3 - Second Law of Thermodynamics

Solution of UPSC Papers
Of
Basic and Applied Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Prepared By
Brij Bhooshan
Asst. Professor
B. S. A. College of Engg. And Technology
Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, (India)
Supported By:
Purvi Bhooshan
Please welcome for any correction or misprint in the entire manuscript and your
valuable suggestions kindly mail us brijrbedu@gmail.com.
1985
Problem: Two reversible heat engines E1 and E2 are kept in series between a hot
reservoir at a temperature T1 of 600 K and a cold reservoir at a temperature T3 of 300 K.
Engine E1 receives 500 kJ of heat from the reservoir at T1. The thermal efficiency of both
the engines is the same. Determine (i) the temperature at which heat is rejected by
engine E1, and received by engine E2, (ii) work done by engine E1, (iii) work done by
engine E2, (iv) heat rejected by engine E2 to the cold reservoir and (v) the efficiency of
the engines.
[Engg. Services-1985]
T1 = 600 K
E1
T’
E2
T2 = 300 K
For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Brij Bhooshan Asst. Professor B.S.A College of Engg. & Technology, Mathura (India)
Copyright by Brij Bhooshan @ 2013 Page 1
2 Solution of UPSC Papers of Second Law of Thermodynamics
Solution: Suppose that T’ be the temperature when heat rejects from engine E1 to E2
and Q2 be the heat rejection from engine E2 to cold reservoir T2. If the efficiency of both
the engines are same, then
After solving, we get T’ = 424.26 K.

(i) Temperature at which the heat is rejected from E1 to E2 is (T’) = 424.26 K.
(ii) Work done by engine E1: We know that
After solving we get W1 = 146.45 kJ.

(iii) Work done by engine E2: Heat received by engine E2
= 500 – 146.45 = 353.55 kJ.
Work done by engine E2
After solving we get W2 = 103.55 kJ.

(iv) Heat rejected by engine E2 to the cold reservoir:
Q2 = − W2 = 353.55 – 103.55 = 250 kJ.
(v) The efficiency of the engines:
After solving, we get η = 29.29%.
1986
Problem: An engine in outer space operates on the Carnot cycle. The only way in which
heat is rejected by the engine to the surroundings is by radiation which is proportional
to the product of the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the radiating surface
and its area. For a given power output of the engine, hot reservoir temperature T1 and
radiator temperature T2 determine the ratio (T1/T2) for which the area of the radiating
surface as a minimum.
Solution: Suppose that A be the area of radiating surface. Now according to problem
Now
where K is constant proportionality.

Now efficiency of carnot cycle is

Solution of UPSC Papers of Basic and Applied Thermodynamics By Brij Bhooshan 3
W
HE
Now work output is
For maximum condition
After solving we get
Problem: A system maintained at constant volume is initially at temperature T1. If a

heat reservoir at temperature T0 which is less than T1 is available, determine the
maximum work obtainable as the system is cooled to T0 in terms of T0, T1 and CV.
T1
V=C
E W
T0
Solution: A reversible heat engine operating between the system and receiver will give
the maximum work obtainable from the system.
Let dQ be the heat taken out of the system and dWmax is the corresponding work output
According to problem value is constant. Then, the drop in temperature due to transfer of
heat
dQ = CV.dT [2]
From Eqn. (1), and (2), then

1988
Problem: Show that with the concept of reversible engines, a temperature scale can be
defined which is independent of the nature of the thermometric substance.
[IAS - 1988]
Thermal Reservoir
A B
1
C D
Thermal Reservoir 3
E F
2
Thermal Reservoir
Diagram 1
Solution: A temperature scale, which does not depend on the thermodynamic property
of the substance, can be established by making use of the fact that the efficiency of a
reversible heat engine does not depend on the nature of the nature of the working fluid
but depends only upon the temperature of the reservoirs between which it operates. The
establishment of thermodynamic temperature scale is also a consequence of the second
law of thermodynamics. Refer to Diagram 1.
Let us suppose, θ1, θ2, and θ3 be the isotherms. Suppose the two reversible adiabatics
intersect the three isotherms. Let the reversible engine 1 absorb energy as heat, Q1 from
the reservoir at θ1 and reject energy as heat, Q2 to the reservoir at θ2. Suppose the
reversible engine 2 absorb energy as heat, Q2 from the reservoir θ2 and reject heat, Q3 to
the reservoir at θ3. Let W1 and W2 represent the work done by engines 1 and 2,
respectively. Let a third Carnot engine absorb energy as heat Q1 from the reservoir at θ1
and reject energy as heat Q3 to the reservoir at θ3.
The work done by the engine is given by
Also,

or,
or,
Now,
or,
or,
Similarly,
or,
or,
Then
or,
In the above equation, θ3 does not appear on the left hand side. Therefore, on the right
hand side, the dependence on θ3 should cancel out. Hence, the nature of function F is
such that,
Then,
Therefore,
or,
So,
There is no further restriction on the function. The choice of the function ϕ now defines
the temperature scale of interest.
If we choose

or,
Recall,
or,
The efficiency of no heat engine can be greater than one. The lowest possible
temperature in this scale is zero (θ2 = 0).
Diagram 2
Refer to Diagram 2. Hence it is called the absolute temperature scale. The absolute
temperature scale is also known as Kelvin temperature scale. In defining the Kelvin
temperature scale also, the triple point of water is taken as the standard reference
point. For a Carnot engine operating between reservoirs at temperature θ and θtp, θtp
being the triple point of water arbitrarily assigned the value of 273.16K,
or,
If this equation is compared with the perfect gas temperature scale [remember, we have
obtained
it is seen that in the Kelvin Scale Q plays the role of the thermometric property.
Consider a Carnot engine using a perfect gas as a working fluid. Let the high
temperature reservoir be at T1 and low temperature reservoir be at T2
or,
But the absolute temperature scale is defined by the relation

Therefore,
Since the numerical value (273.16K) assigned to the triple point of water can be chosen
to be same for both the perfect gas scale and the absolute temperature scale, θ = T.
Hereafter, the common symbol T may be used to represent the temperature.
The amount of heat supply Q changes with change in temperature, just like the thermal
emf in a thermocouple.
It follows from the equation (19)
that the heat transferred isothermally between the given adiabatics decreases as the
temperature decreases. Conversely, the smaller the value of Q, the lower the
corresponding T. The smallest possible value of Q is zero, and the corresponding T is
absolute zero. Thus, if a system undergoes a reversible isothermal process without
transfer of heat, the temperature at which this process takes place is called the absolute
zero. Thus, at absolute zero, an isotherm and an adiabatic are identical.
1989
Problem: A reversible heat engine operates between 600°C and 40°C and derives a
reversible refrigeration operating between 40°C and −18°C. Still there is a net output of
work equal to 370 kJ, while the heat received by the engine is 2100 kJ. Determine the
cooling effect.
T1 = 600°C T4 = 40°C
= 2100 kJ
Wnet = 370 kJ E R
Q5
T2 = 40°C T3 = −18°C
Solution: T1 = 600 + 273 = 873 K, T2 = 40 + 273 = 313 K, T3 = −18 + 273 = 255 K, T4 =

40 + 273 = 313 K.
Now, efficiency of engine is
After Q2 = 752.92 kJ.

Then W1 = Q1 – Q2 = 2100 – 752.9 = 1347.1 kJ.
Wnet = W1 – Q5
Q5 = W1 – Wnet = 1347.1 – 370 = 977.1 kJ.
In case of refrigeration
Win = Q4 – Q3 = Q5

Q3 = ξR × Win = ξR × Q5
Q3 = 4.39 × 977.1 = 4289.46 kJ.
1991
Problem: A reversible engine receives heat from a mixture of water vapor and liquid
water at 1 atm and rejects 3775 kJ/hr of heat at 100 K below temperature of a mixture
of ice and liquid water at 1 atm. It delivers 0.386 kW power. Find the number of degrees
separating absolute zero and ice point on Kelvin scale.
T1
E W
= 3775
T2
Solution: Given that: P = 1 atm, Q = 3775 kJ/hr, T = 100 K, W = 0.380 kW.

Suppose that T1 be the source temperature and T2 be the sink temperature.
Then, T = T1 – T2 = 100
From Eqns. (1) and (2)
After solving, we get T1 = 371.66 K.

Now, T = T1 – T2 = 100
Then, T2 = 371.66 – 100 = 271.66 K.
Now, the degree of separating absolute zero ice point on Kelvin is
273.16 – 271.66 = 1.50 K
Problem: A working fluid goes through a Carnot cycle of operations, the upper absolute
temperature of the fluid being θ1 and the lower absolute temperature being θ2. The
amount of heat taken in and rejected by the working fluid are Q1 and Q2 respectively.
On account of losses of heat due to conduction etc., the heat source temperature T1 is
higher than θ1 and the heat sink temperature T2 is lower than θ2. If T1 = (θ1 + KQ1); T2 =
(θ2 + KQ2) where K is the same constant for both the equations, show that the efficiency
of the plant is given by

T1
E W
T2
Solution: Given that:

T1 = (θ1 + KQ1) [1]
T2 = (θ2 + KQ2) [2]
From Eqns. (1) and (2)
Now,
Now, we know that, if engine works on Carnot cycle, the change in entropy is equal to
zero. Then,
Now, using Eqns. (3) and (4), we have
Then, efficiency is
Now, from the given conditions
Now, Eqns. (6) and (7), both are same.
1997
Problem: What is the perpetual motion machine of the second kind?
[IAS-1997]
Source T1
HE

Solution: If Q2 = 0 (i.e. W = Q1, and, η = 100 %), the heat engine will produce network
into a complete cycle by exchanging heat with only one reservoir, thus violating the
Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law states: “It is impossible for a device operating
in a cycle to produce net work while exchanging heat with bodies at single fixed
temperature”.
Devices based on violation of 2nd law of thermodynamics are called Perpetual motion
machines of 2nd kind (PMM-2). Wilhelm Ostwald introduced the concept of perpetual
motion machine of the second kind (PMM2). PMM-2 shown in Diagram, refers to a heat
engine which produces work while interacting with only one reservoir.
A PMM2 is a hypothetical device (Diagram) which working cyclically, receives energy as
heat from a single thermal reservoir, and delivers as equivalent amount of work. The
Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law tells us that it is impossible to constructs a
perpetual motion machine of the second kind.
1998
Problem: In the winter season while outside is at 5°C, a heat pump is used to maintain
the living space at 20°C. The heat gain into the space is 1.1 kJ/s per degree difference in
temperature between inside and outside. Determine the power required to drive the
heat pump. If during summer the same motor power is used to maintain the space at
20°C, determine the maximum outside temperature up to which this will be possible.
Heat lost rate can be assumed as in the winter season.
[IAS-1998]
T2 = 20°C T1 = 20°C
W HP R W
T1 = 5°C T2 = 5°C
Solution: Given that: T0 = T1 = 5°C + 273 = 278 K, T2 = 20°C + 273 = 293 K.

(a) Heat transfer to house (Q2)
Q2 = ΔT × 1.1 = (20 – 5) × 1.1 = 16.5 kJ/s.
Now we know that COP is
After solving, we get W = 844.70 W.

(b) Suppose T be the maximum temperature, if refrigeration will be reserve.
Q1 = (T – 20) × 1.1 kW
Now we know that COP is
Now, we know that

After solving, we get T = 34.22°C.
1999
Problem: Show that violation of the Kelvin-Planck statement of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics implies the violation of Clausius statement.
[IAS-1999]
Thermal Reservoir TH Thermal Reservoir TH
1 2
1 2
Thermal Reservoir TL < TH

Thermal Reservoir TL < TH
(a)
(b)
Solution: Let us suppose that the Kelven Planck statement is incorrect.

Refer to Diagram that is, it is possible to construct a device I which, working cyclically,
absorbs energy a heat Q1 from a source at temperature TH and performs an equivalent
amount of work (W = Q1). Next consider a device II which absorbs QL amount of energy
from a low temperature body at TL and delivers energy as heat QH to a high temperature
reservoir at TH. To accomplish this, work W is done on the device. The device II does not
violate the Clausius statement. For device II, we can write QH = QL + W. Now combine I
and II. The work delivered by device I is used by device, II.
Then W = Q1
This combined device (which is no more aided by any external agency) working
cyclically, is not producing any effect other than the transfer of energy as heat QL from
the low temperature reservoir to the high temperature reservoir. This is in violation of
the Clausius statement.
2000
Problem: A Carnot Engine is working between temperature limits of T1 and T2. Its
efficiency can be increased either by increasing the source temperature T1 or by
decreasing the sink temperature T2.
Determine which is more effective. What are the practical limitations of each of the
above methods?
[IAS-2000]
Solution: The efficiency of a Carnot engine is given by
If T2 is constant

  
As T1, increases, η; increases, and the slope   decreases (Diagram a).
 T1  T2
η η
1.0 1.0
Slope = − 1/ T1
0 T1 0 T2
T2 T1
If T1 is constant,
  
As T2, decreases, η; increases, and the slope   remains constant (Diagram b).
 T2 T1
Also
Since T1 > T2, then
So, the more effective way to increase the efficiency is to decrease T2.
Alternatively, let T2 be decreased by ΔT with T1, remaining the same
If T1, is increased by the same ΔT, T2, remaining the same
Then
Since T1 > T2, (η1 − η2) > 0.

The more effective way to increase the cycle efficiency is to decrease T2.
Problem: A reversible engine receives equal quantity of heat from two reservoirs A and
B maintained at temperatures T1 and T2 respectively. The engine rejects heat to a
reservoir C at temperature T3. In case the thermal efficiency of the above engine is K
times, the efficiency of reversible engine receiving heat only from reservoir A and
rejecting heat to reservoir C and also if the heat supplied by the reservoir C and also if
the heat supplied by the reservoir A is the same as it supplies in the combined case show
that:

HE HE
Solution: Efficiency of heat engine between A and C is
Efficiency of our engine is
Now
Total heat rejection is
Total heat input is 2Q1, then efficiency of engine is
Now = , then
2002
Problem: A reversible heat engine absorbs heat energy from a stream of hot gases
whose temperature is falling linearly from T1 to T2. The engine rejects heat to a constant

temperature sink at T0. Assuming that any reversible cycle can be considered to be
equivalent to an infinite number of Carnot cycles, prove that the maximum efficiency
attainable for this heat engine is:
[IAS-2002]
Body T1
HE
TER T2
Solution: Suppose that one of the bodies considered as thermal energy reservoir. The
finite body has a thermal capacity Cp and is at temperature T1 and the TER is at
temperature T2, such that T1 > T2. Let a heat engine operate between the two as shown
in Diagram.
As heat is withdrawn from the body, its temperature decreases. The temperature of the
TER would, however, remain unchanged at T2. The engine would stop working, when
the temperature of the body reaches T2. During that period, the amount of work
delivered is W, and the heat rejected to the TER is (Q ‒ W). Then
Applying the entropy principle
or
or
Now, efficiency is

IFoS 2002/(1/b)
[IFoS 2002]
HE
HE
Solution: For first heat engine:
For second heat engine:
(a) For same efficiency:
(b) For same work output (W1 = W2): Now according to problem W1 = W2, then we
have
2003
Problem: Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series. Heat engine A
rejects heat directly to B. Engine A receives 300 kJ of heat at a temperature of 427°C
from a high temperature source while engine B rejects heat to a cold sink at 7°C. If the
work output of A is two times that of B, find (i) intermediate temperature between A and

B, (ii) efficiency of each engine, (iii) heat rejected by engine A and received by engine B
and (iv) heat rejected to the sink.
[IAS 2003]
T1 = 700 K
HE
HE
T2 = 280 K
Solution: Given that: T1 = 427°C + 273 = 700 K, T2 = 7°C + 273 = 280 K, Q1 = 300 kJ.
(a) Temperature at intermediate:
Now according to problem 2W2 = W1,

Now, W1 = Q1 – Q2, W2 = Q2 – Q3, then
After solving, we get T = 420K.

(b) Efficiency of each engine:
(c) Heat rejection: Now, we know that
Problem: Two Carnot engines work in series between the source and sink temperatures
of 600 K and 300 K. If both engines develop equal power, determine the intermediate
temperature.
[IFoS 2003]

T1 = 600 K
HE
T2
HE
T3 = 300 K
Solution: Given that: T1 = 600 K, T2 = 300 K.

Temperature at intermediate:
Now according to problem W2 = W1, then
After solving, we get T = 450K.
Problem: A reversible engine 'A' absorbs energy from a reservoir at temperature T1 and
rejects energy to a reservoir at temperature T2. A second engine 'B' absorbs the same
amount of energy as rejected by engine 'A', from the same reservoir at temperature T2
and rejects energy to a reservoir at temperature T3. What will be the relation between
T1, T2 and T3 if (i) the efficiencies of both the engines 'A' and 'B' are the same and (ii) the
work delivered by both the engines is the same?
Solution: See the solution of IFoS 2002.
2004
Problem: Give the Kelvin-Planck's and Clausius' statements of Second Law of
Thermodynamics and show that violation of either statement implies violation of the
other.
A Carnot engine I operates between two reservoirs at temperatures of 2000 K and T K.
Another Carnot engine II operates between the reservoirs at T K and 300 K. If both the
engines have the same efficiency, determine the value of T.
[IAS-2004]
Solution: See the solution of IAS 1999.
Numerical:

T1 = 2000 K
HE
HE
T2 = 300 K
Solution: Given that: T1 = 2000 K, T2 = 300 K.
Now, efficiency of each engine:
Now, according to problem η1 = η2, then
After solving, we get T = 774.59 K.
2005
Problem: Using the concept of Second Law of Thermodynamics show that it is
impossible to reach absolute zero temperature.
[IAS-2005]
Solution: Consider a Carnot engine using a perfect gas as a working fluid. Let the high
temperature reservoir be at T1 and low temperature reservoir be at T2
or,
But the absolute temperature scale is defined by the relation
Therefore,

Since the numerical value (273.16K) assigned to the triple point of water can be chosen
to be same for both the perfect gas scale and the absolute temperature scale, θ = T.
Hereafter, the common symbol T may be used to represent the temperature.
The amount of heat supply Q changes with change in temperature, just like the thermal
emf in a thermocouple.
It follows from the equation
that the heat transferred isothermally between the given adiabatics decreases as the
temperature decreases. Conversely, the smaller the value of Q, the lower the
corresponding T. The smallest possible value of Q is zero, and the corresponding T is
absolute zero. Thus, if a system undergoes a reversible isothermal process without
transfer of heat, the temperature at which this process takes place is called the absolute
zero. Thus, at absolute zero, an isotherm and an adiabatic are identical.
That the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale has a definite zero point can be
shown by imagining a series of reversible engines, extending from a source at T1, to
lower temperatures.
Since
or
Similarly
and so on.
If T1 ‒ T2 = T2 ‒ T3 = T3 ‒ T4 =…, assuming equal temperature intervals
or W1 = W2 = W3 = W4 =…,
Conversely, by making the work quantities performed by the engines in series equal (If,
W1 = W2 = W3 = W4 =…,), we will get

at equal temperature intervals. A scale having one hundred equal intervals between the
steam point and the ice point could be realized by a series of one hundred Carnot
engines operating as in Diagram. Such a scale would be independent of the working
substance.
If enough engines are placed in series to make the total work output equal to Ql, then by
the first law the heat rejected from the last engine will be zero. By the second law,
however, the operation of a cyclic heat engine with zero heat rejection cannot be
achieved, although it may be approached as a limit. When the heat rejected approaches
zero, the temperature of heat rejection also approaches zero as a limit. Thus it appears
that a definite zero point exists on the absolute temperature scale but this point cannot be
reached without a violation of the second law.
Problem: A reversible heat engine operating between thermal reversible reservoir at

800°C and 30°C drives a reversible refrigerator which refrigerates a space at -15°C and
delivers heat to a thermal reservoir at 30°C.The heat input to the heat engine is 1900 kJ
and there is a net work output from the combined plant (heat engine and refrigerator) of
290 kJ. Determine the heat transfer to the 30° C thermal reservoir.
[IAS-2005]
T1 = 1073 K T3 = 258 K
WE WR
HE R
290 kJ
T2 = 303 K
Solution: Given that: T1 = 800°C + 273 = 1073 K, T2 = 30°C + 273 = 303 K, T3 = −15°C +
273 = 258 K, Q1 = 1900 kJ, W = 290 kJ = WE – WR.
For heat engine
After solving, we get Q2 = 536.53 kJ.

Also WE = Q1 – Q2 = 1900 – 536.53 = 1363.47 kJ.
For refrigeration
Now, we know that W = WE – WR.

WR = WE – W = 1363.47 – 290 = 1073.47 kJ.
Now, WR = Q4 – Q3 = 1073.47 kJ.
Q4 – 0.85Q4 = 1073.47 kJ
After solving, we get Q4 = 7156.46 kJ, and, Q3 = 6082.99 kJ.
Total heat transferred to low temperature reservoir

Q2 + Q4 = 7156.47 + 536.53 = 7693 kJ.
2007
Problem: Consider a Carnot cycle heat engine operating in the outer space. Heat can be
rejected from this engine only by thermal radiation, which is proportional to the radiator
area and the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the radiator (T1). Show that for
a given engine work output and given temperature of the higher temperature reservoir
(TH), the radiator area will be a minimum when the ratio T1/TH = ¾.
[IAS-2007]
Solution: See the solution of Engg. Services-1986.
Problem: The only way in which heat can be transferred from a Carnot engine in outer
space is by radiation. The rate at which heat is radiated is proportional to the fourth
power of the absolute temperature T2 and to the area of the radiating surface. Show that
for a given power output and a given T1, the area of the radiator will be minimum when
T2/T1 = 3/4.
[IFoS-2007]
Problem: Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series A rejecting heat
directly to B. Engine A receives heat 200 kJ at a temperature of 421 °C from a heat
source, while engine B is in communication with a cold sink at a temperature of 4.4°C. If
the work output of A is twice that of B, find (i) the intermediate temperature between A
and B, (ii) the efficiency of each engine and (iii) the heat rejected to the cold sink.
[IFoS-2007]
Problem: A heat pump is to be used to heat a house in winter and then reversed to cool
the house in summer. The interior temperature is to be maintained at 20 °C. Heat
transfer through the walls and roof is estimated to be 0.525 kJ/ sec per degree
temperature difference between the inside and the outside.
(i) If the outside temperature in winter is 5 °C, what is the minimum power
required to drive the heat pump?
(ii) If the power input is the same as in part (i), what is the maximum outer
temperature for which the inside can be maintained at 20 ° C?
[IFoS-2007]
2007
Problem: A reversible engine works between three thermal reservoirs A, B and C. The
engine absorbs an equal amount of heat from the thermal reservoirs A and B kept at
temperatures TA and TB respectively, and reject heat to the thermal reservoir C kept at
temperature TC. The efficiency of the above reversible engine is a times the efficiency of
the reversible engine, which works between the two reservoirs A and C.
Prove that:

[IFoS-2008]
Solution: See the solution of Engg. Services 2000.
Problem: Show that the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of the Second law of
thermodynamics are equivalent. Also prove that all engines operating in the Carnot
cycle between two given constant temperature reservoirs have the same efficiency.
[IFoS-2008]
Solution: See the solution of IAS 1999, IFoS 2002.
2010
Problem: A Carnot engine operates between source temperature of 500 K and sink
temperature of 300 K. It produces work utilizing the heat of 10 kJ from the source at
500 K. The work produced by this engine is utilized by a Carnot refrigerator operating
between refrigerator temperature of 200 K and sink temperature of 300 K. Represent
schematically these engine and refrigerator operations. Find out:
(i) Work produced by the Carnot engine.
(ii) Refrigerating effect produced at 200 K by the Carnot refrigerator.
(iii) Total heat rejected to the sink at 300 K.
(iv) By how much the refrigerator temperature be increased to get double the
refrigerating effect as per (ii) above?
Total heat rejected to the sink at 300 K when the refrigerator operates as per the
temperature for (iv) above.
[IAS-2010]
T1 = 500 K T3 = 200 K
WE WR
HE R
T2 = 300 K
Solution: Given that: T1 = 500 K, T2 = 300 K, T3 = 200 K, Q1 = 10 kJ, WE = WR.

For heat engine
After solving, we get Q2 = 6 kJ.

(i) Work produced by Carnot engine:
W = Q1 – Q2 = 10 – 6 = 4 kJ.
(ii) Refrigeration effect

Now, W = Q4 – Q3 = 4 kJ.
Q4 – 0.66Q4 = 4 kJ
After solving, we get Q4 = 11.76 kJ, and, Q3 = 7.76 kJ.
Refrigeration effect = 4 kJ.
(iii) Total heat transferred at 300 K:
Q2 + Q4 = 6 + 11.76 = 17.76 kJ.
(iv) If R.E. double: Now, refrigeration effect is double, then
W = Q4 – Q3 = 8 kJ
2011
Problem: Consider an engine in outer space which operates on the Carnot Cycle. The
only way in which heat can be transferred from the engine is by radiation. The rate at
which heat is radiated is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature
and to the area of the radiating surface. Show that for a given power output and a given
T1 the area of the radiator will be a minimum when T2/T1 = 3/4.


3 - Second Law of Thermodynamics

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

3 - Second Law of Thermodynamics

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Solution of UPSC Papers

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

After solving, we get T’ = 424.26 K.

After solving we get W1 = 146.45 kJ.

After solving we get W2 = 103.55 kJ.

After solving, we get η = 29.29%.

where K is constant proportionality.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Now work output is

For maximum condition

After solving we get

Problem: A system maintained at constant volume is initially at temperature T1. If a

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

But the absolute temperature scale is defined by the relation

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Solution: T1 = 600 + 273 = 873 K, T2 = 40 + 273 = 313 K, T3 = −18 + 273 = 255 K, T4 =

After Q2 = 752.92 kJ.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Solution: Given that: P = 1 atm, Q = 3775 kJ/hr, T = 100 K, W = 0.380 kW.

From Eqns. (1) and (2)

After solving, we get T1 = 371.66 K.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Solution: Given that:

Now, using Eqns. (3) and (4), we have

Now, from the given conditions

Now, Eqns. (6) and (7), both are same.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Solution: Given that: T0 = T1 = 5°C + 273 = 278 K, T2 = 20°C + 273 = 293 K.

After solving, we get W = 844.70 W.

Now, we know that

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

After solving, we get T = 34.22°C.

Thermal Reservoir TL < TH

Solution: Let us suppose that the Kelven Planck statement is incorrect.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Since T1 > T2, then

If T1, is increased by the same ΔT, T2, remaining the same

Since T1 > T2, (η1 − η2) > 0.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Solution: Efficiency of heat engine between A and C is

Efficiency of our engine is

Total heat rejection is

Total heat input is 2Q1, then efficiency of engine is

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Applying the entropy principle

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Solution: For first heat engine:

For second heat engine:

(a) For same efficiency:

After solving we get

After solving we get

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Now according to problem 2W2 = W1,

After solving, we get T = 420K.

(c) Heat rejection: Now, we know that

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Solution: Given that: T1 = 600 K, T2 = 300 K.

Now according to problem W2 = W1, then

After solving, we get T = 450K.

For more information log on www.brijrbedu.org

Solution: Given that: T1 = 2000 K, T2 = 300 K.