/(P-Pv) absolute humidity
= 0.0328 Kg(w)/Kg(a) 0.03278397
ma2 = PaV/RaT mass for dry air per cubic meter
= 1.0954 kg
mv2 = Pv2V2/Rv2T2=ω2ma2 mass for vapor per cubic meter
= 0.0359 kg
= 0.0359 kg
Td2 = 307.05 K dew point temperature
5.3562 ep Where, estimate Td by trial and error
5.0730 ap mehod until ep is equaled to ap
= 33.90 C
V = ma2(Ra2+ω2Rv2) x T2/P2
= 1.00 m3 volume for moist air
υ2 = 0.91290372 m3/kg specific volume for moist air
ha2 = 1.0035 x T1 entalphy for dry air
= 33.05 kj/kg da 32.930 kj/kg DA
= 32.99 Kj/kg da
hv2 = 2593.85 kj/kg entalphy for vapor

h2 = 1.0035T1 + w1(2500 + 1.861 T1) t + w(2501+1.805xt)

= 117.033415 kj/kg da 116.890 kj/kg DA
= 116.96 kj/kg da
= 27.93 kcal/kg

V = 1 m3 volume for moist air

HL2 = 35.72 C air ambient temp.
= 308.87 K
P2 = 101.3 kPa barometic pressure(total pressure)

φ2 = 100 % relative humidity

Ra2 = 0.287 Kj/kg K specific gas constant for dry air
Rv2 = 0.462 Kj/kg K specific gas constant for vapor

Ps2 = 5.9247 Kpa saturaed vapor pressure

Pv2 = φ2 x Ps2 partial pressure for vapor
= 5.9247 kPa
Pa2 = P2 - Pv2 partial pressure for dry air
= 95.38 Kpa
35 ω2 = 0.622 x Pv/(P-Pv) absolute humidity
40 = 0.0386 Kg(w)/Kg(a) 0.03862969
45 ma2 = PaV/RaT mass for dry air per cubic meter
50 = 1.0759 kg
55 mv2 = Pv2V2/Rv2T2=ω2ma2 mass for vapor per cubic meter
60 = 0.0416 kg
65 = 0.0416 kg
70 Td2 = 307.05 K dew point temperature

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 Sheet1

75 5.3562 ep Where, estimate Td by trial and error

80 5.9247 ap mehod until ep is equaled to ap
85 = 33.90 C
90 V = ma2(Ra2+ω2Rv2) x T2/P2
95 = 1.00 m3 volume for moist air
100 υ2 = 0.92945307 m3/kg specific volume for moist air
ha2 = 1.0035 x T1 entalphy for dry air
= 35.85 kj/kg da 35.720 kj/kg DA
= 35.78 Kj/kg da
hv2 = 2601.76 kj/kg entalphy for vapor

h2 = 1.0035T1 + w1(2500 + 1.861 T1) t + w(2501+1.805xt)

= 135.009754 kj/kg da 134.846 kj/kg DA
= 134.93 kj/kg da
= 32.23 kcal/kg

V = 1 m3 volume for moist air

HL3 = 37.58 C air ambient temp.
= 310.73 K
P2 = 101.3 kPa barometic pressure(total pressure)
φ2 = 100 % relative humidity
Ra2 = 0.287 Kj/kg K specific gas constant for dry air
Rv2 = 0.462 Kj/kg K specific gas constant for vapor
Ps2 = 6.5589 Kpa saturaed vapor pressure
Pv2 = φ2 x Ps2 partial pressure for vapor
= 6.5589 kPa
Pa2 = P2 - Pv2 partial pressure for dry air
= 94.74 Kpa
ω2 = 0.622 x Pv/(P-Pv) absolute humidity
= 0.0431 Kg(w)/Kg(a) 0.04305141
ma2 = PaV/RaT mass for dry air per cubic meter
= 1.0624 kg
mv2 = Pv2V2/Rv2T2=ω2ma2 mass for vapor per cubic meter
= 0.0457 kg
= 0.0457 kg
Td2 = 307.05 K dew point temperature
5.3562 ep Where, estimate Td by trial and error
6.5589 ap mehod until ep is equaled to ap
= 33.90 C
V = ma2(Ra2+ω2Rv2) x T2/P2
= 1.00 m3 volume for moist air
υ2 = 0.94131134 m3/kg specific volume for moist air
ha2 = 1.0035 x T1 entalphy for dry air
= 37.71 kj/kg da 37.580 kj/kg DA
= 37.65 Kj/kg da
hv2 = 2607.03 kj/kg entalphy for vapor

h2 = 1.0035T1 + w1(2500 + 1.861 T1) t + w(2501+1.805xt)

= 148.376131 kj/kg da 148.197 kj/kg DA
= 148.29 kj/kg da
= 35.42 kcal/kg

V = 1 m3 volume for moist air

HL4 = 40.37 C air ambient temp.
= 313.52 K
P2 = 101.3 kPa barometic pressure(total pressure)
φ2 = 100 % relative humidity
Ra2 = 0.287 Kj/kg K specific gas constant for dry air

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 Sheet1

Rv2 = 0.462 Kj/kg K specific gas constant for vapor

Ps2 = 7.6203 Kpa saturaed vapor pressure
Pv2 = φ2 x Ps2 partial pressure for vapor
= 7.6203 kPa
Pa2 = P2 - Pv2 partial pressure for dry air
= 93.68 Kpa
ω2 = 0.622 x Pv/(P-Pv) absolute humidity
= 0.0506 Kg(w)/Kg(a) 0.05058422
ma2 = PaV/RaT mass for dry air per cubic meter
= 1.0411 kg
mv2 = Pv2V2/Rv2T2=ω2ma2 mass for vapor per cubic meter
= 0.0527 kg
= 0.0527 kg
Td2 = 307.05 K dew point temperature
5.3562 ep Where, estimate Td by trial and error
7.6203 ap mehod until ep is equaled to ap
= 33.90 C
V = ma2(Ra2+ω2Rv2) x T2/P2
= 1.00 m3 volume for moist air
υ2 = 0.96052547 m3/kg specific volume for moist air
ha2 = 1.0035 x T1 entalphy for dry air
= 40.51 kj/kg da 40.370 kj/kg DA
= 40.44 Kj/kg da
hv2 = 2614.94 kj/kg entalphy for vapor

h2 = 1.0035T1 + w1(2500 + 1.861 T1) t + w(2501+1.805xt)

= 170.801858 kj/kg da 170.597 kj/kg DA
= 170.70 kj/kg da
= 40.77 kcal/kg

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 Sheet1

1) water inlet condition

T1 = 41.30 C water inlet temperature

wq = 108 m3/hr water flow rate
= 0.030 m3/s

2) water exit condition

T2 = 32.0 C air ambient temp.

mw = 30.000 kg/s mass flow rate for water

ρw = 1000.0 kg/m3 water density at bulk temp. 37 C
Cpw = 4.190 kj/kg C water density at bulk temp. 37 C

Qw = mw x (hf2-hf1) heat exchanger quantity from water to air

= mw x Cpw x (T2-T1)
= 1169.0 Kw(kj/s)

21.11 4.179 997.4 0.00098 0.604 ###

26.67 4.179 995.8 0.00086 0.614 ###
32.22 4.174 994.9 0.000765 0.623 ###
37.78 4.174 993.0 0.000682 0.630 ###
43.33 4.174 990.6 0.000616 0.637 ###
48.89 4.174 988.8 0.000562 0.644 ###

C Cp Density Viscosity k
Degree kj/kg C kg/m3 kg/m s W/m C
26.67 4.179 995.8 0.00086 0.614

36.65 4.1745 993.3 0.000700 0.628

37.78 4.174 993.0 0.000682 0.630

11.1100 -0.0050 -2.80 -0.0002 0.0160

9.9800 -0.0499 -27.94 -0.0018 0.1597

46.4287 11063.34 0.0096 6.8215

46.3788 11035.39 0.0078 6.9812
4.1745 993.28 0.000700 0.628373

1) moist air inlet condition

V = 1 m3 volume for moist air

T1 = 27.0 C wet bulb temp. for inlet moist air
= 300.15 K
P1 = 105 kPa barometic pressure(total pressure)
φ1 = 100 % relative humidity

2) moist air exit condition

V = 1 m3 volume for moist air

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 Sheet1

T2 = 35 C wet bulb temp. for exit moist air

= 308.15 K
P2 = 100 kPa barometic pressure(total pressure)
φ2 = 100 % relative humidity
hw3 = 146.68 kj/kg saturated water entalphy at 35 C

Ra1 = 0.287 Kj/kg K specific gas constant for dry air

Rv1 = 0.462 Kj/kg K
Ps1 = 3.6081 Kpa
Pv1 = φ1 x Ps1
= 3.6081 kPa
Pa1 = P1 - Pv1
= 101.39 Kpa
ω1 = 0.622 x Pv1/(P1-Pv1)
= 0.0221 Kg(w)/Kg(a)
ma1 = Pa1V1/Ra1T1
= 1.1770 kg
mv1 = Pv1V1/Rv1T1=ω1ma1
= 0.0260 kg
= 0.0261 kg
Td1 = 301.12 K
3.8179 ep
3.6081 ap
= 27.97 C
V = ma1(Ra1+ω1Rv1) x T1/P1
= 1.00 m3
υ1 = 0.84961125 m3/kg
ha1 = 1.0035 x T1
= 27.09 kj/kg da
= 27.05 Kj/kg da
hv1 = 2577.04 kj/kg
specific gas constant for vapor
saturaed vapor pressure
partial pressure for vapor
partial pressure for dry air
absolute humidity
0.02212905
mass for dry air per cubic meter
mass for vapor per cubic meter
dew point temperature
Where, estimate Td by trial and error
mehod until ep is equaled to ap
volume for moist air
specific volume for moist air
entalphy for dry air
27.000 kj/kg DA
entalphy for vapor

h1 = 1.0035T1 + w1(2500 + 1.861 T1) t + w(2501+1.805xt)

= 83.5419153 kj/kg da 83.436 kj/kg DA
= 83.488999 kj/kg da
= 19.9400523 kcal/kg
V = 1 m3 volume for moist air
T2 = 33.9 C air ambient temp.
= 307.05 K
P2 = 100 kPa barometic pressure(total pressure)
φ2 = 100 % relative humidity
Ra2 = 0.287 Kj/kg K specific gas constant for dry air
Rv2 = 0.462 Kj/kg K specific gas constant for vapor
Ps2 = 5.3562 Kpa saturaed vapor pressure
Pv2 = φ2 x Ps2 partial pressure for vapor
= 5.3562 kPa
Pa2 = P2 - Pv2 partial pressure for dry air
= 94.64 Kpa
ω2 = 0.622 x Pv/(P-Pv) absolute humidity
= 0.0352 Kg(w)/Kg(a) 0.03519304
ma2 = PaV/RaT mass for dry air per cubic meter
= 1.0740 kg
mv2 = Pv2V2/Rv2T2=ω2ma2 mass for vapor per cubic meter
= 0.0378 kg
= 0.0378 kg
Td2 = 307.05 K dew point temperature
5.3562 ep Where, estimate Td by trial and error
5.3562 ap mehod until ep is equaled to ap

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 Sheet1

= 33.90 C
V = ma2(Ra2+ω2Rv2) x T2/P2
= 1.00 m3
υ2 = 0.93111683 m3/kg
ha2 = 1.0035 x T1
= 34.02 kj/kg da
= 33.96 Kj/kg da
hv2 = 2596.60 kj/kg
volume for moist air
specific volume for moist air
entalphy for dry air
33.900 kj/kg DA
entalphy for vapor

h2 = 1.0035T1 + w1(2500 + 1.861 T1) t + w(2501+1.805xt)

= 124.242067 kj/kg da 124.092 kj/kg DA
= 124.17 kj/kg da
= 29.66 kcal/kg
Q/ma1 = ha2 - ha1 + w2hv2 - w1hv1 + (w1-w2)hw3
= Cpa(T2-T1) + w2hv2 - w1hv1 + (w1-w2)hw3
= 1.0035 x (T2-T1) + w2hv2 - w1hv1 + (w1-w2)hw3
= 39.38 kj/kg da heat quantity for dry air 1 kg
mw3/ma1 = w2 - w1
= 0.0131 kg(w)/kgda condensated water for dry air 1 kg

Q/(ma1+mv2)=Q/ma1(1+w)
= 34.20 kj/kg MA heat quantity for mosit air 1 Kg
mw3/ma1+mv1=mw3/ma1(1+w)
= 0.0113 kg/kg MA condesated water for moist air 1 kg

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