HIC MUSVIP Baseline Report

Table of Contents
Table of Contents....................................................................................................... 1
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS..............................................................................................3
SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON STUDIES........5
Executive summary.................................................................................................5
Introduction .......................................................................................................... 18
SECTION TWO: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES OF WORK..................................19
The baseline survey .............................................................................................19
The baseline questionnaire and data collection....................................................19
Understanding the baseline results as presented.................................................20
SECTION THREE: INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS FROM THE BASELINE ANALYSIS......21
GENERAL INFORMATION........................................................................................21
1 HUMAN CAPITAL.................................................................................................24
2 FINANCIAL CAPITAL............................................................................................36
3 NATURAL CAPITAL..............................................................................................42
4 PHYSICAL CAPITAL..............................................................................................52
5 SOCIAL CAPITAL..................................................................................................54
SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...........................................69
Conclusion............................................................................................................ 69
Recommendation ................................................................................................ 70
HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland / interpretation from Basam
Emmanuel Page 1
Acknowledgements
In establishing a baseline situation analysis of the Heifer International Cameroon (HIC)
assisted farm-families, inputs were received from individuals both within and outside
Heifer International Cameroon to whom we are highly indebted. The contributions of
the HIC Country director Dr Njakoi Henry were invaluable at the planning/design of
the data entry/collation and analysis processes. Special thanks also goes to Basam
Emmanuel the Monitoring and Evaluation Manager for Heifer International Cameroon
who from inception through the development of this report has generously shared his
ideas and provided wonderful uninterrupted technical and material inputs for the
completion of this assignment. Our gratitude also go to Agwetang Joel, program
manager of Equatorial Rainforest program zone and his colleagues for enthusiastically
providing instrumental support on how the report can be best presented.
Pamela Tala provided outstanding support during the data entry process and
preparation of final layout of the report. Despite all effort made to minimize data
collection and entry errors, there was still an apparent need for cleaning and sorting
of data prior to data entry.
There are several other individuals not specifically named, within Heifer International
Cameroon who provided remarkable support, raised concerns and made both negative
and positive comments about the baseline data analysis process that energized us. To
list all of them would be impossible and to list only a few is not professional, thus to
them all, we are very indebted. In a sense, this report is the fruit of collective efforts
of the few I mentioned above and the countless others I could not mention. I ask all
those who were involved at any level of the execution of this assignment to accept
our sincere appreciation offered wholeheartedly, considering that these individuals all
know themselves.
We shall be enormously surprised -and greatly disappointed- if we are not shown

certain sections and/or paragraphs of this report that need improvement. We remain
accountable for the errors or deficiencies in interpretation of results and even layout
of this report.
This report is organized into four sections. Section 1 introduces the subject matter,
provides background information leading to the study and the objectives. The field
approaches and methodologies are described in Section 2 while project specific
emerging trends from the survey are presented and discussed in Section 3 leading
to conclusions and recommendations in Section 4.
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LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
1. Agric: Agriculture
2. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
3. BOD: Board Of Directors
4. CAHC: Community Animal Health Care
5. Com. M’ber: Committee member
6. Comm.: Community
7. COOP: Cooperative
8. Cum.: Cumulative
9. DM: Discipline master (disciplinarian)
10.Fin. Sec: Financial secretary
11.G.nuts: Groundnuts
12.HI: Heifer International
13.HIC: Heifer International Cameroon
14.HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
15.IPM: Integrated Pest Management
16.Kg: Kilograms
17.M’ber: Member
18.Mgt: Management
19.Min. Sec: Minute secretary
20.PIM: Participatory Impact Monitoring
21.PRO: Public Relations Officer
22.Supp.com: Supervisory committee
23.TV: Television
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SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON STUDIES
Executive summary
A summary of the baseline status of the household survey of the 161 HIC assisted
farm-families for the Mbam Upper Sanaga Valley Integrated Sheep/goat Project is
presented below. As you read through the document, it is good for you to know that
the baseline data was collected when the project has already started. This explains
the reason for some high baseline values. For the purpose of baseline information, we
shall consider these values and measure progress against them accordingly. The
numbered list refers to the official numbers on the baseline questionnaire.
SECTION 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
Indicator Characterization
2. Sex 45% male
55% female
3. Age - Below 11 years : 00%
- 12 – 24 years :2.5%
-25 – 40 years : 34.2%
- 41 – 55 years : 39.1%
- 56 years > : 24.2%
4. Marital status - Married : 64%
-Single : 11.8%
- Widower : 3.7%
- widow : 18%
- Divorcee : 2.5%
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5. Matrimony - Polygamy : 26.7%
- Monogamy : 73.3%
6. Level of formal education of - None : 25%

respondents
- Primary : 53.1%
- Secondary : 18.1%
- High school : 3.8%
- University : 00%
7. Principal occupation of - Farmer : 97.5%

respondents
-Petty trader : 0.6%
-Civil servant : 0.6%
- Business : 1.3%
8. Number of household dependents Total Max Min Mean
Men 209 09 00 1.66
Women 220 05 00 1.67
Boys 430 11 00 2.67
Girls 402 16 00 2.53
Total 1261 27 1 7.83
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SECTION 3: INSTITUTIONAL RELATED ISSUES
9. Adherence to groups There are very strong social ties in the area as
adherence to groups is a very noticeable
quality. 97.5% belong to farming groups, 85.1
and 78.3 respectively belong to “Njangi” and
church groups.
Leadership
10. Leadership role or position in group
11.trainings and sensitizations There is a great need for trainings and

sensitization in this region. Though still very
insignificant, HIV&AIDS constitute the training
recorded with the highest number of persons
reporting having received trainings or
sensitization. Other trainings record a very
insignificant number of persons reporting
having received training so far.
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SECTION 4: FOOD CROP and LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ISSUES
4A. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ISSUES
Type Characterization
Healthcare Reproduction supplementary Total Total Total

practices systems feeding produced sold revenue
(Percentage) (Percentage) (Percentage) (n) (n) FCFA
Guinea pig None(100) Natural(100) Non-

02 01 00
conventional(100)
Snails None(100) Natural(100) Non-conventional

60 00 00
(100)
Duck None (66.7) Natural(100) Non-conventional

(100)
poultry None (48.1) Natural Non-conventional

1266 276 1 814 000
(92.6) (98.1)
Pig None (40.4) Natural(96.5) Conventional

343 155 634 900
(93)
Sheep Ethno Natural(78.6) Non-conventional

veterinary(50) 55 15 327 000
(92.9)
Goat Ethno Natural(92.2) Non-

veterinary(45.1) conventional(96.1 190 69 1 119 500
)
14. Management system Extensive :55%
Intensive :15%
Semi intensive :30%
17. place of sale of farm produce/products On farm : 00%
At Home : 61.1%
Village Market : 32.2%
Town/city market : 6.7%
4B. CROP PRODUCTION ISSUES
Type1 Characterization
Total produced in Kg Total sold in Kg Total revenue FCFA

Cocoyam
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37 805 25 535 2 272 500
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Yam 14 588 3 604 729 500
Colocassia 7 060 1 930 260 000

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SECTION 5: ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ISSUES
Estimates of household income and savings(FCFA)
Total Max Min Mean
On-farm(crop &livestock) 73 894 8225 4 538 000 00 458 974
Off-farm 20 274 200 2 000 000 00 125 926
Total 94 169 025 4 538 000 00 584 900
Annual savings 14 440 950 1 200 000 00 90 255
Estimates of household expenditure/investments(FCFA)
Total Max Min Mean
Education 18 558 000 1 000 000 00 115 987
Household feeding 13 861 200 500 000 1000 86 094
Healthcare 13 927 300 650 000 00 86 504
Households
4 147 400 372 000 00 25 760
assets/gadgets
Household
maintenance/constructio 13 581 900 600 000 00 84 886
n
Contribution to
1 041 670 75 000 00 6 470
community. Projects
Religious contributions 1 530 200 250 000 00 9 504
Loan re-
7 888 050 525 000 00 48 994
imbursement/’njangi’
Business venture 3760800 800000 00 23560
Social events 11 437 000 1 000 000 00 72 386
Household dresses 9 973 500 280 000 00 62 726
22. Financial shock mitigation strategies - Family members :42.2%

Emmanuel - Friends : 28.6% Page 11
- “Njangi” : 67.1%
- Financial institutions : 7.5%

SECTION 6: FOOD SECURITY ISSUES
23. Major problems towards year round - Food availability :23.6%

food security
- Food accessibility : 35.4%
- Food affordability : 54.0%
- consumption of good quality food :

34.8%
24. Frequency of consumption of Frequency most reported

foodstuff
- Animal protein - Weekly (42.8%)

- Plant Protein - Rarely (31.5%)
- Carbohydrates - Daily (77.5%)
- Vegetables - Daily (61.5%)
- Fruits - Daily (41.8%)
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SECTION 7: SOCIAL ISSUES (GENDER, HUMAN HEALTH &SANITATION)
Total Max Min Mean
25. Number of children in Boys 300 06 00 1.86

school
Girls 253 10 00 1.57
Total 553 16 00 3.43
26. Number of children not in Boys 152 10 00 0.95

school
Girls 125 06 00 0.78
Total 277 10 00 1.72
27. number of children Boys 40 03 00 0.25

gainfully employed
Girls 14 02 00 00.87
Total 54 05 00 0.33
28. Number of children Boys 61 04 00 0.38

unemployed
Girls 71 07 00 0.44
Total 132 10 00 0.82
29. Household decision making pattern
Healthcare Husband (35.6%)
Education Husband and wife (38.2%)
Household feeding Husband and wife (33.5%)
Comm. Project contribution Husband and wife (33.8%)
Savings Wife (37.4%)
Expansion/construction of Husband and wife (39%)

house
Social/religious contribution Wife (41.1%)
30. Healthcare service mostly Household mostly use Government hospitals or

used health centers (56.5%)
31. Type of toilet used in Household mostly use pit toilets (91.9%)
households
32. HIV&AIDS status awareness Only 39.1% of persons interviewed are aware of their
HIV&AIDS status
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33. Protective sexual behavior Fidelity (60.6%) is the most applied sexual behavior
to mitigate the spread of to mitigate the spread of HIV&AIDS
HIV&AIDS
SECTION 8: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
34. Households with year round water Availability to water is not a major
availability concern as a majority of 76.9% has access
to water year round.
35. Main source of drinking water for Borehole(43.1%) recorded the highest
households frequency for main source of drinking
water for households
36. Main quality for drinking water 54.8% reported the quality of drinking
water untreated.
37. Soil fertility improvement techniques Organic fertilizer (59.3%) is mostly

used reported as the main soil fertility
improvement source.
38. Cooking devices mostly used by Almost if not all households(97.5%) use
households unimproved cooking devices
39. Key agricultural farming techniques - Fallowing (89.4%)

practiced by households
- Slash and burn (73.9%)
40. Main types of agricultural farming - Mixed cropping (91.3%)

systems used
- Crop rotation (64.6%)
- Mono cropping (52.8%)
41. Major farming - Cutlass (99.4%)

tools/equipments/inputs used
- Hoe (98.8%)
- Local seeds (88.8%)

SECTION 9: PHYSICAL ASSETS AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
42A. Available household gadgets/utilities - Wooden bed (89.4%)

- Non animal transport (82.0%)
- Functioning Radio set (54.0%)
- Functional cell phone (44.1%)
42B. Housing conditions
Parameters Characterization
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Roof Durable (79.5%) Page 14
Walls Durable (61.8%)
Floor Non Durable (57.7%)

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SECTION 10: ADDENDUM TO 2009 BASELINE QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Nature of dresses worn by Children: fairly used (93.2%)

household members
Adults : fairly used (83.6%)
2. Frequency of falling sick - Adult men: yearly (58.7%)

- Adult women: yearly (35.3%)
- Youth boys: Yearly (51.3%)
- Youth girls: Yearly (47.2%)
- Children boys: Yearly (31.2%)
- Children girls: Yearly (3.5%)
3. Highest level of education and - Primary school boys: Government
school attended by majority of (95.7%)
children - Primary school girls: Government
(94.3%)
- Secondary school boys: Government
(100%)
- Secondary school girls: Government
(94.4%)
- High school boys: Government
(100%)
- High school girls: Government (100%)
- Vocational school girls: Government
(100%)
- Tertiary Boys: Government (100%)
4. Composition of daily household
diet
5. Major sources or causes of Insufficient
- household income
domestic violence (68.3%)
6. Major sources of resources for the - On-farm income activities (96.9%)
group - Group ‘njangi’: (62.1%)
7. Major sources of conflicts within - Absenteeism (42.2%)
group - Non – respect of by laws (32.9%)
8. Distribution of work within - Cleaning of home: Women (67.7%)
households - Cooking: women (89.9%)
- Washing dresses: women (73.8%)
- Caring for children: women (68.5%)
- Fetching water: boys (48.7%)
- Splitting/fetching wood: Men (46.5%)
- Caring for animals: men (62.4%)
- Farm clearing: Men (67.6%)
- Farm hoeing: women (80.5%)
- Planting:
HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland women (81.1%)
/ interpretation from Basam
Emmanuel - Harvesting: women (83.8%) Page 16
9. Leadership role or position in other
groups in community meetings
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Introduction
Heifer international is a non-profit making, humanitarian international non-

governmental organization dedicated to ending world poverty, hunger and caring for
the earth through integrated crop/livestock agriculture, trainings and other resources
to help resource-limited farm-families around the world attain sustainable livelihoods.
Heifer International became fully operational in Cameroon in 1974 with the arrival of
the first consignment of dairy cows. From inception the project was aimed at
developing the dairy sector in Cameroon but over the years, the project has expanded
to include pigs, sheep, goats, Guinea pigs, bees, rabbits, oxen and donkeys more
recently; non-conventional animals like Cane rats (grass cutters) and snails have been
added to the animal portfolio. Other complementary project activities include
horticulture, agro forestry, par veterinary and ethno veterinary medicine, gender and
later HIV and AIDS.
Heifer international Cameroon operates in four thematic program area namely the
Western Highlands covering the North west and West Regions, the Humid Rainforest
program area covering the Littoral and Southwest Regions, the Equatorial Rainforest
program area covering the Centre Region and the newly created Sudano-Sahel
Program area covering the Far North region. As at now, HIC has assisted more than
27,799 farm families to achieve and sustain livelihood means.
HI Cameroon prior to project implementation requires a baseline survey to assess the

socio-economic characteristics of would-be assisted farm-families in order to
ascertain the level of impact on the lives of the impactees. The survey’s rationale is
to assess basic livelihood parameters of prospective assisted farm-families in five
major asset or capital areas and plan intervention strategies in a better manner that
rationalizes the scarce resources so that improvement can be made in those areas
that are weak and re-enforce or maintain the strong areas of livelihoods in a cost
effective manner.
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SECTION TWO: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES OF WORK
The baseline survey
The baseline questionnaire and data collection
The tool provided for this assignment comprised a fourteen page document subdivided
into nine sections also termed key-asset area. This baseline tool is developed by HIC
staff with coordination from Basam Emmanuel (Monitoring and Evaluation Manager)
and technical inputs and corrections provided by Amagbo Roland (Information
Technology consultant). The tool was field-tested and corrections made accordingly.
i. Data collection errors
The questionnaire submitted for analyses was tinted with a great deal of errors
amongst which the most recurrent included but were not limited to:
o Non response errors.

o Multi ticks in single tick areas.
o Non respect of quantity measures resulting in inconsistent data
sets.
ii. Addressing data collection errors
Like in every formal survey, the sources of response errors were diverse. Efforts
should be made throughout the survey period to reduce the chances of occurrence of
response errors through:
 Hands-on training of the enumerators on the usage of the tool and

the indicators to capture on each question.
 Administered questionnaires should be reviewed and edited for
completeness at the end of each day.
 Data reliability can be improved by general spot-checks and
revisiting the farmers in cases of inconsistencies and
incompleteness.
 Re-inviting the enumerators in cases of inconsistencies for
verification and clarification.
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Understanding the baseline results as presented
iii. EPIINFO and the baseline survey
Within the framework of analyzing the data comprising the Heifer International data
set, EPIINFO was deemed adept to handle the data as it allows for a database to be
created and from which data can be analyzed in an easy manner that spreadsheet
programs cannot perform and generate comprehensive, reliable and complete
results within a very short time.
iv. Nature of variables and statistical functions used to perform

analyses
The variables found within the database include
 Continuous variables which are represented by numbers or array

of numbers.
 Categorical variables represented by grouping of items or
categories.
The MEAN and FREQUECY commands were used to perform these analyses
respectively.
• The mean command is used to examine one continuous variable,

while providing descriptive statistics such as: mean, mode,
median minimum/maximum values.
• The Frequency command is used to provide frequency counts for a
specified categorical variable, the percentage and the cumulative
percentage
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SECTION THREE: INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS FROM THE BASELINE ANALYSIS
GENERAL INFORMATION
Sex
Sex Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Female 88 55.0% 55.0%
Male 72 45.0% 100.0%
Total 160 100.0% 100.0%
Age
Age Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
>56 39 24.2% 24.2%
12-24 4 2.5% 26.7%
25-40 55 34.2% 60.9%
41-55 63 39.1% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
Marital Status
DIVORCEE MARRIED SINGLE WIDOW WIDOWER
4 103 19 29 6
Though women are in the majority (55%),

the difference with men is not significant.
Though the youthful age of 25-40 is a bit
large by age group, 63.3% of the project
participants are above 41 years. This shows
a picture of dwindling labor force if children
are not fully integrated in project activities.
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Most of the participants are married but the disadvantaged persons (divorcee, widow
and widower) are 39.
Matrimonial type
Monogamy Polygamy
99 36
Though monogamy is common practice, the effects

of polygamy in the life of the people and project
should be carefully studied, analyzed and discussed with
the people. It will be good to also know the reasons for
this practice during analysis and be cautious about
setting strategies to address the situation.
Level of formal education and principal occupation
HIGH SCHOOL NONE PRIMARY SECONDARY UNIVERSITY
6 40 85 29 0
Very few of the project participants have

gone pass secondary level of education.
Notwithstanding, literacy level is good
(75%) and should be exploited for the

success of the project.
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Principal occupation of respondent
Principal occupation of Cum

Frequency Percentage
respondent Percentage
Business 2 1.3% 1.3%
Civil servant 1 0.6% 1.9%
Farmer 154 97.5% 99.4%
Petty trader 1 0.6% 100.0%
Total 158 100.0% 100.0%
Majority of the project participants are farmers, but the few that are civil servants,
business people and petty traders still have to be checked for their full involvement in
project activities.
Number of household dependents
Men Women Boys Girls
209 220 430 402
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Girls and boys constitute the greatest number of household dependents. This is a
strength for project sustainability if properly utilized i.e. they are fully engaged from
project conception. Average household size is 8 persons.
1 HUMAN CAPITAL
1.1. ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

A) Number of children going to school
BOYS GIRLS
300 253
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B). Number of children not going to school
BOYS GIRLS
152 125
Relatively, more boys are schooling than girls, though
the difference is not significant. On the whole, the

reasons for this huge difference between children
not schooling and those schooling should be sought
and practical strategies put in place to avert the
situation.
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C). Highest level of education and school attended by children
A).BOY CHILD
Primary Secondary High school University/professional
94 23 9 1
B). GIRL CHILD

Primary secondary High Vocational
school
88 18 1 1
Though more boys go to school than

girls, most of them end up at either
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high school, while girls who hardly continue to high school level. This might be
perceived as a gender issue
and the situation needs careful studies for appropriate solution to be
sought.
1.1.2. Ability to labor
A) Number of children gainfully employed
Boys Girls
40 14
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B) Number of children unemployed
Boys Girls
61 71
Here, boys have more opportunities for

employment than girls. This situation
should equally be careful analyzed and
strategies to equilibrate the situation put
in place as it may be a gender issue.
1.1.3. GOOD HEALTH

1.1.3.1. ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE SERVICES
Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Government 91 56.5% 56.5%
None 3 1.9% 58.4%
Private 61 37.9% 96.3%
Traditional 6 3.7% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
Most people use private and government healthcare services in times of ill health.
This shows the importance they place on human health.
1.1.3.2. FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVE NUTRITION.

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1.1.3.2.1. Food security
Food availability Food accessibility Food affordability
38 57 87
The crucial problem of food

security is at the level of
affordability and accessibility.
This means emphasis should be
placed on building the peoples’
ability to have the means to
access food at all times.
1.1.3.2.2.b) Frequency of consumption of foodstuff
Daily Forth nightly Monthly Rarely Weekly

Animal protein 21 22 20 28 68
Plant protein 3 26 37 46 34
Carbohydrates 124 2 0 1 33
Vegetables 99 11 2 0 49
Fruits 64 12 11 17 49
Carbohydrates, fruits and

vegetables are mostly
consumed on daily basis,
animal protein, vegetables
and fruits on weekly basis.
Plant proteins are rarely
consumed or if so, then
mostly on monthly basis. This
analysis shows the critical
need for both plant and
animal protein sources to
supplement their diets.
Hence, this situation should
be improved especially for plant and animal protein sources from weekly to daily as
the project rolls on.
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1.1.3.2.2.c) Daily consumption of foodstuff
Animal protein vegetables Carbohydrates Fruits Plant protein

72 153 127 127 115
NB: Only 56 persons (34.8%) of

the people consume quality
food.
Very few persons (72 out of
161) consume animal protein on
daily basis. This situation is not
good since most of the
household dependents are
children. This makes the case of
improving the quality of food of
these people very strong,
urgent and should be a major
area of focus for this project.
1.2. ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY

1.2.1. Leadership role or position in group
President vic Min.se Fin. treasure PR D COMMITTEE M’BE
e c sec r O M M’BER R
26 9 26 10 18 9 12 31 130
Though most of the posts exist in the

groups, there is still need for
positions such as vice president,
financial secretary, public relations
officers and disciplinarian to be
instituted in the groups where such
positions are lacking. This will not
only strengthen groups
accountability, it will also ease
communication and build other’s
leadership skills.
The gender breakdown of these
positions should also be analyzed and
monitored.
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1.2.2. Leadership role or position in other groups in the community
Presiden vic Min.se Fin.se treasure PR D COM.M’BE BO SUPP M’BER

t e c c r O M R D . OM
33 6 21 14 21 8 13 13 8 13 114
Here, group members are well

represented in other community
groups. This is a huge potential
through which these farmers can
‘Heiferize’ others and advocate
for positive changes in policies,
practices and systems that favor
them and the community at
large. Also, others will be
educated on Heifer’s aided brand.
1.2.3. Trainings and sensitizations
a) Resource management
IPM Waste mgt Ethno Soil fertility Natural

veterinary mgt resource mgt
27 10 13 29 4
Very few farmers have received

training the various topics above.
This is a call for concern
especially in the areas of
integrated pest management,
waste management, ethno
veterinary medicine and natural
resource management. These
trainings are very important for
human and environmental
health.
b). Resource mobilization and project management
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Marketing Project PIM Financial mgt
techniques development/fund
raising
21 30 9 17
This is another area which is

weak and needs serious re-
enforcement.
If the group has to mobilize and
manage resources efficiently for
their growth, then, its
incumbent on them to acquire
and practice
skills linked with resource
mobilization and management
alongside participatory impact
monitoring.
c). Health care and agricultural production

Hygiene & Human CAHC Animal Agric
sanitation nutrition husbandry production&
transformation
50 31 15 18 14
Most persons have been trained only on hygiene

and sanitation, but its’ still relatively
very low compared to the 161 persons.
Hence, all the trainings should be strong
points of focus as the project evolves.
d) Social, organizational and managerial issues

Gender HIV&AIDS COOP mgt Record Group Conflict
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keeping leadership mgt
16 81 15 17 25 23
Though a very significant portion

of the partners (81 out of
161) have been sensitized
on HIV & AIDS and related
issues, emphasis still has
to be laid on change of
behavior. Other trainings
in which very few people have been trained
on needs serious attention if enough human
capital is to be built.
1.2.4. HIV & AIDS ISSUES
1.2.4.1. Awareness of your HIV status
Yes 63 39.1% 39.1%

No 98 60.9% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
1.2.4.2. Protective sexual behavioral practices to mitigate spread of HIV&AIDS

abstinence 39 24.4% 24.4%
avoid sharp ob 7 4.4% 28.8%
condoms 16 10.0% 38.8%
fidelity 97 60.6% 99.4%
none 1 0.6% 100.0%
Total 160 100.0% 100.0%
Though 63 (39.1%) out of 161 persons know their HIV status, this strongly justifies why
much has to be done and more so, urgently for the remaining persons and other
community members. This is evident as the main practice to mitigate the spread of
HIV&AIDS is fidelity while very few persons practice other methods except abstinence
which is doubtful. Intensive sensitizations including VCT sessions should be done
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and positive persons linked to treatment centers. Also, this approach such involve the
entire community and other approaches like contact tracing used in collaboration
with Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board or other competent bodies.
1.2.5. Frequency of falling sick
Adult Men
Adult Men Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

monthly 14 12.8% 12.8%
quarterly 16 14.7% 27.5%
semester 15 13.8% 41.3%
yearly 64 58.7% 100.0%
Total 109 100.0% 100.0%
Adult women
Adult women Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

monthly 30 22.1% 22.1%
quarterly 20 14.7% 36.8%
semester 38 27.9% 64.7%
yearly 48 35.3% 100.0%
Total 136 100.0% 100.0%
Boy youth

monthly 5 6.4% 6.4%
quarterly 11 14.1% 20.5%
semester 22 28.2% 48.7%
yearly 40 51.3% 100.0%
Total 78 100.0% 100.0%
Emmanuel Page 34
Girl youth

monthly 5 6.9% 6.9%
quarterly 11 15.3% 22.2%
semester 22 30.6% 52.8%
yearly 34 47.2% 100.0%
Total 72 100.0% 100.0%
Boy child

monthly 19 20.4% 20.4%
quarterly 26 28.0% 48.4%
semester 19 20.4% 68.8%
yearly 29 31.2% 100.0%
Total 93 100.0% 100.0%
Girl child
monthly 14 16.7% 16.7%
quarterly 22 26.2% 42.9%
semester 19 22.6% 65.5%
yearly 29 34.5% 100.0%
Total 84 100.0% 100.0%
From the above statistics, children and women are those that frequently fall sick.
More probing should be done to understand the root causes of this and possible
solution sought and applied. Most importantly, good and adequate feeding is needed
for these children and may be equitable distribution of workload within households in
order to assist women.
Emmanuel Page 35
2 FINANCIAL CAPITAL
2.1. Mean annual Livestock revenue

goats sheep poultry pigs
25440 27250 7560 38595
Pigs and sheep yield income more than goats and

poultry. Hence, emphasis should be placed here if
we intentionally want to focus on income.
Notwithstanding, it will be a good thing to also
diversify into other livestock as the farmer
capacity will permit in order to minimize risks.
2.1.2 Where produce/products are often sold

Home 55 61.1% 61.1%
Town/city 6 6.7% 67.8%
Village market 29 32.2% 100.0%
Total 90 100.0% 100.0%
Most of the livestock are sold at home and village market. Taking animals to markets
has an associated disease risk if they are not bought. Also, selling animal on hoof is
detrimental to the farmers as they cannot reap optimal profits in terms of income and
nutrition. Hence, it is important for these farmers to be sensitized on sales and value
addition techniques.
2.2. Mean annual crop revenue

cocoy yam Coloca cassa plantai mai g.n bea potatoes s. Cow
am ssia va ns ze ut ns beans pea
24435 117 6341 80615 83612 648 421 315 5000 1430 4920
Emmanuel Page 36
66 30 0 5
Crops that yield high income include plantains, cassava, maize, cocoyam and to a
lesser extend yam. It will be good to focus on these crops in order to improve
household income levels if
that is the main point of
focus.
2.3. Mean annual vegetable revenue

huckleberry green pumpkin kelenkelen
6970 5515 8500 2940
Pumpkin, huckleberry and amaranthus (‘green’)

are vegetables that yield much income for the
households in that decreasing order.
Emmanuel Page 37
2.4. Mean annual fruit revenue
citrus mango pear pineapple pawpaw

76330 121190 13440 20719 3350
From fruits, mangoes, citrus and

pineapple are the highest income
yielding in that order of decreasing
importance.
2.4.1. 1. Where farm produce are often sold

Home 36 24.7% 24.7%
On farm 2 1.4% 26.0%
Town/city 22 15.1% 41.1%
Village market 86 58.9% 100.0%
Total 146 100.0% 100.0%
Most of these crops are sold at home, village and then town markets. Very few people
buy at home or at farm gate. This makes the farmers to incur extra cost on
transportation, hence reducing their profitability. It is worth noting that a lot of
marketing avenues do prevail for exploitation.
Emmanuel Page 38
2.5. Estimates of mean annual household income
On-farm Off-farm
458975 125930
On-farm activities are those that generate a very

significant portion of household income. Hence,
there is great need for these activities to be re-

enforced if livelihoods are to be ensured and
sustained.
2.6. Total mean annual household revenue = 584900 FCFA
Emmanuel Page 39
2.7. Estimates of mean annual household savings = 90255 FCFA
Mean annual savings is very small (13%) compared

to mean annual income. This paints a picture of
farmer’s
in ability to invest or attract loans for other

investments.
2.8. Estimates of mean annual household investments/expenditures
educat feedi heal savi utilit House Comm. religio Loan busi soci dres
ion ng th ng ies repairs project us paym ness als sing
ent
11599 8609 865 878 2576 84890 6470 9500 48990 2336 7239 6273
0 5 05 80 0 0 0 0
Emmanuel Page 40
Majority of household income
goes to education, feeding,
socials, dressing, healthcare,
house repairs and savings. Very
little is invested in community
projects, religious activities,
household utilities and
businesses. If the impact of the
project has to felt beyond family
circles, then emphasis has to
made in the area of assisting
others and also investing in
community projects and
household assets.
2.9. Financial shock mitigation strategies/options
Family Friends Njangi Financial

members institutions
68 46 108 12
In times of financial hardship, members mostly

turn to their ‘njangi’ groups and family
for buffer. Very few people go to friends
and financial institutions. Reasons for
this should be gotten and possible
solutions proposed since it will be
difficult for the group and its members
to secure bank loans for scaling up
Emmanuel Page 41
activities or getting grants from other donors without having accounts and doing
transactions with the financial institutions.
3 NATURAL CAPITAL
3.1. ENVIRONMENTAL CARE
3.1.1. Livestock healthcare practices
Duck poultry pigs sheep goats

Both 0 7 6 1 3
Ethno 0 18 7 23
veterinar 27
y
None 4 52 23 5 17
Orthodox 2 22 10 1 8
The most popularly used

healthcare practice for
poultry, pigs, sheep and goats
is ethno veterinary medicine.
This is closely followed by
orthodox medicine though
seldom used for sheep. It is
worth noting that though
ethno veterinary medicine is
mostly used, a greater
majority of these animals go
untreated with either
orthodox or ethno veterinary medicine. This means ethno veterinary practices should
be re-enforced using plausible strategies. Also, the people should be sensitized on the
importance of using orthodox medicine.
Emmanuel Page 42
3.1.2. Livestock reproduction systems
poultry pigs sheep goats

Both 0 1 0 0
Artificial 2 0 0 0
Natural 100 55 11 47
None 6 1 3 4
Most common reproduction

practice is natural but much
care needs to be taken
recognizing the health
consequences’ i.e. disease
transmission among others
3.1.3. Livestock supplemental feeding
Duck poultry pigs sheep goats

Conventional 0 2 4 1 2
Non 6 53 13 49
106
conventional
Non conventional feeding is the

choice of the day. Mention need to
made here that some of these
foodstuff are those consume by
human beings and as such, there is
great need to re-enforce their
production in order to have enough
to eat, sell and then feed the
animals. Also, more innovative ways
should be used to convert kitchen
and other wastes to feed these
animals.
Emmanuel Page 43
3.1.4. Livestock management system
Management system Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Extensive 66 55.0% 55.0%
Intensive 18 15.0% 70.0%
Semi-intensive 36 30.0% 100.0%
Total 120 100.0% 100.0%
Extensive system is the most common. As a result, proper care in terms of nutrition
and health needs to be applied. Also, this method brings a lot of environmental and
social problems and should be discouraged. What is good here is that some farmers
are practicing the semi-intensive and intensive methods. This gives the potential of
easy adoption of the intensive and semi-intensive methods as the case may be if the
farmers are properly sensitized.
3.2. Mean annual Livestock production and productivity

Goats Sheep Poultry Pigs Snails cane g.pigs
(#) (#) (#) (#) (#) rat(#) (#)
4 5 15 7 60 100 2
Mean annual production is

highest for cane rats, then snails
and poultry. This means that
emphasis should be laid on these
animal species as the choice of
the people may be. The situation of
snails and cane rats may be
artificially high due to fact
That mean values were taken and very few people are involve but with high numbers.
Notwithstanding, these non-conventional livestock species have potentials to be
exploited.
Emmanuel Page 44
3.2.1. Mean annual quantity of sales for Livestock and related products
Goats Sheep Poultry Pigs
(#) (#) (#) (#)
2 1 3 3
Few sheep poultry and pigs are sold compared to goats in terms of mean annual
productivity. The reason(s) for this needs to be investigated and adequate strategies
put in place to mitigate the situation. Though poultry and pigs rank first in terms of
number of animals sold, poultry is the least and pigs the first in terms of amount of
income generated for the household compared to sheep and goats.
3.3. Crop production and productivity
3.3.1a). Mean annual production for perennial and annual crops in Kgs
cocoya ya Colocas Iris cassa plantai mai g. bea potato S. cowp
m m sia h va ns ze nut ns es bea ea
s ns
407 23 168 61 1428 144 622 40 71 100 76 214
2 3 3
Crops with high production

include cassava, maize,
Colocassia, irish, cocoyam and
plantains. This production
figure needs to be compared
with those of high income
generation in order to know
Emmanuel Page 45
which crops to lay emphasis based on production motives i.e. income and/or
nutrition.
Though cassava ranks first in terms of productivity, it is dominated by plantains in
terms of income in the first position. Maize and cocoyam ranks third and fourth in
terms of income generation. Irish does not contribute significantly to household
annual income but yam does and is ranked the 5th.
3.3.1b). Mean annual production vegetables in Kgs

huckleberry pumpkin green Bitter kelenkelen
leaf
152 85 132 12 142
On annual basis, huckleberry, kelenkelen and

amaranthus produces high yields in that
decreasing order. The choice of crop to focus on for
production will depend
on the main motive and the group specifics.
Generally, pumpkin, huckleberry and green in
terms of cash incomes are ranked in that
decreasing order of importance.
3.3.1c). Mean annual production for fruits in Kgs

mango pears citrus pawpaw pineapple
641 385 564 222 308
Mangoes, citrus, and pears are

produced in
great quantities in this order of

importance. In terms of income;
mangoes ranks first followed by
citrus and pineapple. This situation
means that in terms of income
generation, mangoes and citrus are
fruits of choice.
Emmanuel Page 46
3.3.2a). Mean annual quantity sold for perennial and annual crops in Kgs
cocoya ya Colocas Iris cassa plantai mai g. bea potato S. cowp
m m sia h va ns ze nut ns es bea ea
s ns
277 57 46 40 911 99 427 24 7 50 1 63
0 9
Cassava registers very high

quantities in terms of sales,
and ranks second in terms
of income generation and
quantity sold. Plantains
which is one of the least
crops in terms of quantity
sold is first in terms of
income generation. This
trend is
Same for maize and

cocoyam with very little
quantities sold but 3rd and
4th respectively in terms of
income generation. The
situation with Irish is not very clear in terms of revenue generation though it ranks 3 rd
in terms of productivity and quantity sold.
3.3.2b). Mean annual quantity sold for vegetables in Kgs

huckleberry green ‘Kelenkelen’ pumpkin
Emmanuel Page 47
241 71 247 85
‘Kelenkelen’, huckleberry and pumpkin

tops chart in terms of quantities sold in
that decreasing order but in terms of
cash income, pumpkin, huckleberry and
amaranthus are ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd
respectively. Though pumpkin ranks 3rd
and 4th in terms quantity sold and
productivity, it ranks 1st in terms income
generation. This implies that if pumpkin
production is intensified, it will
tremendously boost household annual
income.
3.3.2c). Mean annual quantity sold for fruits in Kgs

mango pears citrus pawpaw pineapple
342 137 462 66 289
Though mangoes, citrus and pears

register the highest quantities sold in
that order, mangoes, citrus and
pineapple generates more income in
this decreasing order. This means
that these fruits are of capital
importance in terms of cash incomes.
3.4. Type of toilets used

Flush 3 1.9% 1.9%
In the wild 10 6.2% 8.1%
Pit 148 91.9% 100.0%
Emmanuel Page 48
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
Very significant portion of the people use pit latrine but its hygienic nature needs to
be checked and improved upon if necessary.
3.5. Water year round availability in household

Yes 123 76.9% 76.9%
No 37 23.1% 100.0%
Total 160 100.0% 100.0%
3.6. State your main source of drinking water

borehole 69 43.1% 43.1%
spring 39 24.4% 67.5%
stream 16 10.0% 77.5%
tap 5 3.1% 80.6%
well 31 19.4% 100.0%
Total 160 100.0% 100.0%
3.7. What is your main quality of drinking water

treated 71 45.2% 45.2%
Emmanuel Page 49
untreated 86 54.8% 100.0%
Total 157 100.0% 100.0%
Water quality seems to be a very critical life threatening issue, though most people
have access to water year round. Hence, measures should be put in place to improve
this situation. Protection of water sources or use of other water quality improving
techniques like Bio Sand Filter could be used as appropriate.
3.8. Soil fertility improvement techniques often use

inorganic 35 40.7% 40.7%
organic fertilizer 51 59.3% 100.0%
Total 86 100.0% 100.0%
Very popular soil fertility improvement technique is the use of organic fertilizer,
though the difference is not significant. Mindful of the livestock species which
produces good quantity of manure that are available in this area, this practice should
be re-enforced in order to prolong the productive capacity of the soils. Also, the use
of manure, compost should be highly encouraged and monitored amid its numerous
advantages.
3.9. Cooking device mostly used

improved 4 2.5% 2.5%
unimproved 154 97.5% 100.0%
Total 158 100.0% 100.0%
Almost all the project partners are using unimproved cooking devices. Mindful of the
negative environmental and human health consequences’ of this practice, it is
important that measures be put in place to ensure that energy serving devices are
used in order to reduce pressure on fuel wood usage and also improve on human
health.
Emmanuel Page 50
3.10. Agricultural farming techniques
Appropriate and adaptable

farming techniques are least
practiced. ‘Slash and burn’
should be discouraged while
friendly practices as
composting and fallowing
encouraged.
composting Slash and ‘ankara’ Contour Green fallowing
burn bonds manuring
22 119 6 1 43 144
3.11. Agricultural farming systems
Emmanuel Page 51
Crop rotation Mixed cropping Mono cropping Tree planting Alley cropping
104 147 85 50 22
147 out 161 farmers practice mixed

cropping system of farming. Though mixed cropping is the main
system practiced by majority of
the people its negative
consequences on soil fertility
outweighs its merits. Hence,
farmers should be sensitized on
appropriate crop association
techniques.
4 PHYSICAL CAPITAL
4.1a).Tools and equipments

cutlass hoe spade Motor Wheel Hand sprayer
pump barrow wheel cart
160 159 61 11 60 29 62
Assistance package should be

tailored to address those critical
farm tools that farmers really
need and cannot purchase such
as wheelbarrow, hand wheel
cart, motor pump and sprayers.
These needs should be further
analyzed per group to get a
clearer picture of the situation
to be addressed as resources are
available.
4.1b).Crop seeds
improved local
Emmanuel Page 52
41 143
Very significant portion (143 out of 161 i.e. 78%) of the farmers are still using local
seeds. What is very important here is to check on adaptability and productivity of
these seeds. If food security is to be ensured, then there is the need for the use of
improved but adaptable and high yielding planting materials
4.2. Household utilities and gadgets

electricity Tap water Functional Functional Functional Modern
radio TV cell phone furniture
64 9 87 48 71 48
Areas where more focus needs to

given in terms of utilities are tap
water, functional television and
modern furniture. Notwithstanding,
attention should also be paid to
ensure that everybody has
electricity, functional radios sets
and cell phones for leisure and also
ease communication leading to
greater self esteem and fulfillment.
4.3. Type of bed

Wooden Bed Bamboo Bed Earthen bed Metal
144 46 2 12
Changes in this area are good to be

monitored as the project evolves in
order to ensure that there is an
improvement.
Emmanuel Page 53
4.4. Means of transport
Animal transport Non animal transport
0 132
Project participants mostly travel by foot, bikes or vehicles.
4.5. Housing conditions

Roofs Walls Floors
durable 124 90 60
Non durable 32 56 82
Most houses have durable roofs

and walls, but the floors need
improvement. This situation
should be carefully monitored
throughout the life of the
project to ensure that income
accruing from project activities
is properly used to ensure
secured homesteads.
5 SOCIAL CAPITAL
Emmanuel Page 54
5.1. Social integration within groups
Cooperatives Credit Farming Njangi group Church Cultural

unions group group group
42 29 157 137 126 54
Most of the farmers are integrated in

farming, ‘njangi’ and church groups.
Socio-cultural, religious, cooperatives
and micro-credit groups are not of
utmost interest to these people. It
will be good to do an in-depth studies
to understand the reasons why and if
possible discuss how to improve on
the situation. This is very crucial as
we strive to address the Heifer wide
goal on influencing policies, practices
and systems.
5.2. Household decision making pattern
5.2.1. Healthcare decision
Healthcare decision Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

children 1 0.6% 0.6%
every HH member 5 3.1% 3.8%
husband 57 35.6% 39.4%
husband and wife 53 33.1% 72.5%
wife 44 27.5% 100.0%
Total 160 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.2. Education decision
Education decision Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Emmanuel Page 55
husband 49 31.2% 35.0%
wife 42 26.8% 100.0%
Total 157 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.3. Household feeding decision
Household feeding decision Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

husband 21 13.0% 16.1%
wife 81 50.3% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.4. Community project contribution

Community project Cum
contribution Percentage
husband 47 29.9% 32.5%
wife 53 33.8% 100.0%
Total 157 100.0% 100.0%
Emmanuel Page 56
5.2.5. Saving decisions
Saving decisions Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

husband 43 27.7% 30.3%
wife 58 37.4% 100.0%
Total 155 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.6. Expansion/construction of houses
Expansion/construction of Cum
houses Percentage
husband 49 30.8% 35.2%
wife 41 25.8% 100.0%
Total 159 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.7. Social/religious contribution

Social/religious contribution Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
husband 29 18.4% 23.4%
wife 65 41.1% 100.0%
Total 158 100.0% 100.0%
Emmanuel Page 57
Looking at the household as social and productive unit, the situation above shows that
most decisions are jointly taken by the husband and wife except in household feeding,
saving and social/religious contributions where women take most of the decisions.
Its’ worth noting that men are also partly involve in most of the decisions taken by
women except household feeding but the children are excluded in all decision making
fora or their involvement levels are very low. This situation is dangerous for a project
like this where children form a very significant portion of the dependents and its
sustainability depends on them.
5.3. Distribution of work within the household
5.3.1. Cleaning of home

Cleaning of home Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 19 12.3% 12.3%
Girls 14 9.0% 21.3%
Men 14 9.0% 30.3%
Women 108 69.7% 100.0%
Total 155 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.2. Cooking
Cooking Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Girls 10 6.3% 6.3%
Men 6 3.8% 10.1%
Women 143 89.9% 100.0%
Total 159 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.3. Washing dresses
Washing dresses Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 10 6.3% 6.3%
Emmanuel Page 58
Girls 11 6.9% 13.1%
Men 21 13.1% 26.3%
Women 118 73.8% 100.0%
Total 160 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.4. Caring for children
Caring for children Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 2 1.3% 1.3%
Men 45 30.2% 31.5%
Women 102 68.5% 100.0%
Total 149 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.5. Fetching water
Fetching water Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 77 48.7% 48.7%
Girls 11 7.0% 55.7%
Men 24 15.2% 70.9%
Women 46 29.1% 100.0%
Total 158 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.6. Splitting/fetching wood

Splitting/fetching wood Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 39 24.8% 24.8%
Girls 3 1.9% 26.8%
Men 73 46.5% 73.2%
Women 42 26.8% 100.0%
Total 157 100.0% 100.0%
Emmanuel Page 59
5.3.7. Caring for animals
Caring for animals Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 9 7.2% 7.2%
Girls 2 1.6% 8.8%
Men 78 62.4% 71.2%
Women 36 28.8% 100.0%
Total 125 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.8. Farm Clearing

Farm Clearing Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 7 4.7% 4.7%
Girls 1 0.7% 5.4%
Men 100 67.6% 73.0%
Women 40 27.0% 100.0%
Total 148 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.9. Farm hoeing
Farm hoeing Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 3 1.9% 1.9%
Girls 7 4.5% 6.5%
Men 20 13.0% 19.5%
Women 124 80.5% 100.0%
Total 154 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.10. Planting
Planting Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 2 1.3% 1.3%
Girls 8 5.0% 6.3%
Men 20 12.6% 18.9%
Women 129 81.1% 100.0%
Emmanuel Page 60
Total 159 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.11. Harvesting
Harvesting Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 3 1.9% 1.9%
Girls 10 6.3% 8.1%
Men 13 8.1% 16.3%
Women 134 83.8% 100.0%
Total 160 100.0% 100.0%
The above analysis depicts that house and kitchen work is mostly in the hands of
women except for fetching water, splitting wood where men and boys assists. Men are
fully involve in farm clearing, caring for animals and splitting wood; while boys are
mostly involve in fetching water and then assist in splitting wood and home cleaning.
The girl child is very little involve in farm, house and kitchen work.
This situation shows clearly that apart from not fully involving the children in
household decision making process, they are also less involved in household, livestock
caring and farm work tasks. This picture presents a big risk not only for project
sustainability but also for personal development or growth of these children especially
for the girl child from the stand point of life skills from which they will tap
continuously for a living. This area is of utmost importance during project design,
planning, implementation and monitoring.
5.4. Major sources or causes of domestic violence
5.4.1. Level of involvement of children and parents in household work perceive as

stereotypes
Level of involvement of children

Cum
and parents in household work Frequency Percentage
Percentage
perceive as stereotypes
Yes 51 31.7% 31.7%
Emmanuel Page 61
No 110 68.3% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.2. Poor involvement of children and women in decision making
Poor involvement of children Cum

and women in decision making Percentage
Yes 34 21.1% 21.1%
No 127 78.9% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.3. Increased workload on women
Increased workload on
women
Yes 36 22.4% 22.4%
No 125 77.6% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.4. Discrimination among household members

Discrimination among Cum
household members Percentage
Yes 31 19.3% 19.3%
No 130 80.7% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.5. Poor communication
Emmanuel Page 62
Poor communication Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 53 32.9% 32.9%
No 108 67.1% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.6. Less access to or control over resources & project benefits by children and
women
Less access to or control over
Cum
resources & project benefits by Frequency Percentage
Percentage
children and women
Yes 23 14.3% 14.3%
No 138 85.7% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.7. Insufficient household income

Insufficient household
income
Yes 110 68.3% 68.3%
No 51 31.7% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.8. Adult and youth delinquency
Adult and youth delinquency Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 33 20.5% 20.5%
No 128 79.5% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
Emmanuel Page 63
Major sources of household conflicts include: less involvement of children and parents
in household work perceived as stereotypes, increase workload on women,
insufficient household income, poor involvement of children and women in decision
making, adult and youth delinquency and poor communication. These factors should
be carefully analyzed and addressed during the course of this project in order to have
peaceful and productive household members.
5.5. Nature of dresses worn
children adults
Fairly used 136 133
Ready made 10 26
More adults dress up better than

children. This picture could be even-
out or gap narrowed with the
implementation of this project.
5.6. Major sources of resources for the group
Family On-farm Group Loans from Off-farm Grants from

members income njangi financial income donors
institutions
53 156 100 13 41 34
Emmanuel Page 64
On-farm and group ‘njangi’
activities are major sources of
income for the group
and her members. For the

sake of sustainability, other
sources such as off-farm,
grants from donors and loans
from micro-finance
institutions should be
exploited as the project is on
course.
5.7. Major sources of conflicts within groups
5.7.1. Dictatorial leadership

Dictatorial leadership Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 27 16.8% 16.8%
No 134 83.2% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.2. Poor accountability

Poor accountability Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 27 16.8% 16.8%
No 134 83.2% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
Emmanuel Page 65
5.7.3. Non-respect of by laws
Non-respect of by laws Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 53 32.9% 32.9%
No 108 67.1% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.4. Absenteeism
Absenteeism Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 68 42.2% 42.2%
No 93 57.8% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.5. Unfair sharing of benefits/resources
Unfair sharing of Cum

benefits/resources Percentage
Yes 22 13.7% 13.7%
No 139 86.3% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.6. Tribalism, discrimination

Tribalism, discrimination Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 20 12.4% 12.4%
No 141 87.6% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.7. Generation Gap between old and young persons
Generation Gap between old Frequency Percentage Cum
Emmanuel Page 66
and young persons Percentage
Yes 25 15.5% 15.5%
No 136 84.5% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.8. Poor communication

Poor communication Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 38 23.6% 23.6%
No 123 76.4% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.9. Poor group structure
poor group structure Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 22 13.7% 13.7%
No 139 86.3% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.10. Over dependency on one group member

Over dependency on one Cum
group member Percentage
Yes 15 9.3% 9.3%
No 146 90.7% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.11. Over dependency on donors
Over dependency on donors Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Emmanuel Page 67
Yes 2 1.2% 1.2%
No 159 98.8% 100.0%
Total 161 100.0% 100.0%
This analysis shows that major causes of conflicts within groups include among others:
absenteeism, poor communication, and non-respect of by-laws. Nonetheless, other
factors like poor accountability, dictatorial leadership and generation gap are also
blamed as sources of group conflicts. These factors’ alongside others should be
carefully studied and addressed as the case may be in order to strengthen group’s
dynamism and functioning. With this in place, it will be very easy for groups to grow
and replicate the positive impacts of their work.
Emmanuel Page 68
SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
This report has attempted to analyze information collected through the HI baseline survey on
the socio-economic and health/nutritional status of the households, and communities in the
areas targeted by the HI Cameroon Program. Specifically, it has provided baseline values for
indicators in a wide range of areas, including: livelihood activities, food security, including
dietary diversity and food production, health, nutrition, and income generation. The findings
from this study are expected to be used as the benchmark against which progress made by
the HI assisted groups in the target communities can be established.
In average, would be assisted groups in this area targeted for assistance by HI comprised
mostly of women representing about 55 percent. It is also perceptible that 64 percent of
respondents are married and Widows represent 18 percent while singles come behind with
11.8 percent. This gives an apparent stability in terms of project sustainability. A large
majority of the project partners in this region fall in the active age of the population.
Specifically, about 73 percent of the target project partners fall in the bracket 25-55 years, a
majority of which fall in the age group 41 – 55. This suggests that there is potential for using
the manpower in this area for the implementation of project activities.
Occupations in the communities mainly revolve around farming (97.5%), with crop production
being the predominant element of the farming system. Income generated from livestock
farming is mostly from the sale of goats, poultry and pigs recording the highest number of
respondent practicing activities. In terms of agricultural income generation activities,
households in this area rely mostly on the production and sale of annual and perennial crops
including cassava, plantain, maize, groundnuts and cocoyam. The sale of vegetables and fruits
represent subsidiary but non negligible sources of income. Aside from this, the local
economies of the sampled population are not very diversified as it can be depicted from the
results that, the mean income generated from off-farm activities represent barely a quarter
of the mean income generated from the On-farm activities.
The average farm output of the main food crops is varied but, the quantities are yet to be
improved. Depicted from the data, 54 percent of the sampled population confirms food
affordability to be a major problem towards food security and another 35.4 percent assessing
food accessibility to be a major impediment to food security. On the other hand, the average
sale of these main food crops is low in relation to production which translates into low
incomes derived from agricultural goods; this can be explained by the lack of marketing
techniques as only a handful reported having received trainings on marketing techniques.
According to the data, while the quantities were not specifically assessed within this survey, a
substantial number of the sampled population reported consumption of carbohydrates,
vegetables and fruits on a daily basis, consumption of animal protein was mostly reported to
be weekly by a small number of persons. This still confirms the consumption-oriented nature
of crop production in the area.
Emmanuel Page 69
The use of improved technologies and other farming equipment, other than crop varieties,
was found to be very low among the sample farmers. While farmers were not asked
specifically about the factors that may be preventing them from adopting technologies, it is
worth mentioning that there is very limited access to improved agricultural farming
techniques.
Regarding health, very few people are aware of their HIV&AIDS status (39.1%) and 60.6% of
respondents are adopting fidelity as a measure to mitigate the spread of HIV&AIDS. The
frequency of falling sick in the household is mostly assessed to be once a year in all the strata
within the household this is contrasted by the fact that the mean expenditure of household on
health is comparable to other key household issues. While a large number (91.9%) reported
using Pit toilets in the households, availability to water for households remain a major
concern as only 76.9% reported having access to water year round and 54.8 percent reported
the quality of drinking water treated.
In terms of household decision making, whilst there is still a great need for sensitization on
the subject, there is noticeably a paradigm shift as most, if not all decisions taken within the
households are done by both the parents. In contrast to decision making in the households,
the stereotypes of “who does what” are strictly maintained in this area as, perceptibly, all
household chores are handled by girls and women. It can also be inferred from the data that
boys and girls have equal opportunities of going to school as the proportion of boys and girls
attending school at all levels is slightly comparable.
Recommendation
Several program implications and actions for improving the situation of the surveyed
communities have been identified following the analyses provided in this report. Those are
summarized below, looking at each sector in turn.
With regards to the general orientation of the food security intervention, it is essential to
promote diversification of income, as focusing on livestock and crop production alone to
improve access to food will not be sufficient.
With regards to farming (crop and livestock) itself, it was noted that total farm output and
productivity are low; hence it is necessary to identify the key constraints affecting
agricultural performance in the target areas and implement activities that will help farmers
to overcome their production and marketing constraints.
With regards to income generation from the sale of farm output, strategies should be put in
place to support livestock and crops that offer opportunities for value added processing and
marketing.
It will also be good to re-enforce the groups/cooperative’s abilities to mobilize and

better manage their resources’. Gender issues have to be of greater focus as the
project is being implemented. Generally, it will be a good thing for HIC staff to
continuously use this document during the life of the project if monitoring for
reporting against intended results and reflection for quality control has to be a key
issue in the life the project.
Emmanuel Page 70

HIC MUSVIP Baseline Report

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Table of Contents

SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON STUDIES........5

SECTION TWO: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES OF WORK..................................19

The baseline survey .............................................................................................19

The baseline questionnaire and data collection....................................................19

Understanding the baseline results as presented.................................................20

SECTION THREE: INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS FROM THE BASELINE ANALYSIS......21

SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...........................................69

We shall be enormously surprised -and greatly disappointed- if we are not shown

2. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

3. BOD: Board Of Directors

4. CAHC: Community Animal Health Care

5. Com. M’ber: Committee member

9. DM: Discipline master (disciplinarian)

10.Fin. Sec: Financial secretary

12.HI: Heifer International

13.HIC: Heifer International Cameroon

14.HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

15.IPM: Integrated Pest Management

19.Min. Sec: Minute secretary

20.PIM: Participatory Impact Monitoring

21.PRO: Public Relations Officer

22.Supp.com: Supervisory committee

SECTION 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS

2. Sex 45% male

3. Age - Below 11 years : 00%

-25 – 40 years : 34.2%

- 56 years > : 24.2%

4. Marital status - Married : 64%

6. Level of formal education of - None : 25%

- High school : 3.8%

7. Principal occupation of - Farmer : 97.5%

-Civil servant : 0.6%

8. Number of household dependents Total Max Min Mean

Men 209 09 00 1.66

Women 220 05 00 1.67

Boys 430 11 00 2.67

Girls 402 16 00 2.53

Total 1261 27 1 7.83

10. Leadership role or position in group

11.trainings and sensitizations There is a great need for trainings and

4A. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ISSUES

Healthcare Reproduction supplementary Total Total Total

(Percentage) (Percentage) (Percentage) (n) (n) FCFA

Guinea pig None(100) Natural(100) Non-

Snails None(100) Natural(100) Non-conventional

Duck None (66.7) Natural(100) Non-conventional

poultry None (48.1) Natural Non-conventional

Pig None (40.4) Natural(96.5) Conventional

Sheep Ethno Natural(78.6) Non-conventional

Goat Ethno Natural(92.2) Non-

14. Management system Extensive :55%

Semi intensive :30%

17. place of sale of farm produce/products On farm : 00%

Village Market : 32.2%

Town/city market : 6.7%

4B. CROP PRODUCTION ISSUES

Total produced in Kg Total sold in Kg Total revenue FCFA

Colocassia 7 060 1 930 260 000

Estimates of household income and savings(FCFA)

Total Max Min Mean

On-farm(crop &livestock) 73 894 8225 4 538 000 00 458 974

Off-farm 20 274 200 2 000 000 00 125 926