Communication the exchange of meanings between individuals through a common

system of symbols. It takes place when one mind so acts upon its environment that
another mind is influenced, and in that other mind an experience occurs which is like the
experience in the first mind, and is caused in part by that experience. Gordon, G.
(2016,August 17). Communication. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/communication

Elements of communication process are:

(1) Sender:
The person who intends to convey the message with the intention of passing
information and ideas to others is known as sender or communicator.
(2) Ideas:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
This is the subject matter of the communication. This may be an opinion, attitude,
feelings, views, orders, or suggestions.
(3) Encoding:
Since the subject matter of communication is theoretical and intangible, its further
passing requires use of certain symbols such as words, actions or pictures etc.
Conversion of subject matter into these symbols is the process of encoding.
(4) Communication Channel:
The person who is interested in communicating has to choose the channel for sending
the required information, ideas etc. This information is transmitted to the receiver
through certain channels which may be either formal or informal.
(5) Receiver:
Receiver is the person who receives the message or for whom the message is meant
for. It is the receiver who tries to understand the message in the best possible manner
in achieving the desired objectives.
(6) Decoding:
The person who receives the message or symbol from the communicator tries to
convert the same in such a way so that he may extract its meaning to his complete
understanding.
(7) Feedback:
Feedback is the process of ensuring that the receiver has received the message and
understood in the same sense as sender meant it.
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business-communication/7-major-elements-of-
communication-process/25815
Nature of Communication
Whenever people get together to communicate with one another, two factors are always
present. First, there is some sort of content to be covered—instructions, news, gossip,
ideas, reports, evaluations, etc.
All of us are familiar with the content of communication, because it’s the most obvious
factor, and because we deal with it every day.
The second factor that is always present when people get together to communicate is
the atmosphere or feeling that accompanies what you say. This is known as the
communication climate.
Physical climate affects us in many ways. When it’s cold, we wear warm clothes. When
it’s raining, we wear protective clothes.
And it’s not uncommon for weather conditions to affect our mood. Communication
climates also affect us. https://iedunote.com/nature-of-communication

VERBAL COMMUNICATION When messages or information is exchanged or

communicated through words is called verbal communication. Verbal communication
may be two types: written and oral communication. Verbal communication takes place
through face-to-face conversations, group discussions, counseling, interview, radio,
television, calls, memos, letters, reports, notes, email etc.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION When messages or information is exchanged or
communicated without using any spoken or written word is known as nonverbal
communication. Non-verbal communication (NVC) is usually understood as the process
of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages.Non-verbal
communication is a powerful arsenal in the face-to-face communication encounters,
expressed consciously in the presence of others and perceived either consciously or
unconsciously. Much of non-verbal communication is unintentional people are not even
aware that they are sending messages. Non-verbal communication takes place though
gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, physical proximity, touching etc.
https://thebusinesscommunication.com/what-is-verbal-communication-and-non-verbal-
communication/

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is a two-way process of giving and receiving information through any

number of channels. Whether one is speaking informally to a colleague, addressing a
conference or meeting, writing a newsletter article or formal report, the following basic
principles apply:
  Know your audience.
 Know your purpose.
 Know your topic.
 Anticipate objections.
 Present a rounded picture.
 Achieve credibility with your audience.
 Follow through on what you say.
 Communicate a little at a time.
 Present information in several ways.
 Develop a practical, useful way to get feedback.
 Use multiple communication techniques.

Communication is complex. When listening to or reading someone else's message, we

often filter what's being said through a screen of our own opinions. One of the major
barriers to communication is our own ideas and opinions.There's an old
communications game, telegraph, that's played in a circle. A message is whispered
around from person to person. What the exercise usually proves is how profoundly the
message changes as it passes through the distortion of each person's inner "filter."
https://www4.uwm.edu/cuts/bench/commun.htm

Business Ethics

Business ethics are moral principles that guide the way a business behaves. The same
principles that determine an individual”s actions also apply to business.Acting in an
ethical way involves distinguishing between “right” and “wrong” and then making the
“right” choice. It is relatively easy to identify unethical business practices. For example,
companies should not use child labour. They should not unlawfully use copyrighted
materials and processes. They should not engage in bribery.However, it is not always
easy to create similar hard-and-fast definitions of good ethical practice. A company
must make a competitive return for its shareholders and treat its employees fairly. A
company also has wider responsibilities. It should minimise any harm to the
environment and work in ways that do not damage the communities in which it
operates. This is known as corporate social responsibility.

https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/anglo-american/business-ethics-and-corporate-
social-responsibility/what-are-business-ethics.html
Nature of verbal communication

verbal communication is the use of spoken or written language to interact with others.
Language is symbolic
symbols are items that are used to represent other things
in verbal communication words are the primary symbols
used to represent people, objects, events, and ideas
language is rule governed
regulative rules- control how you use language
Language is rule governed
constitutive rules- tell you what words "count as" what objects

Functions

Infinitives

is a verbal consisting of to + a verb, and it acts like a subject, direct object, subject
complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Infinitives are easy to identify because
they're written with to + a verb. Some examples of infinitives are 'to skate,' 'to swim,' 'to
giggle.' The tricky thing about infinitives is once you spot them, you have to figure out
what their function is in the sentence. Let's look at some examples to make this clearer.
'To wait seemed challenging since it required a great deal of patience.' The infinitive in
this sentence is 'to wait' because it has 'to' plus the verb 'wait,' and it functions as the
subject of the sentence.
'Lilly agreed to give me a ride.' The infinitive used here is 'to give,' and it functions as the
direct object of the verb 'agreed' because it is the recipient of the action of agreed.
Let's look at how an infinitive can be used as a subject complement. 'His dream is to
play basketball in the NBA.' The infinitive in the sentence is 'to play,' and it comes after
the verb 'is' and describes what his dream is, so 'to play' is a subject complement.
Just like regular adjectives, an infinitive used as an adjective always describes a noun.
'This is the best time to practice.' The infinitive here is 'to practice,' and it directly
describes the word 'time,' so this infinitive is acting as an adjective.
An infinitive used as an adverb usually occurs at the beginning or at the end of a
sentence. 'We must carefully observe to understand.' The infinitive 'to understand'
directly describes the verb 'observe,' so this infinitive is functioning as an adverb.

Gerunds
is a type of verbal that ends in -ing and is used like a noun. Examples of gerunds
include actions like chewing, writing, whispering, and snoring.
Similar to infinitives, gerunds can also function as the subject of the sentence, the direct
object, or as the subject complement. Gerunds can also act as an object of a
preposition. Let's look at some examples to better understand these four different ways
to use gerunds.
'Hiking Mt. Kilimanjaro is quite a challenge.' The gerund here is 'hiking,' and it is being
used as the subject of the sentence.
'I thoroughly enjoy kayaking.' The gerund 'kayaking' is being used as a direct object
because it answers what is enjoyed after the action verb 'enjoy.'
'My favorite exercise is running.' In this sentence, 'running' is the gerund, and it
functions as the subject complement because it describes the subject after the verb 'is.'
Using a gerund as an object of a preposition means we're using a preposition like 'in,'
'before,' or 'after' and then having a verb ending in -ing that follows it. Here's an
example: 'Mariela thanked her teacher for helping her.' The gerund is 'helping,' the
preposition used is 'for,' and helping is what Mariela thanked her teacher for, so helping
is the object of the preposition.

Participles
is a verbal that is used as an adjective to modify nouns or pronouns. There are present
participles, which end in -ing, and past participles, which end in -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -
ne.
A few examples of present participles are 'whining, 'dancing,' and 'growling.' Some
examples of past participles are 'asked,' 'eaten,' 'dealt,' 'gone,' and 'seen.'
https://study.com/academy/lesson/functions-of-verbals-gerunds-participles-and-
infinitives.html

Elements
Voice Tone

Voice tone is so basic that it can come into play even when you’re not uttering words,
per se. Even when you simply make a sigh or laugh, your voice tone modifies how it
is likely to be interpreted. When you do use words, the tone in which you say them
can make all the difference.
Voice Speed

Speaking fast can convey an excited or agitated feel. Speaking slower can convey a
steady, reliable feel. Speaking very slow can let someone know that you’re either
 bored or tired. If you’ve ever experienced someone speaking at a speed that is
incongruent with the content of what they’re saying, you know how this can stand out.
Voice Volume

Volume can range from a whisper to a scream and everything in between. A very
quiet voice can represent that you are sharing something you don’t want overheard,
that you are being mischievous or that you are depressed. A very loud voice can
express great joy or terror.
Language

According to Wikipedia’s page on Language, there are an estimated 6000-7000

languages spoken in the world. How many of these do you know fluently or at least in
part? The more languages in which you have some level of competency, the more
ways you can phrase things and the more diverse the audience to which you can
connect. Depending on your position in the world and what you use communication
for, you might want to put in the effort to learn a new language or two. But it can also
be helpful just to know some of the key phrases in some of the most commonly
spoken languages around the world.
Vocabulary

Notice that it is only after focusing on some of the modifying verbal communication
skills and contexts that we even arrive at a discussion of the actual words
themselves. But make no mistake. The particular words you use do matter a great
deal. As a verbal communicator, your words are your toolbox, your palette, your set
of ingredients. The more broad and diverse your vocabulary, the more effective you
can be in expressing yourself to others.
Some people go as far as reading the dictionary to really flood themselves over time
with new insight into vocabulary. But you also could consider things like using a
word-a-day calendar or signing up for a word-a-day email to learn at a more slow and
steady rate. At the very least, as you go about your day, if you hear a word that you
don’t quite know, take a few seconds to look it up. Over time your vocabulary will
gradually improve.
Grammar

Grammar is the set of rules for how words connect into phrases and phrases into
sentences and so on. You could employ the most impressive vocabulary on earth,
but if you put the words into an order incompatible with the rules of grammar, you will
not sound very credible or convincing. And grammar varies from one language to
another.
 http://www.communicationskillsactivities.com/elements-of-verbal-communication-
skills/

Nature of non- verbal communication

Culture-Bound Nature-Nonverbal behaviors vary widely across cultural and co-cultural

groups. Interpret nonverbal cues within a cultural context
Rule-Governed Nature-We develop rules or expectations for appropriate nonverbal
behavior in ourselves and others
Ambiguous Nature-Nonverbal behavior is difficult to interpret accurately because the
meanings for diffrent actions vary from person to person
Continuous Nature-Unlike the stop-start nature of verbal communication, nonverbal
messages flow from one situation to the next
Nonlinguistic Nature-Nonverbal communication does not have the regularities of
vocabulary, grammar, and pattern that language has
Multichanneled Nature-Nonverbal cues register on our senses from a variety of sources
simultaneously, but we can actually attend to only one nonverbal cue at a time
https://quizlet.com/184188178/the-nature-of-nonverbal-communication-flash-cards/

Functions

Functions of Nonverbal Communication. A primaryfunction of

nonverbal communication is to convey meaning by reinforcing, substituting for, or
contradictingverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is also used to influence
others and regulate conversational flow.

http://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/4-1-principles-and-functions-of-
nonverbal-communication/

Elements

The old saying ´It·s not what you say, it·s how you say itµ is given new meaning when
you think about it in termsof body language. I addition to words spoken, you need to be aware of
seven key things that convey messages.

Facial expressions are universal across all cultures and nationalities. They express
emotions:happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust to name a few. You do
not have to understand the verballanguage to understand the non-verbal expressions.

Body Movements and Posture. Your stance, posture, the way you walk, even subtleties
such as the way you hold your head all convey an unspoken message.
Gestures. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when we are arguing or
speaking animatedly, we expressourselves with gestures often without thinking.
However, the meaning of gestures can be very different across culturesand regions, so
it is important to be careful to avoid misinterpretation.

Eye Contact. Eye contact is an important form of nonverbal communication. The way
you look at someonecommunicates interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye
contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the
other person·s response.

Touch. Touch is another important part of nonverbal communication. Think about what
the following conveys: a firmhandshake, a timid tap on the shoulder, a warm bear hug,
a reassuring pat on the back, a patronizing pat on the head,or a controlling grip on your
arm.

Space. We all have a need for physical space, although that need differs depending
on the culture, the situation, andthe closeness of the relationship. You can use physical
space to communicate many different nonverbal messages,including signals of
intimacy, aggression, dominance, or affection.

Voice. Nonverbal speech such as tone, pitch, volume, inflection, rhythm, and rate are
important communicationelements. When we speak, other people ´readµ our voices in
addition to listening to our words. These nonverbalspeech sounds provide subtle but
powerful clues into our true feelings and what we really mean. Think about how toneof
voice, for example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.
Successful nonverbal communication depends self-awareness and an understanding of the cues you
are sending,as well as reading the cues others are sending you. If you are planning what
you are going to say next,daydreaming, or thinking about something else, you are
almost certain to miss nonverbal cues and other subtleties in the conversation. You
need to stay focused on the moment to fully understand what is going on.

https://www.scribd.com/doc/59362657/7-Elements-of-Nonverbal-Communication