EKISTICS

1. 2. EKISTICS • The term Ekistics was coined by Greek architect and urban planner
Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942. • Applies to the science of human settlements . •
Includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design. This science, termed
Ekistics, will take into consideration •the principles man takes into account when building his
settlements, as well •as the evolution of human settlements through history in terms of size
and quality. • The target is to build the city of optimum size, that is, a city which respects
human dimensions. • Since there is no point in resisting development, we should try to
accommodate technological evolution and the needs of man within the same settlement.
ACCORDING TO DOXIADIS In order to create the cities of the future, we need to
systematically develop a science of human settlements.
2. 3. EKISTICS • Ekistics aims to encompass all scales of human habitation and seeks to learn
from the archeological and historical record by looking not only at great cities, but, as much
as possible, at the total settlement pattern. • BASIC PARTS OF COMPOSITE HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS • Homogeneous parts-fields; • Central parts-built-up villages; • Circulatory
parts-roads & paths within the fields; and • Special parts-i.e., a monastery contained within
the homogeneous part.
3. 4. • CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS • By Ekistics Units • By Ekistics
Elements • By Ekistics Functions • By Evolutionary Phases • By Factors & Disciplines
4. 5. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS • Based on Sizes • Small and sparsely
spaced (rural settlements or villages specializing in agriculture) • Large and closely spaces
(urban settlements specializing in secondary and tertiary activities) • Based on Location of
Settlements- plains, mountains, coastal, etc. • Based on Physical Forms-form as the
expression of content, function, and structure • Based on Five Elements of Human
Settlements
5. 6. • Based on Functions- which are important to an understanding of the meaning and role of
settlements: • Reveal nature, specialization, & raison d’etre of settlements • Based on activity
(economic, social), their performance,or special role (as dormitories, retirement villages, etc.)
• Based on Time Dimension- age of settlements, their place in continuum (past, present,
future), their relative static of dynamic character, the whole process of their growth • Based
on degree of society’s conscious involvement in settlements creation natural and planned
settlements • Based on institutions, legislations and administrations which society has
created for settlements
6. 7. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS • By Ekistics Units • By Ekistics Elements
• By Ekistics Functions • By Evolutionary Phases • By Factors & Disciplines
7. 8. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS BY EKISTICS UNITS: FOUR BASIC
GROUPS • Minor shells or elementary units- Man(Anthropos), room, house; • Micro-
settlements- units smaller than, or as small as, the traditional town where people used, do &
still do achieve interconnection by walking (housegroup, small neighbourhood); • Meso-
settlements- between traditional town & conurbation within which one can commute daily
(small polis, polis, small metropolis, small eperopolis, eperopolis); and • Macro-settlements-
whose largest possible expression is the Ecumenopolis
8. 9. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS BY EKISTICS UNITS • Physical and
Social Units • Man (as individual)- smallest unit • Space- second unit either personally owned
or shared with others • Family Home- third unit • Social Unit • Group of Homes
9. 10. THE FIGURE BELOW ARE FOR DOXIADIS' IDEAL FUTURE EKISTIC UNITS FOR
THE YEAR 2100 AT WHICH TIME HE ESTIMATED (IN 1968) THAT EARTH WOULD
ACHIEVE ZERO POPULATION GROWTH AT A POPULATION OF 50,000,000,000 WITH
HUMAN CIVILIZATION BEING POWERED BY FUSION ENERGY. EKISTIC UNITS: 15
LEVELS • Also called EKISTICS LOGARITHMIC SCALE (ELS) • Unit range from Man to
Ecumenopolis which turn into four basic groups
10. 11. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS • EKISTICS UNIT
11. 12. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS • EKISTICS UNIT
12. 13. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS • Large City- a city with large population
& many services having less than 1 million but over 3 lakhs people. • City- a city with
abundant but not with as many services as in a large city ,having over 1 lakh upto 3 lakhs
people • Large Town- Population of 20,000 to 1 lakh. • Town- population of 1,000 to 20,000. •
Village- population of 100 to 1000 • Hamlet- tiny population (<100) and very few (if any)
services, & few buildings • Isolated dwellings – 1 or 2 buildings of families with negligible
services, if any.
13. 14. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS BY EKISTICS ELEMENTS
14. 15. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EKISTICS • MAXIMIZATION OF HUMAN POTENTIALS –in a
certain area, man will select the location which permits a maximum of potential contact •
MINIMIZATION OF EFFORTS –a minimum of effort, terms of energy, time and cost Man
selects the most convenient routes • OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S PROTECTIVE SPACE •
OPTIMIZATION OF MAN’S RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS ENVIORMENT • OPTIMIZATION
OF FOUR PREVIOUS PRENCIPLES
15. 16. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS BY EVOLUTIONARY PHASES • Macro
scale- nomadic, agricultural, urban, urban industrial; • Micro scale- specific area at a limited
period of time
16. 17. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS BY FACTORS & DISCIPLINES
17. 18. ISLAMABAD-- THE CREATION OF NEW CAPITAL Islamabad, the new Capital of
Pakistan, planned by Constantinos A. Doxiadis and Doxiadis Associates in the late 1950s, is
now a fast-growing city of about 1.5 million inhabitants, forming, together with the adjacent
old city of Rawalpindi and a National Park, a Metropolitan Area (Greater
Islamabad/Rawalpindi Area) of about 4.5 million inhabitants. The greater area of the capital,
the metropolitan area, has been planned for a future population of about 2,500,000
inhabitants within a period of two generations.  Capital of pakistan and 10th largest city in
world  Located on pothohar plateau  Built during 1960 to replace karachi  Most developed
city and divied into sectors and zones The Landscape Pattern and the Highways The
backbone of the Islamabad Metropolitan Area Master Plan is formed by two highways,
Islamabad Highway and Murree Highway, the alignment of which was dictated by the natural
landscape pattern and the existing man made obstacles. Formation of the Metropolitan Area
The principal system of axes in the metropolitan area of islamabad defines three distinctive
areas: a. the area of Islamabad proper. b. the area of Rawalpindi, the center of which is the
city of Rawalpindi. c. the National Park area which will retain certain agricultural functions for
several years and where sites must be provided for a national sports center, the national
university, national research institute, etc.
18. 19. Dynametropolis Islamabad will be the capital of the nation and will serve mainly
administrative and cultural functions. Rawalpindi will remain the regional center serving
industrial and commercial functions. It has been designed on the basis of the ideal city of the
future and to form a dyna-metropolis. Each is planned to develop dynamically towards the
south-west, their center cores growing simultaneously and together with their residential and
other functions
19. 20. ISLAMABAD-- THE CREATION OF NEW CAPITAL
20. 21. ISLAMABAD-- TODAY
21. 22. HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES• Spanish Occupation • Binondo -
Founded in 1594, Binondo was created by Spanish Governor Luis Pérez Dasmariñas as a
permanent settlement for converted Chinese immigrants (called sangleys) across the river
from the walled city of Intramuros where the Spaniards resided.
22. 23. • Intramuros - It was built to protect the seat of the Spanish government from hostile
native revolts, and raiding Chinese sea pirates. The plans for Intramuros were based on King
Philip II of Spain's Royal Ordinance issued on July 3, 1573 in San Lorenzo, Spain. Its design
was based upon a star fort or trace italienne and covered 64 hectares of land, surrounded by
 8 feet thick stones and high walls that rise 22 feet. -planned and executed by Jesuit Priest
Antonio Sedeno HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
23. 24. Spanish Occupation Cebu - Following Magellan, Spanish explorers led by Miguel López
de Legazpi sailing from Mexico arrived in 1565 and established a colony in the island of
Cebu. The Spaniards established settlements, trade flourished and renamed the island to
"Villa del Santíssimo Nombre de Jesús" (Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus). Cebu
became the first European settlement established by the Spanish Cortés in the Philippines.
24. 25. HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES • American Period • Baguio - The
region around Baguio was first settled primarily by the Kankana-eys and the Ibalois. In the
nearby town of La Trinidad, Spaniards established a commandante or military garrison,
although Kafagway, as Baguio was once known, was barely touched. In 1901 Japanese and
Filipino workers hired by the Americans built Kennon Road, the first road directly connecting
Kafagway with the lowlands of Pangasinan. Before this, the only road to Kafagway was
Naguilian Road. On September 1, 1909 Baguio was declared a chartered city. The famous
American architect Daniel Burnham, one of the earliest successful modern city planners, laid
a meticulous plan for the city in 1904. His plan was, nevertheless, realized only to a small
extent, primarily due to growth of the city well beyond its initial planned population of 25,000
people.
25. 26. GOVERNMENT OFFICES ON HOUSING AND SETTLEMENTS HUDCC HLURB NHA
HGC NHMFC
26. 27. THE HUDCC  The Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC)
was created by then President Corazon C. Aquino to serve as the highest policy making
body for housing and coordinate the activities of the government housing agencies to ensure
the accomplishment of the National Shelter Program. THE HLURB • The Housing and Land
Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) is a national government agency tasked as the planning,
regulatory and quasi-judicial body for land use development and real estate and housing
regulation.
27. 28. THE NHA • The National Housing Authority is a government-owned and -controlled
corporation under the administrative supervision of the Housing and Urban Development
Coordinating Council and classified under the Infrastructure Utilities Group. Provides
responsive housing programs primarily to homeless low-income families with access to
social services and economic opportunities with excellence while ensuring corporate viability.
THE HGC • The Home Guaranty Corporation (HGC) is the government-owned-and-
controlled-corporation (GOCC) mandated by law (Republic Act 8763) to promote sustainable
home ownership by providing risk coverage or Guarantees and tax/fiscal incentives to banks
and financial institutions/investors granting housing development loans/credits, and home
financing.
28. 29. THE HDMF • The Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF), more popularly known as
the Pag-IBIG Fund, was an answer to the need for a national savings program and an
affordable shelter financing for the Filipino worker. • Pag-IBIG is an acronym which stands
for Pagtutulungan sa Kinabukasan: Ikaw, Bangko, Industria at Gobyerno.
29. 30. PHILIPPINE LAWS ON SETTLEMENTS • Laws that Ensure Rational Land Use and
Sustainable Urban and Regional Development ▫ Executive Order No. 72 - Providing for the
Preparation and Implementation of the Comprehensive Land Use Plans of Local
Government Units Pursuant to the Local Government Code of 1991 and Other Pertinent
Laws ▫ Memorandum Circular No. 54 - Prescribing the Guidelines of Sec. 20, R.A. 7160,
Authorizing Cities/Municipalities to Reclassify Lands into Non-Agricultural Uses ▫ Executive
Order No. 124 - Establishing Priorities and Procedures in Evaluating Areas for Land
Conversion in Regional Agricultural/Industrial Centres, Tourism Development Areas Sites for
Socialized Housing
30. 31. PHILIPPINE LAWS ON SETTLEMENTS • Laws that Regulate the Relationship between
Sellers, Developers and Buyers of Subdivision Lots and Condominium Units, and provide
Quasi- Judicial and Criminal Remedies for Breach of Statutory and Contractual Obligations •
 Subdivision and Condominium Buyer's Protective Decree Presidential Decree No. 957 (As
Amended By P.D. 1216) - Regulating the Sale of Subdivision Lots and Condominiums,
Providing Penalties For Violations Thereof • Presidential Decree No. 1216 - Defining "Open
Space" in Residential Subdivision and Amending Sec. 31 of Pd 957 Requiring Subdivision
Owners to Provide Roads, Alleys, Sidewalks and Reserve Open Space for Parks or
Recreational Use • Presidential Decree No. 1344 - Empowering the NHA to Issue Writ of
Execution in the Enforcement of its Decisions Under P.D. 957 • Batas Pambansa 220 - An
Act Authorizing the Ministry of Human Settlements to Establish and Promulgate Different
Levels of Standards and Technical Requirements for Economic and Socialized Housing
Projects in Urban and Rural Areas from Those Provided Under Presidential Decrees
Numbered Nine Hundred Fifty-Seven, Twelve Hundred Sixteen, Ten Hundred Ninety-Six and
Eleven Hundred Eighty- Five
31. 32. PHILIPPINE LAWS ON SETTLEMENTS • Republic Act 7279 - Urban Development and
Housing Act. An Act to Provide For a Comprehensive and Continuing Urban Development
and Housing Program, Establish the Mechanism for its Implementation, and for Other
Purposes • Republic Act 4726 - The Condominium Act. An Act to Define Condominium,
Establish Requirements for its Creation, and Govern its Incidents • Republic Act 7899 -
Amending Sections 4 and 6 of R.A. 4726 • Executive Order 71 - Devolution of HLURB
Function to Approved Subdivision Plan of LGUS • Executive Order 184 - Creating Socialized
Housing One-Stop Processing Centers • Republic Act 6552 - Realty Installment Buyer
Protection Act
32. 33. WHAT ARE THE LATEST MINIMUM DESIGN STANDARDS ? Under BP 220 Under PD
957 Minimum lot area Single Detached - 72 sqm for economic housing; 64 sqm for socialized
housing Duplex/Single Attached - 54 sqm for economic housing; 48 sqm for socialized
housing Rowhouse - 36 sqm for economic housing; 28 sqm for socialized housing (per BR
824, s. 2008) Minimum floor area 22 sqm for economic housing; 18 sqm for socialized
housing Minimum lot area Single Detached - 120 sqm for open market; 100 sqm for medium
cost Duplex/Single Attached - 96 sqm for open market housing; 80 sqm for medium cost
housing Rowhouse - 60 sqm for open market housing; 50 sqm for medium cost housing
Minimum floor area 42 sqm for open market housing; 30 sqm for medium cost housing
33. 34. REFERENCES: • Ravallion, M. 2001. On the urbanization of poverty. • Population
Reports. Volume XXX, Number 4, Fall 2002. John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health • Comprehensive Land Use Planning Guidebook Volume 1. 2007. HLURB •
http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/ua_2k.html •
http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanizatio n.aspx •
http://hlurb.gov.ph/faqs/