Digital Communications

Assignment Booklet

Section A: Communication Systems

World Wide Web

Web 2.0
Web 2.0 is the “original” web as most people know it. This is the style that became
standard in the late 1990s, and includes all the features that have allowed web pages to
move beyond static documents. Although there was no formal technical specification by
the World Wide Web Consortium, Web 2.0 marked a cultural shift in how web pages
were developed, designed, and used. It saw the meteoric rise of social media, including
Facebook and Twitter, and user-generated content such as blogs, wikis—Wikipedia being
perhaps the most famous—and video sharing sites such as YouTube. It has also been
linked with a particular visual style that includes the use of gradients, colorful icons,
reflections, drop shadows, and large text, many of which were collected in design
tutorials and the like.

The DarkNote WordPress theme from ThemeForest is a great example of Web 2.0. It
showcases Web 2.0 styling both visually and from a technology standpoint. Visually, it
relies heavily on images, background textures, drop shadows, and gradients; meanwhile
WordPress, the CMS offering the theme is one of the most popular Web 2.0 technologies.
WordPress allows users to quickly create a blog that not only contains their own user-
generated content, but others’ as well, via comments. WordPress also allows users to
easily link to other Web 2.0 mainstays, including YouTube, Wikipedia, Pinterest,
Twitter, and Facebook.
World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a network of online content that is formatted in HTML and
accessed via HTTP. The term refers to all the interlinked HTML pages that can be accessed
over the Internet. The World Wide Web was originally designed in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee
while he was a contractor at CERN.

The World Wide Web is most often referred to simply as "the Web."

Techopedia explains World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web is what most people think of as the Internet. It is all the Web pages,
pictures, videos and other online content that can be accessed via a Web browser. The
Internet, in contrast, is the underlying network connection that allows us to send email and
access the World Wide Web. The early Web was a collection of text-based sites hosted by
organizations that were technically gifted enough to set up a Web server and learn HTML. It
has continued to evolve since the original design, and it now includes interactive (social)
media and user-generated content that requires little to no technical skills.

We owe the free Web to Berners-Lee and CERN’s decision to give away one of the greatest
inventions of the century.

Web 3.0
Web 3.0, or the Semantic Web, is the web era we are (arguably) currently in, or perhaps
the era we are currently creating. Web 3.0, with its use of semantics and artificial
intelligence is meant to be a “smarter web”—one that knows what content you want to
see and how you want to see it so that it saves you time and improves your life.

The only problem is that not everyone agrees on whether it exists yet! In his article,
What is Web 3.0?, Daniel Nations nicely overviews the various components of what
people predict Web 3.0 will be, including a web that is semantic, artificially intelligent,
virtual, and ever-present. There is a lot of work being done on all four of these fronts.
Content Management Systems (CMSs) and search engines are working hard to make the
web more semantic; governments, corporations, and universities are racing to make
artificial intelligence and virtual reality a, well, reality; and the ever-present aspect of the
web shows in our dependency on smart phones, tablets, and wearables. Let’s not forget
about the shift in visual design! While there isn’t an official Web 3.0 visual design guide,
users tend to identify the tenets of Web 2.0 with outdated sites, and designers are opting
instead for what has been called “flat design,” which champions minimalism and
usability.
While Web 3.0 is far from ubiquitous, and the technology is still coming into fruition, its
styles are popping up everywhere—we’ve all seen and recognized them. These are the
sites that are using taxonomies to improve search, personalization to serve up pertinent
content, and flat design to improve the readability and usability of the site. One such
example is The Boston Globe’s site Boston.com, known for its personalization efforts

The Internet of Things

Even as we continue to define what Web 3.0 means, we are simultaneously moving
beyond it, and toward the Internet of Things. The Internet of Things (IoT) will likely be
the next era, as it takes the notion of an ever-present internet to a new level. Smart
devices in the Internet of Things not only use the internet, but speak to each other via
machine-to-machine communication (M2M) to accomplish tasks without the need for
human input. There are already an abundance of smart devices, as well as automated,
internet-connected systems that run without human input, such as automated building
climate control. Marco Annunziata gives insight into IoT in his TED talk, Welcome to the
age of the industrial internet, where he describes our systems and devices as brilliant,
self-aware, predictive, reactive, and social.

Multimedia Message Service

Abbreviated as MMS, Multimedia Message Service is a store-and-forward method of transmitting graphics, video clips,

sound files and short text messages over wireless networks using the WAP protocol. Carriers deploy special servers, dubbed

MMS Centers (MMSCs) to implement the offerings on their systems. MMS also supports e-mailaddressing, so the devicecan

send e-mails directly to an e-mail address. The most common use of MMS is for communication between mobile phones.

MMS, however, is not the same as e-mail. MMS is based on the concept of multimedia messaging. The presentation of the

message is coded into the presentation file so that the images, sounds and text are displayed in a predetermined order as one

singular message. MMS does not support attachmentsas e-mail does.

To the end user, MMS is similar to SMS.

Techopedia explains Multimedia Message Service (MMS)

When launched, MMS was touted as a successor to short message service (SMS). While SMS
only supports text, MMS supports multimedia images, music and videos. Currently, MMS is
designed for non-real-time delivery support to recipients lacking a real-time streaming
feature.

Several factors impeded MMS adoption. The few MMS-capable device owners encountered
device configuration bugs and errors on a continuous basis. In addition, MMS-capable
devices were built with varying image sizes, audio codec support and capability levels, which
created cross-platform compatibility problems.
To solve these issues, a store and forward server, or multimedia messaging server (MMSC),
was developed for content adaptation, a process that involves resizing images and
transcoding audio codecs to enable the display of reasonable MMS message likenesses. MMS
uses the Internet for message forwarding to recipients that use different service providers.

Multimedia Message Service (MMS)

Multimedia message service (MMS) is a mobile content exchange mechanism that allows
users to transmit and receive videos, images, ringtones and text files.

MMS uses Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) for transmission over mobile wireless
networks. MMS also supports email functionality such as sending email directly to email
addresses.

MMS is under development by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA).

Third Generation Wireless (3G)

3rd Generation Mobile Telecommunications (3G), is a set of standards that came about as a
result of the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) initiative known as IMT-2000
(International Mobile Telecommunications-2000). 3G systems are expected to deliver quality
multimedia to mobile devices by way of faster and easier wireless communications as well as
“anytime, anywhere” services.

This term is also known as 3rd generation mobile telecommunications.

Techopedia explains Third Generation Wireless (3G)

There are two specifications-setting groups that cater to the objectives to 3G worldwide:
3GPP and 3GPP2.

3GPP 3G specifications are focused on evolved GSM (Global System for Mobile
communication) core networks, known as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
Systems), and the radio access technologies based on them. This therefore includes UTRA
(Universal Terrestrial Radio Access), GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), and EDGE
(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution).

3GPP2 3G specifications, on the other hand, are designed for CDMA2000 systems, which are
based on CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). Of the two, 3GPP specifications are more
widely used owing to the fact that majority of the cellular networks on the planet are based on
GSM.
Improved data rates of 3G systems over their predecessors have opened the doors for
applications like mobile TV, video-on-demand, video conferencing, tele-medicine, and
location-based services. High data rates have also allowed users to browse the Web using
their cell phones and consequently gave birth to the term mobile broadband.
Subsequently, 3G paved the way for the rise of smartphones and their wide screens as they
were more suitable for viewing mobile Websites, video conferencing, or watching mobile
TV. It is no coincidence that the introduction of the iPhone in 2007 came at a time when 3G
was gaining wide acceptance.

It took time for 3G to gain worldwide adoption. One major reason was that some 3G
networks are not using the same frequency as the older 2G. This meant that wireless
operators had to secure new frequencies and install new cell sites. Although first offered in
2001, global adoption of 3G only started to really gain traction sometime in 2007.

Questions:
Explain what the world wide web is:

The word wide web (WWW) to my best understanding is a network of online content
that is formatted in HTML meaning that all interlinked HTML pages can be accessed over
the internet.
The WWW is basically the internet, a web browser that allows people to unlimited access
to photos, different web pages and online content. The internet in contrast allows us to
send emails and access the WWW. The web has evolved since the first creators who were
gifted enough to set up a Web server and learn HTML, which continued since the
original design and it now includes interactive(social media) and users generated content
that requires little to no technical skills.

Explain what the multimedia message service is:

Multimedia message or (MMS) is under the development by (OMA) the Open Mobile
Alliances. The MMS is a content found on mobile phones that consents operators to
transmit and receive videos, images and access ringtones and text message files. This
multimedia message service can be accessed with wireless application protocol (WAP)
which is transmission over a phone using wireless networks. (MMS) can also be used to
send files such as emails sending it directly to an email address of your choice.

Explain what third generation wireless is:

Third generation wireless is basically mobile telecommunications, which means that they
are expected to deliver quality multimedia to a phone, meaning you can send a message
and receive a message in the fastest way possible and this because of the wireless
communications which transports messages making it easier to communicate with people.
However, there are two specifications settings when it comes to third generation wireless
these groups cater to the objectives to the 3G worldwide and they are 3GPP and 3GPP2.
Furthermore, the reason both are different is because 3GPP2 3G specification is designed
for CDMA200 systems, which are based on CDMA which stands for (Code Driving
Multiple Access). This specification is way more widely used owing to the fact that
majority of the cellular networks on the planet are based on GSM.
On the other hand, 3GPP 3G is more focused on evolved GSM (Global System for Mobiles
communication) allowing radio technologies network based on them such as UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). This also includes UTRA (Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access), GPRS (General Packet Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rate
for GSM Evolution).

Furthermore, during the past years there has been a massive improved data rate of 3G
systems opening the doors for applications like mobile TV, video-on-demand, video calls,
being able to purchase things and locate based services. There have been high data rates
of users being able to browse the Web using their phones and consequently gave birth to
the term phone broadband. The 3G paved a way for the rising of smartphones and
widescreen making it very easy to view cell phone websites, video calling and also
watching movies on your phones.
It was no coincidence that the iPhone was introduced just went 3G was gaining
acceptance, and it took 3G time to gain worldwide adoption. The major reason is that
certain 3G networks are not using the same frequency as the older 2G. This meant that
wireless operators had to secure new frequencies and install new cell sites although it was
first offered in 2001, global adoption of 3G only started to really gain traction sometime in
2007.

Section B: Methods of Communication

Email
Electronic mail (abbreviated as e-mail, email, E-Mail, etc.) is a very old form of computer-
based communication. A long time ago – in technological, not human, terms – computers
were giant machines. People used dial-up terminals to access them, and each machine held
storage for multiple users. As is the case with any community, people found useful and
unique ways to communicate with one another, and a messaging system evolved. The caveat
was that you could only send messages to other users on the same system, at least up until
1971. As the story goes, along came Ray Tomlinson who sent the first email by addressing a
user on another system using the ‘@’ symbol. Obviously, both the underlying dynamics and
far-reaching consequences weren’t so simple, but it was that notion that brings us to where
we are today.

Email was, at that time, the equivalent of today’s text message. Over time, it changed and
evolved like anything else; it has sender and receiver info, a subject line, a message body, and
attachments, but on the whole, emails are pretty simple documents. It’s not so easy to get it
from point A to point B, however. Like anything else, there’s an intricate process involved
that works behind the scenes to make it seem as seamless as possible. A lot of the ideas used
in relaying email were important in formulating document transfer, which is at the core of
things like bulletin board systems and the world wide web.

Instant Messaging
The Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate. E-mail has been the most
rapidly adopted form of communication ever known. Less than two decades ago, not
many people had heard of it. Now, many of us e-mail instead of writing letters or even
calling people on the phone. People around the world send out billions of e-mail
messages every day.

But sometimes even e-mail isn't fast enough. You might not know if a person you
want to e-mail is online at that moment. Also, if you're e-mailing back and forth with
someone, you usually have to click through a few steps. This is why instant messaging
(IM) has become so popular.

With IM, you can keep a list of people you interact with. You can IM with anyone on
your buddy list or contact list as long as that person is online. You type messages to
each other into a small window that shows up on both of your screens.

Most IM programs provide these features:

Instant messages - Send notes back and forth with a friend who is online
Chat - Create a chat room with friends or co-workers
Web links - Share links to your favorite Web sites
Video - Send and view videos, and chat face to face with friends
Images - Look at an image stored on your friend's computer
Sounds - Play sounds for your friends
Files - Share files by sending them directly to your friends
Talk - Use the Internet instead of a phone to actually talk with friends
Streaming content - Real-time or near-real-time stock quotes and news
Mobile capabilities - Send instant messages from your cell phone
Internet
Definition - What does Internet mean?
The internet is a globally connected network system that uses TCP/IP to transmit data
via various types of media. The internet is a network of global exchanges – including
private, public, business, academic and government networks – connected by guided,
wireless and fiber-optic technologies.

The terms internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably, but they are
not exactly the same thing; the internet refers to the global communication system,
including hardware and infrastructure, while the web is one of the services
communicated over the internet.

Techopedia explains Internet

As computing advanced, peer-to-peer (P2P) communication was gradually delivered
and enhanced. Since the 1990s, the internet has greatly influenced and upgraded
networking to global standards. Billions of internet users rely on multiple application
and networking technologies, including:

Internet Protocol (IP): The internet’s primary component and communications

backbone. Because the internet is comprised of hardware and software layers, the IP
communication standard is used to address schemes and identify unique connected
devices. Prominent IP versions used for communications include Internet Protocol
version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6).

Communications: The internet is the most cost-effective communications method in

the world, in which the following services are instantly available:

Email
Web-enabled audio/video conferencing services
Online movies and gaming
Data transfer/file-sharing, often through File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Instant messaging
Internet forums
Social networking
Online shopping
Financial services
The internet originated with the U.S. government, which began building a computer
network in the 1960s known as ARPANET. In 1985, the U.S. National Science
Foundation (NSF) commissioned the development of a university network backbone
called NSFNET. The system was replaced by new networks operated by commercial
internet service providers in 1995. The internet was brought to the public on a larger
scale at around this time.

Questions:

Explain what email is:

An email is an electronic mail which is abbreviated as (e-mail, email and E-Mail) it is

a very old form of computer based communication, in technology terms back in the
early 70s, computers were giant machines people used dial up terminals to access
them and each machine stored multiple users.
When people found useful and unique ways to communicate with each other and
messaging systems evolved. Ray Tomlinson is the reason why we use the @
symbol, he was the first to send an email by addressing a user on another system
using the @ symbol, both underlying dynamics and far reaching consequences
weren’t so simple but it was that notion that brings us to where we are today.
Emails back in the day was equivalent of today’s text message and overtime it has
changed and evolved like anything else but they are still very simple. A lot of the
ideas used in replying email were important in formulating document transfer, which
is at the core of things like bulletin board system and the world wide web.

Explain what instant messaging is:

Instant messaging is essentially the internet revolutionized way of communication,
email been the most rapidly adopted form of communication ever known, years ago
not many people had heard about it but now anyone can e-mail writing letters and
sending billions of emails every day or even calling people on the phone.

However, there is always pros and cons and sometimes emails might not fast
enough, and you might have to be going back and forth when in constant email with
someone. This is why instant messaging (IM) became so popular because it was
quicker, and there is a list of people you are interacting with that you can send
instant message to anyone on you contact list.
The features that most IM have are;
-Instant message – send notes back and forth with friends who are online
- To be able to create a chat room with friends and co-workers
- video – send each and view videos and chat face to face wit friends
-Being able to send images
-Sending playlist to your friends
- You can share files directly
-Talk on the phone by just using the internet connection
- Being able to watch live streams on your phone.

Explain what the Internet is:

The meaning of Internet is the essentially the globally connected networks system
that uses TCP/IP to transmit data via various types of media. The internet is a
network of global exchanges- including private, public, business, academic and
government networks which are connected and guided wireless and fibre optic
technologies.
The internet Is usually interchangeably with World Wide Web, but they are not
exactly the same because the internet refers to the global communication system
while the Web is one of the services communicated over the internet.
Since the 90’s, the internet has significantly influenced and advanced networking
and enhanced a lot more to global standards.
The internet is originated with the U.S. government, which began to build a computer
networking in the 60’s known as ARPANET. The U.S National Science Foundation
(NSF) commissioned the development of a university network backbone called the
NSFNET. This system was replaced by new networks operated by commercial
internet service providers in the 1995. The internet was then brought to the public on
a larger scale at around this time.

The internet is available for amazing services such as;

- Emailing
- Watching movies online
- Internet forums
- Social networking (snapchat, Instagram)
- Doing online shopping
- Financial services
Section C: Internet Services

Internet Service Provider

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) supplies you with access to the web, usually via home,
mobile or satellite broadband connection. If you're searching for the best ISP supplying
broadband in your area, we can help you compare thousands of deals and find the right
provider for your home

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) offer you access to the web in exchange for a monthly fee,
although many will now also offer you extra services including a home phone line and a digital
TV package. Depending on the service you signed up for, your internet could be delivered via
copper or fibre optic cables under the ground, through the air via satellite or through a 3G/4G
network.

Types of Internet Service Provider (ISP)

● ADSL broadband ISP - gives you broadband access via a standard copper landline,
● Fibre optic broadband ISP - gives you access to superfast broadband via special fibre
optic cables
● Satellite broadband ISP - allows customers in rural areas to get online via satellite
internet connections that don't require proximity to an exchange
● Mobile broadband ISP - uses a mobile signal from masts all over the UK to allow you
to access the internet while away from your home broadband connection

What services do ISPs provide?

As well as internet access, ISPs will also offer:

● Network-level security to protect you online

● Free, secure email access
● Home phone and sometimes even digital TV access
● Web browsers
● Hosting for websites

What is the difference between a local ISP and a national ISP?

Local ISPs provide internet services in one or two localised areas, and usually specialise in internet access
for hard-to-reach, or rural areas. Far from being a second best option, many of these providers can now
provide a service just as good if not better than the widely available National ISPs.
National ISPs offer a broadband service to customers up and down the county at some incredibly
competitive prices. While these services can be hard to get hold of in the most rural areas, there are still
some options for anyone looking for a reliable rural broadband service.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
A uniform resource locator (URL) is the address of a resource on the Internet. A URL
indicates the location of a resource as well as the protocol used to access it.
A URL contains the following information:
● The protocol used to a access the resource
● The the location of the server (whether by IP address or domain name)
● The port number on the server (optional)
● The location of the resource in the directory structure of the server
● A fragment identifier (optional)
Also known as a Universal Resource Locator (URL) or Web address. A URL is a type of
uniform resource identifier (URI). In common practice, the term URI isn't used, or is used
synonymously with URL, even though this is technically incorrect.

Techopedia explains Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Tim Berners-Lee and the Internet Engineering Task Force working group is credited with
developing the URL in 1994. It is formally specified in RFC 1738.
All URLs are presented in the following order:
● Scheme name
● Colon and two slashes
● Location of the server
● The port (optional) and the location of the resource on the server
● Fragment identifier (optional)
So, the format will look like this:
scheme://location:port/file-on-server.htm?querystring=1
This looks more complex that it is. The most common schemes (protocols) are HTTP and
HTTPS, which any WWW user will recognize. The location of the server is generally a
domain name. Given this, the following URLs are much more simple to understand:
http://www.google.com/default.htm
https://www.google.com/default.htm
Both these URLs indicate that there is a file named default.htm on a server with the address
of "google.com". One uses regular HTTP, while the other uses a secure version of this
scheme.
Two common elements of confusion about URLs:
● The "www" is not actually part of the technical protocol. Websites just started using
this to indicate the user is using the World Wide Web. This is why if you go to
http://google.com, it redirects to http://www.google.com.
● Most users access the Internet via a Web browser, which inserts port 80 on HTTP
connections behind the scenes. This is why if you go to http://www.google.com:80,
you will see the same website as if there were no port number.
Finally, the following URL demonstrates a fragment identifier, more commonly known as a
querystring:
http://www.google.com/some-page?search=hello
This is saying that to use the HTTP protocol to send a request to the website at google.com
(over port 80) and to ask for "some-page" and send in the search variable "hello". This is why
you'll sometimes see an extremely long URL as many variables are being sent to the Web
server in more interactive Web applications.

Domain Names

Domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses

Domain names are easy-to-remember words that we can use to communicate to a DNS
server the website we want to visit. The Domain Name System (DNS) is what translates
the friendly name to an IP address.
Somewhat like international phone numbers, the domain name system gives every server
a memorable and easy-to-spell address, such as lifewire.com. The domain name hides the
IP address that most people aren't interested in seeing or using, like the 151.101.129.121
address used by lifewire.com.
In other words, it's much easier to type "lifewire.com" in your web browser than it is to
remember and enter the IP address that the website uses. This is why domain names are
so incredibly useful.

Examples of Internet Domain Names

Here are several examples of what's meant by a "domain name:"
lifewire.com
nytimes.com
navy.mil
harvard.edu
monster.ca
wikipedia.org
japantimes.co.jp
dublin.ie
gamesindustry.biz
spain.info
sourceforge.net
wikipedia.org
In each of these instances, when you access the website using the domain name, the web
browser communicates with the DNS server to understand the IP address that the
websites uses. The browser can then communicate directly with the web server using the
IP address.
A Domain Name Is Not the Same as a URL
To be technically correct, a domain name is commonly part of a larger internet address
called a URL. The URL goes into much more detail than a domain name, providing more
information like the specific folder and file on the server, the machine name, and the
protocol language.
Here are some examples of a URL with the domain name in bold:
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/19/books/19potter.html
http://www.nrl.navy.mill/content.php?P=MISSION
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hsdept/chsi.html
http://jobsearch.monster.ca/jobsearch.asp?q=denver&fn=&lid=&re=&cy=CA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAC_(company)
http://classified.japantimes.co.jp/miscellaneous.htm
http://www.dublin.ie/visitors.htm
http://www.gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=26858
http://www.spain.info/TourSpain/Destinos/
http://azureus.sourceforge.net/download.php

Elements of Web 2.0

● Wikis: Websites that enable users to contribute, collaborate and edit site

content. Wikipedia is one of the oldest and best-known wiki-based sites.

● The increasing prevalence of Software as a Service (SaaS), web apps and

cloud computing rather than locally-installed programs and services.

● Mobile computing, also known as nomadicity, the trend toward users

connecting from wherever they may be. That trend is enabled by the
proliferation of smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices in
conjunction with readily accessible Wi-Fi networks.
● Mash-ups: Web pages or applications that integrate complementary

elements from two or more sources.

● Social networking: The practice of expanding the number of one's

business and/or social contacts by making connections through

individuals. Social networking sites include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn
and Google+.
 ● Collaborative efforts based on the ability to reach large numbers of

participants and their collective resources, such as crowdsourcing,

crowdfunding and crowdsource testing.
● User-generated content (UGC): Writing, images, audio and video

content -- among other possibilities -- made freely available online by

the individuals who create it.
● Unified communications (UC): The integration of multiple forms of call

and multimedia/cross-media message-management functions controlled

by an individual user for both business and social purposes.
● Social curation: The collaborative sharing of content organized around

one or more particular themes or topics. Social content curation sites

include Reddit, Digg,Pinterest and Instagram.

Questions:
Explain what an Internet service provider is:
An (ISP)Internet Service Provider is what supplies you with access to the web, this
usually is used via home, mobile or satellite broadband connection. If searching for a
good broadband the ISP are here to help thousands of deals and find the right
provider for your home.
ISP can offer access to the web in exchange for a monthly fee, however many now
offer extra services depending on the services your signed up for, your internet can
be delivered via copper or fibre cables under the ground, through the air via satellite
or through a 3G/4G network.

However, there are different types of Internet services, such as Fibre

optic broadband ISP - gives you access to superfast broadband via special fibre
optic cables. Satellite broadband ISP - allows customers in rural areas to get online
via satellite internet connections that don't require proximity to an exchange.
Mobile broadband ISP - uses a mobile signal from masts all over the UK to allow you
to access the internet while away from your home broadband connection.

ISP provides a lot of service’s such;

-Network level security to protect you online
-Free, secure email access
- Web browsers
- Hosting for website
-Home phone and sometimes even digital TV access

On the other hand, there is also Local ISP and National ISP and the difference
between both is that local ISP they provide internet services in one or two localised
area, and usually specialised in internet access fir hard-to-reach, or rural areas.
These services are just as good if not even better than widely available National
ISP’s. On the other hand, National ISPs offer a broadband service to customers up
and down the county at some incredibly competitive prices. While these services can
be hard to get hold of in the most rural areas, there are still some options for anyone
looking for a reliable rural broadband service.

Explain what a uniform resource locator is:

Uniform resource locator (URL) is the address of a resource on the Internet. A URL
indicates the location of a resource as well as the protocol used to access it.
I it also known as a Universal Resource Locator (URL) or Web address. A URL is a
type of uniform resource identifier (URI). In common practice, the term URI isn’t
used, or is used synonymously with URL, even though this is technically incorrect.
The URL includes;
-The protocol used to an access the resource
-The location of the server (whether by IP address or domain name)
-The port number on the server (optional)
-The location of the resource in the directory structure of the server
-A fragment identifier (optional)
Tim Berners-Lee and the Internet Engineering Task Force working group is credited
with developing the URL in 1994. It is formally specified in RFC 1738.
All the URLs are presented in the following order:
-Scheme name
-Colon and two slashes
-Location of the server
-The port (optional) and the location of the resource on the server
-Fragment identifier (optional)

Explain what a domain name is:

Domain names are easy-to-remember words that we can use to communicate to a
DNS server the website we want to visit. The Domain Name System (DNS) is what
translates the friendly name to an IP address. Furthermore, it's much easier to type
"lifewire.com" in your web browser than it is to remember and enter the IP address
that the website uses. This is why domain names are so incredibly useful.

However, sometimes domain can sometimes be mistaken for Domain Name but it is
not as a URL.
To be technically correct, a domain name is commonly part of a larger internet
address called a URL. The URL goes into much more detail than a domain name,
providing more information like the specific folder and file on the server, the machine
name, and the protocol language.
Here are several examples of what's meant by a "domain name:
-lifewire.com
-Cury.mil
-harvard.edu
-monster.ca
-wikipedia.org
-japantimes.co.jp
-dublin.ie
-gamesindustry.biz
-spain.info

On the other hand, In each of these instances, when you access the website using
the domain name, the web browser communicates with the DNS server to
understand the IP address that the websites uses. The browser can then
communicate directly with the webserver using the IP address

Summary (application of understanding):

Write a summary based around the following questions:

- How are these Internet services, systems and methods used within a film production
company? GIVE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
- What devices are they used on?
- What are the advantages of using these different methods of communication/systems?
- What are the disadvantages of using these different methods of
communication/systems?

These internet services systems and methods are very important in the film
production company. A film production company such as Touchstone will have to
encounter with these internet services that will help them promote, enhancing their
company viewers and audiences.
Since internet has established everything has changed and has been upgraded, and
for that the (WWW) world wide web has allowed a massive access and has
encouraged a mass audience. However, there are disadvantages as well as
advantages to this world wide web.

In the period between 2000 and 2009, the number of people using the Internet
increased from 394 million to 1.858 billion, globally.
Internet, as we know, is a large network of networks, which communicate with each
other by means of data packets The Internet is regarded as the largest information
base. And today, it has become an integral part of our lives. Its access methods
have also evolved over time, starting from dial-up connections, slowly graduating to
broadband, developing further into wireless access, and then to cellular technology.
With the increasing and improving means of accessing the web, its use and
popularity also grew. Owing to its easy availability, high access speeds, and the
variety of services offered, Internet is the need of the day.

This is just an example of using different methods of communicating in general and

also on the world wide web. This just simply examples that there is just so much you
can do, using different methods of communication can be exciting and new.
However, if not used correctly there can be problems that will affect you personally,
and if it’s a company there can be a lot of difficulties caused within the industry.
Advantages

 -You can learn anything you want over the world wide web,
 Develop amazing stuff and become Billionaire (Google, Fb, LinkedIn,
Twitter etc)
 -Getting viral Availability of mainly free information
 Low cost of initial connection
 Reduces the costs of divulgation
 The same protocol of communication can be used for all the
Services
 Facilitates rapid interactive communication
 Facilitates the exchange of huge volumes of data
 Facilitates the establishment of professional contact
 -Social sites, Contacts, Video calls.
 -World-wide news and 90% of general data is available online
 Games
 -Sports (Live)
 -Save Photos, Memories.

Disadvantages

 Danger of overload and excess information

 It requires an efficient information search strategy

 It is difficult to filter and prioritize information
 No guarantee of finding what one is looking for
 Net becomes overloaded because of substantial number of users
 No regulation
 The search can be slow
 There is a lot of apparently unconnected information

GRADING CRITERIA

PASS:
Basic description of the different systems, Internet services and methods of digital
communication
MERIT:
Where and how are these Internet services, systems and methods used within a film
production company?
DISTINCTION:
What devices are they used on?
What are the advantages of using this method of communication/system?
What are the disadvantages of using this method of communication/system?