CHAPTER 7 SOLUTIONS

4/03/10
7-1)
� D �N 2 �0.4 �
�1 �
a ) Vo = Vs � � = 36 � � � �= 12 V .
1 - D �N1
� �0.6 �
�2 �
Vo2 122
b) I Lm = = = 1.67 A.
Vs DR 36(0.4)(6)
Vs D 36(0.4)
DiLm = = = 1.44 A.
Lm f 100(10) -6 (100, 000)
DiLm
I Lm ,max = I Lm + = 2.39 A.
2
Di
I Lm ,min = I Lm - Lm = 0.947 A.
2
VD 12(0.4)
c) DVo = o = = 0.16 V .
RCf 6(50)(10) -6 (100, 000)
DVo 0.16
= = 1.33%
Vo 12

7-2)
� D �N 2 �0.6 �
�1 �
a ) Vo = Vs � � = 4.5 � � � �= 16.9 V .
1 - D �N1
� �0.4 �
�0.4 �
Vo2 (16.9) 2
b) I Lm = = = 7.03 A.
Vs DR 4.5(0.6)(6)
Vs D 4.5(0.6)
DiLm = = = 1.08 A.
Lm f 10(10) -6 (250, 000)
DiLm
I Lm ,max = I Lm + = 7.57 A.
2
Di
I Lm ,min = I Lm - Lm = 6.49 A.
2
D (0.6)
c ) DVo = = = 1.6%
RCf 15(10)(10) -6 (250, 000)
7-3)
� D �N 2 1- D � 3 �
N 2 Vo � 1 - .32 �
a ) Vo = Vs � � � = � �= � �= 0.145
1 - D �N1
� N1 Vs � D � 44 � .32 �
N
or 1 = 6.90
N2
Vo2 32
b) I Lm = = = 0.640 A.
Vs DR 44(0.32)(1)
DiLm = 0.4 I Lm = 0.4(0.640) = 0.256 A.
Vs D 44(0.32)
Lm = = = 184 m H .
DiLm f (0.256)(300, 000)

7-4) Example design

Vs = 24 V . Po = 40 W . Vo = 40 V .
1- D �
N 2 Vo �
= � �
N1 Vs � D �
Let D = 0.4 (arbitrary )
then
1 - 0.4 �
N 2 40 � N1
= � �= 2.5, or = 0.4
N1 24 � 0.4 � N2
Vo �N 2 � 40
I Lm = � �= (2.5) = 4.17 A
(1 - D) R �N1 � (1 - 0.4)40
Vo2 402
where R = = = 40 W
P 40
Let DiLm = 40% of I Lm = 0.4(4.16) = 1.67 A
Let f = 100 kHz
VD 24(0.4)
Lm = s = = 57.6 m H
DiLm f 1.67(100, 000)
D 0.4
C= = = 20 m F
�DVo � 40(.005)(100, 000)
R � �f
�Vo �
7-5) For continuous current
DiLm
I Lm ,min = I Lm -
2
2
V VD
I Lm ,min =0= o - s
Vs DR 2 Lm f
Vo2 2 Lm f 52 (2)(500)(10-6 )40, 000
R= = = 11.7 W
(Vs D) 2 [24(0.385)]2
R �11.7 W � continuous current
R > 11.7 W � discontinuous current

7-6) Switch is closed for DT, current returns to zero at t = t x:

Vs DT
I Lm ,max =
Lm
diLm -Vo �N1 �
Switch open : = � �
dt Lm �N 2 �
-Vo �N1 �t -V �N � V DT
iLm (t ) = � �� d l + iLm ( DT ) = o � 1 �(t - DT ) + s
Lm �N 2 �DT Lm �N 2 � Lm
-Vo �N1 � V DT
I LM (t = t x ) = 0 = � � (t x - DT ) + s
Lm �N 2 � Lm
Vs DT �N 2 �
tx = � �+ DT
Vo �N1 �
7-7)
�N �
a ) Vo = Vs D � 2 �= 100(.35)(1) = 35 V .
�N1 �
DVo 1- D 1 - .35
= = = 0.16%
Vo 8LxCf 2
8(70)(10) 33(10) -6 (150, 000) 2
-6

Vo 35
b) I Lx = = = 1.75 A.
R 20
� �N 2 � �D .35
DiLx = � Vs � �- Vo � = [100(1) - 35] -6
= 2.17 A.
� �N1 � �Lx f (70)(10) (150, 000)
2.17
I Lx ,max = 1.75 + = 2.83 A.
2
2.17
I Lx ,min = 1.75 - = 0.67 A.
2
V DT 100(.35)
c ) DiLm = s = 0.233 A.
Lm 1(10) -3150, 000
d ) isw = I1 + iLm = i pri
I sw,max = I Lx ,max (1/1) + I Lm ,max = 2.83 + 0.233 = 3.06 A.

7-8)
�N � �1 �
a ) Vo = Vs D � 2 �= 170(0.3) � �= 5.1 V .
�N1 � �10 �
DVo 1- D 1 - 0.3
= = = 0.175%
Vo 8LxCf 2
8(20)(10) 10(10) -6 (500, 000) 2
-6

b)
The currents in the converter are shown below. The winding currents are for the windings
in the ideal transformer model, not the physical windings. The physical primary winding
current is the sum of winding #1 and Lm currents.
 Vs DT 170(0.3)
c ) DiLm = = = 0.3 A.
Lm 340(10) -6 500, 000
1 1
Lm ( DiLm ) = (340)(10) -6 (0.3) 2 = 15.3 m J
2
Peak energy in Lm : Wmax =
2 2
W
P= = Wf = 15.3(10) -6 (500, 000) = 7.65 W .
T

7-9)
�N � �N � V 50
a ) Vo = Vs D � 2 �� D � 2 �= o = = 0.625
�N1 � �N1 � Vs 80
N
If 3 = 1, then D < 0.5
N1
N 2 0.625 N
Let D = 0.3, then = = 2.08 or 1 = 0.48 ( not unique)
N1 0.3 N2
Vo2 502 V 50
R= = = 10 W; I Lx = o = = 5 A.
P 250 R 10
V (1 - D) 50(1 - .3)
DiLx = o = = 3.5 A.
Lf 100(10) -6100, 000
3.5
I Lx ,min = 5 - = 3.25 A. > 0 \ continuous current
2
DVo 1- D 1 - 0.3
b) = = = 0.058%
Vo 8 Lx Cf 2
8(100)(10) 150(10) -6 (100, 000) 2
-6

7-10)
�N � �1 �
a ) Vo = Vs D � 2 �= 100(0.25) � �= 5 V .
�N1 � �5 �
using Lx = 20 m H ,
DVo 1- D 1 - 0.25
= = = 0.33%
Vo 8 Lx Cf 2
8(20)(10) 10(10) -6 (375, 000) 2
-6

b)
The currents in the converter are shown below. The winding currents are for the windings
in the ideal transformer model, not the physical windings. The physical primary winding
current is the sum of winding #1 and Lm currents.
 Vs DT 100(0.25)
c ) DiLm = = 0.20 A.
Lm 333(10) -6 375,000
1 1
Lm ( DiLm ) = (333)(10) -6 (0.2) 2 = 6.66 m J
2
Peak energy in Lm : Wmax
2 2
W
P= = Wf = 6.66(10) -6 (375, 000) = 2.5 W .
T

7-11)
�N � �N � V D 125(0.3)
a ) Vo = Vs D � 2 �� � 1 �= s = = 0.75
�N1 � �N 2 � Vo 50
V 50
b) I Lx = o = = 2 A.; I Lx ,min = (0.4)(2) = 0.8 A.; DiLx = 2(2 - 0.8) = 2.4 A.
R 25
V (1 - D)T V (1 - D )T 50(1 - 0.3)
DiLx = o � Lx = o = = 58.3 m H .
Lx DiLx 2.4(250, 000)
DVo 1- D 1- D 1 - 0.3
c) = � C= = -6
= 4.8 m F .
Vo 8LxCf 2 �DVo � 2 8(58.3)(10) (0.005)(250, 000) 2
8 Lx � �f
�Vo �
7-12)
N1
Let = 1, then D < 0.5
N3
Let D = 0.35, then
N1 Vs D (170)(.35)
= = = 1.2396
N2 Vo 48
N1
Rounding , let = 1.25
N2
Vo �N1 � �48 �
Then D = � �= � � (1.25) = 0.353
Vs �N 2 � �
170 �
Let f = 200 kHz , and design for DiLx = 40% of I Lx
Vo (1 - D) 48(1 - 0.353)
Lx = = = 124 m H
0.4 I Lx f 0.4(3.125)200, 000
Po 150
where I Lx = I o = = = 3.125 A.
Vo 48
Alternatively, solving for the minimum Lx for continuous current ,
DiLx Vo Vo (1 - D)
I Lx ,min = 0 = I Lx - = -
2 R 2 Lx f
(1 - D) R (1 - 0.353)(15.36)
Lx ,min = = = 24.9 m H
2f 2(200, 000)
Vo2 482
where R = = = 15.36 W
Po 150
Lx must be greater than 24.9 m H with margin, (e.g ., 25% greater )
making Lx �31 m H

Using Lx = 124 m H ,
1- D 1 - 0.353
C> = = 1.63 m F
�DVo � 2 8(124)(10) -6 (0.01)(200, 000) 2
8 Lx � �f
�Vo �
7-13)
150 �Vs �175 V .
Vo = 30 V .
20 �P‫ޣ‬o �
50 �
W 0.667 Io 1.667 A.
Example design :
N
Let 1 = 1, then D < 0.5
N3
Let D = 0.3 for Vs = 150 V .
N1 Vs D (150)(0.3)
Then = = = 1.5
N2 Vo 30
Vo �N1 � �30 �
For Vs = 175 V ., D = � �= � � (1.5) = 0.35
Vs �N 2 � �
175 �
\ 0.3 �D �0.35,
which is an acceptable range of D. Other choices are possible.
Using the design criterion of DiLx = 40% of I Lx ,
Vo (1 - D)
Lx =
0.4 I Lx f
The worst case is for the smallest D and the smallest I Lx .
Letting f = 250 kHz (arbitrary ),
30(1 - 0.3)
Lx = = 315 m H
0.4(0.667)(250, 000)
1- D 1 - 0.3
C> = -6
= 2.22 m F
�DVo � 2 8(315)(10) (0.002)(250, 000) 2
8 Lx � �f
�Vo �

7-14)

The current in the physical primary winding is the sum of iL1 and iLm in the model. The physical
currents in windings 2 and 3 are the same as in the model.
7-15)
�N �
a ) Vo = 2Vs � s �D = 2(50)(0.5)(0.35) = 17.5 V .
�N �
� p�
V 17.5
b) I Lx = o = = 2.19 V .
R 8
V 17.5
DiLx = o (0.5 - D )T = (0.5 - 0.35)150, 000 = 0.29 A.
Lx 60(10) -6
DiLx 0.29
I Lx ,max = I Lx + = 2.19 + = 2.33 A.
2 2
Di 0.29
I Lx ,min = I Lx - Lx = 2.19 - = 2.04 A.
2 2
DVo 1 - 2D 1 - 2(0.35)
c) = = = 0.018%
Vo 32 Lx Cf 2
32(60)(10) -6 39(10) -6 (150, 000) 2
7-16)
7-17)
diLm
Sw1 closed : vP1 = Vs = 50 = vLm = Lm
dt
diLm VLm 50
= = -3
= 25(10)3 A / s
dt Lm 2(10)
0.35
For DT = = 2.33 m s � DiLm = 25(10)3 2.33(10) -6 = 58.3 mA.
150, 000
Sw2 closed : vP 2 = -Vs , VP1 = -Vs
diLm
= -25(10)3 A / s
dt
diLm
Both switches open : VP1 = 0 � =0
dt
7-18) The input voltage vx to the filter is Vs(Ns / Np) when either switch is on, and vx is zero when both
switches are off. (See Fig. 7-8.) The voltage across L x is therefore
�N �
vLx = Vs � s � 0 < t < DT
�N p �
� �
= -Vo DT < t < T / 2
� �N � �T � 1 �
��
VLx = �
Vs � s �DT - Vo � - DT ��
� �= 0
� �
� �N p
� � �2 ��
�
� T / 2 �
�N �
\Vo = 2Vs � s �D
�N p �
� �
7-19)
� V �N s
� � � 24 �
�1 �
Vo = � s � � �=� � �= 17.1 V .
�
�N p
�2(1 - D) � � �2(1 - 0.65) �
�2 �
� �
Vo2 17.12
I Lx = = = 1.22 A.
Vs R 24(10)
�N �
VSw,max = 2Vs � p �= 2(24)(2) = 96 V .
�N s �
7-20)
� V �N s
� � V N / N s 50
Vo = � s � � � � o = p =
�N p
�2(1 - D) � � Vs 2(1 - D) 30
� �
Let D = 0.7 ( D > 0.5)
N s �50 �
=� � (2)(1 - 0.7) = 1.0
N p �30 �
Vo2 502 Vo2 502
R= = 62.5; I Lx = = = 1.33 A.
Po 40 Vs R 30(62.5)
7-21)
Ps = Po
Vs I Lx = Vo I o
�N � �2(1 - D)T �
I x = I o = I Lx � p � � �
�N s � � T �
� �N p � �
Vs I Lx = Vo � I Lx � � 2(1 - D) �
� �N d � �
�N � � 1 �
\Vo = Vs � S � � �
�N � �2(1 - D ) �
� p�

7-22)

The simulation is run using a Transient Analysis with a restricted time of 3 to 3.02 ms,
representing two periods of steady-state operation. The steady-state output voltage has an average
value of approximately 30 V and peak-to-peak ripple of approximately 600 mV, ignoring the
negative spike. The average transformer primary and secondary currents are 912 mA and 83.5
mA, respectively. The output voltage is lower than the predicted value of 36 V because of the
nonideal switch and diode, mostly from the switch. The output voltage ripple is 2%, matching the
predicted value. The converter would operate much better with a switch that has a lower on
resistance.
30.5V
Output voltage
(3.0041m,30.295)

(3.0200m,30.057)

30.0V

(3.0141m,29.697)

29.5V
3.000ms 3.004ms 3.008ms 3.012ms 3.016ms 3.020ms
V(Output) AVG(V(Output))
Time

4.0A

Primary current

2.0A (3.0200m,912.072m)

0A
I(TX1:1) AVG(I(TX1:1))
200mA

0A
(3.0200m,83.489m)
Secondary current

SEL>>
-200mA
3.000ms 3.005ms 3.010ms 3.015ms 3.020ms
I(TX1:3) AVG(I(TX1:3))
Time
7-23)

Using a nonideal switch and diode produces lower values for the currents. For i Lx, the maximum,
minimum, and average values in PSpice are 1.446 A, 0.900 A, and 1.17 A, compared to 1.56 A,
1.01 A, and 1.28 A, respectively. However, the peak-to-peak variation in i Lx in PSpice matches
that of the ideal circuit (0.55 A).

2.0A
(3.6286m,900.720m)
(3.6114m,1.4463)
SEL>>
0A
I(Lx)
2.0A

0A (3.6114m,1.5068)
(3.6287m,603.330m)
-2.0A
I(L1)
2.0A

0A (3.6114m,1.4463)
(3.6287m,903.647m)
-2.0A
-I(L2)
1.0A

0A (3.6115m,539.288m)

-1.0A
3.60ms 3.61ms 3.62ms 3.63ms 3.64ms 3.65ms 3.66ms
I(L3)
Time
7-24)
Design for θco= -210° and a gain of 20 dB for a cross over frequency of 12 kHz.
From Eq. 7 - 85, K = 3.73 : wco = 2p 12000 = 75400 radis
wco 75400
wz = = = 20200 rad / s
K 3.73
R
For gain = 20 dB, 2 = 10
R1
Let R1 = 1 k W, R2 = 10 k W
1 1
C1 = = 4.95 nF ; C2 = = 355 pF
R2w z w p R2
7-25)
q comp = 45�- ( -105�
) = 150�
q
� � 150��
�
K = tan � comp �= tan � �= 3.73
�2 � �2 �
Gain = 15 dB + 9.5 dB = 24.5 dB
G = 1024.5/20 = 16.8
R2
= 16.8
R1
Let R1 = 1 k W and R2 = 16.8 k W
K 3.73
C1 = = = 7.07 nF
2p f co R2 2p (5000)(16,800)
1 1
C2 = = = 508 pF
K 2p f co R2 3.73(2p 5000)(16,800)

7-26)

Using Vs = 6 V as in Example 7-8, the frequency response of the open-loop system shows that
the crossover frequency is approximately 16.8 kHz. The phase angle at the crossover frequency is
17°, which is much less than the desired value of at least 45°. Therefore, the system does not have
the desired degree of stability.
 120

Phase

80

Magnitude (dB)
40

(16.814K,16.866)

(16.814K,48.439m)
0

-40
10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz
DB(V(error)) P(V(error))
Frequency

7-27)

a) A frequency response of the circuit yields Vo ≈ -2.5 dB and θ ≈ 103° at 10 kHz.

 40
Magnitude

Phase (10.000K,-2.5181)
-0

-40

-80 (10.000K,-102.646)

-120
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz
DB(V(Output)) P(V(Output))
Frequency

b) With Vp = 3, the gain of the PWM function is 20log10(1/3) = -9.54 dB. The required
gain of the compensated error amplifier is then 2.5 + 9.54 = 12.06 dB, corresponding to a
gain magnitude of 4.0. The phase angle of the compensated error amplifier at the
crossover frequency to give a phase margin of 45° is

q comp = 45�- (-103�

) = 148�

From 7-75, 7-85, 7-86, and 7-87,

 Let R 1 =1kΩ, then R 2 = 4 kΩ.

�q comp � 148��
�
K = tan � �= tan � �= 3.49
�2 � �2 �

K 3.49
C1 = = = 13.8 nF
2p f co R2 2p (10,000)(4000)

1 1
C2 = = = 1.14 nF
K 2p f co R2 (3.49)2p (10,000)(4000)

c) Referring to Example 7-9, the PSpice simulation results are shown indicating a stable
control system. The switching frequency was not specified, and 50 kHz was used here.
Use initial conditions for the capacitor voltage at 8 V and the inductor current at 2 A.

10

Output voltage

Inductor current

step change

0
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms
V(OUTPUT) I(L1)
Time
7-28)

a) The gain at 8 kHz is approximately -2.44 dB, and the phase angle is -100°.

40
Magnitude

(8.0358K,-2.4358)
-0 Phase

-40

-80 (8.0358K,-100.156)

-120
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz
DB(V(Output)) P(V(Output))
Frequency

b) This design is for fco = 8 kHz. With Vp = 3, the gain of the PWM function is 20log10(1/3) =
-9.54 dB. The required gain of the compensated error amplifier is then 2.44 + 9.54 = 11.98 dB,
corresponding to a gain magnitude of 3.97. The phase angle of the compensated error amplifier at
the crossover frequency to give a phase margin of 45° is

q comp = 45�- (-100�

) = 145�

From 7-75, 7-85, 7-86, and 7-87,

 Let R1 =1kΩ, then R 2 = 3.97 kΩ.

�q comp � 145��
�
K = tan � �= tan � �= 3.17
�2 � �2 �

K 3.17
C1 = = = 15.9 nF
2p f co R2 2p (8000)(3970)

1 1
C2 = = = 1.58 nF
K 2p f co R2 (3.17)2p (8000)(3970)

c) Referring to Example 7-9, the PSpice simulation results are shown indicating a stable
control system. The switching frequency was not specified, and 50 kHz was used here.
Use initial conditions for the capacitor voltage at 8 V and the inductor current at 1.6 A.

10

Output voltage

Inductor current

step change

0
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms
I(L1) V(Output)
Time

If designing for fco = 10 kHz, the gain of the converter is -4.38 dB, and θco = -98°. R1 =
1k, R2 = 4.97k, C1 = 9.58 nF, and C2 = 1.07 nF.
7-29)
2 2
� � q + 90��
� � � 195 + 90 ��
K =� tan � comp �= �
� tan � �� = 8.68
� � 4 � � � 4
� ��
f co = 15 kHz � wco = 2p f co = 94, 248 rad / s.
20 log10 (G ) = 15 dB
G = 1015/20 = 5.62
Using Eq. (7 - 112) and letting R1 = 1 k W
GR1
R2 = = 1.91 k W
K
K
C1 = = 16.4 nF
wco R2
1
C2 = = 1.89 nF
wco R2 K
K
C3 = = 31.3 nF
wco R1
1
R3 = = 115 W
wco K C3
7-30)
�1 � �1 �
Ramp function gain = 20 log10 � �= 20 log10 � �= -9.54 dB
� Vp � �3 �
� �
Total gain = - 8 dB - 9.54 dB = -17.54 dB
17.54
G = 10 20
= 7.54
Using 45�for the phase margin,
q comp = 45�- (-140�
) = 185�
2
�+�� � 185 90 �
K =� tan � �� = 6.61
� � 4 ��
wco = 2p f co = 2p (15, 000) = 94, 248 rad / s
Let R1 = 1 k W
G R1
R2 = = 2.93 k W
K
K
C1 = = 9.31 nF
wco R2
1
C2 = = 1.41 nF
wco R2 K
K
C3 = = 27.3 nF
wco R1
1
R3 = = 151 W
wco K C3

7-31)
 Using Vs = 20 V ,
gain at 10 kHz = -9.16 dB q co = -133�
�1 �
gain of pwm = 20 log10 � �= -9.54 dB
�3 �
Total gain = - 9.16 - 9.54 = -18.7 dB
18.7
G = 10 20 = 8.61
q comp = 45�- (-133�
) = 178�
Using equations 7 - 104 and 7 - 112,
K = 5.55
Let R1 = 1 k W, R2 = 5.55 k W
C1 = 10.3 nF
C2 = 1.85 nF
C3 = 37.5 nF
R3 = 180 W

100

Magnitude
(10.000K,-9.1569)
0 Phase

(10.000K,-133.095)
-100

-200
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz
DB(V(Output)) P(V(Output))
Frequency