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Received 7 July 2017; revised 30 August 2017; accepted 3 September 2017; posted 6 September 2017 (Doc. ID 301949);
published 29 September 2017
This paper aims to develop and analyze the design method of multifocal contact lenses to obtain curvature con-
tinuity in the optical surfaces with the high addition (Add) powers by adjusting non-uniform rational B-spline
(NURBS) curves. The paper has developed mathematical formulae to generate the optical power distributions in
which the powers continuously change from either near or distant center to the opposite focal length in the
periphery of the optical region with different change rates and Add power values. This developed method
can efficiently adjust and optimize three parameters, including control points, weight, and knots of the
NURBS, to be anterior optical lens surface profiles to adapt for these given power profiles. The result shows
that the proposed contact lenses not only achieve smooth and continuous anterior optical surfaces, but also satisfy
various optical power distributions with high Add power values for different pupil diameters. Then, these designs
of contact lenses can be feasibly converted to the computer-aided design format for analysis and manufacture for
molding or single-point diamond turning. Experimental results of this method have been tested and proven when
both the power distributions of simulation of lenses and the actual machined samples match the original specified
powers provided by clinical demands of a multifocal contact lens. Future integration with variant clinical de-
mands and optimization rules of lens design can be explored for a progressive contact lens. © 2017 Optical
Society of America
OCIS codes: (080.3630) Lenses; (350.4600) Optical engineering; (080.4225) Nonspherical lens design; (170.4460) Ophthalmic
optics and devices.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.007990
Z x
1 t−μ2
Px P distance Add pffiffiffiffiffi e − 2σ2 dt: (5)
σ 2π 0
In Eqs. (1), (4), and (5), the power distributions depend
on the radius of the center zone x c , the width of the intermedi-
ate optical zone W im , the Add power, and the center-near
power P near or the center-distance power P distance. Therefore,
the change rate and the shape of the power distribution can
be controlled by these factors. x c , W im , Add, and P near or
P distance are the setting parameters based on the wearer’s visual
requirement and pupil size. In general, the pupil diameter is
an individual characteristic, and it varies with age and lighting
conditions. For presbyopic patients, the average pupil diameter
is from 2 to 6 mm [7,31–33], thus, the diameter of the optical
region Dop should be from 6.0 to 8.0 mm to cover over the
pupil. Since the optical region in the anterior surface of the
proposed CL may have three zones (center, intermediate, and
Fig. 3. Illustration of the power distributions: (a) using Eqs. (4) and outer), the widths of these three zone should be chosen to pro-
(2), three-zone profile; (b) using Eqs. (6) and (7), two-zone profile; vide a good optical performance with the different pupil sizes.
(c) using Eqs. (6) and (8), one-zone profile. In this research, the center zone diameter of the CL is chosen to
be less than 4.0 mm, or x c is less than 2 mm. The range of the
overall diameter of the hard CL is 10 to 11 mm.
Since the proposed CL is symmetric, the halves of the an- Besides the three-zone profiles, the general power distribu-
terior optical surface profile and power profile are presented. tion formula can be degrated to be two-zone and one-zone
To present the three-zone power profile in which two constant profiles. First, for the optical region having two zones (center
lines connect together by a smooth curve, the CDF of the zone and intermediate zone) in Fig. 3(b), Eq. (1) can be
normal distribution [30] is a suitable choice. Thus, the power modified as
distribution from the lens center to the boundary of the optical Z x
1 t−μ2
region in Fig. 3(a) is determined by using the CDF in the P mod x P center 2Add pffiffiffiffiffi e − 2σ2 dt; (6)
following equation: σ 2π 0
Z x where
1 t−μ2
Px P center Add pffiffiffiffiffi e − 2σ2 dt; (1)
σ 2π 0 Dop
μ x c W im ; σ W im ∕3 and W im − x c : (7)
where 2
Second, when x c equals zero, the power gradually changes
μ x c W im ∕2; σ W im ∕6; (2)
from the center axis to the boundary of the optical region in
Fig. 3(c). Therefore, the optical region of this lens has one zone
P center is the constant optical power of the near/
(intermediate zone). Eq. (6) is used to present the one-zone
distance-center zone,
power profile with
x c is the radius of the center zone, Add is the Add power,
W im is the width of the intermediate optical zone, Dop
μ W im ; σ W im ∕3 and W im : (8)
2
Dop
0 ≤ W im ≤ : (3) This kind of profile can be used to illustrate the power dis-
2 tribution of the aspheric CL.
Dop , is the optical region diameter, Since Eqs. (1) and (6) are flexibly altered with different
x is the radial distance from the lens center, input parameters, the levels of the Add powers are not limited
the sign “−” is for the center-near, and “+” is for the center- from low to high with various diameters of optical zones.
distance. B. Optimization of Anterior Optical Surface Profile
When the radius of the center zone x c and the width of the After the optical power profile is determined, a freeform
intermediate zone W im are given, the values of μ and σ that are NURBS curve is optimized by using a nonlinear optimization
calculated by Eq. (2) are substituted into Eq. (1). Thus, the algorithm to be an anterior optical surface profile and satisfy the
shape of the Px curve will be changed with the different given given power distribution.
parameters x c and W im . Then, Eq. (1) can be rewritten when
the optical center is the near vision as 1. NURBS Summary
Z x A NURBS curve of degree p defines the Cu curve as a piece-
1 t−μ2
Px P near − Add pffiffiffiffiffi e − 2σ2 dt: (4) wise rational polynomial function of a parameter u,
σ 2π 0 Ph
i0 N i;p uwi P i
Similarly, when the optical center is the distant vision, the Cu Ph ; (9)
power equation is i0 N i;p uwi
Research Article Vol. 56, No. 28 / October 1 2017 / Applied Optics 7993
where P o ; P 1 ; …; P h are control points, wo ; w1 ; …; wh NURBS curve, three parameters, i.e., weights, control points,
are weights, and N i;p u is the ith B-spline basic func- and knots, are optimized to satisfy the required (given) power
tion
of degree p defined on the knot vector U
distribution. Therefore, the objective function in this research
0; …; 0; up2 ; …; uh1 ; 1; …; 1 is to minimize the root mean square (RMS) error between the
|fflfflffl{zfflfflffl} |fflfflffl{zfflfflffl} ; lens power (Pw i ) on the NURBS lens and the required power
p1 p1
(Pw i ), which is determined from Eqs. (1) or (6) at point i along
1 if ui ≤ u ≤ ui1 the radial direction, shown in Eq. (16). The stop criterion
N i;0 u ;
0 otherwise (maximum RMS error) is chosen to be small enough to ensure
u − ui uip1 − u the optical quality of the NURBS CL.
N i;p u N i;p−1 u N u: After the base curve radius, material, and center thickness
uip − ui uip1 − ui1 i1;p−1
are selected, the curvature of every point on the anterior optical
(10) surface profile is optimized by a nonlinear optimization algo-
Using rational basis functions, rithm, i.e., the simulated annealing algorithm [35–37], in this
study. Since the curvature and the cubic NURBS relate to each
N i;p uwi other by Eqs. (9), (13), and (14), the knot vector, control
R i;p u Ph : (11)
j0 N j;p uwj points, and weights values are optimized to let the NURBS
curve be the anterior optical surface profile.
NURBS curve can be written as
However, if the center axis of the multifocal CL is assumed
X
h to be on a vertical axis, the tangent of the NURBS curve at
Cu R i;p P i : (12) the peak point (0, 0) in Fig. 4 should be in the horizontal
i0
direction to make the smooth anterior profile at this point.
The curvature of an arbitrary point on the NURBS curve is In other words, the line P 0 P 1 connecting the two first control
jC 0 u × C 0 0 uj points P 0 and P 1 must be perpendicular to the center axis.
k : (13) Therefore, this constraint is added to optimization in which
jC 0 uj3
the XY coordinate of P 0 is (0, 0), and the Y coordinate
The radius of curvature of that point is of P 1 is 0.
1
R : (14) C. Analysis, Manufacture and Measurement
k
After optimization, the peripheral curves are determined [38].
Due to the shape, the NURBS curve is flexibly changed Three peripheral posterior curves are defined based on the base
by modifying any parameter among the three parameters, curve, the known diameters, and the edge lift. The anterior
i.e., knot vector, control points, and weights values, and the peripheral curve is calculated with the given optical diameter,
optimized NURBS curve easily adapt a complex design. total diameter, center thickness, axial edge thickness, overall sag
2. Optimization Problem of the posterior surface, and the sag of the front optical zone.
Normally, the CLs are considered thick lenses when determin- In this research, the posterior edge has a round shape. Then,
ing the optical powers. The refractive power can be determined the 3D models of the proposed CLs are created in CAD/
via the back vertex power (BVP) [34] by the following computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software. After that,
equation: these models are imported to an optical software to analyze
optical performance before fabrication. In this research, Zemax
n − 1kf software is used here to verify the optimized results of this
Pw 1 − nkb ; (15)
1 − t c 1 − 1nkf method.
To manufacture, the optimized NURBS curves of four
where kb , k f are the curvatures of the anterior and the posterior
different cases are presented as drawing exchange formats
surfaces, n is the refractive index of the lens material, and t c is
(DXF), and then full 2D CLs are generated. These CAD files
the center thickness of the CL:
Pn are converted to MiniFiles for machining. PMMA CLs are
i1 Pw i − Pw i
2 1∕2
RMS ; or
n
Pn n−1k
2 !1∕2
i1 1 − nkbi 1−t1−1kf i − Pw i
RMS n fi i :
n
(16)
For the specific material and center thickness, the optical
power of the multifocal CL is the combination of the curvatures
of the anterior and posterior surfaces. Since the anterior optical
surface profile of the conventional aspheric multifocal CL com-
bines a few conic curves, such as spherical and aspheric curves, a
cubic NURBS curve is selected to provide enough flexibility for
smoothly connecting all optical zones. To determine the cubic Fig. 4. NURBS curve with control points.
7994 Vol. 56, No. 28 / October 1 2017 / Applied Optics Research Article
Table 2. RMS Errors of the Extended Polynomials and Cubic NURBS Curves
RMS Errors
Extended Polynomial Curve
Order Cubic NURBS Curve
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Control Points
Case 1 0.0125 0.0109 0.0140 0.0935 0.1463 0.4391 0.0037
Case2 0.0304 0.0331 0.0135 0.0103 0.2278 0.8205 0.0044
Case 3 0.0375 0.0417 0.0380 0.0648 0.1118 0.5635 0.0062
Case 4 0.5348 0.5268 0.4171 0.5022 0.5408 0.5732 0.0104
7996 Vol. 56, No. 28 / October 1 2017 / Applied Optics Research Article
have shown the feasibility of design method. Therefore, the de- 19. L. A. Piegl and W. Tiller, The NURBS Book (Springer, 1997).
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Acknowledgment. The authors thank professor Chao- form surface for progressive addition lens with B-spline description,”
Chang A. Chen for his support in this research and doctor Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 63, 225–233 (2012).
Patrick Joi-Tsang Shum for manufacturing the lens samples. 23. H. Chase, “Optical design with rotationally symmetric NURBS,”
Proc. SPIE 4832, 10–24 (2002).
24. P. Jester, C. Menke, and K. Urban, “B-spline representation of optical
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