Journal of Alloys and Compounds 700 (2017) 75e82

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Journal of Alloys and Compounds

journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jalcom

Easy synthesis of silver nanoparticles-orange emissive carbon dots

hybrids exhibiting enhanced fluorescence for white light emitting
diodes
Sai Lin, Ziwei Wang, Yijun Zhang, Yunyun Huang, Rongrong Yuan, Weidong Xiang*,
Yongqiang Zhou**
College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Ag nanoparticles (NPs) show a excellent surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which is expected to enable
Received 3 December 2016 fluorescence enhancement. In this study, a facile approach is proposed for fabrication of Ag NPs/long-
Received in revised form wavelength carbon dots (Ag-LCDs) hybrids, wherein Ag NPs work as a fluorescent reinforcer to
6 January 2017
enhance photoluminescence (PL) intensity of LCDs. The largest enhancement was acquired through
Accepted 7 January 2017
Available online 8 January 2017
adjusting the volume ration between Ag NPs and LCDs. In this process, PL decay is considered as an
important and simple characterization to speculate the metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF) mechanism.
On the basis of result of small reduction in lifetime, we proposed that the mechanism may be pre-
Keywords:
Long-wavelength CDs
dominantly derived from the localized effectric field effect and partly from the intrinsic radiative decay
Ag NPs rate. Moreover, spin-coating technology was utilized to produce LCDs and Ag-LCDs hybrids films. Then,
Photoluminescence white light-emitting diodes (white LEDs) were constructed by these films with controllable thicknesses
White LEDs and GaN chips. The constructed white LED presented excellent optical performances with an optimal
color coordinates (CIE) of (0.33, 0.35), a color rendering index (CRI) of 74.6, a correlated color temper-
ature (CCT) of 5435 K. Notably, the existence of Ag NPs enable these LCDs to improve the luminous
efficacy (LE) from 32.63 lm W
1 to 41.26 lm W
1. Such superior optical merits enable them the promising
potentials for application in optical devices.
© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction example, owing to the lack of long-wavelength emission and weak

Recently, carbon dots (CDs) have drawn considerable attention
due to their fantastic and unique properties, including stable pho-
toluminescence (PL), easy functionality [1,2], and electron transfer
behavior compared with tradition luminescent species [3]. After
the pioneering report by Xu and co-workers [4], CDs have been
produced from a variety of carbon precursors, and present a widely
potential application in optoelectronic devices, sensors, photo-
catalysis and so on [5,6]. However, according to the most reports,
the PL intensity of the long-wavelength (in orange and red light
regions) CDs (LCDs) are relatively low owing to lack of valid syn-
thesized approach and vague luminescence mechanism, which is a
serious impediment to the development and applications [7,8]. For
* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail address: xiangweidong001@126.com (W. Xiang).
absorption in the visible region, short-wavelength CDs (SCDs) can
not be utilized directly for phosphor-converted white light diodes
(LEDs), photocatalysis [9,10]. Hence, it is high time to establish
effective method to improve the PL intensity of LCDs. Metal
enhanced fluorescence (MEF) has emerged rapidly as a technology
to improve the PL intensity [11e13]. It has been generally exploited
to enhance the PL intensity of quantum dots, dyes, lanthanide
nanocrystals as well as CDs. The PL enhancement in this study can
be derived from the mechanism of surface plasmon resonance
(SPR).
Ag-CDs hybrids have been extensively investigated in virtue of
their individual properties [3,14,15]. Hyosung Choi et al. found that
due to the SPR effect of Ag NPs, current efficiency and luminous
efficiency of Ag-CDs hybrids based on polymer LEDs were signifi-
cantly improved [3]. Efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering
properties were also demonstrated by introducing Ag NPs into CDs
[14e16]. However, to the best of our knowledge, few studies have

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.072
0925-8388/© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
76 S. Lin et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 700 (2017) 75e82
been involved to the Ag-enhanced fluorescence of SCDs, not to
mention any further improvement of LCDs and their application in
white LED. Generally, core-shell structure is preferred to acquire a
better MEF effect, which is comprised of noble metal nanostructure,
such as metal core or shell, a certain thickness of dielectric layer
including silica or polymer and a luminescent species. For instance,
research showed that tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) served as silica-
shell and controlled the distance between Ag NPs and fluorescent
SCDs, which give rise to a more than four-fold increase in PL in-
tensity of SCDs [16,17]. Nevertheless, these fabrication processes are
very time consuming and tedious. Interestingly, it was found that
SCDs with a green luminescent emission displayed an optimal
fluorescence owing to the addition of well-dispersed Ag NPs
around the SCDs. Herein, Ag NPs were achieved by the reduction of
Agþ [18]. The work offered a facile and convenient way to promote
PL intensity of SCDs, which stimulated the interest of study on Ag-
induced improvement of LCDs.
In the present work, we synthesized the Ag-LCDs hybrids via a
simple chemistry method. Herein, we used LCDs as luminescent
species and Ag NPs as a fluorescent intensifier to enhance PL in-
tensity. Furthermore, according to the small reduction in lifetime,
we proposed that Ag-enhanced PL intensity could be both attrib-
uted to the increase of the local field and the intrinsic radiative
decay rate. Moreover, the films consisting of LCDs/Ag-LCDs and
ultrathin quartz glass were gotten by spin-coating technology.
White LED was finally fabricated by combining the GaN and these
films. Importantly, the Ag-LCDs present stronger PL intensity,
which further increase the luminous efficacy (LE). Thus, the work
affords new opportunities to apply them in white LEDs.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Anhydrous citric acid, N-(b-aminoethyl)-g-aminopropyl meth-
yldimethoxy silane (AEAPMS), silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99.8%), so-
dium citrate tribasic dihydrate (TSC, 99%), sodium borohydride
(NaBH4, 99%) were purchased from Aladdin Chemistry Co.Ltd
(Shanghai, China). All the chemicals used in the experiments were
of analytical grade and used as received without any further
purification.
2.2. Sample preparation
2.2.1. Synthesis of Ag nanoparticles
The Ag NPs solution was synthesized by a one-step reduction
method at room temperature according to a previous report [19].
Briefly, an ice-cold freshly prepared solution of NaBH4 (0.25 mL,
100 mM, 250 mL) was rapidly injected into the 24.75 mL aqueous
solution containing AgNO3 (0.05 M, 50 mL) and TSC (75 mM, 0.5 mL)
under vigorously stirred in air. Afterwards, the obtained colorless
solution turned to yellow immediately, which indicated the for-
mation of Ag NPs (0.0108 g/L). It was also notable that no color
change and aggregation were observed for the Ag NPs after storage
for many months.
2.2.2. Synthesis of LCDs
In our experiments, we synthesized LCDs (centered at 610 nm)
from carbon source anhydrous citric acid utilizing a one-pot hot
injecting method with a little improvement [20,21,37]. In a typical
procedure, 60 mL of AEAPMS were added to a three-necked flask
and heated at 220  C under the protection of a nitrogen atmo-
sphere. Then, 3.0 g of citric acid dissolved uniformly in 6 mL of
ethanol was quickly injected into the AEAPMS with vigorous stir-
ring. After 5 min, the color of the solution changed from colorless to
light red and then gradually to dark brown, indicating the gener-
ation of the LCDs.
2.2.3. Synthesis of Ag-LCDs hybrids
In this work, a simple and straightforward method was estab-
lished to enhance PL intensity of LCDs. The Ag-LCDs hybrids could
be obtained by adding varying volume Ag NPs solution (0.0108 g/L)
into 3 ml LCDs. The volume of 0.6 mL, 0.8 mL, and 0.9 mL respec-
tively were labeled as A-LCDs, B-LCDs, C-LCDs hereafter. The
schematic synthesis for the LCDs, Ag NPs and Ag-LCDs hybrids are
shown in Fig. 1.
2.2.4. Construction white LEDs
Spin-coating technology was obtained to caste the Ag-LCDs
hybrids solution on a quartz glass substrate and then heating the
samples at 80  C for 12 h. Finally, white LEDs were constructed by
coupling the films with GaN chip.
2.3. Characterization techniques
The microstructure of all the samples were carried out on a FEI
Tecnai F20 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-
resolution TEM (HRTEM) which was operated at an acceleration
voltage of 200 kV. The functional groups on the surface of the LCDs
and Ag-LCDs hybrids were detected by the Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR), in which the all samples was ground with KBr po-
wer and measured using a Bruke Equinox 55 FTIR spectrometer
from 500 to 4000 cm
1. Meanwhile, X-ray photoelectron spec-
troscopy (XPS) analysis was collected using an Axi Ultra DLD
spectrometer with monochromatic Al Ka as the excitation source.
The UVevis absorption spectra were recorded with a UV-2450
spectrometer, in which the LCDs and Ag-LCDs were dissolved in
ethanol and Ag NPs was dispersed in water. The fluorescence
spectra were conducted on a Horiba Jobin Yvon Fluromax-4P
spectrophotometer. Time resolved PL lifetime measurements
were performed using a time-correlated single-photon counting
(TCSPC) lifetime spectroscopy system with a picosecond-pulsed
diode laser (EPL-400 nm) as the single wavelength excitation
light source. Optical properties such as color rendering index (CRI),
color coordinates (CIE), correlated color temperature (CCT) and LE
were evaluated employing an integrating sphere (PMS-50, Everfine,
China) under a forward current of 20 mA.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Synthesis and characterization of CDs and Ag-LCDs hybrids
Fig. 2a shows the TEM image of as-synthesized Ag NPs and their
size distribution (inset in Fig. 2a), indicating that the Ag NPs are
uniformly distributed and the average size of Ag NPs is 15 nm. As
depicted in the Fig. 2b, the lattice spacing of 0.236 nm is
Fig. 1. Schematic of synthesis for the (a), Ag NPs (b), LCDs (b) and (c), Ag-LCDs hybrids.
 S. Lin et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 700 (2017) 75e82
Fig. 2. (a) The typical TEM image of Ag NPs. The inset in (a) is the size distribution image; (b) HRTEM image and (c) SAED image of Ag NPs (d)TEM image of prepared LCDs The inset
in (d) is the size distribution image; (e) HRTEM images of the LCDs.
corresponding to the (111) lattice plane of Ag NPs [22]. Meanwhile,
the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) image (Fig. 2c) exhibits
several diffraction rings, which match with (111), (220), (220) and
(311) planes of Ag cubic phase. As revealed by Fig. 2d, the as-
obtained LCDs has uniform spherical shape. The average size of
LCDs is 5 nm, which is smaller than Ag NPs (Fig. 2d). The clear
lattice spacing of 0.32 nm is consistent with the (002) spacing of the
crystalline graphite (Fig. 2e) [23].
The TEM image of the as-prepared Ag-LCDs hybrids (B-LCDs) is
present in Fig. 3a, demonstrating that the hybrids had heteroge-
neous morphology with varying size. We conjecture that the larger
NPs are Ag NPs and the smaller species are LCDs. Furthermore, the
lattice spacing of the larger NPs is corresponding to the (111) lattice
plane of Ag NPs. Apart from Ag NPs, the clear lattice spacing of the
smaller NPs agrees well with the (002) spacing of the crystalline
graphite. It is obviously that there is no change in the size and
morphology after the addition of Ag NPs. Meanwhile, the Ag NPs
are well-dispersed around LCDs rather than adsorbed on the sur-
face of LCDs, demonstrating no covalent binding effect or electro-
static interactions between Ag NPs and LCDs [24]. Meanwhile, the
hybrids are explored by the energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS).
As show in Figs. S1bec, red, blue and rose red spots symbolize C, Ag
and Si, while most C are believed to arise from the copper grid
which covered the C. In our report, AEAPMS participate in chemical
reactions and produce LCDs, therefore, rose red spots can be
considered as LCDs. As shown in Fig. S1a, blue spots are well-
dispersed around rose red spots rather than adsorbed on the rose
red spots which means the Ag NPs are well-dispersed around LCDs
rather than adsorbed on the surface of LCDs, this result is consistent
with TEM. The distance distributions are extracted from the TEM
image by using Nano Measure. The distance are range from 1.02 nm
77
to 13.46 nm. The most distance distribution range from 1.02 nm to
5.8 nm, only a small part of the distance distribution range from
5.8 nm to 13 nm (Fig. S2).
FTIR spectra are acquired to investigate the functional groups on
the surface of the LCDs, in which six bands are displayed. Fig. 4
reveals that these LCDs and Ag-LCDs hybrids possess abundant
hydrophilic group such as OeH (3450 cm
1), NeH (1590 cm
1),
thereby vouchsafing the excellent water solubility of the LCDs, and
because of this, Ag NPs solution can be fully mixed with LCDs. The
bands at 2930 cm
1 and 1050 cm
1 are, respectively, attributed to
the CeH, SieOeCH groups. The stretching vibration of SieOeCH
arises from the AEAPMS bonding on the surface of the LCDs. The
typical band located at around 1635 cm
1 is ascribed to the C¼ONR
vibration, which is different from the pure AEAPMS [21]. Mean-
while, the FTIR spectra of LCDs and Ag-LCDs hybrids display the
similar characteristics, which means that the introduced Ag NPs
solution had no exerted influence on the functional groups of LCDs.
In addition, it is notable that the abundant oxygen-containing
groups such as eOH and eC]O presented on the surface of CDs
can reinforce the stability of Ag NPs, which may be ascribed to the
reducibility of the groups [25].
XPS measurements are further carried out to characterize the
chemical structure of the resultant LCDs. Fig. 5a is the full scale XPS
spectrum, it clearly displays five predominant peaks: C 1s (285 eV),
N 1s (400eV), O 1s (532eV), Si 2s (154 eV) as well as Si 2p (103 eV).
The strong O 1s, C 1s and N 1s peaks reveal that the LCDs mainly
consist of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. The present Si peaks
demonstrate that AEAPMS participate the reaction to synthesize
the LCDs. In the high resolution spectrum C 1s peak (Fig. 5b), the C
1s band has been mainly deconvoluted into three peaks, repre-
senting C]C (284.3 eV), CeN (285.2 eV), C]O (287.8 eV)
78 S. Lin et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 700 (2017) 75e82
Fig. 3. (a) TEM image of Ag-LCDs hybrids; (b) and (c) HRTEM image of Ag-LCDs hybrids.
Fig. 4. FIRT spectra of AEAPMS (purple line), LCDs (black line) and Ag-LCDs hybrids
(blue, red and green lines). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure
legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
respectively. The O 1s spectrum (Fig. 6c) can be resolved into three
peaks located around at 529 eV, 531 eV and 533 eV, which are
correspond to CeO, C]O and CeOH respectively [25e27]. Other
than C 1s and O 1s, the spectrum of Si 2p is also measured and
shown in Fig. 5d. The Si 2p is fitted into only one peak at 103 eV
which is assigned to SieOeCH [20]. Meanwhile, the XPS spectrum
of the Ag-LCDs are similar, which is consistent with FTIR result
(Fig. S3). Two peaks appeared at 367.6 and 373.5 eV in the high-
resolution XPS spectrum of Ag3d are attributed to Ag 3d5/2 and
Ag 3d/2, which well confirm that the Ag NPs are stabilized in the
LCDs solution in the Fig. S3 [17].
Impressively, we notice that prolonging reaction time will be
beneficial for formation the LCDs though the mechanism is unclear.
The obtained LCDs (central at 610 nm) display a red-shift in
comparison with the previous report (central at 450 nm) [21,37].
Through a comparison of the figures exhibited in the TEM and XPS
spectrum (Figs. 2 and 5), we observe that the SCDs exhibit ul-
trasmall size (0.9 nm) and low N content (13.21%), however, the as-
synthesized LCDs exhibit larger size (5 nm) and stronger N 1s peak
in the full scale XPS spectrum (25.88%) [9,10]. Therefore, We
speculate that the trend may be result from not only the quantum-
size effect but also the abundant N contents [9,10,28].
Fig. 6 gives the UVevis absorption spectra of LCDs, Ag-LCDs
hybrids and Ag NPs. For the as-synthesized LCDs, obvious absorp-
tion band at 240 nm is attributed to the pep* transition of C]C
bonds, while the band at 360 nm is assigned to the nep* transition
of the C]O bonds [21]. It should be highlighted that there are no
obvious variations to the UVevis spectra of Ag-LCDs. The Ag-LCDs
hybrids only present typical absorption peaks of the LCDs, which
is similar to the literature [24]. This may be due to the low doping
concentration of Ag NPs. These result implies that the complex
formation between Ag NPs and LCDs can be effectively prevent,
which excludes the possible covalent binding between LCDs and Ag
NPs and provides further responsible support for the MEF mecha-
nism. For Ag NPs, it exhibits an another absorption band located at
405 nm, that is contributed to the SPR [19]. The above information,
including the TEM, FTIR, and XPS, imply that the introduced Ag NPs
had not changed the functional groups of LCDs, the LCDs have no
change metallic state of Ag NPs and that there are no covalent
binding between LCDs and Ag NPs simultaneously.
To further optimize the PL intensity of the Ag-LCDs hybrids, the
influence of Ag NPs volume is investigated, as illustrated in the
Fig. 7. As is expected, the PL intensity of emission increases due to
the included Ag NPs [18]. Initially, as observed in the figure, the PL
intensity is improved significantly when Ag NPs solution reaches to
0.8 mL. After the Ag NPs solution exceeds the volume, whereas, PL
intensity decrease by a lesser amount. That is, when added 0.8 mL
Ag NPs solution (the calculated amount of Ag NPs is
1.816  10
3 mg) into 3 mL LCDs solution, the PL intensity of CDs
achieves maximum improvement (inset in Fig. 7). However,
excessive Ag NPs decreases PL intensity of LCDs quickly [17,29].
 S. Lin et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 700 (2017) 75e82 79

Fig. 5. (a) Full XPS spectrum of LCDs. The high resolution XPS spectra of (b) C 1s, (c) O 1s and (d) Si 2p of LCDs hybrids respectively.

Fig. 7. PL spectra of LCDs, A-LCDs, B-LCDs and C-LCDs hybrids under the excitation of
460 nm and the PL intensity enhancement factor change with the different volume Ag
NPs (inset in Fig. 7).

Fig. 6. UVevis spectra of LCDs, Ag-LCDs hybrids and Ag NPs.
Particularly, the excitation of the LCDs between 380 nm and
500 nm show only one [35,36], excitation-independent PL centered
at 610 nm (Fig. S4). And the PL intensity of the LCDs and Ag-LCDs
hybrids were dependent on the excitation wavelength. The
Fig. S4h show that the enhancement factor is very sensitive to the
excitation wavelengths and the largest enhancement factor (2
folds) occurred at an excitation wavelength of 400 nm. Impres-
sively, the PL quantum yield of LCDs are increased from 19% up to
24.5% after introducing 0.8 mL Ag NPs.
80 S. Lin et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 700 (2017) 75e82

3.2. Fluorescence enhance mechanism

The theory of MEF has been developed since the 1980s. At

present, MEF is thought to be consisted of two MEF mechanisms:
(1) local electric field effect, (2) intrinsic radiative decay rate effect.
In the first mechanism, metal surface or particles produce SPR ef-
fect which can strengthen the local electric field. It is noteworthy
that the local electric field effect does not alter the lifetime and QY
of fluorophores [30]. The maximum theoretical enhancement effect
was predicted to be near 140 folds [31,32]. The another mechanism
is that the metal NPs can strengthen the intrinsic radiative decay
rate of fluorophore. To better understand this mechanism, it is
informative to put forward the Jablonski diagram (Fig. 8). The flu-
orophores in the free-space condition and in the presence of metal
NPs are exhibited respectively in the Fig. 7a and b [32e34]. Unlike
the local electric field effect, when fluorescence intensity is
enhanced by the intrinsic radiative decay rate effect, the QY in-
crease but along with the lifetime reduced. In the most literature, Fig. 9. The fluorescence lifetimes excited at 460 ns of LCDs and Ag-LCDs hybrids.
PL decay is considered as the important and simple characteriza-
tion methods to speculate the MEF mechanism [21,38,39]. To obtain
the best MEF effects, excellent overlap of the SPR spectrum of the the reduction of the lifetime of general MEF systems tend to reduce
metal surface with the fluorescent absorption spectrum is required. by 5e30 folds due to second effect [33]. Obviously, the reduction of
As shown in Fig. 6, the absorption band of Ag NPs is Ag-LCDs hybrids is much smaller than the value. Therefore, not only
320 nme500 nm, which give a good overlap with the absorption basing on the large literature, but also on the TEM, EDS and PL
spectrum of the LCDs. Therefore, Ag NPs could enhance the PL in- decay, the MEF may be primarily derived from the localized electric
tensity in theory. field effect of Ag NPs and partly from the intrinsic radiative decay
On the base of the discrepancy of two mechanisms, the PL rate effect are proposed.
lifetime of LCDs and Ag-LCDs hybrids are investigated respectively
to illuminate the MEF mechanism. The TCSPC spectra excited at
4. Application for white LED
460 nm of the LCDs and the Ag-LCDs hybrids with different doping
volume of Ag NPs are shown in Fig. 9, meanwhile, the fluorescence
To validate the potential of Ag-LCDs hybrids in white LED
lifetime excited at 400 nm are also recorded in Fig. S5. The fitted PL
application, we adopted a simple spin-coating technique to rapidly
decay curves are provided according to following double expo-
produce a series of B-LCDs hybrids films with controllable thick-
nential function:
ness. Then, white LED were assembled through coupling the blue
GaN chips with B-LCDs hybrids films as shown in Fig. 10a. Under an
YðtÞ ¼ a1 expð
t=t1 Þ þ a2 expð
t=t2 Þ (1) operating current of 20 mA, the lamp yields white light (Fig. 10c). It
is obvious that the thickness play a important role on the lumi-
wherein a1 and a2 represent the fractional contributions of decay
nescence properties.
lifetimes t1 and t2. The average lifetime can be deduced using the
As revealed in the inset of Fig. 11a, the thickness-dependent
relation:
electroluminescent (EL) spectra of the white LED, exhibit an

. emission band peaking at 460 nm from the GaN chip and a broad
aav ¼ a1 t21 þ a2 t22 ða1 t1 þ a2 t2 Þ (2) yellow-red emission band ranging from 500 nm to 700 nm which
derive from the B-LCDs films. Obviously, the intensity of broad
The emission decay of all the samples are consisted of two yellow gradually increase as the films thickness increase. The
processes: the one is a short-lived componentt1 (<10 ns) and the related photoelectric parameters are listed in Table 1. The CIE
other is a long-lived component t2 (>10 ns). The lifetime of Ag-LCDs (Fig. 11a) of white LED shifts from blue to white and finally, to
hybrids excited at 460 nm is reduced to 11.29 ns in comparison with yellow. It is found that the optimal thickness of the composites
pristine LCDs (12.29 ns). And, the lifetime excited at 400 nm film is 0.6 mm, the white LED behaves superior performance with
appeared similar phenomenon. It reduced from 11.85 ns to 10.79 ns CIE (0.3340, 0.3453), which is close to those of balanced white-
. Compared to significant the fluorescence enhancement, the weak light emission (0.33, 0.33). The LE of B-LCDs hybrids film in-
reduction of the lifetime (<10%) can be ignored. As far as we know, creases slightly with increasing thicknesses (Table 1). Meanwhile,
as the thickness increases, the CCT decreases from ~100000 K to
3877 K while the CRI decrease from 81.6 to 66.6 (Fig. 11b and c). As

Fig. 8. Classical Jablonski diagram for the free-space condition and the modified form
in the presence of metallic particles. E-excitation,Em-metal enhanced excitation rate, г- Fig. 10. (a) Optical photograph of the Ag-LCDs films. (b) diagram of the white LED
radiative rate, Knr-nonradiative decay rates for excited state relaxation and гm-radia- device combining blue GaN chip with Ag-LCDs hybrids films and (c) the photograph of
tive rate in the presence of metal. the device on the operation.
 S. Lin et al. / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 700 (2017) 75e82 81

Fig. 11. CIE color coordinates of the white LEDs fabricated by coupling the 460 nm blue light with B-LCDs hybrids films (S1 ¼ 0.35 mm, S2 ¼ 0.4 mm, S3 ¼ 0.6 mm, S4 ¼ 0.7 mm). The
insets show the normalized EL spectra for the fabricated white LEDs. Thickness dependence of (b) CCT and (c) CRI of white LED. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this
figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Table 1 Appendix A. Supplementary data

Photoelectric parameters of white LEDS: SIeS4 is the B-LCDs hybrids films and the
S5 is the LCDs film.
Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http://
Sample Thickness CCT CRI LE (lm W
1) CIE dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.072.
S1 0.35 mm 100000 78.8 35.45 (0.25,0.23)
S2 0.40 mm 11663 81.6 37.58 (0.28,0.27) References
S3 0.60 mm 5435 74.6 41.26 (0.33,0.35)
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